New York CITY

the

123rd Annual Meeting

American Historical Association NONPROFIT ORG. 400 A Street, S.E. U.S. Postage Washington, D.C. 20003-3889 PAID WALDORF, MD PERMIT No. 56 ASHGATENew History Titles from Ashgate Publishing… The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir The Long Morning of Medieval Europe for the Crusading Period New Directions in Early Medieval Studies Edited by Jennifer R. Davis, California Institute from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh. Part 3 of Technology and Michael McCormick, The Years 589–629/1193–1231: The Ayyubids Harvard University after Saladin and the Mongol Menace Includes 25 b&w illustrations Translated by D.S. Richards, University of Oxford, UK June 2008. 366 . Hbk. 978-0-7546-6254-9 Crusade Texts in Translation: 17 June 2008. 344 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-4079-0 The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt Edited by Robert Bork, University of Iowa (, Bibliothèque nationale and Andrea Kann AVISTA Studies in the History de France, MS Fr 19093) of Medieval Technology, Science and Art: 6 A New Critical Edition and Color Facsimile Includes 23 b&w illustrations with a glossary by Stacey L. Hahn October 2008. 240 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-6307-2 Carl F. Barnes, Jr., Oakland University Includes 72 color and 48 b&w illustrations November 2008. 350 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-5102-4 The Medieval Account Books of the Mercers of Patents, Pictures and Patronage An Edition and Translation John Day and the Tudor Book Trade Lisa Jefferson Elizabeth Evenden, Newnham College, November 2008. 2 volumes each of 550 pages University of Cambridge, UK Hbk. 978-0-7546-6404-8 St Andrews Studies in Reformation History Includes 9 b&w illustrations August 2008. 236 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-5480-3 Henrietta Maria Piety, Politics and Patronage Edited by Erin Griffey, University Italian Reform and English of Auckland, New Zealand Women and Gender in the Early Modern World Reformations, c.1535–c.1585 Includes 37 b&w illustrations M. Anne Overell, The Open University, UK July 2008. 240 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-6420-8 Catholic Christendom, 1300–1700 October 2008. 260 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-5579-4 Popular Culture Roma Felix—Formation in Early Modern Europe Peter Burke, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, UK and Reflections of Medieval Rome Third Edition Edited by Éamonn Ó Carragáin, University College Includes 20 b&w illustrations Cork, and Carol Neuman de Vegvar, January 2009. 400 pages. Pbk. 978-0-7546-6507-6 Ohio Wesleyan University Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West Includes 63 b&w illustrations and 2 music examples British University March 2008. 372 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-6096-5 Observatories 1772–1939 Roger Hutchins Britain, the Empire, and the World Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945 Includes 61 b&w illustrations at the Great Exhibition of 1851 June 2008. 560 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-3250-4 Edited by Jeffrey A. Auerbach, California State University, Northridge and Peter H. Hoffenberg, University of Hawai‘i, Manoa Contraception, Colonialism Includes 14 b&w illustrations August 2008. 238 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-6241-9 and Commerce Birth Control in South , 1920–1940 Sarah Hodges, University of Warwick, UK The Military Orders, Volume 4 The History of Medicine in Context On Land and by Sea June 2008. 188 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-3809-4 Edited by Judi Upton-Ward Includes 19 b&w illustrations and 24 figures November 2008. 320 pages. Hbk. 978-0-7546-6287-7 www.ashgate.com Visit us in the exhibit hall and receive 50% off diplay copies! Produced and edited by City and Historians Debbie Ann Doyle and Chris Hale. Cover image: , New York 123rd Annual Meeting v New York Cityv January 2–5, 2009 City, 1960 /1 postcard: 16 x 23 cm. Courtesy of the Douglas Leigh papers, Published by the American Historical Association v 400 A Street SE, Washington, D.C. 20003 1903-1999, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Table of Contents

3 The 123rd Annual Meeting 32 A Tour of and Lower by Robert W. Snyder 3 Final Reminders about Housing, Travel, and Ground Transportation 34 by Sharon K. Tune by Steve Fraser

4 Important Details about the 123rd Annual Meeting 36 Union Square: A Memorable Place for Radicals by Sharon K. Tune by Timothy C. Coogan

5 National History Education Clearinghouse Workshop 37 Eleanor Roosevelt Statue in Riverside Park by Ellen Ross 7 AHA Poster Session 38 Born Again in East 8 Corrections to the 2009 Annual Meeting Program by Temma Kaplan 10 The 123rd General Meeting 40 and Rebirth in Washington Heights: 12 Attention Public Historians A Walking Tour by Debbie Ann Doyle by Robert W. Snyder

13 Making Presentaions Accessible 42 : Inside an Outer Borough 14 Highlighted Program Themes by Brenda Elsey by Felice Lifshitz 44 Visiting 15 Teaching Sessions at the 123rd Annual Meeting by Daniel Soyer 46 Exploring the Grand Concourse with Students 16 and Historians from High by Pam Sporn 16 Visiting New York City with Children by Lara Vapnek 48 And , Too by Peter J. Wosh 18 The People Ride in a Hole in the Ground: The New York Subway 50 One Local’s Suggestions for Downtown Restaurants by Dylan Yeats by Marci Reaven

20 Holy Gotham 53 “Have You Eaten Yet?” by Peter J. Wosh A Short History of Chinese Restaurants by Cynthia Lee 22 Of Monuments & Memories: New York City’s Burial Sites and 55 Cheap Eats in New York City by Jocelyn Wills by Suzanne Wasserman 24 How to Act like a New Yorker by Brenda Elsey, Temma Kaplan, Lara Vapnek, 58 The Job Center and Exhibit Hall Danny Walkowitz, and Suzanne Wasserman 58 Don’t Panic! Frequently Asked Questions about 25 Public Spaces in New York the Job Center by Owen Gutfreund by David Darlington

27 Gay New York 60 AHA Guide to the Hiring Process by Daniel Hurewitz by AHA Professional Division 28 A West Side Story:Walking around Hell’s Kitchen 61 Exhibitors’ Index / Map of the Exhibit Hall by Daniel J. Walkowitz The 123rd Annual Meeting F ilm F estival 2009 Friday, January 2, 5:30–7:30 p.m. based defoliant on the environment and children of Walker Vietnam. A searing indictment, beautifully shot. Filmmaker Masako Sakata will introduce the film and Hilton New York, Rendezvous Trianon answer questions following the screening. Alex Cox, director; Rudy Wurlitzer, writer; Lorenzo O’Brien, producer (In-Cine Compañía Industrial Cin- Sunday, January 4, 11:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. ematográfica, 1987) The story of the North American freebooter who led a band Hidden Warriors: of troops into Nicaragua during its civil war in the 1850s Voices from the Ho Chi Minh Trail and installed himself as president. A postmodern black Hilton New York, Concourse G comedy that employs anachronisms to encourage reflection on the continued U.S. involvement in Central America and Karen Turner, director; Karen Turner and Phan Thanh the interplay between historical fact and imagination. Hao, producers (2008) Robert A. Rosenstone, California Institute of Technology, The Vietnamese women who fought on the Ho Chi Minh will introduce the film and lead a discussion afterward. trail, invisible then and forgotten now, shown in archival His comments will connect the film to the plenary session, footage and at a recent reunion. A moving portrayal of a The Pleasures of the Imagination (Friday, Jan. 2, 7:30 lost generation of women warriors. p.m., Hilton New York, Trianon Ballroom). Filmmaker Karen Turner, Holy Cross College, will introduce the film and lead a discussion afterward. Saturday, January 3, 12:00–2:00 p.m. 2008 John O’Connor Film Award Winner: Sunday, January 4, 6:00–10:00 p.m. Revolution ‘67 Max Havelaar Hilton New York, Bryant Suite Hilton New York, Concourse G Marylou Tibaldo-Bongiorno, producer and director; Fons Rademakers, director; Gerard Soeteman, writer Jerome Bongiorno, editor, animator, and cinematogra- (Jakarta Film, 1976) pher (California Newsreel, 2008) The classic Dutch story of an idealistic colonial official Revolution ‘67 tells the story of the July 1967 riots in Newark, , which left 26 people dead. The film in mid-nineteenth-century Indonesia; gorgeously filmed; examines the racial, economic, and political forces behind a complete immersion experience. Rademakers’ personal the urban rebellions of the 1960s through archival footage, favorite, long unavailable in the . animations, and interviews with Newark residents, police, Markus Vink, State University of New York at Fredonia, politicians, and historians. will introduce the film and lead a discussion afterward. The screening will be followed by a discussion with Monday, January 5, 9:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. filmmakers Marylou Tibaldo-Bongiorno and Jerome Bongiorno. The Deer Hunter Hilton New York, Concourse G Saturday, January 3, 4:30–6:30 p.m. Michael Cimino, director and writer; Deric Washburn, Agent Orange: A Personal Requiem writer (EMI Film, 1978) Hilton New York, Bryant Suite The epic and haunting (some would say racist) picture of Masako Sakata, producer and director; Bill Megalos, ethnic American prisoners of war in Vietnam. co-producer (First Run/Icarus Films, 2008) Robert Rosen, dean of the University of California at The filmmaker pays homage to her deceased husband, School of Theater, Film, and Television, photographer Greg Davis, an American victim of Agent will introduce the film and lead a discussion afterward, Orange, by exploring the devastating impact of the dioxin- arguing that the film is really a Western.

2 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 3 The 123rd Annual Meeting Final Reminders about Housing, Travel, and Ground Transportation By Sharon K. Tune

Housing Arrangements e-mail ATC at reservations@atcmeetings. Center to 7th Avenue and for com or check for additional information an additional $2, or take a short taxi ride nce preregistered, attendees must make at http://www.atcmeetings.com. Click on to the hotel. reservations directly with hotels in the “Meetings” and go to “Air–Meetings and O Mass Transit AHA’s block, the Hilton New York, the Leisure (TravelASP).” When registering, More often than not it is best is not to Sheraton New York, the Waldorf=Astoria, use the online booking tool and enter use the Metropolitan Transit Authority (the and the Doubletree Guest Suites Times “AHA” in the Company or Organization or city’s public transit) when traveling to and Square. Association field. ATC is available for reser- from the airports. Although riders can save Standard room reservations: As of vations from 8:30 a.m. until 8:00 p.m. EST, a few dollars, subways and buses that cur- November 3, the headquarters Hilton New Monday through Friday. Discounts apply for rently serve the airports involve multiple York and overflow Waldorf have sold out. travel Tuesday, December 30, 2008 through transfers, and riders must drag luggage Approximately one-half of the 1,500-room Thursday, January 8, 2009. up and down stairs. The one exception is block at the Sheraton is available as of early Ground Transportation: Arriving by Air the subway service to and from Kennedy, November. Reservations will be accepted New York City is served by three airports, which connects the airport’s own train, the until December 12, 2008; after this date, John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), AirTrain, to the E train on the New York remaining inventory (if any) will be released LaGuardia Airport (LGA), and Newark City subway; the E train goes to a station for general sale. If rooms are still available Liberty International Airport (EWR). All within a block of the Hilton and Sheraton. in the AHA block after December 12, the airports offer excellent ground transporta- This trip takes at least an hour and a half Sheraton has agreed to offer the AHA’s tion throughout the day with service avail- and costs $7. The subway can actually be meeting rate, $129 single and double with able between airports to the hotels. $30 each additional person, until the block more reliable than taking a car or taxi at the sells out. See the AHA’s web site for the latest Taxi Service height of rush hour. However, this isn’t the information on availability and contact in- Taxis are readily available outside the best option if bringing more than a single formation for each property. If all hotels baggage claim areas at each airport. Exit the piece of luggage since there’s a good amount sell out, additional housing options will be terminal and walk to the ground transit , of walking and some stairs and there is posted on the AHA’s web site. where the taxicab dispatcher will hail a cab. nowhere to put extra bags on the subway Suite Reservations: As of November 3, Approximate taxi fares from the airports to train. If you are a seasoned—or an adven- suite inventory has sold out at the Hilton Manhattan are: LaGuardia, minimum $30 turous—traveler, you can map a ride from and Sheraton. To make changes or cancel a (rides are metered and bridge tolls and tip are the airport to the hotel on the MTA’s web previously made suite reservation at these extra); Kennedy, flat rate of $45 (plus tolls site, www.mta.info. hotels, call the number listed on the suite and tip); and Newark, flat rate ranging from Sharon K. Tune is the AHA’s convention director. confirmation. $30 to $38 (toll and tip extra). Depending Suites remain available at the Doubletree upon the airport, the trip can range from 30 Guest Suites Times Square, with inventory to 40 minutes, though it can be much longer added as needed. Once preregistered, attend- in rush hours. The 2009 Annual Meeting Program ees will receive information on making a res- Bus Service ervation via the internet or toll-free number. All airports have bus service into Manhat- was mailed to Travel Arrangements tan. At LaGuardia the New York Airport AHA members Service offers rides from the airport to in late October; Association Travel Concepts (ATC) has midtown hotels, $12 one way. From additional copies been selected as the official travel agency Kennedy, New York Airport Service buses are available for for the 123rd annual meeting. Special air, charge $15 one way. At Newark, Coach train, and car rental rates are available with USA offers bus service (the Grey Line) for purchase at the annual meeting for American Airlines, Amtrak, Avis Rent A $14 from the airport to the Port Authority $10 in the Hilton New York, 2nd Floor Car, and Enterprise Rent-A-Car. To take Bus Terminal. From this point, attendees Promenade. advantage of rates and special benefits, can take the subway’s E train toward

2 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 3 The 123rd Annual Meeting Important Details about the 123rd Annual Meeting

By Sharon K. Tune

General Information Hilton. The Local Arrangements Com- p.m.; Saturday, January 3, from 8:00 a.m.– mittee/Press office will be in the Hilton’s 6:00 p.m.; and Sunday, January 4, from 8:30 Location of main events: AHA and af- Morgan Suite, also on the second floor. a.m.–4:00 p.m. Onsite member registration filiated societies sessions will be held in the Registration: Meeting registration will be $170 members, $190 nonmem- Hilton New York and Sheraton New York. counters will be located in the Hilton’s bers, $75 student members, $85 student The AHA headquarters office will be located second floor promenade and will be open nonmembers, $75 unemployed, and $40 in the second floor promenade area of the Friday, January 2, from 12:00 p.m.–7:00 precollegiate teachers. The registration area will be divided alphabetically into several workstations. Meeting participants can also pay AHA membership dues and purchase AHA publications at the “Membership” and Locations of Annual “Publications” counters. Publications can be examined at the Association’s booth 419, Meeting Events located in the Hilton’s Americas Hall. In- dividuals who have preregistered should go to preregistration counters to collect badges and other meeting material. Exhibitors AHA Sessions Hilton New York should go to counters marked “Exhibitors” and Sheraton New York to collect badges. Refund Policy: Advance registrants who Affiliated Societies Events Hilton New York are unable to attend the convention may and Sheraton New York request a refund of their registration fee. A copy of the e-mailed preregistration confir- AHA Headquarters Staff Office Hilton New York, mation should accompany a written request. 2nd Floor Promenade All refunds are subject to a $20 processing fee. No refunds will be issued for requests Press Office Hilton New York, Morgan Suite postmarked after December 19, 2008. Exhibit Hall: Exhibits will be located in the Hilton’s Americas Hall. It will be open LAC Office Hilton New York, Morgan Suite Friday, January 2, from 3:00 p.m.–7:00 Job Center Hilton New York, p.m.; Saturday, January 3, from 9:00 a.m.– 6:00 p.m.; Sunday, January 4, from 9:00 Rhinelander Gallery a.m.–6:00 p.m.; and Monday, January 5, from 9:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m. Exhibit Hall Hilton New York, Americas Hall Job Center: The Job Center (formerly Job Register), located in the Hilton’s Rhinelander AHA Meeting Registration Hilton New York, Gallery, will be open Friday, January 2, from 2nd Floor Promenade 12:30 p.m.–6:00 p.m.; Saturday, January 3, from 9:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.; Sunday, January Meal Ticket Cashiers Hilton New York, 4, from 9:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.; and Monday, 2nd Floor Promenade January 5, from 9:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m. Admission to AHA sessions, exhibits, Internet and Messaging Center Hilton, Americas II and the Job Center requires an AHA badge.

4 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 5 National History Education Clearinghouse Workshop Saturday, January 3, 2:30 a.m.–5:00 p.m. v Hilton New York, Concourse A

Sponsored by the AHA Teaching Division

he National History Education Clearinghouse was created by the Center for History and New Media, George Mason University, and the Stanford University History Education Group in partnership with the American Historical Association Tand the National History Center, with funding from the U.S. Department of Education (Contract Number ED-07-CO- 0088). The web site is http://teachinghistory.org. Participants must register in advance; tickets will be distributed with the meeting badge. See www.historians.org/annual/2009 to register and for more inormation.

8:30–9:00 a.m. Coffee 12:00–1:15 p.m. Luncheon Address: Inverting Bloom’s Taxonomy: What’s Basic 9:00–9:15 a.m. Introduction When Reading History? Speaker: Karen Halttunen, University of Speaker: Sam S. Wineburg, Stanford University Southern California and vice president, AHA Teaching Division 1:15–1:45 p.m. National History Education Clearinghouse Introduction 9:15–11:15 a.m. From Colonial Beginnings to Early Republic Speaker: Teresa DeFlitch, Outreach Coordinator, NHEC Chair: Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Harvard University 1:45–2:00 p.m. Break Panel: Race and the Early Colonization of the Chesapeake Avram Barlowe, Urban Academy 2:00–3:00 p.m. FDR and ER: Democracy and the Declaration of Independence Using Documents to Tell Their Story Richard Miller, Beacon High School Speaker: Allida M. Black, George Washington University The First Party System: Expanding the Political Sphere Steven Jackson, Aviation High School 3:00–3:15 p.m. Break Comment: David Gerwin, Queen’s College David Jaffe, City University of New York 3:15–4:45 p.m. Many Movements: Teaching Black Freedom Struggles from WWII to the 1960s 11:15–11:30 a.m. Break Chair: Ellen Noonan, chair, American Social History Project 11:30 a.m.–12:00 p.m. Teaching with Textbooks Panel: Gregory P. Bernardi, Franklin D. Roosevelt High School Speaker: Daisy Martin, Stanford University Leah Y. Potter, American Social History Project/ CUNY Beth Vershleiser, Brooklyn Studio School

4:45–5:00 p.m. Closing: National History Education Clearinghouse Staff Panel: Sharon M. Leon, George Mason University Daisy Martin, Stanford University Kelly Schrum, George Mason University

4 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 5 Messaging System and during exhibit hall hours. The messaging Meal Ticket Cashier system will be the designated form of com- Internet Access munication for those using the Job Center, ickets for meal events—except those he AHA will employ an electronic and interviewers and interviewees can use it Tsponsored by organizations that sell Ttwo-way messaging system to allow to schedule and confirm interviews. AHA their own tickets—will be available from the everyone registered for the meeting to com- staff answering the phones at the meeting meal ticket cashiers at the designated counter municate. The system will be accessible via a will be able to post messages for attendees in the Hilton’s second floor promenade. All link on the AHA annual meeting page (www. directly into the system. payments must be made in U.S. currency, by historians.org/annual). Meeting attendees Attendees will be able to sign up to receive cash or . Meal ticket cashiers will are encouraged to use the internet services an SMS/cell phone text message alert when have a list of all luncheons and the CWH provided in their hotel rooms and other they have a new message. Persons with breakfast, and whether the sponsoring orga- public locations. Extensive information messages waiting will be able to use any nizations will have tickets available for sale about the availability and price of internet internet-connected computer to log in using at the annual meeting. services, including free wireless options, a password that will be printed on their A limited number of tickets for the annual is posted on the AHA web site. A limited badges. More information will be emailed to Breakfast Meeting of the AHA Commit- number of internet terminals will also be those who register for the meeting. Instruc- tee on Women Historians will be avail- available in the Hilton’s Americas Hall II tion sheets will also be available on site. able through the cashiers on a first come, first served basis. These tickets will be $30. Breakfast tickets prepaid through the meeting preregistration form will be distrib- 2009 Lo c a l Arrangements uted with registration badges. Eight luncheons will be held during the Co m m i t t e e annual meeting, five on Saturday, January 3, and three on Sunday, January 4.

Schedule of Chair: Da n i e l J. Wa l k o w i t z Ell e n Ro s s New York University Ramapo College Luncheon Meetings

Co-Chair: Te m m a Ka p l a n Ro b e r t Sn y d e r Saturday, January 3 Rutgers University-New Rutgers University-Newark v Advanced Placement History Brunswick v Conference on Asian History Da n i e l So y e r v Conference on Latin American History Ti m o t h y Co o g a n Fordham University v Organization of History Teachers LaGuardia Community College, v Society for Historians of American City University of New York Pa m Sp o r n Fannie Lou Hamer Freedom High Foreign Relations Br e n d a El s e y School, Bronx Hofstra University Sunday, January 4 La r a Va p n e k v American Catholic Historical Association St e v e Fr a s e r St. John’s University v AHA Modern European History independent scholar Section Su z a n n e Wa s s e r m a n v Coordinating Council for Women in Ow e n Gu t f r e u n d Gotham Center, Graduate Center, History , Columbia City University of New York University Please see the Program, pages 77 and Jo c e l y n Wi ll s 110, for locations and details on luncheon Da n i e l Hu r e w i t z Brooklyn College, City University speakers and topics. Hunter College, City University of of New York New York Pe t e r J. Wo s h Affiliated Society Display Cy n t h i a Ai-Fe n Le e New York University he West Promenade on the Hilton’s Museum of Chinese in America third floor has been reserved from y l a n e a t s T D Y 11:30 a.m.–2:30 p.m. on Saturday, January Jo s e p h Mo r g a n New York University, Local 3, for affiliated societies to display materials Iona College Arrangements Committee Assistant and to meet with members of the profes- Ma r c i Re a v e n sion. City Lore Sharon K. Tune is the AHA’s convention di- rector.

6 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 7 AHA Poster Session Sunday, January 4, 2:30 p.m. v Hilton New York, East Ballroom Foyer

ffered for the fourth time at the annual meeting, 178-8. The Secret History of Subversion: Sex, Modernity, and this poster session provides a venue for the newest the Brazilian National Security State Odeveloping historical research. Though relatively Benjamin A. Cowan, University of California at Los Angeles new to the humanities, poster sessions have long been utilized at professional meetings in scientific fields. On sessions with 178-9. American Social History Online: One Place, Many several panel participants, audience interaction is limited to Collections brief discussion periods; ­usually only a few people are able to ask questions and each presenter may not have time to Susan Harum, Digital Library Federation discuss their research fully. The two-hour poster session addresses this common problem, allowing for considered 178-10. Gazing at the Subaltern: Images of the Tunisian Jewess dialogue and engaging interaction. in Texts and Photographs at the Fin de Siècle The 2009 Program Committee encourages all meeting Joy Land, University of Connecticut at Stamford attendees to visit the poster sessions on display in the Hilton’s East Ballroom Foyer. The following presenters will be 178-11. Ditch of Dreams: The Cross-Florida Barge Canal in available to discuss their posters between 2:30 and 4:30 on Historical Perspective Sunday, January 4: Steven Noll, University of Florida; Michael D. Tegeder, Santa Fe Community College 178-1. Dumb Blondes and Southern Belles: Women in Entertainment and the Un-American Activities 178-12. Blurring the Parameters: Distance Education, Committees Globalization, and Effective Pedagogical Approaches K. Kevyne Baar, Tamiment Library, New York University in History Jordan Fike, University of Maine Katherine M. O’Flaherty, 178-2. Commemorating Our Dead: Artifacts of the Czech University of Maine; James Passanisi, University of Diaspora Maine; Jennie Woodard, University of Maine Marian J. Barber, University of Texas at Austin 178-13. You’ve Read the Book, Now See the Web Site: A Virtual 178-3. Enlightenment Peru to Liberal Madrid: Images of Tour of the Worlds of Burke and Hare Africans and Early Hispanic Anti-Slavery Discourse Lisa Rosner, Richard Stockton College Emily Berquist, California State University at Long Beach 178-14. Water, Space, and Time: Reflections on a Dissertation 178-4. Representing Ethnicity: World War One, Irish America, Research Project on Human Adaptations to Arid and the Irish World Environments Una Ni Bhroimeil, Mary Immaculate College, University Abigail E. Schade, of Limerick 178-15. Christianizing Sixteenth-Century Brazil: The Jesuit 178-5. Drawing Fire: Political Cartoons of the Iranian Mission to Create Indigenous Peasant Polities Revolution in the United States Lauri M. O. Tähtinen, University of Cambridge Mark Boulton, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater 178-16. Cowboy Up Down Under: Representations of American 178-6. Pictures Worth a Thousand Words: American Wild West Imagery in Australian Popular Entertainment Missionary Depictions of “Oriental” Ottomans and “ Leland Turner, Texas Tech University Terrible” Turks at the Turn of theTwentieth Century Kaley M. Carpenter, Princeton Theological Seminary

178-7. Teaching Historical Thinking Skills in AP History d Kevin Byrne, Gustavus ll Adolphuse College; Allison D. Clark, Advanceda n c ePlacement Program; Sharon Cohen, SpringbrookC High School

6 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 7 The 123rd Annual Meeting Corrections to the 2009 Annual Meeting Program

Please note the following corrections to the France: Francophone Debates over Colonial- Elizabeth Cooper’s new affiliation is annual meeting Program. Page refer ism in Africa and the Challenge of Postco- the Univ. of Nottingham. Prof. Cooper is to the print Program, and are noted for ad- lonialism,” scheduled for Friday, January 2, chairing Session 66 “Diasporas and (Dis) ditional details. 3:30–5:30 p.m., in the Hilton’s Concourse Placements,” scheduled on Saturday, January A. Dr. Cottias will deliver the paper, “His- 3, 9:30–11:30 a.m., in the Sheraton’s AHA Program torical Frenchness Seen from the French Ca- Empire Ballroom West (p. 71). Committee Sessions ribbean Islands.” Replacing Dr. Cottias as Caroline Elklins (Harvard Univ.) replaces comment is Mamadou Diouf (Columbia Maya Jasanoff (Harvard Univ.) as a panelist Lindsay Robinson (California State Univ. Univ.) (Session 32, page 59) on the session, “Editing and Publishing of at Fresno) has been added to the session, Session 43, “The Frontier of Paper in a History,” scheduled for Saturday, January 3, “Teaching and Learning through a Teaching Global Contest,” has been cancelled (p. 2:30–4:30 p.m., in the Hilton’s Gramercy American History Grant,” scheduled for 61). Suite A (Session 78, page 78). Friday, January 2, 1:00–3:00 p.m., in the Session 45, “Globalizing the Historiogra- Maurice Jackson (Georgetown Univ.) Hilton’s Regent Parlor. She will present phy of Twentieth-Century Christianity,” has replaces Kevin Santiago-Valles (Bingham- the paper, “Using Primary Sources with been cancelled (p. 61). ton Univ.-SUNY) as chair of the session, Eleventh Graders” (Session 3, p. 49). Ana Lucia Araujo’s new affiliation is “Discussing History and Representation: Re- Arthur Torrington (president, Equiano Howard Univ. Prof. Araujo is presenting membering and Reconstructing the Experi- Society, London) replaces Carolyn Brown the paper “Images, Artifacts, and Myths: ences of Slavery and the Slave Trade, Part 3: (Rutgers Univ.-New Brunswick) as comment Reconstructing the Connections between Forgotten Histories and New Representations for the session “Biography and History: The Brazil and the Bight of Benin” on Session of Enslaved Africans,” planned for Saturday, Debate over Olaudah Equiano’s Interesting 54, “Discussing History and Representa- January 3, 2:30–4:30 p.m. in the Hilton’s Narrative,” to be offered on Friday, January tion: Remembering and Reconstructing the Beekman Parlor (Session 80, page 79). 2, 1:00–3:00 p.m., in the Sheraton’s Metro- Experiences of Slavery and the Slave Trade, Sarah Ross’s new affiliation is politan Ballroom East. (Session 4, p. 49). Part 2: Reconstructing Memories and Rep- College. Prof. Ross is a panelist on Session Myriam Cottias (Centre National de resentations of Slavery in Brazil and the 84, “The Politics of Love: Male Friend- Recherche Scientifique) replaces Issiaka Bight of Benin,” scheduled in the Hilton’s ship in the Mediterranean, Britain, and Mande (Univ. Paris Diderot) on the session Beekman Parlor on Saturday, January 3, American, 1550–1800,” on Saturday, “Colonialism Returns to Metropolitan 9:30–11:30 a.m. (p. 68). January 3, 2:30–4:30 p.m., and will deliver the paper “ ‘My Well-Beloved ’: Academic Families and Last Thoughts in Tudor-Stuart England” (p. 80). Breakfast Meeting of the Selma Thomas (Watertown Productions) replaces Sean Field (Univ. of Cape Town) as Committee on Women Historians a participant on the session “Oral History, Memory, and Identity: Making the Connec- Saturday, January 3, 7:30–9:00 a.m. tions,” scheduled for Saturday, January 3, Hilton New York, Mercury Ballroom 2:30–4:30 p.m. in the Hilton’s Petit Trianon. Breakfast is open to all and will be preregistered through the registration form (available Ms. Thomas will address the way museum exhibitions use (or curate) oral history inter- via AHA’s home page at www.historians.org/annual). Preregistration is urged—a very views to intervene in the process of memory limited number of tickets will be available through the meal ticket cashiers at the production (Session 91, p. 81). meeting. Cost: $30. Prepaid tickets will be distributed with registration badges. Valerie Steele (Museum of the Fashion Institute of Technology) has withdrawn Chair: Barbara Ransby, University of Illinois at from the session “Bound Feet, Corseted Speaker: Deborah Gray White, Rutgers University-New Brunswick Waists, and Veiled Heads: Chastity Belts and the Tropes of Contained Femininity” on Sunday, January 4, 2:30–4:30 p.m. in the Hilton’s Nassau Suite B (p. 113).

8 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 9 Fredrik Logevall (Cornell Univ.) replaces Carolina at Chapel Hill) as a panelist on Mark Stoler (editor, The Papers of George George Herring (Univ. of Kentucky) as the session “Languages: Sine Qua Non for Catlett Marshall, George C. Marshall Foun- chair of session 167, “A Look Back As the Globalizing Historiographies,” planned for dation) replaces Brian D. Shaw (president, Tet Offensive Turns Forty,” planned for Saturday, January 3, 9:30–11:30 a.m. in the George C. Marshall Foundation) as co-chair Sunday, January 4, 2:30–4:30 p.m. in the Sheraton’s Carnegie Room West. The session of the George C. Marshall Lecture sched- Hilton’s Rendezvous Trianon (p. 114). is cosponsored by the Conference Group for uled for Sunday, January 4, 5:00–6:30 p.m. Poster 178-7, “Teaching Historical Central European History, the German His- in the Hilton’s Rendezvous Trianon. The Thinking Skills in AP History,” has been torical Institute, and the World History As- lecture is sponsored by the foundation and cancelled (p. 117). sociation (p. 74). the Society for Military History (p. 121) Leland Turner’s new affiliation is Texas Tech University. He will present a poster on “Cowboy Up Down Under: Representations of American Wild West Imagery in Austra- 2009 Pr o g r a m Co m m i t t e e lian Popular Entertainment” in the poster session scheduled for Sunday, January 4, Chair: Fe l i c e Li f s h i t z 2:30-4:30 p.m. in the Hilton’s East Ballroom Foyer (Session 178-16, page 117). Florida International University Markus Vink (SUNY at Fredonia) Co-Chair: Je r r y H. Be n t l e y replaces Leonard Blussé (Leiden Univ.) University of Hawai’i as the speaker at the screening of Max Havelaar scheduled for Sunday, January 5, Be t h Bo l a n d from 6:00–10:00 p.m. in the Hilton’s Con- course G (p. 122). Jin-kyung Park has a new affiliation, Ja n e Da i l e y Korean Studies Institute at the University University of Chicago of Southern California, and new paper title, “Corporeal Colonialism: Gynecology, Early Su s a n L. Do u g l a s s Marriage, and Racial Disease in Japanese Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim Christian Understanding Colonial , 1926­–32.” She will present on the session “‘Corporeal Colonialism’: An n e Ha r d g r o v e Colonized Women’s Bodies, Sexuality, and University of Texas at Disease in Spanish America, Japanese Korea, R. St e p h e n Hu m p h r e y s and French West Africa,” scheduled for University of California at Santa Barbara Monday, January 5, 11:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. in the Hilton’s Clinton Suite (Session 212, p. Da v i d S. Ne wb u r y 131). Smith College Mark Naison (Fordham Univ.) replaces William H. Chafe (Duke Univ.) as chair of Ja n e Ka m e n s k y the session “Third Wave Precedents: Race Brandeis University and Sexuality in the Second Wave,” sched- uled for Monday, January 5, 11:00 a.m.– Ma t t K. Ma t s u d a 1:00 p.m. (Session 214, page 132). Rutgers University-New Brunswick

Do m i n i c Sachsenmaier Duke University Affiliated Societies Sessions and Events He l m u t Wa l s e r Sm i t h Vanderbilt University Lowell Edmunds (Rutgers Univ.-New Brunswick) has withdrawn as a participant Be n Vi n s o n III on the Alcohol and Drugs History Society’s Johns Hopkins University Session 1, “Writers, the Creative Process, and the Influence of Drink and Drugs,” Ke i t h An d r e w Wa i l o o scheduled on Friday, January 2, 3:30–5:30 Rutgers University-New Brunswick p.m. in the Sheraton’s Park Suite 4 (p. 63). Li s a Ho w e Volker R. Berghahn (Columbia Univ.) Florida International University, Program Committee Assistant replaces Konrad Jarausch (Univ. of North

8 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 9 The 123rd Annual Meeting The 123rd General Meeting By Sharon K. Tune

he General Meeting of the AHA The Herbert Feis Award Book Prizes will take place on Saturday, Januay Richard Kohn (Univ. of North Carolina 3, 2009, at 8:30 p.m. in the East Herbert Baxter Adams Prize T at Chapel Hill) Ballroom of the Hilton New York. Carol Symes (Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- President-elect Laurel Thatcher Ulrich The John E. O’Connor Champaign), A Common Stage: Theater and (Harvard Univ.) will announce the recipi- Public Life in Medieval Arras (Cornell Univ. ents of the AHA’s 2008 prizes and awards. Film Award Press, 2007) Revolution ’67, co-produced by Bon- James A. Rawley Prize in Award for giorno Productions Inc., the Independent Scholarly Distinction Television Service (ITVS), and P.O.V./ Atlantic History Marcus Rediker (Univ. of ), Joseph Harris (Howard Univ.); Michael American Documentary Inc., in association with WSKG; Marylou Tibaldo-Bongiorno, The Slave Ship: A Human History (Viking Kammen (Cornell Univ.); Joan Wallach Scott Press, 2007) (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) producer and director; Jerome Bongiorno, photographer, editor, and animator. George Louis Beer Prize Honorary Foreign Member Melvyn P. Leffler (Univ. of Virginia), For James Harvey Robinson Prize the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Jacques Revel (École Normale Supérieure, Soviet Union, and the Cold War (Hill and Paris) History Education Group (Stanford Univ.) and the Center for History and Wang, 2007) Troyer Steele Anderson Prize New Media (George Mason Univ.), for the web site Historical Thinking Matters. Anna Kasten Nelson (American Univ.) Albert J. Beveridge Award Scott Kurashige (Univ. of Michigan), The Nancy Lyman Roelker The Eugene Asher Shifting Grounds of Race: Black and Japanese Mentorship Award Americans in the Making of Multiethnic Los Distinguished Teaching Award Angeles (Princeton Univ. Press, 2008) Warren Roberts (SUNY Albany) Michael D’Innocenzo (Hofstra Univ.) The Paul Birdsall Prize Beveridge Family Theodore Roosevelt- Jeffrey A. Engel (Texas A&M Univ.), Teaching Prize Cold War at 30,000 F.eet: The Anglo-Amer- Woodrow Wilson Public ican Fight for Aviation Supremacy (Harvard Daniel D. Tolly (Ann Arbor Public Service Award Univ. Press, 2007) Schools, Michigan) Adam Hochschild (author) James Henry Breasted Prize Anthony J. Barbieri-Low (Princeton Univ.), Artisans in Early Imperial Service Animals Welcome! (Univ. of Washington Press, 2007) John E. Fagg Prize he American Historical Association is committed to making Laura Gotkowitz (Univ. of Iowa), A Rev- Tthe annual meeting accessible. Service animals are welcome olution for Our Rights (Duke Univ. Press, at all events, sessions, and venues at the meeting. 2008) The Americans with Disabilities Act protects the right of people with disabilities John K. Fairbank Prize in to be accompanied by trained service animals in public places. Remember, not all disabilities are visible and service animals are not required to wear special equip- East Asian History ment or tags. Susan Mann (Univ. of California at Service animals are working and should not be distracted without permission. Davis), The Talented Women of the Zhang Family (Univ. of California Press, 2007)

10 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 11 Morris D. Forkosch Prize Presidential Address historiography, even as a new, rising genera- Barbara Donagan (Huntington Library), tion of historians turns its attention to such War in England 1642–49 (Oxford Univ. fter the presentation of awards and questions as transnationalism, diaspora Press, 2008) Ahonors at the General Meeting held on studies, postcolonialism, migration, and Saturday, January 3, 2009, AHA President immigration. Spiegel will argue that to the Leo Gershoy Prize Gabrielle M. Spiegel (Johns Hopkins Univ.) extent that these emerging fields of contem- porary historiography share with poststruc- Anne Goldgar (Kings Coll., London), will deliver her presidential address. In the turalism a concern with absent memory Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge address, entitled “The Task of the Historian,” and the problematics of displacement, they in the Dutch Golden Age (Univ. of Chicago Spiegel will open with a review of the rise and can profit from some of the fundamental Press, 2007) apparent decline of the “linguistic turn” in historical writing. Offering an analysis of the insights of poststructuralist historiography. Joan Kelly Memorial Prize in psychological roots of poststructuralism as a Immediately following the Presidenial Women’s History response to the Holocaust and its aftermath, Address, AHA members are invited to the she will consider what this can tell us about West Ballroom of the Hilton New York for Kathy Davis (San José State Univ.), The what might remain valuable in linguistic-turn the presidential reception. Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves: How Feminism Travels across Borders (Duke Univ. Press, October 2007) New-York Historical Society 170 West at 77th Street, New York NY 10024 Littleton-Griswold Prize 212-873-3400 v www.nyhistory.org Rebecca M. McLennan (Harvard Univ.), Special package for AHA attendees and their spouses and domestic partners. The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, v Discounted admission: $7 v Free docent-led tours of exhibitions 1776–1941 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008) v Advanced registration not required AHA Tours: J. Russell Major Prize Amalia D. Kessler (Stanford Law School), Friday, January 2, 2009 v 3:30 to 4:30 p.m.: Grant and Lee in A Revolution in Commerce: The Parisian v 11 a.m. to 12 noon: Grant and Lee War and Peace Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee became Merchant Court and the Rise of Commercial in War and Peace America’s greatest generals yet used these skills Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee became Society in Eighteenth-Century France (Yale in the Civil War that tore the nation apart. America’s greatest generals yet used these skills Univ. Press, 2007) Visitors are plunged into the turbulent years in the Civil War that tore the nation apart. from the 1830s to the 1880s that shaped the Visitors are plunged into the turbulent years course of American democracy as the United Helen and Howard R. from the 1830s to the 1880s that shaped the States expanded west and into Mexico, fought course of American democracy as the United Marraro Prize a bloody industrialized war, and emerged af- States expanded west and into Mexico, fought Margaret Meserve (Univ. of Notre Dame), terward as a unified capitalist power. a bloody industrialized war, and emerged af- Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical terward as a unified capitalist power. Sunday, January 4, 2009 Thought (Harvard Univ. Press, 2008) v 2:30 to 3:30 p.m.: Drawn by New v 11 a.m. to 12 noon: Luce Center George L. Mosse Prize York/Hudson River School for the Study of American History Six centuries of watercolors and drawings (permanent collections) Atina Grossman (), , by European travelers who preserved the The Luce Center contains collections Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in image of a bygone America plus vivid master- of furniture, paintings, Tiffany lamps and Occupied Germany (Princeton Univ. Press, works by sometimes anonymous silhouettists windows, silver, toys, sculpture – everything 2007) and folk artists. You’ll also see masterpieces from George Washington’s cot from Valley by painters from the Hudson River School Forge to the gorgeous Beekman coach, The Premio del Rey including Thomas Cole’s Course of Empire. election memorabilia and objects from 9/11. Katrin Kogman-Appel (Ben-Gurion Saturday, January 3, 2009 v 2:30 to 3:30 p.m.: Grant and Lee in Univ. of the Negev, Beer-Sheva), Illuminated War and Peace Haggadot from Medieval Spain (Penn State v 12 noon to 1 p.m.: Permanent col- Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee became Univ. Press, 2006) lections with emphasis on Alexander America’s greatest generals yet used these skills Hamilton in the Civil War that tore the nation apart. Wesley-Logan Prize The Luce Center contains collections Visitors are plunged into the turbulent years Paul Christopher Johnson (Univ. of of furniture, paintings, Tiffany lamps and from the 1830s to the 1880s that shaped the windows, silver, toys, sculpture. This tour Michigan at Ann Arbor), Diaspora Conver- course of American democracy as the United will focus on objects in our collection relating States expanded west and into Mexico, fought sions: Black Carib Religion and the Recovery of to the American Revolution, the founding of a bloody industrialized war, and emerged af- Africa (Univ. of California Press, 2007) our country and Hamilton himself. terward as a unified capitalist power.

10 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 11 The 123rd Annual Meeting Attention Public Historians

By Debbie Ann Doyle

his article highlights some of the menting the recommendations of the AHA’s ment of History, New York University; and sessions and events that will be of Task Force on Public History (2001–05) the Society for History in the Federal Gov- Tinterest to public historians and and the forthcoming report of the Joint ernment (p. 122). colleagues wishing to learn more about the AHA, National Council on Public History, Public historians will find many sessions field. (Numbers in parentheses indicate and Organization of American Histori- of interest on the program this year, in- AHA session numbers or, if preceded by ans Working Group on Evaluating Public cluding a presidential session, “History, “p.,” page numbers in the annual meeting History Scholarship. The conversation will Museums, and the Politics of Memory: program.) help set priorities for the future of public The Congo in Belgium after King Leopold’s As the AHA’s public history coordinator, history in the Association. Ghost” (152). (The author will receive the I would like to extend a special invitation On Sunday evening from 6–7:30 p.m. in AHA’s Roosevelt-Wilson Award on Friday.) to public historians and their colleagues to the Hilton’s Clinton Suite, public historians Other sessions will focus on determining attend the open forum on public history and anyone with an interest in the field are the knowledge, skills, and experiences essen- to be held Sunday, January 4 at 12:15 p.m. invited to a reception hosted by the Profes- tial to the public history professional (88), in the Hilton’s Madison Suite (p. 110). sional Division; the American Association the future of memory studies (113), the The session offers a chance to speak with for State and Local History; the National National Declassification Initiative (149), members of the Professional Division (PD) Council on Public History; the New York and oral history (91). about the Association’s progress in imple- Council for the Humanities; the Depart- The Local Arrangements Committee has organized tours designed to encourage historians to interact with the local public history community (p. 11–14), includ- ing several archive tours, a tour of the new Clarification about African Burial Ground National Monument and Visitor Center, and a tour of industrial Registration Policy sites in Paterson, New Jersey that local and regional public historians have been cam- paigning to have designated a National His- Discounted or Gratis Guest torical Industrial Park. Other sessions will educate undergraduate Registration Not Available and beginning graduate students about the range of career paths open to professional Given the high cost of organizing and staging the annual historians, including a session organized by meeting, the AHA Council has determined that it is not finan- the AHA Graduate and Early Career Com- cially possible to provide discounted or gratis guest or spousal mittee on careers outside academe (155) and a session sponsored by the Society for registration. History in the Federal Government, “Careers Guests of members are, of course, welcome to attend in Federal History” (p.109). The AHA is committed to increasing the AHA sponsored events and recptions, including the awards presence of public history at the annual ceremony, as well as the presidential address and the reception meeting. We invite our colleagues to submit that follows, and most sessions. proposals for the 2010 meeting in . Please visit www.historians.org/ Registration badges will be required, however, to use AHA annual for the call for proposals and access professional services, including the messaging system, the to the electronic submission system. Internet Center, the Exhibit Hall, and the Job Center. Debbie Ann Doyle is the AHA’s public history coordinator.

12 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 13 The 123rd Annual Meeting Making Presentations Accessible

nnual meeting speakers should be lines on “Making Your Presentations Disabil- Based on an article by Susan Burch, Ohio aware of the need to engage the ity Friendly” (www.aarweb.org/Meetings/ State University, a member of the 2008 Local Aattention of listeners, including Annual_Meeting/Current_Meeting/Presenta- Arrangements Committee. those with disabilities. In the spirit of tion_Tips/disability.asp). creative and continued dialogue, and in the hope of making the sessions more accessible to all, we offer some suggestions. Presenters at the annual meeting should Attention take steps to ensure that their presentations are accessible to all audience members: K–12 Teachers v Make eye contact with the audience and avoid monotone and/or rushed ou are invited…to a workshop organized by the Teaching Division of the speech, which can make it difficult for AHA, in collaboration with the National History Education Clearinghouse many people to absorb the ideas in a presentation. Y(NHEC). This workshop is specifically designed for K–12 teachers and will be held 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on Saturday, January 3, 2009, in Concourse A v Share copies of your talk, notes, or of the Hilton New York. outline with audience members. Many people benefit from reading as well as Following an introduction by Karen Halttunen (Univ. of Southern Califor- hearing presentations. nia), vice president of the AHA’s Teaching Division, there will be five sessions with the following titles: Colonial Beginnings to Early Republic; Teaching with Text- v Presenters using visual aids like PowerPoint, photographs, and video books; The National History Education Clearinghouse: An Introduction; FDR clips should describe all images, and ER: Using Documents to Tell Their Story; and Many Movements: Teaching providing vital information to those Black Freedom Struggles from WWII to the 1960s. with visual impairments. In addition, there will be a lunchtime session—a boxed lunch will be provided v If the session will be sign-language to participants—in which Sam Wineburg (Stanford Univ.) will give a talk entitled interpreted, presenters should provide “Inverting Bloom’s Taxonomy: What’s Basic When Reading History?” a copy of their talk to the interpreter. Interpreters need time to prepare Participating in this workshop are Avram Barlowe (Urban Academy); Gregory adequately for a panel to become familiar P. Bernardi (Franklin D. Roosevelt High School); Allida Black (George Washing- with the specific terminology, names, or ton Univ.); Teresa DeFlitch (outreach coordinator, NHEC); David Gerwin (Queens concepts in the presentation. Colle.); Steven Jackson (Aviation High School); David Jaffee (CUNY); Daisy Martin (co-director, NHEC); Richard Miller (Beacon High School); Ellen Noonan (American Crafting accessible presentations demon- strates a commitment to AHA’s mission of Social History Project); Leah Potter (American Social History Project); Beth Versh- promoting good practices, disseminating leiser (Brooklyn Studio School); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (Harvard Univ.). historical studies as broadly as possible, and If you are a K–12 teacher looking for innovative and inspiring discussions fostering a network of scholars. and ideas please sign up to join this workshop. You must register for the workshop For more information on making schol- in advance of the meeting. This can be completed when you preregister for the arly presentations accessible, see the Modern annual meeting. Details about registration procedures and about the workshop can Language Association’s “Access Guidelines for Convention Session Organizers and be obtained online by visiting www.historians.org/annual/2009. Tickets will be Speakers” (www.mla.org/conv_access_guide) distributed with registration badges. or the American Academy of Religion’s guide-

12 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 13 New York City and Historians Highlighted Program Themes

By Felice Lifshitz

n addition to sessions that reflect chronological order; session numbers in pa- v Still “The Peace to End All Peace”? The the meeting theme, “Globalizing rentheses): Historiography of the Paris Peace Settlement Historiography,” the program for the after Ninety Years (193) I v 1989 in a Global Perspective (36) 2009 annual meeting includes a number v The Cuban Revolution at Fifty: Is the of sessions reflecting on the anniversary of v Spaceflight, Place, and Memory in a Latin American Historiographical Revolu- significant events, as well as a surprisingly Global Setting (124) tion Catalyzed by Cuba Dead? or Alive and large block of sessions devoted to the history v A Look Back as the Tet Offensive Turns Well? (209) of food. Forty (167) Most of the anniversary sessions commem- Two of the anniversary panels explore orate major events in the history of politics v The Cuban Revolution Fifty Years the legacy of important historical works and international relations (listed here in Later: A Roundtable Discussion (183) by women historians, and serve as fitting companions to a session commemorating the 40th anniversary of the foundation of the Coordinating Council for Women in History. The relevant sessions are: v Unionism, Disloyalty, and Disaffection Special Registration Rate in the Confederacy: Papers Commemo- rating the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of for Teacher-Student Groups Georgia Lee Tatum’s Disloyalty in the Con- federacy (47) o nurture interest in history among cially marked student badges at the reg- v Anna Coreth’s Pietas Austriaca Fifty Tstudents and to encourage their istration area. Students must accompany Years After: At Home and Abroad (56) mentors, the AHA is offering special reg- the teachers to pick up their badges, and v Forty Years in the Academy: The Co- istration rates for high school and under- may be required to produce their student ordinating Council for Women in History, graduate teachers who are accompanied identification. The group will have access Women Historians, and Women’s History by their students. High school teachers to all annual meeting sessions and the (150) who wish to bring some of their students to the annual meeting can take advantage Exhibit Hall; but the students in the Five of the sessions at the 2009 meeting of this offer and preregister themselves group will not have access to or be in the focus on the history of food, which thus and up to five accompanying students messaging system. Students must be ac- appears to be establishing itself as a major for the special fee of $50 for the group. companied at all times by the teachers new subfield of historiography. The relevant Undergraduate teachers can preregister leading their group. sessions are: themselves and up to five students for v American Food Abroad: State Adminis- $100 for the group. High school and undergraduate history tration, Voluntary Relief, and the Politics of teachers can take advantage of this special Food Aid in the Great War (6) For administrative reasons, preregis- opportunity to introduce their history v The Transnational History of Food in tration is required to obtain this special students or history majors to the history Twentieth-Century East Asia (30) rate. It will not be available, there- fore, after the preregistration deadline profession and its premier professional v American Progressives, Ethnicity, and (December 19, 2008) has passed. Only association. Please note that this special Taste: At Home and Abroad, 1875–1925 (75) high school history students or under- rate is not available for graduate students, graduate history majors and minors teachers at the graduate level, or high school v Cultures of Food History: Food His- toriography from Early Modern France to will be eligible to be included in the and undergraduate teachers who are not Contemporary Japan (82) groups for this offer. bringing students to the meeting. They will v Food and Empire (180) Once in New York City, teachers will have to register by paying the usual rate at pick up their own badges and the spe- the appropriate level. Felice Lifshitz, Florida International Univer- sity, is chair of the 2009 Program Committee.

14 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 15 New York City and Historians Teaching Sessions at the 123rd Annual Meeting

he American Historical Association 9:30–11:30 a.m. National Textbook 2:30–4:30 p.m. Sites of Encounter: invites all history and social studies Controversies in a Globalizing World Thinking Historically about Early teachers to join us for the 123rd Human History 12:15–1:45 p.m. Advanced Placement T Annual Meeting, January 2–5, 2009 at the History luncheon Hilton New York. The program includes 2:30–4:30 p.m. Integrating Global Perspectives and World History over 200 sessions. The program encompasses 2:30–4:30 p.m. The Research Habits of the varied geographical, chronological, and Historians: Practice and Teaching into U.S. Department of Education topical interest of historians today. Teaching American History Grant Projects Join us for a special series of sessions on Sunday, January 4 teaching sponsored by the AHA & Affili- 9:00–11:00 a.m. From the Atlantic 2:30–4:30 p.m. Reform and Religion ated Societies. Slave Trade to the : in the U.S. History Survey: A Global Perspective For more information and to preregister, Stretching and Expanding Cultural Boundaries please visit the AHA’s website at www.histo- 2:30–4:30 p.m. Teaching Historical rians.org. A special registration rate of $50 9:00–11:00 a.m. Students as Historians: Thinking Skills in Advanced will be given to teachers who bring up to Historical Thinking and Primary Sources Placement History five students to the AHA’s Annual Meeting. in the American History 2:30–4:30 p.m. The “California Friday, January 2 9:00–11:00 a.m. Innovations in Method”? University of California’s Collaboration: Building University- Model for World Historical Research School Partnerships 1:00–3:00 p.m. Teaching and Learning and Pedagogy—Past, Present, and through a Teaching American History 11:30 a.m.–1:30 p.m.Sites of Encounter: Future Grant Teaching the Muslim World and World War I 3:30–5:30 p.m. Across the Pedagogical Divide: Bridging Secondary School 11:30 a.m.–1:30 p.m. History Education Monday, January 5 and Undergraduate Classrooms and Technology in Our Middle and 8:30–10:30 a.m. The Environment and High Schools 3:30–5:30 p.m. Globalizing the the Under-represented: Perspectives American History Classroom: 11:30 a.m.–1:30 p.m. Teaching History on the Early Modern to Modern Teaching History Abroad in the Digital Age Transition in World History

3:30–5:30 p.m. A Historical Conundrum: The Work of Historians Versus the Expectations of Secondary Education The 2009 Annual Meeting Saturday, January 3 Program is also available 9:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m. Teaching Workshop for the National History Education online at: Clearinghouse This workshop is specifically designed for www.historians.org/ K–12 teachers and will have a variety of speakers and presentations, as well as lunch annual/program.cfm provided. Workshop registration must be done in advance.

14 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 15 New York City and Historians Visiting New York City with Children

By Lara Vapnek

he city is full of things to do with near West 67th Street. The Express Café at (5th Ave. and children, especially if you embrace the Loeb Boathouse (E. 72nd St. and Park 42nd St., 212-930-0800, www.nypl.org) Tthe fact that the best outings in New Dr. N., 212-517-2233, www.thecentral- or at least have their picture taken standing York include frequent stops for snacks. parkboathouse.com) veers toward fast food, near the lions out front. Nearby, at Grand but it is probably the best place in the park Central Terminal (42nd St. and Park Ave., Near the Meeting Hotels for a quick snack. You may prefer to grab a 212-340-2347, www.grandcentralterminal. ust down the street from the Hilton, the hot dog from one of the many vendors scat- com) you can gaze up at the soaring ceiling JMuseum of Modern Art (11 W. 53rd tered around the park. You can return to the painted with stars and zodiac symbols. St., 212-708-9400, www.moma.org) offers Hilton by walking along 5th Avenue, taking special tours of current exhibits for families. in the shop windows. Uptown Café 2 on the second-floor is a good place Midtown, the neighborhood where the op on the subway to visit the American for a quick lunch of pasta, soup, or salad. meeting hotels are located, is not exactly a HMuseum of Natural History (Central If you are staying at the Hilton, you kids’ zone, but there are some good spots. Park W. at 79th St., 212-769-5100, www. are within walking distance of Wollman Scandinavia House (58 Park Ave. at 38th amnh.org), or the Metropolitan Museum Skating Rink (Central Park S., 212-439- St., 212-879-9779, www.scandinaviahouse. of Art (5th Ave. at 89th St., 212-535-7710, 6900, www.wollmanskatingrink.com), org) has imaginative programming for www.metmuseum.org). Both get crowded located in Central Park, near the entrance at children. Kinokuniya, a Japanese book- on the weekends, so arrive early. From the and 6th Avenue. The views from store (1073 Ave. of the Americas between live butterflies to the dinosaur bones, the this outdoor rink are especially nice. When 40th and 41st St., 212-869-1700, www. natural history museum delights children. you’re done skating, you can explore more kinokuniya.com) carries children’s books, The café in the basement has surprisingly of the park (www.centralpark.com). You are comics, movies, and art supplies. The café decent food. At the Met, kids enjoy the close to the Central Park Children’s Zoo offers Japanese and western snacks and African art, the Egyptian antiquities, and and several excellent playgrounds. My kids has a great view of . Across the the Greek and Roman sculpture. Don’t miss especially like the Adventure Playground park, your children may want to visit the the Temple of Dendur. Further up 5th Avenue, at 103rd Street, the Museum of the City of New York (1220 5th Ave., 212-534-1672, www.mcny.org) Public Transportation will interest historians and their children. Be sure to see the historic toys. The Florine Stettheimer dollhouse includes miniature in New York City works of art by Marcel Duchamp. The shop has cool New York themed books and toys. ew York City’s public transit system is one of the most extensive Even in the dead of winter, the small botanic garden across the street is lovely. For more to in the world. The subway operates 24 hours a day, although do in upper Manhattan, check out Harlem Nsome stations are closed between midnight and 6:00 a.m., and One Stop (www.harlemonestop.com). the gap between trains can be as long as 30 minutes during off-peak hours. Subway maps are available from station managers or on Metropolitan Downtown Transportation Authority’s (MTA) web site (www.mta.info). During off- owntown near Union Square, Books peak hours, MTA recommends that passengers travel in the car with the Dof Wonder (18 W. 18th St., 212-989- conductor, usually the middle car of the train. Subway Navigator (www. 3270, www.booksofwonder.com) makes a great destination. The staff is incredibly subwaynavigator.com) is an excellent resource for determining the fastest knowledgeable and will help your kids find subway route. The subway cost is $2 per ride, $7 for a one-day pass, or $21 books they love no matter what their age or for a seven-day MetroCard. reading level. Across the street, City Bakery (3 W. 18th St., 212-366-1414, www.th- ecitybakery.com) is a good bet for breakfast,

16 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 17 lunch, or a snack. The hot chocolate is to Sundaes and Cones (95 E. 10th St., 212- General Advice famous. If it is too thick and rich, they will 979-9398) where you can sample sesame, cut it with steamed milk. Nearby, it is fun to sweet corn, or wasabi ice cream, in addition on Getting Around walk through Union Square (between 14th to the standard flavors. ew York has great public transporta- and 17th St., near ), and to look If it is freezing outside, the kids are bouncing Ntion, but stairs and turnstiles make at the triangular (23rd St. off the walls, and they reject all of your sug- the bus and subway difficult to negotiate and 5th Ave.) gestions for edifying activities; you can take with small children. If you bring a stroller, Brunch at Oriental Garden (14 Elizabeth them to Chelsea Piers (23rd St. and Hudson be sure it is lightweight and folds easily. St., 212-619-0085) makes a great start to a River Park, 212-336-6500, www.chelseapi- Cabs are easy to catch at the hotel and may trip through Chinatown. They specialize ers.com), a huge indoor sports complex with be worth it for short trips. You can get bus in dim sum, which waiters carry on trays golf, bowling, ice-skating, and rock-climbing. and subway routes and estimate taxi fares at or wheel on carts. Even the pickiest eaters Be warned: it’s pricey. Nearby, Billy’s Bakery www..com. will have trouble resisting their dumplings. (184 9th Ave., between 21st and 22nd St., Lara Vapnek teaches U.S. history at St. John’s Aside from the shark fin soup, it is very rea- 212-647-9956, www.billysbakerynyc.com) University in Queens, New York and is a sonably priced. There is a good playground has some of the best cupcakes in the city. You member of the Local Arrangements Commit- on Bayard Street (between Baxter and might even persuade your children to browse tee. Her first book, Breadwinners: Work- Mulberry), or you can easily spend an hour the nearby galleries, clustered on 22nd, 24th, ing Women and Economic Independence, wandering the aisles of Pearl River (477 and 25th streets between 10th and 11th 1865–1920, is forthcoming with University Broadway at Grand St., 212-431-4770, Avenues (www.chelseaartgalleries.com). of Illinois Press. www.pearlriver.com), a Chinese American department store. If the weather is temper- ate and your group is energetic, you can walk across the . The pedestrian entrance is at Park Row and Centre Street. Childcare for the 2009 The east of the between and is fun to Annual Meeting visit with children. Economy Candy (108 The AHA provides the names of the following childcare suppliers as a service to Rivington St., 800-352-4544, www.econo- members who may be interested, but the AHA assumes no responsibility for their mycandy.com) has an incredible selection of performance, licensing, insurance, and so on. Companies note that they are fully sweets from all over the world. According to insured, licensed, and bonded, and they will make arrangements to provide childcare my kids, Katz’s (205 E. Houston St., 212- in the client’s hotel room or elsewhere. Pay rates are generally based on a caregiver’s 254-2246, www.katzdeli.com) has the best training and experience and the requirements of the particular engagement. Typical hot dogs in New York. Both of these spots rates are $15 to $25 per hour. If plans must be made closer to the meeting dates, at- make a good stop on your way to or from tendees can also call their selected hotel’s concierge desk for a list of childcare provid- the Lower East Side Tenement Museum ers maintained by the hotel. (108 Orchard St., 212-431-0233,www. tenement.org), where recreated apartments Babysitters4hire.com the areas of child care, tutoring, pet intrigue school-age children (advance tickets PO Box 2202, Norfolk, NE 68702. care, and senior care to the people who required). 402-379-7811 need their help. The company provides The East Village east of Broadway E-mail inquiries and requests are services in hotels. between Houston and offers two possible through the web site’s “Contact excellent toy stores and numerous options Us” button. Sittercity for casual, inexpensive meals. ’s (144 A free preview of available babysitters 2nd Ave., 212-228-9682, www.veselka.com) can be obtained through the web site’s 213 W. Institute Place Suite 504, specializes in Polish and American food. local neighborhood mapping technol- Chicago IL, 60610. 888-748-2489, Next door, Dinosaur Hill (306 E. 9th St., ogy. Once registered a member, indi- Monday–Friday, 7:00 a.m.–7:00 p.m. 212-473-5850, www.dinosaurhill.com) has viduals will be given immediate access CST. Web: www.sittercity.com wonderful toys, especially for younger kids. to babysitters through text messaging, E-mail submission from web site’s Older siblings may prefer Toy Tokyo (121 e-mail, and phone. “Help and Contact Us” tab/button 2nd Ave., 718-777-2212, www.toytokyo. One of the largest online sources for com), a mecca for collectibles. My kids love Care.com child care, with babysitters in every the chicken ramen at Momofuku Noodle 1400 Main Street, Waltham, MA city nationwide, including Manhat- Bar (171 1st Ave., 212-777-773, www. 02451. E-mail: [email protected] tan. They offer a four-step screening momofuku.com). For a more traditional Care.com is an online service that process, background checks, sitter version, try Soba-Ya (229 E. 9th St., 212- matches care and service providers in reviews, detailed profiles and more. 533-6966, www.sobaya-nyc.com), which also has excellent tempura. For dessert, head

16 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 17 New York City and Historians The People Ride in a Hole in the Ground: The New York Subway By Dylan Yeats

nderground New York is as For $2 you can ride anywhere and transfer Once underground, don’t be ashamed to important a part of the cityscape as freely between 26 color-coded subway lines, look at the subway map. Subways operate 24 Uanything above ground. Residents, over 250 local bus lines, the Staten Island hours a day and have done so for over 100 commuters, and visitors take over three Railroad, Tramway, and years. Maintaining such a system requires a million trips along 660 miles of subway and Westchester County local lot of rerouting, and it can be hard to keep every day.1 Each of these trips is an intimate buses. The entire network uses the Metro- up. Even native New Yorkers need to check journey through what made and makes card, which you can purchase with cash, the map. New York so special. Most of us take the credit, or debit cards at vending machines Many riders have little sense of what lies subway because it is fast, cheap, safe, and in every station. For $7.50 a one-day card above the stations we pass, except for the few easy—though it doesn’t hurt that our trips provides unlimited access from the first stations and neighborhoods we frequent. are socially and environmentally responsible, swipe until 3 a.m. the following day. It’s a Because we use the subways to navigate the not to mention fun. great deal if you are exploring all over town. city, our experiences underground are more comprehensive than those above. On the subway, New Yorkers see (without looking at) people from other parts of the city, hear, smell, or (at rush hour) feel them; and help each other carry suitcases and baby strollers up and down stairs. The system map reflects more than a century of diverging private investments, united by 75 years of reform. The city gov- ernment shouldered the risks of building the system at the turn of the 20th century, but sponsored private companies to actually run it. Beginning in 1904, the Interbor- ough Company (IRT) ran what are now the red 1, 2, and 3 trains that run uptown to the Bronx or downtown to Brooklyn along the West Side (50th St. and Broadway is the closest stop to the meeting hotels). The yellow N, R, and W trains run from Brooklyn, up Broadway through half of Manhattan, and hook east into Queens along 60th Street just north of the hotels (the closest stop is at 49th St. and 7th Ave.). These lines were built in 1913 for - lyn-Manhattan Transit (BMT), the second company contracted by the city. Though the private companies made large corporate profits providing unreliable and inadequate service, and despite looming municipal debt, the city proposed a third extension to the subway in the 1920s. When investors weren’t interested unless they could raise the five-cent fare, the city began to manage Map courtesy MTA New York City mass transit for itself. The city ran what are

18 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 19 now the blue lines west of the hotels along the annual meeting keeps you in the hotel all 2. Clifton Hood, 722 Miles: The Building of 8th Avenue and the orange lines east on 6th week, consider using a Metrocard to get you the Subways and HowTthey Changed New York Avenue as the Independent Subway (IND). to and from the airport, bus terminal, train (: The Johns Hopkins University Both lines veer east into Queens at 53rd station, or home. Sometimes it takes a bit of Press, 2004). Street and extend uptown into the Bronx.2 map navigating, but mass transit is often the New York’s dependence on mass transit fastest and most interesting way to go. 3. Joshua Freeman, In Transit: The Transport and the system’s historically low fares make Dylan Yeats is a doctoral student in U.S. his- Workers Union in New York City, 1933–1966 (: Temple University Press, 2001); the subway a de facto utility, a crucial thread tory at New York University. He is an exhibit Stephen J. Zeitlin and Marci Reaven, Hidden in the social and economic fabric of city curator, certified archivist, licensed tour guide, New York: A Guide to Places that Matter (New life. By 1940 the city united all the subways and author of the visual essay “Yellow Peril: Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2008); into one municipally run system. When Collecting Xenophobia” published by the Asian/ Ivor Miller, Aerosol Kingdom: Subway Painters mounting debt and fears of municipal so- Pacific/American Institute at NYU. cialism threatened the system in the 1960s, of New York City (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002); Susie Tanenbaum, Under- the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) Notes ground Harmonies: Music and Politics in the used tolls to support the 1. www.mta.info/nyct/facts; all subsequent sta- Subways of New York (Ithaca: Cornell Univer- subways and buses and the bankrupt regional tistics and figures are also from this page. sity Press, 1995). rail systems. The massive scope of this semi- public authority, which today serves a third of all mass transit users in the United States, allows for a unified single-fare system and the 60 percent financial self-sufficiency, the Driving and Parking highest for any transit system in the world. The subway has long been a New York at the 123rd Annual Meeting cultural icon. in the 19th century fought for and won transit construc- Parking at the Hotels tion jobs and equal rights to ridership. Mul- All hotels have parking available. Current published rates for each 24-hour period are tiethnic construction workers and transit Hilton: no self service, valet $48, van and SUV $58 (valet entrance located in rear of operators joined together to demand fair pay building on West 53rd Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues); Sheraton New York: and safe working conditions on the earliest no self service, valet $37 with no in/out privileges (when traveling west on 53rd the mass transit projects. The municipal Trans- parking lot entrance is before the hotel entrance); Waldorf=Astoria: no self service, valet port Workers Union quickly became one of $50 with in/out privileges (car entrance is between Park and Lexington Avenues on 50th the most powerful and most radical voices for Street, which is one-way eastbound); Doubletree Guest Suites: self service $35, valet $45, labor. Early station design sought to instill with no in/out privileges. To these quoted rates there is added 18.5 percent parking tax. civic pride in riders; over the last 20 years the MTA’s Arts for Transit and Poetry in Additional Parking Options programs have placed hundreds of installations in stations and mounted poetry There are parking garages and open-air lots throughout the city: Keep an eye out for signs (some garages have employees stand in the street to motion drivers into their garages selections in subway cars to entertain transit or lots). Many garages cut their rates on the weekend. Depending on where you park, riders on their almost 2.5 billion trips a year. garage rates may range from $6 to $15 for the first hour to $40 per day, with special This official art program is an alternative to rates of about $20 on Sundays. Two of the largest providers are Central/Kinney Parking the years when spray painters claimed entire System (www.parking.com, 212-321-7500) and Icon Parking Systems (www.iconpark- cars as canvasses—to the delight of the art ing.com, 212-686-9800)—each has multiple Manhattan locations and offers discounts world and the ire of city agencies. In the mid- to theatergoers, hotels, and restaurants. Drivers can also visit the city’s Department of 1980s, court decisions protected first amend- City Planning web site for a guide to parking lots and garages in the five boroughs. Once ment rights in the subway, and local artists on the site, key in “parking facilities” in the search engine. sing, play, and dance on the platforms.3 Don’t miss the chance to ride the subway! Those interested in transit history should New York City Driving and Parking Tips take one of the downtown bound former In New York state, the use of handheld cell phones is prohibited when driving; the IRT (red 2 or 3), BMT (yellow R), or IND driver and all front-seat passengers are required to wear seat belts; and children under the (blue A or C) trains to the New York Transit age of 16 must wear a seat belt in the back seat. New York City forbids making right- Museum located in a decommissioned 1936 hand turns at red lights, except where expressly permitted. The speed limit on streets IND station in Brooklyn Heights. The (not highways) in the five boroughs is 30 miles per hour. In addition, drivers should pay museum offers great exhibits for all ages special attention to signs when parking on the street: the city has alternate-side-of-the- and interest levels (entrance at the corner street rules in effect for different days of the week. City parking meters do not allow of Boerum Pl. and Schermerhorn St., 718- all-day privileges—drivers must deposit quarters on an hourly basis. 694-1600, www.mta.info/mta/museum/). If

18 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 19 New York City and Historians Holy Gotham

By Peter J. Wosh

ew York City, popular perceptions saintpaulschapel.org), constructed in 1766 Protestant evangelicals viewed New York and academic stereotypes as a chapel of ease for Trinity, illustrate the City as a 19th-century center for mission- Nnotwithstanding, has always powerful Anglican impulses that shaped ary reform. The American Bible Society served as one of America’s principal religious the city’s early ecclesiastical culture. Both (1865 Broadway, 212-408-1200, www. capitals. If not quite the gold buckle of churches became important spiritual centers americanbible.org), established in 1816 the Bible Belt, the nonetheless following the terrorist attacks on the neigh- and now boasting a Museum of Biblical contains an extraordinary array of devotional boring World Trade Center. St. Mark’s Art, remains the last outpost of the antebel- sites that testify to the diversity of its ever- Church in-the-Bowery (131 E. 10th St., lum benevolent empire still headquartered changing population. Majestic architectural 212-674-6377) a Greek revival Episcopalian in Manhattan. The John Street Church masterpieces, modest storefront churches, church completed in 1799, occupies the site (44 John St., 212-269-0014, www.john- elaborate neighborhood shrines, and of ’s family chapel and burial streetchurch.org) brought Methodism to thriving mosques and temples grace the city’s place. Many New Yorkers best know St. New York when local adherents erected streetscape. This brief guide merely samples Mark’s for its social outreach and advocacy Wesley Chapel in 1768. It became especially a few prominent and historically interesting programs. The church also hosted poetry noteworthy for another reason when several religious institutions. readings by such prominent beat poets as African American members began conduct- The Flushing Quaker Meeting House . ing separate services in 1796, planting the (137-16 Northern Blvd., 718-358-9636, The Reformed Church in America rivaled seeds of the African Methodist Episcopal www.nyym.org/flushing), built in 1694–95, Anglicanism for supremacy in colonial New Zion Church. Plymouth Church of the is the oldest house of worship in New York York. Marble Collegiate Church (5th Ave. at Pilgrims in Brooklyn Heights (75 Hicks State. It provides an appropriate venue for 29th St., 212-686-2770, www.marblechurch. St., 718-624-4743, www.plymouthchurch. reflecting on the , org) traces its roots to 1628 as the first Dutch org) called Henry Ward Beecher as its first the landmark 1657 declaration of religious Reformed church in North America, but pastor in 1847, thus inaugurating one of liberty drawn up by Queens inhabitants. the landmark 19th-century structure on 5th the most successful and controversial minis- Trinity Church in (74 Avenue more recently earned its reputation tries in 19th-century New York. The church Trinity Pl., 212-602-0800, www.trinitywall- as the site from which Norman Vincent Peale promoted temperance, sheltered escaped street.org) and nearby St. Paul’s Chapel preached the power of positive thinking and slaves, dispatched bibles and rifles to anti- (209 Broadway, 212-233-4164, www. similar messages from 1932 until 1984. slavery settlers in Kansas, and witnessed a celebrated adultery scandal involving its charismatic minister. Judson Memorial Church (55 Washington Sq. South, 212- 477-0351, www.judson.org), founded in 1890 on Washington Square, has served as a center for political protest and avant- garde artistic expression throughout the 20th century. Judson’s Romanesque revival architecture owed much to the desire of its Baptist founder to attract the Italian Catho- lics who had begun to transform the cultural landscape of . Indeed, Roman Catholicism emerged as the city’s largest religious body during the 19th century. Old Saint Patrick’s Ca- thedral, on the corner of Prince and Mott Streets in Manhattan (263 Mulberry St., 212-226-8075, www.oldcathedral.org), was dedicated in 1815 and restored in 1868 after a fire destroyed the original Gothic revival building. It offers a striking contrast to the St. Patrick’s Cathedral, located on 5th Ave. between 50th & 51st Sts. Photo by Chris Hale.

20 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 21 monumental successor Saint Patrick’s Ca- cathedral.org); and St. Paul Community ning choir. The Church of Jesus Christ of thedral on 5th Avenue, designed by James Baptist Church in Brooklyn (859 Hendrix Latter-day Saints dedicated its Manhattan Renwick and opened in 1879 (5th Ave. St., 718-257-1300, www.spcbc.com). New York Temple near in between 50th and 51st St., 212-753-2261, Newer and recently renewed religious insti- 2004 (125 Columbus Ave., 917-441-8220, www.saintpatrickscathedral.org). Some other tutions perhaps best reflect the city’s growing www.ldschurchtemples.com/manhattan); a interesting Catholic sites include Our Lady cultural and spiritual diversity. The Malik 10-foot statue of the Angel Moroni stands of Mount Carmel Shrine (448 East 116th El Shabbaz Mosque in Harlem (130 W. atop the spire. St., 212-534-0681), which served as the 113th St., 212-662-4100, www.mosqueofis- Amid all the ferment, annual meeting subject for Robert Orsi’s The Madonna of lamicbrotherhoodinc.org), which served participants may discover the most potent 115th Street; the Cathedral Basilica of St. as ’s ministerial headquarters in symbol of the confusing and vibrant world James in Brooklyn (Jay St. and Cathedral the 1960s, retains its significance. Ganesha of New York religious life at the seeming- Pl., 718-852-4002, www.brooklyncathedral. Hindu Temple (45-57 Bowne St., 718-460- ly traditional Cathedral of St. John the net); St. Malachy’s in the Theatre District, 8484, www.nyganeshtemple.org) in Queens Divine (1047 Amsterdam Ave., 212-316- established in 1902 and popularly known was consecrated in 1977 and has emerged as a 7490, www.stjohndivine.org). This massive as “The Actors’ Chapel” (239 W. 49th St., center for prayer and community formation. and sprawling structure on Morningside 212-489-1340, www.actorschapel.org); and The Sunni Muslim mosque at the Islamic Heights, which has been under construction the Shrine of Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first Center of New York (371 6th Ave., 212- for over a century, appears destined to remain canonized American saint, at the Church of 722-5234, www.icnyu.org) now boasts the unfinished—a perpetual work-in-progress. Our Lady of the Rosary in lower Manhat- largest Muslim congregation in New York, tan (7 State St., 212-269-6865, www.seton- while Times Square Church (1657 Broadway, Peter J. Wosh is the director of the archives and shrine.com). 212-541-6300, www.tscnyc.org), founded public history graduate program in the history Sephardic Jewish refugees from Brazil first in 1986 by prominent Pentecostal minister department at New York University and a arrived in New York in 1654, but by the , testifies to the power of the member of the Local Arrangements Commit- turn of the 20th century Eastern European megachurch phenomenon. The once-strug- tee. His most recent book is Covenant House: Jewish culture dominated Manhattan’s gling Brooklyn Tabernacle (17 Smith St., Journey of a Faith-Based Charity (University Lower East Side. The Syna- 718-290-2000, www.brooklyntabernacle.org) of Pennsylvania Press, 2005) and he is cur- gogue (12 Eldridge St., 212-219-0888, numbers nearly 10 thousand members and rently researching a history of Manhattan Col- www.eldridgestreet.org) remains downtown; boasts several Grammys for its award-win- lege in the Bronx. a museum tells the story of the recently restored Moorish-style building. Central (652 Lexington Ave., 212- 838-5122, www.dev.centralsynagogue.org), New York Worship Services contrastingly, joined the uptown exodus of Abyssinian Baptist Church St. Patrick’s Cathedral prominent religious institutions in 1872 132 Odell Clark Pl. (formerly West Fifth Ave. between 50th and 51st St. when it moved to its present 138th St.) 212-753-2261 location in a landmark building designed 212-862-7474 Sunday Services: 7, 8, 9, and 10:15 by Henry Fernbach. The Center for Jewish Sunday Services, 9 a.m. and 11 a.m. a.m., noon, 1, 4 (in Spanish), and 5:30 History (15 W. 16th St., 212-294-8301, www.abyssinian.org p.m. (services in bold are music masses) www.cjh.org) offers excellent exhibitions, Calvary Baptist Church www.saintpatrickscathedral.org public programs, and scholarly resources 123 West 57th St. concerning Jewish life in America. St. Thomas Episcopal Church 212-975-0170 Mainline Christian denominations attract One West 53rd Street Sunday Informal Service, 9:30 a.m. fewer communicants in the 21st century, 212-757-7013 Sunday Traditional Service, 11 a.m. despite the existence of such vibrant institu- Sunday Services: 8 a.m.; Holy Eucharist, Sunday Contemporary Service, 6 p.m tions as Riverside Church, the fascinating 9 a.m.; sung Eucharist, 11 a.m. ;Choral www.cbcnyc.org collaboration between John D. Rockefeller Eucharist, 4 p.m. Choral Evensong and Harry Emerson Fosdick dedicated in Central Synagogue (Reform) www.saintthomaschurch.org 1931 (490 Riverside Dr., 212-870-6700, 652 Lexington Ave. at 55th St. Temple Emanu-el (Reform) www.theriversidechurchny.org). Many 212-838-5122 One East 65th Street traditionally powerful African American Friday 6 p.m.; Saturday 10:30 a.m. 212-744-1400 Christian churches thrive and remain in- www.dev.centralsynagogue.org Services: Friday, 6:15 p.m.; fluential, including: Abyssinian Baptist in New York Society for Ethical Culture Saturday 10:30 a.m. Harlem (132 Odell Clark Pl., formerly W. 2 West 64th St. at Central Park West www.emanuelnyc.org 138th St., 212-862-7474, www.abyssinian. 212-874-5210 org); the Greater Allen African Methodist Sun. Meetings, generally at 10:15 a.m. Episcopal Cathedral in Queens (110-31 www.nysec.org Merrick Blvd., 718-206-4600, www.allen-

20 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 21 New York City and Historians Of Monuments & Memories: New York City’s Burial Sites and Cemeteries

By Jocelyn Wills

hrobbing with energy, perpetually but New York’s cemeteries never disappoint, of colonial and early-national graves, includ- dismantling the old to make way particularly when combined with nearby ing those of Robert Fulton, Albert Gallatin, Tfor the new, New York City seems indoor warm-up locations. You can reach and . St. Paul’s Chapel to announce, “Forget history; reinvention those highlighted here via public transpor- Churchyard (209 Broadway, between matters here.” Yet remnants of the past tation, but you might want a car for sites Fulton and Vessey St., 212-233-4164, www. abound and quiet corners refuse to budge outside Manhattan. saintpaulschapel.org), completed in 1766, for the bulldozer. Many of these involve Urban development, real estate prices, once extended to the Hudson River and now burial sites, not only in Manhattan, but and cholera epidemics conspired to prohibit stands directly opposite the east side of the also in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and burials in Manhattan after 1852, though . Churchyard graves Staten Island. Some are minuscule one- to several important sites remain. To reach four include many Revolutionary War veterans. two-person graveyards. Others stretch into interesting sites in Lower Manhattan, take The city’s oldest public building in con- hundreds of acres accommodating hundreds a southbound R train to Rector St./Trinity tinuous use, St. Paul’s now houses Unwav- of thousands of graves. Place or hail a cab. The Trinity Churchyard ering Spirit, an interactive exhibit devoted January’s forecasts rarely bode well for (74 Trinity Pl., 212-602-0800, www.trinity- to photographs, commemorative posters, extended tours of outdoor burial grounds, wallstreet.org), opened in 1697, has a number and other items left along its iron fence in the wake of 9/11. (If you are getting chilly, warm up at Oliva Gourmet, 225 Broadway between Vessey & Barclay Streets. Open 7 Calling Historians of South Asia days a week, 6 a.m.–7 p.m.) The African Burial Ground National Monument (290 Historians of South Asia are invited to attend a meeting of the Broadway, 212-637-2019, www.nps.gov/ South Asia Caucus at the AHA Annual Meeting, Saturday, afbg), is an extremely significant urban ar- January 3, 2008 from 6:00–8:00 p.m. in the Hilton New chaeological project. Landfill hid the site York, Gramercy Suite B. The meeting will follow up a successful until 1991, when construction work 25 feet organizational meeting at the 2008 Annual Meeting. The agenda below street level unearthed the remains of African Americans interred in wooden will be broad, and will include a discussion of the scope and boxes. Following years of controversy and objectives of the new group and plans to organize regular South the removal, inspection, and documenta- Asian events for future annual meetings. Please invite interested tion of the remains of 400 of the estimated colleagues and students, as the organizers want the largest 15,000 people buried at the site, on October possible turnout at the AHA to make this venture a success. 5, 2007, the city dedicated a memorial to the free and enslaved Africans buried in the Attendees are also invited to the Conference on Asian History graveyard. First Shearith Israel lunch meeting on Saturday, January 3, 12:15–1:45 p.m., in (55 St. James Pl., 212-873-0300, www. the Hilton New York, Concourse G, featuring Eugenia Y. Lean, shearithisrael.org) contains fragments of the city’s only surviving colonial-era Jewish an assistant professor in Columbia University’s Department of cemetery. Founded mostly by Portuguese East Asian Languages and Cultures, speaking on “Sandalwood and Spanish Jews, Congregation Shearith Soap, Carthamus tinctorius L., and Hydraulic Acid: Science for Israel was the only synagogue in New York the Inner Chambers in Early Twentieth-Century China.” Dr. between 1654 and 1825. The site of the Lean received the AHA’s 2007 John K. Fairbank Prize for her congregation’s first cemetery (1656) contin- ues to elude researchers; the earliest grave in book Politics of Passion: the Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of the cemetery behind a locked gate in this Public Sympathy in Nineteen Thirties China. corner nook dates to 1683.

22 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 23 Return to the meeting hotels after a stroll an hour and a half from the hotels via subway; Jocelyn Wills, associate professor of history at through Chinatown, home to many excel- closest station Cypress Hills/Jamaica Ave. Brooklyn College, City University of New York, lent warm-up sites, including Green Bo Finally, you can visit Staten Island is the author of Boosters, Hustlers, and Specu- Restaurant (66 Bayard St., between Mott Cemetery (1642 Richmond Terr.) at the end lators (MHS Press, 2005). Her current research and Elizabeth St.), famous for its Shanghai of a hill running alongside an auto body shop focuses on American boom-and-bust, and the ev- dim sum, dumpling soups, and reasonable on Alaska Street. The cemetery’s first inter- eryday experiences of lower-middle-class workers prices. Board a northbound R train at the ments, in the 1820s, were relatives of a freed and petite-storefront operators. She is a member station slave named Joseph Ryers. of the Local Arrangements Committee. The Bronx’s largest burial site, the Woodlawn Cemetery (Webster Ave. and E. 233rd St., 718-920-0500, www.thewood- lawncemetery.org), opened in 1863. Famous burials include Irving Berlin, Miles Davis, Tours Organized by the Local Duke Ellington, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Joseph Pulitzer, and Madame C.J. Walker. Arrangements Committee The cemetery also contains remains from Bensonia (Morrisania) Cemetery, a Native American burial ground. The closest subway Tours 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 are sold out. Preregistration for the remaning tours is highly recom- station, Woodlawn, is about an hour and mended; tickets are available via onsite registration up to one hour before the scheduled fifteen minute trip from the meeting hotels. departure of each tour if space is still available. Tour tickets are non-refundable and cannot One of New York City’s most famous be exchanged. Tour participants must be registered for the AHA meeting. graveyards, Green-Wood Cemetery in For full descriptions of each tour, please see the related article in the September and Brooklyn (500 25th St., 718-768-7300, October issues of Perspectives on History (also available online at www.historians.org/ www.green-wood.com), was founded in perspectives/issues/2008/0809/0809ann3.cfm). 1838 and was as popular for picnic excur- Tour 1: New York Public Library Tour 7: Paterson Great Falls sions as for burials. The cemetery boasts a TOUR #1 IS SOLD OUT! Industrial Museum Site number of celebrity graves, including Henry Date, time: Sunday, January 4, 9:00 Ward Beecher, Leonard Bernstein, Susan Tour 2: African Burial Ground Nat’l a.m.–1:00 p.m. Meeting site: Meet in the McKinney Stewart, Theodore Roosevelt, Monument and Visitor Center Hilton’s Concourse F at 9:00 a.m. for bus Margaret Sanger, and William Marcy “Boss” TOUR #2 IS SOLD OUT! to Paterson Limit: 30 people; fee: $10. Tweed. About an hour from the meeting hotels by subway; take the R train to Brook- Tour 3: United Nations Archives Tour 8: Lower East Side lyn’s 25th Street station, walk east one block Tenement Museum TOUR #3 IS SOLD OUT! to 5th Avenue, and enter at the Gothic-arch TOUR #8 IS SOLD OUT! entryway, completed in 1861. Tour 4: Theodore Roosevelt When the New York legislature passed Tour 9: Schomburg Center Birthplace Nat’l Historic Site the 1847 Act, it stipulated for Research in Black Culture TOUR #4 IS SOLD OUT! that no cemetery organization could own Date, time: Monday, January 5, 8:30 more than 250 acres in one county. Grave- a.m.–12:30 p.m. Meeting site: Meet Tour 5: Contemporary Art yards soon straddled the boundaries of two in the Hilton’s Concourse F at 8:30 counties; 17 different burial grounds make in a.m. to take the subway to the research up what is now known as the “Cemetery Date, time: Saturday, January 3, noon–3:30 center. Limit 25 people; fee: $10. p.m. Meeting site: Meet in the Hilton’s Belt” in Brooklyn and Queens. The first to Concourse F at noon to take the subway to take advantage of the new law, Cypress Hills Tour 10: Museum of the the museums. Limit: 20 people; fee: $20. Cemetery (833 Jamaica Ave., Brooklyn; City of New York 718-277-2900; www.cypresshillscemetery. Date, time: Monday, January 5, 10:00 a.m.– Tour 6: org), was founded in 1848 as Brooklyn 1:00 p.m. Meeting site: Meet in the Hilton’s Date, time: Saturday, January 3, 1:15–4:45 and Queens’ first non-sectarian cemetery. Concourse F at 10 a.m. to take the subway to p.m. Meeting site: Meet in the Hilton’s Con- the museum. Limit: 20 people; fee: $30 Notable burials include Jackie Robinson and course F at 2:00 p.m. to take the subway to Arthur Alfonso Schomburg. The Cypress the museum. Limit: 25 people; fee: $10. “chain” also connects a number of signifi- Tour 11: Helen Keller Archives cant Jewish cemeteries, including Mount Date, time: Monday, January 5, 10:30 Zion Cemetery (59-63 54th Ave., Maspeth, a.m.–12:30 p.m. Meeting site: Meet at Queens; 718-335-2500; www.mountzi- the Hilton’s Concourse F at 10:30 a.m. to take the subway to the archives. Limit: 10 oncemetary.com), the final resting place of people; fee: $10. Rose Rosenfeld Freedman, the last survivor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. About

22 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 23 New York City and Historians How to Act Like a New Yorker By Brenda Elsey, Temma Kaplan, Lara Vapnek, Danny Walkowitz, and Suzanne Wasserman

ew York has some unique etiquette Buses mile. Walking rapidly (as most New Yorkers codes, especially regarding do) you can cover about 20 blocks in as transportation. Do not even think of taking a bus until many minutes. Avenues (which run north/ N you’ve bought a MetroPass, available only in south) are spaced further apart than streets Cabs subway stations and some newspaper stores (which run east/west), so count them as (but not kiosks). Bus fare is a flat $2 but you abs on the street are either on duty, double blocks on the East Side and triple need coins if you don’t have a MetroPass. off-duty, or already have passengers blocks on the West Side. C Paper money doesn’t work. on board. It can be difficult for a non-New Think of New York streets as highways Although subways will take you rapidly Yorker to discern the difference. A cab is and never stop suddenly or obstruct traffic. uptown and downtown in Manhattan, the available when the number on top is lit. If the If you need to consult your map, make a best way to get cross town is on the buses number and the “off duty” light are both lit, point, or simply consider whether you are that run on major east/west streets like then the cab is off duty and presumably will in the right place, pull over into a doorway. Houston, 14th, 34th, 42nd, 57th, 72nd, not stop to pick up passengers. If the driver Lacking that, go into the nearest store. 79th, 86th, and 96th. Look carefully at the is on the way to the garage and you are going diagrams at the bus stops—some buses veer his or her way, then maybe you are in luck. Bathrooms off to the avenues when you least expect it. The safest bet is to stand at curbside with If you’re not in a museum or other public If you use a wheelchair or need the bus to your hand raised and hope for the best. building, go into a coffee house, buy their “kneel” to climb the front steps, signal the You have little or no chance of getting cheapest item, and while they are prepar- bus driver. The new buses are fully accessible a cab between 4 p.m. and 5:30 p.m., and ing your order, use the bathroom. You will and bus drivers are at their most courteous never on Sundays at 4 p.m. Although the usually have to pay in advance. when working with people with disabilities. city insists that cabbies do not all go off duty at once, all New Yorkers know that they do. Walking Paying for things in NYC To preserve your health, do not join another Don’t bother bringing your checkbook. The most dependable, and often the person hailing a cab on a particular corner. Local merchants won’t accept personal fastest, way to cover short distances is by If you do, it could come to blows. Simply checks. It’s not that they don’t trust you. It’s foot. Generally speaking, 20 blocks equals a move to another corner. just that they don’t trust you. Tipping is required in cabs, restaurants, and, increasingly, in food shops. Waiters now expect 20 percent tips. The only thing you prove by not tipping is that you are cheap. If you want to be a “real” New Yorker, you can drive the service person crazy with small talk, idiosyncratic requests, and complaints, and then give a bad tip. On occasion, the waiter will strike back by loudly calling you back to get your bus fare. Cell Phones and Cameras These are strictly forbidden in museums and most art galleries. Sometimes guards even stop you from using suspect Blackber- ries. Unfortunately, cell phones are not for- bidden on buses, in restaurants, or on the street. He’s WALKIN’ Here! Dustin Hoffman’s Ratso Rizzo shows Jon Voight’s Joe Buck the New York way to deal with cabs in a scene from the classic 1969 film (dir. John Schlesinger). Photo courtesy The authors are members of the 2009 Local Turner Classic Movies. Arrangements Committee.

24 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 25 New York City and Historians Public Spaces in New York By Owen Gutfreund

ew York City has a vibrant and and the 50 states, houses a public ice-skating line, which opened in 1904. The constant diverse assortment of public spaces, rink surrounded by shops, cafes, and restau- flow of traffic—on the sidewalks as well as Nmany of which are conveniently rants. Each December, the plaza is decorated on the streets—made this an ideal location accessible to the annual meeting headquarters with an enormous Christmas tree, a holiday for billboard advertising, which grew more hotels, including such world famous and season icon for the entire city. and more extravagant as entrepreneurs historically noteworthy spots as Central Times Square, perhaps the most famous competed to attract attention. The flashy Park, , Times Square, and of New York’s public spaces, is a few blocks electric signs combined with the brightly . further south. Located at the intersection of lit marquees of the theaters to make Times Central Park, just five blocks from the 7th Avenue and Broadway, from 45th Street Square a world famous spectacle. However, hotels, covers 843 acres and stretches two to , the square was named for starting in the 1940s, the area began a long and a half miles north from 59th Street to , which first moved its and steady decline. By the 1970s, 42nd , flanked on the east by the headquarters there at the turn of the century. Street and the square itself were home to sought-after apartment residences that line The neighborhood surrounding the square numerous peep shows, adult bookstores, 5th Avenue and on the west by the similarly quickly became a bustling hive of activity, the cheap hotels, widespread prostitution, and expensive and luxurious buildings of Central centerpiece of the city’s theater and entertain- rampant petty street crime. Park West. The park was designed by Fred- ment districts. The square sits atop one of the In the 1990s, as part of New York City’s erick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux, biggest stations on the city’s original subway reviving economic fortunes, Times Square whose “greensward” design was selected in an 1857 contest. The southern end of the park, nearest to the meeting hotels, features beautifully landscaped walking paths that A Note about Taxicabs lead to the Pond, the Dairy, the Carousel, the Wollman Skating Rink (open to the public), and the . These in New York City last two attractions offer the added benefit ellow Medallion cabs are the only taxis authorized to pick up hails of hot drinks and a respite from mid-winter (the act of flagging down a cab) in Manhattan. Annual meeting at- cold weather. tendees should avoid “gypsy” cabs—regular cars that offer a lift but Rockefeller Center (48th–51st St., Y usually cost more than cabs and aren’t as well regulated or as safe. When the between 5th and 6th Ave.), a precedent- numbers on the roof of the cab are lit, it is available. Taxicabs are required setting urban development project started to take you to your destination inside the metropolitan area. Officially, in 1929 and opened in 1939, consists of taxicabs can take on only four riders, three in the back seat and one in the numerous office towers around front seat. According to the Taxi and Limousine Commission rules, drivers a public square. John D. Rockefeller Jr. are not allowed to use cellular phones or any communication device, hands financed the expansive project in the midst free or otherwise, while operating a cab. of the Depression on land leased from Yellow cabs have been cash only but the commission has ordered that all Columbia University. The buildings—in- install credit/debit card machines by October 1, 2008. If you do pay in cash, cluding the RCA building (now known as it is a good idea to have small bills because the cabbies can’t usually break the GE building) on the western side of the anything higher than $20. The initial fare is $2.50 and each additional one- central plaza and , fifth mile (four blocks) or one minute waiting time is 40 cents. There is a which is at and 6th Avenue— peak surcharge of $1 after 4:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. are linked by underground pedestrian con- There is a night surcharge of 50 cents from 8:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m. Riders courses lined with shops. This underground should pay only what’s on the meter, plus a 15–20 percent gratuity. commercial streetscape, complete with easy For accessible taxi service, passengers call 311 to request the service. access to multiple subway lines, is similar 311 connects the passenger to the dispatcher, who collects the passenger’s to the underground mall that was later pick-up location and request for service. The dispatcher then communi- built under the World Trade Center. The cates electronically with participating drivers. The closest available driver central plaza, festooned with the flags of accepts the dispatch and picks up the passenger. the member nations of the United Nations

24 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 25 was redeveloped and reinvigorated.The 123 The firstrd eration; Annual it was also an Meeting elaborate and inge- most impressive part of the entire endeavor. steps in this process were an aggressive police nious real estate development scheme and a The main concourse is almost 400 feet long, crackdown on street crime, stricter regula- complex urban planning project. The first covered by an arched ceiling that is over 100 tion of the sex-related businesses, and the terminal built on the site had been erected feet high, painted deep blue, and outfitted recruitment of the Disney Corporation and by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1869, soon after with embedded lights simulating the con- the Marriott hotel chain to invest in highly he had gained control of all of the rail lines stellations of the night sky. visible rehabilitation projects. Disney, in into the city. At the turn of the century, in No discussion of the public spaces of New particular, is often credited as a leader of the response to pressure from the city to elec- York would be complete without mention revival of Times Square, because of its suc- trify the urban portions of the line, engineer of the most interesting—the city sidewalks. cessful effort to buy, renovate, and reopen the William Wilgus devised a plan to submerge The streets of Manhattan are shared by Theater and later the New the tracks under 4th Avenue, which would residents, commuters, and tourists alike; Victory Theater (both on 42nd Street and be covered by a lavishly landscaped tree- coming from countless different locales, rep- 7th Ave.). Today the square is surrounded by lined boulevard and renamed . resenting all walks of life, sharing the same new office towers (including a recently con- It is now one of the most desirable resi- pavement, the largest and most widely used structed headquarters for the New York Times) dential addresses in the city. The railroad public space in the city. and a state-of-the-art collection of multistory selected a design for the new terminal by the high-tech billboards and advertising displays, Reed and Stem architectural firm. This plan Owen Gutfreund is associate professor of his- bigger and brighter than ever, creating an im- included an innovative system of ramps and tory and urban studies at Barnard College, pressive round-the-clock spectacle. tunnels that allowed train, subway, automo- where he directs the joint Barnard-Columbia Grand Central Terminal sits a few blocks tive, and pedestrian traffic to coexist. The Urban Studies Program. He is the author of to the east along 42nd Street. Built in 1913, impressive 42nd Street façade, facing south, 20th Century Sprawl: Highways and the the station is one of the most striking public was designed by Whitney Warren of the ar- Reshaping of the American Landscape (Ox- spaces in the city. The construction of the chitectural firm Warren and Wetmore. The ford University Press, 2005). He is a member terminal was more than just a railway op- interior of the terminal, though, may be the of the Local Arrangements Committee.

Commemorating Two presidents & Two public servants Presentation of the Sixth Theodore Roosevelt-Woodrow Wilson Award Friday, January 2, 2009, 7:30 p.m. Hilton New York, Trianon Ballroom

Presiding: Gabrielle M. Spiegel, Johns Hopkins University, and president of the American Historical Association Recipient: Adam Hochschild, journalist and author of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (Houghton Mifflin, 1998)

The Theodore Roosevelt-Woodrow Wilson Award is given by the Council of the American Historical Association to honor a public official or other civil servant who has made extraordinary contributions to the study, teaching, and public understanding of history. Named for Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson—two historians who served as president of both the American Historical Association and the United States—the award serves as a reminder that history should be not just the domain of professional scholars, but a living legacy and ongoing responsibility for all citizens.

26 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 27 New York City and Historians Gay New York By Daniel Hurewitz

o walk the streets of New York is, Walk 10 blocks downtown, and you will be Warhol, Robert Rauschenberg, and many, inevitably, to walk in the footsteps in Times Square and the heart of the theater many other queer artists reside. A couple Tof America’s queer past. Whether it district. Michael Sherry recently wrote about of blocks south lie Rockefeller Center is to stand where waited for a “queer moment” in the midst of the Cold and Radio City Music Hall, which have the ferry to Brooklyn, stroll where Audre War when queer imaginations shaped the arts echoed with queer voices from Liberace Lorde studied and taught at Hunter College, in America. The plays of Tennessee Williams, to Johnny Mathis to k.d. lang. Most in- sit where James Baldwin served curry in William Inge, and Edward Albee produced in triguingly, along 3rd Avenue you will find Washington Square, or listen where Marlene the theaters along these streets made American yourself in the midst of what was once “The Dietrich sang at , on every theater queer theater. West Side Story, the great Bird Circuit,” a clutch of gay bars dating to corner you can find traces of the evolving American portrait of romance and ethnic the 1950s that had names like the Swan, history of queer America. strife that opened at the Winter Garden the Blue Parrot, the Golden Pheasant, and The weekend of the AHA meeting is an ex- on Broadway and 50th Street in 1957, was the Yellow Cockatoo. The Swan was on the cellent moment to think about and dabble in the combined queer creation of composer corner of 48th, Red’s was on 50th, and the that history. U.S. history surveys commonly Leonard Bernstein, choreographer Jerome Parrot was just off the avenue on 52nd. For cover gay history though the June 1969 Stone- Robbins, director Arthur Laurents, and a certain type of fellow in the postwar years, wall Riots, a confrontation between New York lyricist Stephen Sondheim. In truth, American a night out was a night among the birds, City police and the late-night patrons of the popular culture has long had a queer influ- strolling from cocktail to cocktail. , a mafia-run gay bar on Chris- ence. My own favorite discovery in the Times Every part of this city boasts a rich and topher Street in the West Village (just a quick Square area is the former Eltinge Theater, intriguing queer past if you are paying at- ride from midtown Manhattan on the 1, 2, now an AMC multiplex on 42nd Street near tention. There is even a story that in the 3 train). Commemorated in many American 8th Avenue. At the start of the 20th century, early 1700s the British colonial governor cities with a June gay pride parade, the riots Julian Eltinge was such an international star paraded the ramparts of his fort at the tip helped inspire the expansion of gay liberation that he and his backers built a theater with of Manhattan dressed in woman’s garb, politics and culture. A stroll down Christo- his name on it that quickly became a fixture hoping, it seemed, to prove how much he pher Street today still reveals the roots of that on the circuit. The surprise about looked like his cousin, the Queen. So queer movement. The Oscar Wilde Memorial Eltinge, 100 years later, is not simply that the life in various forms has long been a part of Bookshop (15 Christopher St. near 6th star had affairs with other men, but that he the city’s blood (and continues to circulate Ave., 212-255-8097, www.oscarwildebooks. was celebrated for being a female imperson- here). My suggestion: seek out that past—it com) opened in 1967 as the first gay book- ator, the country’s first RuPaul. If you enter will change how you see New York. store—and community center, really—in the the AMC lobby and ride the escalators up, country. Around the corner, on 10th Street you can see the three figures painted on the Daniel Hurewitz is the author of Stepping and Waverly, Julius’ bar served as launching ceiling depicting Eltinge in costume. Out: Nine Walks through New York’s Gay pad for a successful 1966 effort to challenge Heading east from the meeting hotels, and Lesbian Past and Bohemian Los Angeles the ban on serving homosexuals liquor. (Al- you will pass the , and the Making of Modern Politics, and is an legedly, Julius’, a former speakeasy, was also where the works of , Andy assistant professor of history at Hunter College. a favorite watering hole for Truman Capote, Rudolf Nureyev, and Tennessee Williams.) Although the West Village has been replaced Open Meeting with the AHR by Chelsea and other neighborhoods for queer Sat., Jan. 3, 1:00–2:00 p.m. T Hilton, Nassau Suite B living today, Christopher Street still hosts a smattering of gay bars and stores and attracts Meet the editors and staff of the American Historical Review the foot traffic of queer kids. Editor: Robert A. Schneider, University While the West Village is famous for its What do you want from the flagship journal of the American Historical Association? historic events, queer life and history is The editors and staff of the AHR invite members to attend an informal, open session much more deeply woven into the fabric to express their views on the journal. We are prepared to offer advice on how members of New York life. Indeed, take a short walk might best prepare articles for submission and tell them what they should expect from from the meeting hotels and you’ll find that the review process. Most importantly, we are eager to hear what you have to say. Please looking at the city with a queer eye is some- bring your brown-bag lunch and join us. thing of a revelation.

26 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 27 The 123rd Annual Meeting A West Side Story: Walking around Hell’s Kitchen By Daniel J. Walkowitz

alk out of the meeting hotels in near each other and in some cases bring you is the one major artery traversing the length any direction and you can visit indoors and out of the cold. The tour should of the island that does not conform to the Wmemorable historic sites. Walk only take about an hour and a quarter. 1811 street plan. Continue past 8th Avenue east and south to see Radio City Music Hall Hells’ Kitchen is located in the area and look at the south side of the block. We and Rockefeller Center. Further east and between 34th and 59th Streets to the west begin with material signs of the area’s immi- south are Grand Central Station and the of Eighth Avenue. Numerous origin stories grant, industrial past and legendary urban . Weather permitting, walk have circulated about the name, but the most street crime. north and explore the wonders of Central popular version attributes it to a frightened 1. West Side Court (1894–96) and Park; the Central Park Conservancy offers rookie policeman in the 1880s. Observing a Midtown North Precinct House (1939), free walking tours (www.centralparknyc.org). street fracas, he commented that “This place 306–314 W. . The four banded Walk south through the new glass towers of is Hell itself,” to which his veteran partner Corinthian columns in terra cotta on the 6th Avenue and explore the Theatre District. supposedly corrected him, “Hell is a mild courthouse contrast with the arte moderne/ This tour, which builds on a tour con- climate. This is Hell’s Kitchen.” Officially, Classic revival police station. A five-story structed by some of my undergraduates for the area is called Clinton, though you will prison originally adjoined the court house, my Walking New York class, covers the area see that modern shopkeepers now happily which was known as the Men’s Night Court, popularly known as Hell’s Kitchen. It takes advertise themselves as denizens of Hell’s noted for the many petty offenders, many of you on a less well traveled tourist trail and Kitchen. Hell seems to sell. them immigrants and sons of immigrants, provides a window on several hundred years Leaving the Hilton on 6th Avenue (Avenue who were arraigned here at night. Today, of the city’s history, from its farmland and in- of the Americas), begin walking west on the court is also the home of the American dustrial past to its more recent gentrification, 54th Street. Cross Broadway en route to 8th Theatre of Actors, a development that hints and all only a few minutes walk to the west. Avenue. Broadway is the modern variant of at the changing use of space in the area and Taking into account the weather in early the Breede Weg, the old Dutch road north the growing synergy between the theatre and January, this tour focuses on sites that are built on a former Indian trail. This is why it Clinton districts. Continuing to walk west to 9th Avenue, we see evidence of the immigrant 19th-cen- tury city. Historians of American Communism 2. “Pre-law” tenements (1858–60), 9th Avenue and the northwest corner of 54th Invites all interested individuals to attend… Street. These early tenements were built on 25-foot-wide lots planned in the grid to ac- The Annual Business Meeting on Sunday, January 4, from 4:45– commodate a single family. They consisted of 6:00 p.m., in the Sheraton New York’s Liberty Suite 4, four apartments per floor with three rooms and in each apartment. The apartments had little ventilation—only a single room had a win- Session 175, Controversy Unresolved: Theodore Draper’s dow—and had no indoor water or toilet. American Communism and Soviet after Fifty Years on 3. “Old-law” tenements (1888), 787 9th Sunday, January 4, 2:30-4:30 p.m., in the Sheraton New York’s Avenue (between 52nd and 53rd Streets). The Central Park West. Chaired by Daniel J. Leab (Seton Hall Univ.), Tenement House Law of 1879 stimulated the construction of what are called “dumbbell” it will feature papers by John E. Haynes (), tenements, buildings recessed on the sides to Harvey Klehr (Emory Univ.), Bryan D. Palmer (Traill Coll., Trent allow a window in every room. The “reform” Univ.), Randi Storch (SUNY at Cortland), and Jennifer Uhlmann added only a bit of light to rooms that looked (Univ. of Missouri at St. Louis). See page 116 of the program for out on a shaft between adjoining build- complete details. ings and did nothing to ease congestion or improve sanitation.

28 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 29 9th Avenue working-class life. Look 5. The junction of the 6th and 9th Return to 9th Avenue and walk south to down the street at the vestiges of an immi- Avenue Els. The 9th Avenue elevated railway 46th Street, noting the many ethnic (and grant neighborhood that once bustled with opened in 1867 and stood until 1958. As you inexpensive) restaurants that are part the small local eateries, tenements, saloons, walk on 9th Avenue try to imagine the noise, famous annual 9th Avenue Food Fair. Turn and street life for those who labored in the tumult, and physical presence of the El and right in the direction of 10th Avenue to see slaughterhouses, shipyards, and industrial its impact on residents. The 6th Avenue El the adaptive reuse of 19th-century build- factories west to the river. opened in the 1870s and was razed in 1939, ings in the Theater District. to be replaced by the subway. This was where 4. Bar 9, West side of 9th Avenue and the two lines met, however. Look for vestiges 53rd Street. Hell’s Kitchen was farmland of the signage for “Omega Oil,” billed as 7. St. Clemente’s Church, 423 W. 46th before the 1811 grid plan promoted devel- good for “weak backs,” on the upper side of Street. This lovely Victorian Episcopal opment. The building currently housing the brick building. The sign was positioned church with Gothic revival arched windows Bar 9 stands on an old road, which accounts so that riders on both lines could see it. was erected in 1870 and altered in 1882. for the unusual shape of the building and 6. St. Benedict’s Church (1869), 342 W. Founded as the Faith Chapel of the West carries over to the narrow patio of Julien’s 53rd Street. Erected by Protestant Evangelicals Presbyterian Church, it now serves as home Restaurant across the street. as the Church of St. Benedict’s the Moor, the for Playhouse 46’s dance and drama pro- Walk south to 53rd Street, and turn left church served the black middle class whose ductions that reflect the area’s growing im- heading back toward 8th Avenue. Stop in congregation (founded in 1883) moved to portance in “fringe” theatre—both physi- the middle of the block. this site from in the 1890s. cally and artistically. Map of the Tour Area

1

28 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 29 8. Matthews-PalmerThe Playground 123, southrd ized Annual in West Side Story Meetingand The Cape Man. , Cheryl Crawford, and Robert side of W. 46th Street. In 1959, a 16-year- One such gang was the Westies, an Irish Lewis. In 1955, Lee Strasberg, who had old gang member named Salvadore Agron gang that dominated the area in the 1970s become artistic director in 1951, moved mistook two teens for members of a rival and 1980s. it to this site. The studio was known for gang and stabbed them to death in this 10. Site of the White House Bar, 45th training actors, including Marlon Brando, park. Agron’s death sentence and subse- Street at the northeast corner of 10th , Dustin Hoffman, James quent appeals promted Paul Simon to write Avenue. This bar was one of several owned Dean, Shelley Winters, and many others, in a musical based on Agron’s life and the case, by the gangster Mickey Spillane, who, the Stanislavsky’s “Method Acting.” The Capeman, which opened at the Marquis New York Times claimed, “ran the neighbor- 13. New Dramatists, 424 W. 44th Theater in January 1998. hood like an Irish Godfather.” Spillane, who Street. Erected in the 1880s as the Evan- 9. The Piano Factory (apartments), died in 1977, specialized in extortion. gelical Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, 452–58 W. 46th Street. This converted New Continue south on 10th Avenue one more this gothic revival building is now home to England style mill building was the home of block and turn left on W. 44th Street, where the New Dramatists, a company founded the Wessell, Nickel, and Gross Company, you can see additional signs of the present in 1949 and dedicated to helping advance which built innards for pianos. Today it hints adaptation of the past. Here Hell’s Kitchen the careers of playwrights. The organiza- at the gentrification that is reshaping many becomes transformed into an economical tion’s dramatists have won 16 Pulitzers and parts of New York, including Hell’s Kitchen. site for the arts and the neighboring Theatre 24 Tony awards. Tony winners included Possible tour extension: continue west District. Michael Steward for best musical (Bye, Bye to the Hudson River, stopping at the 11. Row Houses, south side of W. 44th Birdie, 1961) and August Wilson for best Landmark Tavern (1868) on the southeast Street. These are classic examples of three- play (Seven Guitars, 1996). corner at 11th Avenue, and then at the dock story row houses built for wealthier resi- Continue east on W. 44th Street and cross where the Intrepid, the ship museum, is dents moving north as the area opened up 9th Avenue. Walk 20 yards north on 9th docked. for development in the 1850s–70s. Avenue toward 45th Street to enter the co- Turn left on 10th Avenue and walk south. 12. The Actors Studio, 432 W. 44th operative apartment building lobby at 630 Hell’s Kitchen was (in)famous for its gang Street. Originally the Seventh Associate 9th Avenue. This opportunity to get out of life, often associated with ethnic immi- Presbyterian Church (1859), this Greek the cold also affords a view of an architectural grant subcultures in the city. The area’s gang revival brick building was restored in 1995. gem that illustrates how the area has become history became the stuff of legend, popular- The Actors Studio was founded in 1947 by a site for both gentrification and for some fine examples of modern American architecture. 14. Film Center Building (1928), 630 9th Avenue, east side. Check out the spectacular polychrome art deco lobby, with its geomet- Modern European ric forms and abstract ornamentation, gold ceiling, and colored walls. Eli Jacques Kahn History Luncheon of Backman and Kahn designed this building at the height of the art deco movement to Sunday, January 4, 2009, 12:15 p.m. serve the new film industry. The building, Hilton New York, Bryant Suite listed on the National Historic Register, was erected in the same era as the and the Chrysler Building. Today he AHA’s Modern European History Section has scheduled its it is a condominium loft building. Tannual luncheon on Sunday, January 4, from 12:15 to 1:45 Walk north back to 46th Street and turn right to enter a block of restaurants that p.m. Molly Nolan (NYU), section chair, and Robert E. Weinberg today serve the tourist theatre crowd but (Swarthmore Coll.), section secretary-treasurer, will preside. Norman also reflect the ethnic groups—both old and M. Naimark (Stanford Univ.) will speak on the theme, “Stalin and new—that have historically populated Hell’s Kitchen. Europe.” 15. Restaurant Row, West 46th Street The luncheon is open to all. Tickets can be purchased at the annual between 8th and 9th Avenues. More than 16 meeting through the Meal Ticket Cashier in the Hilton’s second restaurants and clubs on this one block offer a taste of the many ethnic cuisines of immi- floor promenade beginning Friday, January 2, 12:00 p.m., or at the grants who have lived in Hell’s Kitchen. Of door beginning one-half hour before the luncheon. Individuals course, the immigrant working class would who want to hear the speech only are invited to arrive at 1 p.m. have most likely visited such establish- ments only to celebrate special occasions, and contemporary foodways often reflect invented versions of the ethnic past. Good

30 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 31 and cheaper places abound on 9th Avenue, style and tiered setbacks of the “jolly, green was completed in 2005–06 and is the first but many of these restaurants have attrac- giant,” built in 1930–31 with the country building to receive a Gold LEED certified tive prix fixe dinners and good reputations. already in the Depression, won the building rating for “core and shell and interiors” in A few suggest the variety: a place in the 1932 exhibition on the inter- New York City. The “diagrid” frame—glass v Swing 46, 349 W. 46th Street, live national style at the Museum of Modern Art. triangles in a steel grid—sits atop Joseph with a dance floor and a prix fixe pre- Continue south one more block, to the south- Urban’s existing six-story art deco building. theatre American-Continental dinner. east corner of 41st Street, to see the New York The building’s silhouette stands quite apart Imagine yourself in a speakeasy! Times Building. Designed by Renzo Piano, from the tenements, row houses, churches, this building was the first post-9/11 and restaurants of the older immigrant v Danny’s Skylight Room, 346 W. to be built in New York (2005). The building neighborhood, but speaks to the vibrant, 46th Street, a dinner theatre piano bar. was constructed using sustainable principles to changing culture of today when “Hell’s v Le Rivage, 340 W. 46th Street, minimize energy consumption and has a dou- Kitchen” seems more like a beacon call to serving classic French country food, one ble-skin façade—a ceramic exterior covers a new settlers and tourists than a warning that of many newer restaurants on the block steel and glass interior. Walk into the lobby to you are entering “Hell itself.” seeking to appeal to tourist notions of appreciate the street level large interior garden You may walk up to to the Hearst the cosmopolitan gourmet. and spacious public space. Tower or turn right at 53rd Street to return to Continue north on 8th Avenue, looking 6th Avenue and the meeting hotels. v O’Flaherty’s Ale House, 334 W. 46th into the distance at the last site on the tour. Street, the walls crammed with dusty old 17. , 300 W. 57th Street Daniel J. Walkowitz, New York University, is and music in the back room of and 8th Avenue. Designed by the London chair of the 2009 Local Arrangements Com- this old Irish favorite are a to architect Norman Foster, the Hearst Tower mittee. the area’s roots. v Barbetta Reataurant, 321 W. 46th Street, the oldest Italian Restaurant (1906) in New York still owned by its Screening of founding family, it serves northern Italian food from the Piemonte region Revolution ‘67 that may be less about haute cuisine than atmosphere. the John O’Connor Film Award Winner Walk to 8th Avenue for a view of some of the architecture that has begun to transform the New York skyline since 9/11. Begin Saturday, January 3, 12:00–2:00 p.m. by looking to your south at the blocks of Hilton New York, Bryant Suite rainbow glass reaching to the sky on the southeast corner of 43rd Street. 16. The Westin New York at Times Revolution ’67 (California Newsreel, 2008) Marylou Tibaldo- Square, 270 W. 43rd Street and 8th Avenue. Bongiorno, producer and director; Jerome Bongiorno, editor, animator, The 800-room Westin Hotel has won praise for its playfulness—though others think it a and cinematographer gaudy and ugly supplement to the Disney- land-like renovation of Times Square and The film tells the story of the July 1967 riots in Newark, New Jersey, 42nd Street. Completed in 1993, it is the which left 26 people dead. The film examines the racial, economic, and first New York project by Arquitectonica, the -based firm led by Bernardo Fort- political forces behind the urban rebellions of the 1960s through archival Brescia and Laurinda Spear. The glass skin of the tower has been described as postmod- footage, animations, and interviews with Newark residents, police, ern Mondrian. politicians, and historians. Possible detour as time and the weather permit: The screening will be followed by a discussion with filmmakers Marylou Walk south toward 42nd Street and look east at the landmark McGraw-Hill Tibaldo-Bongiorno and Jerome Bongiorno. Building, 330 W. 42nd Street on the north side of the street. One of the city’s great The screening is part of the 2009 AHA Film Festival; see the box on p. “modern” buildings, it represents a tran- 2 for more information. sitional moment between art deco and the international style. The practical, utilitarian

30 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 31 New York City and Historians A Tour of Ground Zero and Lower Manhattan

By Robert W. Snyder

ower Manhattan, where the winding Allow 90 minutes for Saint Paul’s Chapel, Across the Hudson, in Jersey City, you streets of a 17th-century seaport meet Ground Zero, and the view from the Jersey can visit contrasting memorials. To get there Lthe of a global financial City waterfront; side trips to return to Church Street and walk north economy, is both the oldest and newest or Battery Park will add an extra half hour toward Fulton Street. Turn west on Vesey part of New York City. It has witnessed apiece. and follow signs for the PATH train into the one of the great changes in New York—the From , take the A train World Trade Center station. Any train will transformation of the working waterfront— downtown to the Broadway and Nassau deliver you to your destination, Exchange and one terrible event: the attacks of stop. Exit to Fulton Street and Broadway, Place in Jersey City, the first stop outward September 11, 2001. then walk west to Broadway. bound. This walking tour explores both. The On the west side of Broadway, between At Exchange Place, a focal point for Jersey commemoration of September 11 has been Fulton and Vesey streets, is St. Paul’s Chapel City’s recent growth as a business center, both spontaneous and contentious. On this (1766). The church was a rest station for face Manhattan. Then turn right, and head walk, you can visit sites with contrasting ap- workers at the World Trade Center site after south along the Hudson River. Within five proaches to the universal and the particular, the attacks. It is worth visiting for its archi- minutes, you will see four 9/11 memorials. and to commemoration and depiction. tecture, its graveyard, and for the exhibit, The first, a plaque for “the innocent victims Unwavering Spirit: Hope and Healing at and heroes” who died on September 11, was Ground Zero. Visiting hours are 10 a.m.–6 added to Katyn 1940 by Andrzej Pitynski, p.m. Monday–Saturday and 8 a.m.–4p.m. a 1991 monument for Polish victims of the Sunday (www.saintpaulschapel.org). Soviet Union. Further on are three more me- Immediately west of Saint Paul’s is the World morials. The largest, Twisted Mangle (2002), Trade Center site—sometimes called Ground made of beams from the World Trade Zero. It is obscured by construction work, but Center, is usually decorated with personal there are ways to look inside. Follow Church items. To the north is the sculpture Make- Street south, or downtown, until you reach shift Memorial (2005) by J. Seward Johnson. the southern end of Ground Zero at Liberty Originally, as Double Check, it stood on Street. Turn right and head west. Broadway and depicted a businessman At 120 Liberty Street is the Tribute WTC looking into his briefcase. After it survived Visitor Center (www.tributewtc.org). Its the attacks, it was decked with momentos. exhibits cover the history of the World Johnson made a recasting of the sculpture Trade Center, the 1993 bombing, and Sep- and attached bronzes of the memorabilia. tember 11, 2001. It offers audio tours and Closest to the Hudson is a black slab (2002) tours with guides personally connected bearing the names of the Jersey City resi- to the events of September 11. Admission dents killed in the attacks. is $10; a combination admission and tour Look across the Hudson, toward the World ticket is $15. Trade Center site. You will see parks and a On the west wall of 124 Liberty Street, yacht basin, but no piers. That’s because the the firehouse of Engine Co. 10 and Ladder Manhattan waterfront has been transformed Co. 10, is the FDNY Memorial Wall. This by container shipping. An artist’s rendering of the proposed Freedom bas-relief sculpture is dedicated to the 343 In the past, ships were loaded and unloaded Tower that will rise to 1,362 feet—the height of members of the New York City Fire De- by teams of longshoremen who moved in- the original World Trade Center south tower— partment and one volunteer firefighter who dividual goods with simple tools and back- and with antenna to the symbolic height of 1,776 died on September 11. In the tradition of breaking labor. Since the sixties and seventies, feet. Upon completion in 2013–14, the Freedom Tower will serve as a beacon of inspiration and figurative art, it depicts the day’s events with however, maritime industries have embraced hope on the New York City skyline. Image courtesy close attention to firefighters’ names, ranks, container shipping. In this system, goods Wikipedia Commons. equipment, and units. are loaded into metal containers and huge

32 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 33 cranes stack the containers on ships. Cranes more of the waterfront, ride the free Staten After the World Trade Center: Rebuilding New later unload the containers, which travel to Island Ferry round trip. You’ll get a closer York City (Routledge, 2002). their destinations on trucks or railroad cars. look at the Brooklyn piers and glimpse the Robert W. Snyder, a historian, is an associate Teams of longshoremen became redundant. cranes of the Jersey waterfront. And if you’re professor of journalism and American Studies The Manhattan and Brooklyn piers lacked fortunate enough to return when the Man- at Rutgers-Newark and a member of the Local space for the trucks that are part of the hattan skyline is illuminated against the Arrangements Committee. He kayaks on Upper container system. Consequently, the heart night sky, the view is spectacular. of New York’s cargo-handling waterfront and the Hudson River. He is co- moved to facilities in New Jersey at Port Further Reading: Phillip Lopate, Waterfront: founder of the blog Greater New York, which Newark and the Elizabeth Marine Terminal. A Journey Around Manhattan (Crown, 2004); covers the city and state’s politics, culture, and The Brooklyn and Manhattan neighbor- and Michael Sorkin and Sharon Zukin, eds., history at http://greaterny.blogspot.com. hoods where longshoremen lived and worked are becoming sites of recreation, business, and affluent housing. There are losses and gains in this process, and the future of the American Historical Association’s waterfront is hotly debated. 123rd Annual Meeting Still, on September 11, a bravely impro- is the official travel agency for the January 2–5, 2009 vised evacuation took place on the water- front before you—and further uptown— ATC OFFERS THESE COST SAVING OPTIONS: when approximately 300,000 people were transported from Manhattan to New Jersey AIRLINE DISCOUNTS 9383. Discounts cannot be booked via Internet. Please be sure to refer to in everything from ferries to pleasure boats. v 5% off applicable classes of service for Convention Fares Code X20L-966 Some were ferried to the embankment where tickets purchased prior to the meeting. when making your reservation. This (American Airlines). you stand. offer is not valid on Auto Train. Fare is v ATC will also search for the lowest To return to Manhattan, retrace your trip. Valid on Metroliner and Acela service available fare on ANY airline. As the PATH train pulls into the World for all departures seven days a week, Trade Center station, you will get an excel- except for holiday blackouts. Offer valid ATC ON LINE TRAVEL CENTER: lent view of Ground Zero. with Sleepers, Business Class or First www.atcmeetings.com From Fulton and Broadway, your starting Class seats with payment of the full v Direct access to ATC online booking point, you can return to Columbus Circle on applicable accommodation charges. tools and live agents for discounted the A train. Or you can walk east on Fulton meeting travel. Go to www.atcmeetings. You may also call your own agency or the to the , which recalls com and click on MEETINGS to Air— vendor’s directly and refer to the following the maritime economy of the 19th century. Meetings and Leisure (TravelASP). I.D. numbers Or you can walk downtown on Broadway When you register using the online to Battery Park. If you are hungry, you will booking tool please enter AHA in UNITED 800-521-4041 510CK find fast food places on the way. the Company or Organization or AMERICAN 800-433-1790 A6819AL The park, which has become something Association field. AMTRAK 800-872-7245 X72T-942 of a memorial garden, is home to three sites v ATC is proud to offer association ENTERPRISE 800-593-0505 32H7476 AVIS 800-331-1600 J952801 relevant to this walk. Fritz Koenig’s metal members complete access to Member Benefits Travel deals. Our new sculpture best known as (1971) Travel Center is your one stop online stood beneath the twin towers. It survived the destination for all of your meeting and ATC is a full service travel agency that provides personalized service, advance seat assignments, attacks and is displayed as a 9/11 memorial leisure travel needs. Visit Today: special meal requests, frequent flier program near the park’s Broadway entrance. At the www.atcmeetings.com Exclusive updates, electronic ticketing, e-mail access for far end of the park is , built leisure travel specials on vacations, convenient booking of your tickets and MORE… for harbor defense but an immigration depot cruses, luxury resort getaways & more. *The above discounts apply for travel 12/30/2008– from 1855 to 1890. At the park’s northwest Book city tours and events online, 1/8/2009Make (LGA,JFK,EWR).your reservation from one including restaurants, theater and ATC agentsof arethe available following for reservationsoptions: from corner is the American Merchant Mariners’ concert events. 8:30am–8:00pmPHONE: (EST), Monday1-800-458-9383 through Friday.. Memorial (1991), which depicts three tor- Some restrictions may apply. Service fees apply. WEB: www.atcmeetings.com pedoed merchant seamen on a sinking ship. AMTRAK CONVENTION FARE E-MAIL: [email protected] One calls for help, while another reaches DISCOUNT down trying to rescue a fourth mariner who v Amtrak offers a 10% discount off reaches up from the waves. Wait for high tide the lowest available fare to (New to see how the story ends. York, NY) between (December 30, In Battery Park, you have two options. 2008–January 8, 2009). To book your From the South Ferry Terminal you can reservation call Amtrak at 1 (800) 872- catch an uptown Number 1 train back to 7245 or contact ATC at 1-800-458- Columbus Circle. Or, if you want to see

32 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 33 New York City and Historians Wall Street

By Steve Fraser

he “Street” remains the center of A plaque records that Edward Livingston, exotic, a privateer, seems to belong on a street our global economy. Although once a mayor, an ambassador to France, a Sec- known for its thousand-and-one varieties of Tnot all roads lead to Wall Street, retary of State, and grandee from the Livings- financial privateering. But so too does the practically every subway line in New ton dynasty, once lived here during the for- life-sized statue of Abraham De Peyser, an York City will get you there. While Wall mative years of the republic. Another bronze Anglo-Dutch merchant prince and potentate Street lives for the moment, caught in the marker outside the home of the oldest bank who in the course of his career held virtually perpetual present, gazing hungrily into the in the city, the Bank of New York, founded every official post that mattered in the city future, it is nonetheless remarkable how the by Alexander Hamilton before there was a and colony. Across the street from De Peyser’s past holds on there, perhaps more so than United States of America, commemorates stone likeness stands India House, the home any other place in the city. Wall Street is one the erecting of the wooden wall that gave the of the original Hanover Bank and the sole of the oldest streets in the New World and street its name back in 1653. Six years later, surviving remnant of mid-19th-century fi- the oldest one in New York. This is, after all, according to another inscription, a “Lutheran nancial architecture that still exudes the aura where the city began back in the early 17th nobleman” built the colony’s first Latin of Knickerbocker refinement. Below ground century and memorials are everywhere. school at the request of Peter Stuyvesant. level, however, India House shelters “Harry’s Stone carvings of sailing ships, whaling In a colonial-era square, an iron stanchion of Hanover Square,” an eatery reminiscent of vessels, and fighting fish arch over the marks the ground where Captain Kidd lived, those described by O’Henry, celebrated less entrance to 74 Wall Street, recalling the briefly, before he was hanged in London for for its cuisine than for the take-no-prisoners maritime origins of the street’s liquid wealth. piracy and murder. Kidd, the disreputable high stakes wheeling and dealing taking place around its tables. Four buildings in particular form a brick- and-mortar metaphor of Wall Street’s iconic Economic History Sessions place in American history. by the AHA Program Committee at 26 Wall Street at the corner of recalls the nation’s reverence for Athenian democracy with its Saturday, January 3, 2:30–4:30 p.m. graying, Parthenon-like columns. This is 95. Indian Trade and the Emergence where George Washington was inaugurated of a Plantation South Friday, January 2, 1:00–3:00 p.m. in 1789. A statue of Washington, dressed in Hilton New York, Concourse E civilian garb, stands guard as if his vigilance 15. Cultivating Capitalism: The might be necessary to ward off the foes of Moralities of Markets in the Sunday, January 4, 9:00–11:00 a.m. democracy gathering in the neighborhood. Nineteenth-Century United States 112. Oil, Coal, and Conservative Over the years Federal Hall has been the site Sheraton New York, Metropolitan Religion in the Twentieth Century of frequent demonstrations, perhaps most Ballroom West Hilton New York, Concourse B notoriously the hard-hat riots of 1970 when Saturday, January 3, 2:30–4:30 p.m. Sunday, January 4, 2:30–4:30 p.m. construction workers then erecting the twin towers stormed an anti-Vietnam War rally 93. The World of Goods: Commerce, 171. “In a New York State of Mind”: on the steps of the hall. Commodities, and Cultures in the Planners and Politicians Get Down to Across the street from Federal Hall at 23 Balkans and Habsburg Central Business Wall Street stands the Morgan Bank, long Europe Hilton New York, Murray Hill Suite B Hilton New York, Concourse B a symbol of Wall Street’s immense economic power. It is no longer owned by the Morgan Joint session with the Conference Sunday, January 4, 2:30–4:30 p.m. financial interests and may in the future be Group for Central European History 175. Controvesy Unresolved: Theodore converted into residential apartments. But and the Society for Austrian and Draper’s American Communism and Habsburg History Soviet Russia after Fifty Years the physical structure remains. For decades, Sheraton New York, Central Park East , known as “the corner,” was an address recognized around the world. It is a Joint session with the Historians of dense, squat building that exudes the under- American Communism stated self-confidence of the Morgan dynasty

34 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 35 that for generations epitomized the financial and cartoonists, politicians and business- company’s history. The exhibit uses a mix of elite. Indeed, its almost absurd shortness—a men that the doings of Wall Street now and original artifacts, an electronic interactive four-story bunker—was a deliberately blunt again transgress the moral order. The recent timeline, and video footage from the past assertion of financier J.P. Morgan’s preemi- meltdown of our financial system has con- and present. It includes, among other items, nence. He felt neither the need to assert firmed that impression with a vengeance. the first travelers check from 1891, the first dominance by erecting the tallest skyscrap- Finally, there are two museums worth Card from 50 years ago, er on the block nor the urge to exploit the visiting in the financial district. One is the and original employee magazines from 1916 “air rights” over his extraordinarily precious newly remodeled Museum of American to the present. The exhibit is located in the piece of real estate. If you visit, take a close Finance (212-908-4110, www.financialhisto- lobby of the American Express Tower at look at the building’s façade. One summer ry.org) at in the old headquar- 200 , is open seven days a week day at lunch hour in 1920 a bomb exploded ters of the Bank of New York. It is one block from 7 a.m.–7 p.m., and is free. just outside the bank, killing and wounding east of the and now scores of people. It was alleged to be the work functions as the de facto visitors’ center for of anarchists convinced that the Morgan the exchange. Its exhibits focus on the history Steve Fraser is a writer, editor, and historian empire was a dire threat to democracy. If you of financial markets, money, banking, and en- and a member of the Local Arrangements walk up the few steps leading to the front trepreneurship. The museum is open Monday Committee. He is visiting associate professor door, you can still make out the shrapnel through Friday from the 10 a.m.–4 p.m. and at New York University during the academic scars on the building’s face, preserved there costs $8 for adults, $5 for seniors. year 2008–09. His most recent book is Wall on orders from Jack Morgan Jr., who saw A new exhibit sponsored by American Street: America’s Dream Palace published by them as vivid proof of the bank’s refusal to Express highlights more than 150 years of the Yale University Press. be intimidated. Across Broad Street from the Morgan building stands the New York Stock Exchange. There were earlier headquar- ters for the stock market, but this building Da t e s a n d De a dl i n e s has been there since 1903. Six Corinthian 2009 AHA Annual Meeting columns support its Greek revival façade. At the top, a triangular pediment inscribes in stone a soothing mythology. At the center, September 15 Housing and preregistration opened. a female figure stretches forth her arms to October 15 Job Center reservation forms were posted to the AHA web embrace the laboring figures on her left, rep- site for downloading by institutions that will be interviewing resenting mining and agriculture, and the laboring figures on her right, representing in New York. Rooms and tables are available on a first-come, industry and invention. She is “Integrity” first-served basis. and beneath her solicitous gaze a harmo- October 20 Program mailed to members. nious commerce reigns. Until September 11, 2001, visitors were allowed inside to November 14 Deadline for reserving a table or room for the Job Center. participate in a self-guided tour of the ex- December 3 Housing cut-off date for Doubletree Suites. Subsequent change’s history and to watch the “frenzy of the trading floor” from a visitor’s gallery reservations taken on a space-available basis at convention rate. overhead. Concerns about security have December 12 Housing cut-off date for Hilton, Sheraton, and Waldorf=Astoria. closed off the exchange to outsiders, but the Subsequent reservations taken on a space-available basis at building itself is still worth seeing. convention rates. The exchange’s sculpted allegory not- withstanding, the “Street” has never been December 15 Final deadline for canceling Job Center room reservations. known for its harmony. Standing at the Invoices will be mailed after this date, and no refunds will be western head of Wall Street (on Broadway) given. is Trinity Church with its paneled bronze doors, its fabled clock and chimes, and its December 19 AHA preregistration closes; after 12 midnight December 19, serrated steeple piercing the sky. The soul attendees registering online pay onsite rates, or must register of probity and decorum, its graveyard the onsite. resting place of founding fathers and other December 19 Deadline to receive preregistration refund. American heroes, Trinity peers eastward at the “Street’s” temples of commerce, January 2 2009 annual meeting opens at 12 p.m., Hilton New York and offering a mixed message of benediction Sheraton New York and censure. For two hundred years it has reminded writers and preachers, journalists

34 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 35 New York City and Historians Union Square: A Memorable Place for Radicals By Timothy C. Coogan

any cities have a central space— The plaques depict key moments in labor’s and Italian; today one hears Spanish, the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos 20th-century battles for social justice, Chinese, and Creole. This change is evident MAires, Trafalgar Square in London, shorter hours, and improved working condi- in the Immigrant Protest plaque portraying or Times Square in New York—where crowds tions and paint a powerful narrative of labor marchers calling for social reform with signs gather to express their commitment in times unionism and the struggle for social justice in a variety of languages. of war or in struggles for peace. Some public for working people and their supporters. Labor Culture, Labor Solidarity presents squares are associated with particular political The Uprising of 20,000 shows young late-20th-century workers of the American views: the Piazza Navona in Rome with the Jewish and Italian women garment workers Federation of State, County and Munici- 1970s feminist movement, the Haymarket in walking the picket line in the cold winter pal Employees (AFSCME) and the hospital Chicago with anarchism. In New York, Union of 1909–10, after Clara Lemlich’s militant workers union (Local 1199) demanding Square was the “cradle of American labor speech at the Great Hall of Cooper Union, welfare reforms and improved working history—a perennial home to anarchists, which is located at the corner of 4th Avenue conditions. It also illustrates cooperative Communists, Socialists, unionists, and and St. Marks Place. She urged the garment housing developments sponsored by the assorted rabble-rousing orators,” according workers to stage a general strike. The plaque garment unions. to the late historian and activist Debra shows four women boldly marching as one Tools and Skills depicts industrial work Bernhardt. The site of America’s first Labor woman holds a placard with the words scenes showing workers cutting fabric, sewing, Day parade on September 5, 1882—a place “STRIKE” to the headlines “30,000 ironing, and pushing racks of clothes across once ringed by union halls, piano shops, workers protest.” the street. A sixth plaque, inscribed with his- and struggling left-wing publishers—Union The Triangle Factory Fire plaque com- torical information about the square, depicts Square has long been associated with the memorates the fiery death of working protestors gathered around a platform. labor movement and was a cornerstone of women incarcerated in their factory on Today, Union Square remains an arena of radicalism in the American past. March 25, 1911. Thousands of outraged conflict. The Union Square Community Co- Bernhardt persuaded the National Park workers demonstrated in Union Square fol- alition and the business-led Union Square Service to declare Union Square Park a lowing the tragedy, stimulating the passage Partnership are debating the proposed privati- national historic landmark in 1998. In of 36 new labor laws, the foundation of zation of the landmark pavilion on the north 1995, the Union of Needle Trades, Industri- New York State’s Industrial Code, and a end of the square through the construction al and Textile Employees (UNITE) commis- higher national standard of industrial safety. of a restaurant. This makes Bernhardt’s work sioned artist Gregg Lefevre to work with the (A plaque at the corner of Greene Street and of “documenting the undocumented” and union and the Parks Department to develop Washington Place honors the 146 people “celebrat[ing] the fact that ordinary people were six plaques designed to commemorate the who died in the fire.) Then and now, im- able to express their rights to free speech and history of Union Square and its radical past. migrant workers lived, worked, and often assembly on this spot” all the more urgent. The plaques are installed at the southwest protested around the square. In the past Union Square is a major subway junction corner of the park. one heard immigrants speaking and can be reached by the L, 4/5/6, or R/W/N trains. The 1/2/3 and B/D/F/V trains go to 14th Street (and 6th and 7th Avenues respec- AHA Business Meeting tively), from which one can take the L train Sunday, Jan. 4, 2009, 4:45–6:00 p.m. east one stop to Union Square. For further in- formation, see: laborarts.org/exhibits/union/ Hilton New York, Beekman Parlor and /blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/ The AHA Council, divisions, and committees will report to the Association at archives/2008/06/union_square.php. its annual business meeting. All AHA members are invited to attend to discuss Timothy C. Coogan, an associate professor of reports and any appropriate motions relating to them, and vote on resolutions history at LaGuardia Community College, on other matters (all resolutions for the 2009 Business Meeting should have been CUNY, has published numerous articles in signed by 50 members of the Association by November 1, 2008). Voting cards will labor history and teaches about the history of be distributed to attendees at the meeting. New York. He is a member of the Local Ar- rangements Committee.

36 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 37 New York City and Historians The Eleanor Roosevelt Statue in Riverside Park By Ellen Ross

Eleanor Roosevelt is a natural subject for for Eleanor Roosevelt, whom she depicted public tribute in New York, as she was born wearing a long coat over a loose-fitting in New York City, resided here for years, was 1930s-style dress, her ankles crossed. Leaning the wife of a state governor, and a city reform against the granite boulder with her hand on politician in her own right. Yet this sculp- her chin and gazing into the distance, she ture was not completed until 1996, thirty- looks thoughtful, kind, and a little bit ten- four years after her death. The project was tative. A critic in Sculpture Review (Winter, begun in the 1980s by a fundraising commit- 1997) calls the piece Jencks’s “finest achieve- tee co-chaired by her grandson, Franklin D. ment of her career making public sculpture.” Roosevelt III, and Herbert Zohn, a retired Just under eight feet tall, and located on a art dealer who lives near Riverside Park and small ivy-covered hill, the figure is both 72nd Street. Support from the public and in- monumental and intimate. The three oak dividual borough and City Council officials trees planted to surround the monument was bolstered by the New York State Depart- enhance this closeness—at least when the ment of Transportation, which rerouted a trees are in leaf. highway ramp, and the City of New York Riverside Park is well worth visiting, even Department of Parks and Recreation. The in- in January if the weather is not too bad. The auguration in 1996 featured an appreciative park, running along Manhattan’s Upper

Photo by the author. by Photo address by Hilary Rodham Clinton, and an West Side for several miles, was begun in he approximately 300 statues in audience that included dozens of Roosevelts 1865, and has since received the attentions New York City’s public spaces and and a host of elected officials. of a succession of landscape architects in- Tparks represent great men by the The arresting and beautiful statue stands cluding Frederick Law Olmstead, Calvert hundreds, many of them on horseback. in an attractively landscaped corner of Riv- Vaux, and Samuel Parsons. If you walk past Before 1984 there was only one statue of a erside Park near the Hudson River (the bril- the Eleanor Roosevelt monument toward the real woman—Joan of Arc (Riverside Dr. liant landscaping was a part of the project). river and go under a viaduct, you’ll see a and 93rd St.)—though there were several It is a blended likeness of Roosevelt at several along the Hudson River, scenic but possibly of mythical or fictional females such as ages—the limber body of a younger woman, not too appealing in January. A good bet Alice in Wonderland, Mother Goose, the the thoughtful and worn face of an older for a snack is back along 72nd Street, past angel atop Bethesda Fountain in Central one. On her web site Jencks says that she had Broadway to Amsterdam Avenue, where Park and, of course, the Statue of Liberty. always admired Eleanor Roosevelt and iden- a café called Nice Matin serves fairly good Today there are sculptures of four more tified more with her than she had with any food and is said to be the uptown hangout women on city property: Golda Meir (39th previous subject. According to the New York of movie stars seeking the privacy that Upper St. and Broadway), Gertrude Stein (Bryant Times, Jencks’s intense concern to get Eleanor West Siders always give to their celebrities. Park), Harriet Tubman (123rd St. between Roosevelt right delayed the project by over two Amsterdam north of 72nd Street is a restau- St. Nicholas and Frederick Douglass Blvd. years. She studied thousands of photographs, rant goldmine. On Broadway at 73rd Street, in Harlem), and Eleanor Roosevelt. All four struggled to find the right boulder for her figure try the upstairs restaurant at the bustling, statues have stories of interest to historians, to lean on, and fussed over the body propor- chaotic, and interesting Fairway Market (the but I will restrict my discussion to the tions using many different measurements and restaurant is usually relatively calm). monument in my own neighborhood. The models. One model was Phoebe Roosevelt, a Eleanor Roosevelt Monument on 72nd Street great-granddaughter of Eleanor, who was then Ellen Ross is professor of history and women’s/ and Riverside Drive, by noted sculptor a law student in New York, and, at 5 feet 11, gender studies at Ramapo College of New Jersey. Penelope Jencks, will make a moving and is only an inch shorter than Eleanor Roosevelt. She has recently published Slum Travelers: La- stimulating excursion. To get there, take “It’s my slouch” that cleared the way for Jencks, dies and London Poverty, 1860–1920 (Uni- the Number 1, 2, or 3 train uptown from Phoebe Roosevelt reported. versity of California Press, 2007), a heavily Times Square (a trip of between five and 15 Most of Jencks’s other work is edgy; her annotated anthology for use by college students minutes) and get off at 72nd Street. Walk engaging figures often have elongated torsos in urban, social, or women’s history. She is a two blocks west to see the statue. and necks. But she chose a fairly realistic style member of the Local Arrangements Committee.

36 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 37 New York City and Historians Born Again in

By Temma Kaplan

ast Harlem, also known as Spanish preeminent Puerto Rican neighborhood. lunch or a hot drink, go back across Lexing- Harlem and El Barrio, is only a brief Immediately on your left as you exit the ton Avenue to El Caribeno (1675 Lexington Eride away from the Hilton and is well subway, you’ll see the St. George and St. Ave. at 104th St., 212-987-7147). worth the trip. Within a four-block radius Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church (140 Music was an important part of immi- are murals, mosaics, art galleries, museums, E. 103rd St.) built in 1910. The Greek grant life. During the Depression, Latin jazz restaurants, and clubs to satisfy every taste. community, though now settled largely in musician Rafael Hernandez played house To get to East Harlem from the meeting Astoria, Queens, still returns to this church parties to raise rent money for himself and hotels, take the number 31 or 52 bus east for weddings, baptisms, and major holidays. his neighbors. He later joined the Harlem on 57th Street to and German, Irish, Jewish, and Italian immi- Hell Fighters, a largely black unit that fought then grab the number 6 subway uptown to grants lived in the 65,000 tenement apart- in the Second World War. A 1998 mural 103rd Street. As you leave the station, be ments that were constructed in this 2.2 by Maria M. Dominguez on the doorway sure to see the mosaic Neo-Boriken, 1990 square mile area between 1870 and 1910. of the old Harbor Music Conservatory at (Puerto Rican-Style, 1990) by Nitza Tufiño, Puerto Ricans increasingly migrated to the 169-171 E. 103rd Street commemorates one of the artists who founded el Museo U.S. after the First World War and the Jones Hernandez and more recent local idol Marc del Barrio and contributed to the Arts for Act of 1917, which made Puerto Ricans U.S. Anthony. Tito Puente, the “Mambo King” Transit project that has turned many subway citizens. Between 1946 and 1953, 173,500 and the father of Salsa, also lived in East stations into mini art galleries. Puerto Ricans settled in New York, spurred Harlem. You can get a sense for those days East Harlem has long been an immigrant on by low air fares and poor conditions at and nights with food at La Fonda Boricua neighborhood. The area between 5th Avenue home, bringing their cultural practices to the (169 E. 106th St., between Lexington and and the and between 96th Street city. The Justo Botanica across Lexington Third Ave., 212-410-7292) and Afro-Cu- and 138th Street and the Harlem River Avenue at 134 E. 104th Street has provided ban music at its nightspot, the FB Lounge, was the largest Little in the country spiritual advice and religious articles for across the street (175 E. 106th St.). in the 1930s before it became New York’s those practicing Santeria since 1930. For A spate of urban renewal activity in the late 1950s and 1960s, conducted without com- munity consultation, leveled many of the low-density tenements and replaced them The Committee on Minority with high-rise public housing complexes, such as the George Washington Carver Historians Mentoring Breakfast and Governor DeWitt Clinton Houses. Flanking Park and Madison Avenues between Saturday, January 3, 7:30–9:00 a.m. 104th and 110th Streets, the buildings are Hilton, Nassau Suite B generally well-maintained with welcoming gardens and grassy areas. But the new build- The Committee on Minority Historians (CMH) invites minority graduate ings and their parks displaced small stores students and first-year faculty to a complimentary continental breakfast on and workshops that provided services and Saturday, January 3, from 7:30 to 9:00 a.m. Please join the committee in a discus- employment for the community. The con- sion of life in the profession. If you are interested in attending, please e-mail Jesse struction of these and other public build- Pierce at [email protected], by December 8, 2008, to register. Individuals ings actually reduced available housing from about 72,000 units to 42,000 units between who wish to participate in the discussion only are invited to arrive at 8:15 a.m. 1950 and 1999. Be a Mentor: Volunteers Needed Lack of public amenities and jobs for the largely Puerto Rican working-class and poor The CMH needs senior faculty to talk to the minority graduate students who population led to squalor, despair, and a 1967 have signed up for the committee’s mentoring breakfast. If you are interested in community uprising. Two years later, Denise volunteering to be a mentor at this breakfast meeting, please email Jesse Pierce at Oliver-Velez, Iris Morales, and Juan Gonzalez [email protected] as soon as possible, but definitely by December 12, 2008. of the New York Daily News and Democracy Now helped found the Young Lords Party to improve local conditions. They ran a break-

38 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 39 fast program, offered testing for tubercu- The other face of the cultural history of development of Afro- music. losis and lead poisoning, and opened a free East Harlem can be found in El Museo del For a schedule of offsite events sponsored clinic. They also worked with other commu- Barrio (1230 5th Ave. at 104th St.), founded by while its building nity groups fighting for school construction, in 1969 by artists from El Taller, local is being renovated, contact 212-831-7272 garbage collection, and civil rights for Puerto teachers, and members of the community or access www.elmuseo.org. For an update Ricans. , a community activist in an attempt to enhance local pride. They other events in East and West Harlem check and one of the founders of the launched the museum to feature Puerto www.harlemonestop.com. poetry movement in the 1980s, is honored at Rican culture and art, and were able to secure the northeast corner of E. 103rd and Lexing- an important collection of Taino (indigenous Temma Kaplan is a professor of history at Rut- ton in a mural by James de la Vega. Puerto Rican) art that they displayed along- gers, the State University of New Jersey, where A block away on the southeast corner of side pottery, photography, masks, needle- she writes and teaches about the gendered na- E. 104th Street and Lexington Avenue is work, religious statues, puppets, sculpture, ture of art, politics, and comparative women’s the summa of all local murals, The Spirit and painting by Puerto Rican artists. Increas- social movements. These are the subjects of all of East Harlem. This four-story mural on ingly, the museum has expanded its advisory of her books, the most recent of which is Tak- of Exotic Fragrances (1645 Lexing- board, formed alliances with other museums ing Back the Streets: Women, Youth, and ton Ave.) was painted by Hank Prussig with in the city, and mounted shows featuring Direct Democracy (University of California the aid of Manny Vega between 1973 and other Latin American and Caribbean artists, Press, 2003). While serving as co-chair of the 1978 and restored by Vega in 1998 under not always with the support of the local com- 2009 Local Arrangements Committee, she the auspices of Hope Community Inc. munity. El Museo shares its premises with continues to work on Grotesque Humor, a The mural portrays neighborhood people the Raices Latin Music Museum, which study of the politics of comedy and repression painting the building, playing dominoes, houses 15,000 documents, instruments, among turn-of-the century Spanish, British, strumming guitars, riding bikes, and sharing photographs, and sheet music charting the and U.S. cartoonists. food with neighbors. Exhibits documenting the artistic revolu- tion can be found at various community centers and museums in the neighborhood. Double back to E. 103rd Street, go west, and turn left on Park Avenue for the MediaNoche Gallery (1355 Park Ave., entrance on 102nd St., 212-828-0401), which describes itself as “the place where art, technology, and commu- nity converge.” A project of and the American Dream, the gallery also mounts exhibits on its web site, www.prdream.com. Online exhibits include Diogenes Ballester’s Free Registry: Encounter, Mythology and Reality, which documents the slave registry in Ponce, Puerto Rico; filmed oral history interviews; and clips of Puerto Rican films from the U.S. and Puerto Rico. The Julia de Burgos Cultural Center (1680 Lexington Avenue at E.105th Street, 212-831-4333), is named for Julia de Burgos, a vibrant Puerto Rican poet and journalist who intermittently lived in East Harlem from the 1930s to the 1950s. She is commemorated in a mosaic wall mural by Manny Vega near the corner of 106th Street and Lexington Avenue. The cultural center, founded in 1994 and located in a converted school building, provides space for the Taller Boricua (Puerto Rican Workshop) gallery, first launched as an artists’ collective in the late 1960s. As a community center Julia de Burgos sponsors plays, Latin jazz perfor- mances, dances, poetry jam sessions, and Spirit of East Harlem, by Hank Prussig and Manny Vega, 104th Street and Lexington Avenue. classes of all kinds. Photo by Temma Kaplan.

38 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 39 New York City and Historians Immigration and Rebirth in Washington Heights: A Walking Tour

By Robert W. Snyder

mmigration has transformed New that hangs over the Heights and the rest of roast chicken, 4141 Broadway at W. 175 York City since the 1960s. Nowhere is New York. St.) or Mambi (4181 Broadway at W. 177 Iits impact greater than in Washington This walking tour, which winds north St.); and new American cuisine in a restored Heights, a neighborhood in northern along Broadway and Fort Washington park building at the New Leaf Café in Fort Manhattan once defined largely by Jewish, Avenue, will introduce you to the neigh- Tryon Park (1 Margaret Corbin Dr.). Irish, and Greek enclaves. Today it is home borhood’s housing, parks, businesses, and Begin from Columbus Circle, where you to the largest Dominican community in houses of worship. Allow 90 minutes for can catch the A train uptown to 168th Street the United States, along with other Latinos, this walk, and more if you stop to eat. and Broadway. Walk downtown on Broadway Russians, and residents of all sorts seeking Varied opportunities for lunch or dinner until you reach 3940 Broadway, between W. cheaper rents in an expensive city. Life in can be found along the way. Your choices 166th and W. 165th streets. This Columbia the community is affectionately depicted in include, but by no means are limited to: University Medical Center building in- the award-winning Broadway musical, In Coogan’s at 4015 Broadway and W. 169 corporates the façade of the old Audubon the Heights (www.intheheightsthemusical. Street, which describes itself as “a neighbor- Ballroom, built in 1912 and used over the com). Whether today’s immigrants will find hood saloon with an Irish feel and a multi- years as a vaudeville theater, movie house, the solid jobs and affordable housing that cultural clientele”; Dominican and Hispanic synagogue, and meeting hall. Although sustained earlier generations is a question Caribbean food at Malecon (don’t miss the located in the Heights, the Audubon was used by the African American community to the south in Harlem. Malcolm X was assassi- nated at the Audubon in 1965. The building houses the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Mark Your Calendars! Memorial and Educational Center, and the Please note that the 2009 Annual Meeting will take place lobby contains an interactive multimedia on DAYS of the week that are different from previous exhibit on the life, times, and importance of years, starting on FRIDAY, January 2 and concluding on Malcolm X. The lobby and exhibit are open MONDAY, January 5, 2009. weekdays from 8 a.m.–4 p.m. After you exit the Audubon exhibit, walk north, or uptown, on Broadway. (The west side of Broadway is easiest to navigate here.) At 4140 Broadway is Reverend Ike’s United Church Center, housed in the former Loew’s 175th Street Theater that opened in 1930. Attend a service or one of the concerts held here to see an intact Thomas W. Lamb theater of the “movie palace” era (www.revike.org). As you walk further north on Broadway, note the businesses that serve Domini- can and other Latino communities in the Heights, such as the Rufi Music Café at 4095 Broadway and “La Cubana” bus at 4149 Broadway. In Washington Heights, most housing was built in the first third of the 20th century as the construction of subway lines opened northern Manhattan to real estate develop- ment. More polished housing tends to be

40 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 41 found west of Broadway, while more modest housing lies to the east. At 179th Street, turn right, or east, off Broadway to explore Messaging and Internet Center this dimension of the neighborhood. The AHA will employ an electronic two-way messaging system to allow At W. 179th Street and Wadsworth Avenue you will pass Spyridon everyone registered for the meeting to communicate with each other. The Greek Orthodox Church (1952), focal system will be accessible via a link on the AHA annual meeting page (www. point of a once-larger Greek community historians.org/annual). Meeting attendees are encouraged to use the internet in the Heights. Further on, the Pentecos- services provided in their hotel rooms and other public locations. Extensive tal Church at 617 W. 179th Street is part information about the availability and price of internet services, including free of this faith’s dynamic presence in northern Wi-Fi options, is posted on the web site (www.historians.org/annual). A limited Manhattan. number of internet terminals will also be available in the Hilton’s Americas Hall At Saint Nicholas Avenue (also desig- II during exhibit hall hours. The system will be the designated form of commu- nated Juan Pablo Duarte Boulevard, after a nication for those using the Job Center, and interviewers and interviewees can founder of the ), turn left and walk north to W. 181st Street. Saint use it to schedule and confirm interviews. AHA staff answering the phones at Nicholas is a lively commercial avenue, even the meeting will be able to post messages for attendees directly into the system. though high rents are a major concern for Attendees will be able to sign up to receive an SMS/cell phone text message small business owners. The Dominican alert when they have a new message. Persons with messages waiting will be able presence is so pronounced that the neigh- to use any internet-connected computer to log in using a password that will borhood is sometimes called Quisqueya be printed on their badges. More information will be e-mailed to those who Heights. Quisqueya is an indigenous name register for the meeting. Instruction sheets will also be available on site. for the island of Hispaniola, which is shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti. At W. 181st Street, turn left and walk west site of Fort Tryon, the British name for a forti- Heights, and the Upper East Side. (A trip along the north side of the street. Continue fication captured from the Americans during on the M4 also takes you past the extensive past Fort Washington Avenue until you reach the Revolution. The view, which takes in collections of the museum and library of the the corner of W. 181st Street and Pinehurst the George Washington Bridge, the Hudson Hispanic Society of America at Audubon Avenue. To your right will be an unusual River, and the Palisades in New Jersey, is one Terrace, on Broadway between 155th and element of the New York streetscape—a of the finest in the city. 156th Streets; www.hispanicsociety.org.) “step street” that climbs a hill too steep for At this point, you can return to Columbus Eventually, the M4 will leave you on Fifth conventional paving. Circle or walk north toward the medieval Avenue near 53rd Street, a short walk west Ascend this step street to Pinehurst Avenue, looking building in the distance: it’s the to the Hilton. and keep walking north. In one block, to Cloisters, the branch of the Metropoli- your right will be Bennett Park, named for tan Museum of Art devoted to medieval Robert W. Snyder, a historian and an as- James Gordon Bennett, founding editor and European art and architecture (www.metmu- sociate professor of journalism and American publisher of the New York Herald, who once seum.org). Studies at Rutgers-Newark, is writing a book owned the land here. During the American To return, retrace your steps to Fort Tryon about Washington Heights since the fifties. Revolution, this was the site of Fort Wash- Circle and take the A train from the 190th He is cofounder of the blog Greater New ington, which British and Hessian forces Street station back to Columbus Circle. Or York, which covers the politics, culture, and captured in 1776. To your left is Hudson board the downtown M4 bus for a more history of the city and state at http://greaterny. View Gardens—a cooperative neo-Tudor scenic ride of at least one hour that takes in blogspot.com. He is a member of the Local Ar- apartment built in the 1920s that is an the neighborhoods of Harlem, Morningside rangements Committee. example of the more affluent housing found on the west side of Broadway. At W. 185th Street, turn right and walk For Further Reading: east past the Hebrew Tabernacle, a Reform synagogue. In the World War II era, Wash- Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the ington Heights became the home of many United States (University of Chicago, 1982); Steven M. Lowenstein, Frankfurt on German Jewish refugees. They are still the Hudson: The German-Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933–1983, Its present in this congregation. At Fort Wash- Structure and Culture (Wayne State University, 1989); Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof, ington Avenue turn left and head north, A Tale of Two Cities: Santo Domingo and New York after 1950 (Princeton, 2007); noting the art deco apartments on the east and the history section of the web site Washington Heights and Inwood Online, side of the avenue, to Fort Tryon Circle. written by James Renner, at www.washington-heights.us/history/. For more on Continue directly north into Fort Tryon the Dominicans, visit the Dominican Studies Institute at City College of the City Park, past its Heather Garden, to a short University of New York or go to its web site at www1.ccny.cuny.edu/ci/dsi. stone staircase. Ascend to a lookout on the

40 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 41 New York City and Historians Queens: Inside an Outer Borough

By Brenda Elsey

n 1935, Charlotte Perkins Gilman particularly in opposition to residential raids following the Second World War, Flushing remarked that in New York City, carried out by the Department of Homeland became the preeminent Chinatown of New I“Everyone is an exile, none more so than Security. York. Walking Main Street in either direction the American.” One could argue that as the A ride on the Number 7 train, known you will encounter dozens of bakeries, restau- most ethnically heterogeneous place in the as the “International Express,” is an excel- rants, and other businesses catering to Chinese world, Queens is quintessentially American. lent way to structure a visit. The line was immigrants. Flushing has a long history of More immigrants have passed through the declared a National Millennium Trail in rec- religious and cultural tolerance. In 1657, county of Queens than any other, making it ognition of its importance to the immigrant residents wrote the Flushing Remonstrance, the contemporary Ellis Island. Processes of experience. The subway is partly responsible a petition in defense of religious freedom that globalization have shaped the immigration for the urbanization of Queens. In the early many consider the basis of the Bill of Rights. waves of the 1980s and 1990s. Despite fears 1910s, Irish immigrants were drawn to the The House (37-01 Bowne St., of deportation, workers seeking higher wages area by the work opportunities the train 718-359-0528, www.bownehouse.org) was continue to stream into the borough. Along created. The first station opened in 1915; built by a farmer who was arrested in 1662 Roosevelt Avenue day laborers wait for work the subway was extended to its present for allowing Quakers to congregate in the in landscaping and construction. These terminus in Flushing by 1928. The Number house. The Quaker Meeting House (137-16 immigrants continue relationships with 7 line begins at Times Square. Below are Northern Blvd., 718-358-9636, www.nyym. their countries of origins in ways that would suggestions for a tour of Queens, organized org/flushing), just up the street, was built in have been unimaginable in earlier times. by subway stops leading from Flushing back 1694. In 1774, the chapter banned members This has sparked debates over questions of toward Manhattan. from owning slaves; the meeting house served integration, acculturation, and assimilation. Flushing Main St.: As soon as you exit the as an Underground Railroad stop in the 19th Civic associations dedicated to immigrant subway station at Main Street, you will notice century. Those interested in touring the rights have energized communities, the Asian influence in Flushing. In the period Meeting House and graveyard are welcome from 12–12:30 p.m. on Sundays or may call to schedule a visit. Across the street is the (137-35 Northern Blvd., 718-463-7700, www.flushingtown- hall.org), which conducts a monthly jazz tour of Queens that includes Louis Armstrong’s house in Corona and discusses African American communities in Queens. 82 St.-Jackson Heights, 74 St.-Broad- way, and Woodside 61 St.: There are not yet monuments and statues commemorat- ing the Latino immigration of the 1980s and 1990s, which brought hundreds of thou- sands of Mexicans, Ecuadorians, Colombi- ans, and other Latin Americans to Queens. A walk through the central commercial areas of the neighborhoods of Jackson Heights and Woodside is the best way to explore the barrio. Exit at 82nd Street and walk one block north to 37th Avenue, and take a left, westward. The influence of recent Argentine immigrants is evident in the butcher shops and restaurants offering locals a carnivorous The importance of Queens to the history and future of immigration has not been lost on residents, as this remembrance of home. Racial and class hier- recently painted handball court demonstrates. Photo by Brenda Elsey. archies among immigrant groups are notable

42 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 43 and visitors often sense these divisions. For example, Mexican immigrants routinely face discrimination from other Latin Ameri- Society for cans based on the assumption that they are “illegal” or less educated. Along 37th Avenue from 82nd Street to Military History 74th Street, the neighborhood undergoes a transition from Latin American to South and Asian influence. Take a left at 74th Street and you will be in “Little India,” replete The George C. with culinary and retail delights. The Butala Emporium (37-46 74th St.) has a wonderful variety of books, musical instruments, and Marshall Foundation furniture (mostly in the basement). There is a subway station on 74th Street. If you extend an invitation are not tired and still curious, take a right to you to attend: on Roosevelt. From 69th to 60th Street are Filipino, Thai, and Irish communities (one of the most famous Thai restaurants in the city is Sripraphai at 64-13 39th Ave.). Long Island City Court Sq.: The neigh- The George C. borhood of Long Island City exemplifies the conflicts over gentrification brought about by urban renewal throughout New York Marshall Lecture City. The deindustrialization of the neigh- borhood only partially eradicated factories, which can still be seen from the vantage Sunday, January 4, 2009 from 5:00–6:30 p.m. point of the elevated train. Developers have built luxury condos to attract young profes- Hilton New York, Rendezvous Trianon sionals priced out of Manhattan. This has created conflicts with the largely immigrant Paul Kennedy, J. Richardson Dilworth Professor and working-class community. Artists who created an avant-garde scene in the neigh- of History, Yale University borhood have been particularly outspoken critics of gentrification. P.S. 1, an interna- will speak on tionally acclaimed art center that focuses on the role of contemporary art in society, “History from the Middle? is well worth a visit. Housed in a 19th-cen- The Case of the Second World War” tury public school house, P.S. 1 has played a central part in the revival of Long Island City A reception will follow in the Hilton’s Mercury (22-25 Jackson Ave., 718-284-2084, www. ps1.org). Across the street is one of the city’s Ballroom beginning at 6:30 p.m. most famous centers, the 5pointz, an outdoor gallery open 24/7 (www.5ptz. Lecture sponsored by the Society for Military com). The Local Arrangements Committee History and the George C. Marshall Foundation has organized a tour, “Contemporary Art in Long Island City,” which includes P.S.1 (see p. 23 for more information). Presiding: Brenda Elsey is an assistant professor of Latin American history at Hofstra University. Her Carol Reardon, Penn State University current book project, Citizens and Sports- men: The Political Life of Football in Chile, and president, SMH 1893–1973 explores the relationship between politics, popular culture, and civic associations. Mark Stoler, editor, The Papers of George Catlett She is a member of the Local Arrangements Marshall, George C. Marshall Foundation Committee and, happily, a longtime resident of Queens.

42 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 43 New York City and Historians Visiting Brooklyn

By Daniel Soyer

hen most of those who attend would retain that rank today if it were still gentrified in the last several decades. At 128 the annual meeting return a separate municipality. Brooklyn’s 19th- Pierrepont Street in Brooklyn Heights, the Whome, they will tell friends that century elite, as boosterish as any, made sure Brooklyn Historical Society was founded they have been to New York City. What they that Brooklyn had a full compliment of big- in 1863 as the Long Island Historical Society will really mean is that they have been to city cultural and social organizations. (by subway take the 2 or 3 train to Clark Manhattan. Few AHA members are likely to Most of the institutions of particular St. or A train to High St., 718-222-4111, venture into Queens, the Bronx, or Staten interest to historians are in “Brownstone www.brooklynhistory.org). Long largely a Island. But some adventurous historians Brooklyn,” which consists of several neigh- genealogical society for local blue-bloods, may take the time to cross the East River borhoods clustered around Brooklyn’s old the society now strives to serve Brook- to visit Brooklyn, the outer borough with and still-vibrant downtown. Neighborhoods lyn’s diverse population through exhibits, a the oldest and grandest cultural institutions. such as Brooklyn Heights, Boerum Hill, library, archives, and public programming. Over 2.5 million New Yorkers, close to a Cobble Hill, Carroll Gardens, Fort Greene, Nearby, at 56 Cranberry Street, is Henry third of the city’s population, call Brooklyn and were all developed in the 19th Ward Beecher’s Plymouth Church of the home (though they don’t always use that century and still display much of the archi- Pilgrims. The New York Transit Museum is word—46.7 percent speak a language other tecture of that time, including the distinc- just outside Brooklyn Heights at the corner than English at, well, home). Brooklyn was tive New York brownstone rowhouse. These of Boerum Place and Schermerhorn Street the fourth largest city in the United States neighborhoods, all convenient to Manhat- (by subway take the 2 or 3 train to Borough when it merged with New York in 1898. It tan by subway, have become increasingly Hall or the A or C train to Jay Street/Borough Hall, 718-694-1600, www.mta.info/mta/ museum). It features exhibits on the history and culture of New York City’s mass transit National History Center system. There are many restaurants along at the 123rd Annual Meeting Montague Street in Brooklyn Heights and Court Street just south in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens. But nearby Smith Street has Saturday, January 3 become the place to go for fine and trendy 9:30–11:30 a.m. Sheraton New York, Metropolitan Ballroom East. Session 1, dining in this part of Brooklyn. joint with the American Historical Association. Presidential. The Deferred The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) Violence of Decolonization at 30 Lafayette Avenue was founded by the 9:30–11:30 a.m. Hilton New York, Midtown Suite. Session 2. New Philharmonic Society of Brooklyn in 1861 Perspectives on Exploration (p. 76) and moved to its current site in 1908 (by subway take the 2 or 3 train to Atlantic 2:30–4:30 p.m. Hilton New York, Midtown Suite. Session 3. Reassessing the Ave., 718-636-4100, www.bam.org). As Jacksonian Period: New Perspectives and Directions its original constituency dwindled in the 4:45–5:45 p.m. Hilton New York, Midtown Suite. mid-20th century, BAM suffered a decline. Open Forum But it has since revived and now features a wide array of live music, dance, drama, and 5:45–7:00 p.m. Hilton New York, Harlem Suite. Reception film screenings. BAM Café offers food as well as live music. BAM is on the outskirts of Sunday, January 4 Fort Greene near the Williamsburg Savings 9:00–11:00 a.m. Hilton New York, Midtown Suite. Session 4. The History Bank building, the tallest in Brooklyn. Fort Major in Liberal Education Greene is notable for its young, hip, and 11:30 a.m.–1:30 p.m. Hilton New York, Midtown Suite. Session 5. Traces of affluent African American population. De Empire: Architecture, Landscape, and Imperialism in the Middle East Kalb Avenue has restaurants and shops. and North Africa The of Art is at 200 in Prospect Heights, next to the Brooklyn Botanical Garden and down the street from Prospect Park and the central

44 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 45 branch of the (by include Bedford-Stuyvesant, Williamsburg Daniel Soyer is associate professor of history at subway take the 2 or 3 train to Eastern (now the hippest neighborhood in Brook- Fordham University in the Bronx and a long- Parkway/Brooklyn Museum, 718-638-5000, lyn—definitely outside my experience), Bay time resident of Brooklyn. He is coeditor, with www.brooklynmuseum.org). The museum Ridge, and Flatbush. For more informa- Jocelyn Cohen, of My Future Is in America: boasts an excellent collection of American tion on these and other neighborhoods see Autobiographies of East European Jew- art; extensive Egyptian galleries; a Rodin Kenneth Jackson and John B. Manbeck, The ish Immigrants (New York University Press, court; African, Asian, and Islamic galleries; Neighborhoods of Brooklyn (New Haven: Yale 2008). He is a member of the Local Arrange- a decorative arts exhibit; and period rooms. University Press, 1998). ments Committee. The Sackler Center for Feminist Art features Judy Chicago’s controversial “Dinner Party” installation. (The museum has on occasion courted controversy with its blockbuster New for the 2009 temporary exhibits, drawing the ire of poli- ticians catering to offended constituencies.) On the first Saturday evening of the month, Annual Meeting: admission is free and the museum offers a variety of programs. Down Eastern Parkway, at Grand Army Plaza, is the massive Soldiers’ Historians TV and Sailors’ Memorial Arch (1892) dedi- cated to the “defenders of the union.” The he American Historical of production has served as the BBC adjacent Park Slope neighborhood features Association has partnered Evening News producer for over a restaurants along 5th and 7th Avenues. with WebsEdge of London decade. Major speeches and reactions Further out in Brooklyn at Surf Avenue T to produce a daily television program, to the day at the meeting itself will and West 8th Street in Coney Island is the HistoriansTV, during the 123rd Annual be filmed and included as part of the New York Aquarium (by subway take the Meeting. Each day of the meeting a evening news show. At the conference F or Q train to W. 8th St., 718-265-3474, new 30-minute news program will be there will be a HistoriansTV reporter www.nyaquarium.com). At its current broadcast which will include interviews reporting from the meeting, as well as location since 1957, the aquarium houses with key speakers, news from the a HistoriansTV news desk. Television more than 350 species on its 14-acre site. meeting floor, and several five-minute cameras will be onsite at the meeting The back of the aquarium faces the Coney “thought leadership films” (pre- each day, interviewing attendees, Island boardwalk and the Atlantic Ocean. If recorded) that will highlight programs, visiting the exhibit hall, and taping you are in New York on New Year’s Day, you policies, technologies, best practices, major daily events. The daily program might want to attend the Polar Bear Club’s and institutions that advance the goal will be edited onsite to ensure that up- traditional swim. Not much is left from the of historical research, collections, heyday of the great Coney Island amuse- to-the minute news is covered. Each historical scholarship, public history, day a new 30- to 45-minute show ment parks, but there are still some rides and education. These feature segments and other attractions, including the famous will be produced. The programming will profile historical research centers, is supported by a TV Program Guide Cyclone roller coaster at Astroland. Unfor- government agencies, libraries and that will be distributed at the meeting tunately, the Cyclone is closed in the winter, archives, colleges and universities, near the registration counters. and its days are numbered given redevel- museums, historical attractions, and opment plans that some say will revitalize institutions from around the country. The daily news program will be Coney Island and others argue will simply The daily news will be broadcast each played on a continuous loop on the sanitize it. Down the boardwalk to the east is day on a dedicated TV channel in television sets in attendee hotel rooms Brighton Beach, the center of the city’s Rus- registrant hotel rooms at no charge and on plasma screens in the Hilton sian-speaking community. Brighton Beach and around the meeting venues on a New York and Sheraton New York. Avenue, under the clattering “el” (elevated series of plasma screens. They will also Additionally, portions of the program- subway line), is the commercial hub. be available on a designated web site ming will be available for viewing by The real life of Brooklyn is not in its grand after the meeting and on HistoriansTV AHA members who are not able to institutions but in its neighborhoods and DVDs to be made available to members attend on a dedicated conference web streets. If the weather is good, or if you don’t after the meeting. site with streaming online video of the mind walking around in the cold, it would newscasts and feature segments. Check be worthwhile to pick a neighborhood The daily news programs will include the AHA’s web site in December for and take a stroll. My favorites are Borough pre-filmed material to bring key issues, more information. Park (the largest Orthodox/Hasidic Jewish programs, and interviews to attend- neighborhood), Sunset Park (Chinatown), ees and will be recorded by BBC- and HistoriansTV—be sure to watch for and Kensington (people from just about CNN-experienced reporters. The head it at the 123rd Annual Meeting! everywhere). Other notable neighborhoods

44 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 45 The 123rd Annual Meeting Exploring the Grand Concourse with Students from the Bronx High School of Visual Arts

By Pam Sporn

n May 29, 2008, 30 11th-grade north. A charrette is a participatory learning portance and present condition of the bou- students from the Bronx High activity often used by architects and urban levard, which will be 100 years old in 2009. OSchool of Visual Arts and Valeria planners to involve stakeholders in a design Students began the day-long workshop Mogilevich, a teaching artist from the Center project. The collaborative and visual process with a guided bus tour of the Grand Con- for Urban Pedagogy (CUP), gathered at the of the charrette suggests a dynamic way to course led by Peter Derrick, the head archivist Bronx Museum of the Arts for a day-long engage young people in history. at the Bronx Historical Society. The students “charrette” on the history of the Grand The workshop was part of the Grand learned that the Grand Concourse opened Concourse, the four-and-a-half-mile long Concourse Centennial Project, initiated by in 1909 and was designed by Louis Risse to boulevard that stretches from 138th Street in the Bronx Museum of the Arts with the goal resemble a Parisian boulevard. They learned the to Mosholu Parkway in the of raising awareness about the historical im- that the completion of the Jerome Avenue elevated train in 1917 began a housing boom that allowed thousands of mostly Jewish Schedule of Luncheon Meetings and Italian families to escape crowded tene- ments in Manhattan. They saw some of the Advanced Placement History Society for Historians art deco apartment buildings that line the boulevard. Students also heard how by the Saturday, January 3 of American Foreign Relations end of the 1960s the population along the Saturday, January 3 12:15–1:45 p.m. Hilton New York, concourse changed to predominantly poorer Mercury Rotunda 12:15–1:45 p.m. Hilton New York, African Americans and Puerto Ricans as the New York Suite Conference on Asian History middle class left the neighborhood as a result of landlord neglect, bank disinvestment, and Saturday, January 3 American Catholic Historical the lure of the newly opened Co-op City. 12:15–1:45 p.m. Hilton New Association Presidential Luncheon After recording what they had learned York, Concourse G. The luncheon Sunday, January 4 about local history through photographs is open to all. For tickets, please 12:15–1:45 p.m. Hilton New York, and notes, the students delved into an the e-mail [email protected]. Those Lenox Ballroom who only want to hear the talk are archive of newspaper articles compiled by Mogilevich. She wanted the students to be welcome to arrive at 12:45 p.m. Coordinating Council for Women in History suspicious of the archive and to recognize Conference on Latin the points of view that shaped the articles. Sunday, January 4 American History She encouraged the students to reflect on 12:15–1:45 p.m. Hilton New York, Saturday, January 3 and respond to the content by cutting and Mercury Rotunda reassembling the texts, drawing pictures to 12:00–2:00 p.m. Yale Club of New York, 50 Vanderbilt Ave. AHA Modern European accompany them, or writing new narra- History Section tives. The product of the day’s activities is Organization of a thoughtful and provocative “” entitled Sunday, January 4 History Teachers Archive City: A Grand Concourse Scrapbook. 12:15–1:45 p.m. Hilton New York, Saturday, January 3 The Bronx High School for Visual Arts Bryant Suite (www.bhsva.com) is a small high school 12:15–1:45 p.m. The luncheon open to all Bronx residents that specializes in will be held a a restaurant near the providing an extensive four-year study of the meeting hotel, the name and ad- visual arts taught by professional artists. The dress of which, will be printed on Center for Urban Pedagogy (www.another- the luncheon tickets. cupdevelopment.org) is a Brooklyn-based

46 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 47 nonprofit organization that investigates the represented within more traditional museum the “Fish Building” because of the aquari- built environment by facilitating collabora- collections. Street Art, Street Life, an exhibit um-themed mosaic on its exterior—at 1150 tions among advocates, architects, artists, that examines the street as subject matter, Grand Concourse. city workers, educators, policy makers, resi- venue, and source of inspiration for artists dents and students. and photographers from the late 1950s to the Pam Sporn, who teaches documentary film In the spring of 2009, CUP and the Bronx present, will be on view until January 25. production at Fannie Lou Hamer Freedom High School for Visual Arts students will After leaving the museum, walk two blocks High School in the Bronx, is an award-win- embark on the next round of their charrette north to the 167 St./Grand Concourse ning documentary filmmaker and teacher, at the museum. This time the students will subway station to take the D or B train back whose work includes Cuban Roots/Bronx be asked to build on their exploration of the to Manhattan. Before entering the subway, Stories and With a Stroke of the Chaveta. past and envision the future of the Grand be sure to see one of the grandest of the art She is a member of the Local Arrangements Concourse and surrounding area. The neigh- deco buildings on the boulevard—known as Committee. borhood is experiencing rapid change. In the spring of 2009 the will inaugurate a new $1.3 billion a few blocks west of the Grand Concourse on what Offsite Sessions had been 22 acres of public parkland. The city-financed replacement parks are about he following sessions will take place in offsite venues. Directions are provided two years behind schedule and critics of the Tbelow. (Session numbers are in parentheses.) stadium plan claim the community was left out of the planning process. The results of New-York Walk north on 6th Avenue. Turn right the charrette should be compelling. (East) on 16th Street. Arrive at 15 W. Historical Society 16th Street (Center for Jewish History) Visiting the Bronx Saturday, January 3, 9:30–11:30 a.m. on left. Approximate travel time 25 Hamilton and Hamiltonianism: minutes. 15 minutes by taxi, about $8. f you would like to explore Bronx history, Fresh Reflections from the Global- Ia short subway ride will reveal some gems ized Twenty-First Century (55) General Society of along the Grand Concourse. Take the 2, 4, or 5 train to 149th Street/ The New-York Historical Society is Mechanics and Tradesmen located at 170 Central Park West. Grand Concourse and see the Ben and Monday, January 5, 8:30–10:30 a.m. Bernarda Bryson Shahn WPA mural at the Directions: American Anti-Communism before Bronx General Post Office. The 13-panel From Hilton and Sheraton: Walk McCarthy: The Role of Labor (182) Resources of America (1939) celebrates the to 7th Avenue subway station at 53rd nobility of the American worker. Street and take the B train uptown to Monday, January 5, 11 a.m.–1 p.m. Walk half a block south to 450 Grand 72nd Street. Head north on Central Governing the Home: Rethinking Concourse to visit the Longwood Arts Park West toward 76th Street. Arrive Labor and Colonial Relations in the Gallery at Hostos Community College/ at 170 Central Park West. Approxi- History of Domestic Service (207) CUNY (718-518-6728, www.longwood- mate travel time 25 minutes. 10 The General Society of Mechanics cyber.org). Longwood is the contemporary minutes by taxi, about $6.50. and Tradesmen is located at 20 West art center of the Bronx Council on the Arts 44th Street. with the mission of supporting artists— Center for Jewish History Directions: especially emerging artists from underrepre- From Hilton: Walk south on 6th sented groups—and their work. Sunday, January 4, 2:30–4:30 p.m. Avenue. Turn left (east on 44th Street). Stop for a snack and cappuccino at Gio- Jewish Migrants in Uncharted Arrive at 20 West 44th Street. From vanni’s Restaurant/G Bar & Lounge at the Terrain: From Europe to Small- Sheraton: Walk south on 7th Avenue. corner of the Concourse and 150th before Town and Rural America (157) Turn left (east) on 44th Street. Arrive taking a cab to the Bronx Museum of the The Center for Jewish History is at 20 West 44th Street. Approximate Arts at the Grand Concourse and 165th located at 15 West 16th Street, between travel time 10 minutes. Street (1040 Grand Concourse, 718- 5th and 6th Avenues. The session will 681-6000, www.bronxmuseum.org). The be held in the Kovno Room. museum, founded in 1971, is housed in Directions: a former synagogue. As the only fine art From Hilton and Sheraton: Walk museum in the Bronx, it focuses on contem- to the 5th Avenue subway station at porary art by artists of African, Asian, and 53rd Street. Take the Downtown V Latin American descent. As an institution it train to the 6th Ave-14th St. station. has a commitment to exhibit, preserve, and document the work of artists not typically

46 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 47 New York City and Historians And Staten Island, Too

By Peter J. Wosh

orenz Hart presented Staten Island as costs, and the operation of the notorious George on Staten Island. The city eliminated an amusing municipal afterthought Fresh Kills landfill. Resentment culminated the ferry fare in 1997, and the previously Lin his 1925 song “Manhattan,” which in an active secession movement that peaked dingy and foreboding Manhattan terminal playfully dismissed two outer boroughs in 1993, when 65 percent of borough received an extensive facelift in 2005. The with the line, “We’ll have Manhattan, the residents voted to leave New York and create ferry offers unparalleled views of New York Bronx, and Staten Island too.” The island an independent city. Though that municipal harbor, the lower Manhattan and Brooklyn has long existed in creative tension with reorganization never happened, Staten Island skylines, and the Statue of Liberty. the rest of New York City, owing at least remains a unique and anomalous place. Riders will arrive at the St. George Ferry in part to its physical isolation, especially Adventurous meeting attendees might find a Terminal, which underwent a $130 million prior to the 1964 opening of the Verrazano trip to this outer borough a very interesting renovation in 2005. Regular commuters Narrows Bridge, and tightly knit local way to spend some time. complain bitterly about the congestion and neighborhoods. Unique demographic and The cheapest, best, and most enjoyable confusion surrounding parking and access, cultural characteristics also distinguish route to the island is by ferry. From the but visitors will find that the curved 40-foot borough denizens from other New Yorkers. Broadway and 50th Street subway station, high floor-to-ceiling glass and aluminum wall Staten Islanders drive many more cars, take the 1 train downtown. The last stop, offers a stunning perspective on Manhattan have double the rate of homeownership, South Ferry/Battery Park, is a very short and the Hudson River. The architectural firm live in more middle-class and suburban- walk from the Whitehall Terminal, where of Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum (HOK) like neighborhoods, and vote for far more you can catch the free Staten Island Ferry (for designed the facility, which emphasizes light, conservative political candidates than route information and schedules, see www. open space, and energy efficiency. A recent their neighbors in Manhattan, Brooklyn, nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ferrybus/ferrybus. addition to the spacious waiting room consists Queens, and the Bronx. They have battled shtml). New York City has operated the ferry of two eight-foot tall, 1,600 gallon fish tanks the city intensely over the past half century as a public enterprise since 1905. Approxi- maintained by the Staten Island Zoo, which concerning rapid development, poor mately 65,000 commuters and tourists a day hold hundreds of tropical fish. The spectacu- municipal services, high transportation make the 25-minute trip to and from St. lar ferry trip itself, used as a potent symbol in such films and television shows asWorking Girl and Sex in the City, offers enough satis- faction to justify an outing. Reception to celebrate the 65th Visitors who venture out on land will discover some unanticipated treats in St. birthday of Martin E. Jay George, an eclectic urban neighborhood the Sidney Hellman Ehrman Professor of History, where housing styles range from Queen Anne University of California at Berkeley to Victorian to converted warehouses, with social service shelters for homeless citizens January 3, 2009, 5:30–7:00 p.m. t Hilton New York, Gibson Suite also in evidence. The January weather and Colleagues, students, and friends are cordially invited to the reception celebrating hilly terrain will probably preclude visitors from strolling along the waterfront espla- Martin Jay’s contribution to intellectual history. A new volume of critical essays, nade, visiting the neighboring minor league , will be The Modernist Imagination: Intellectual History and Critical Theory baseball stadium, or setting out on foot into presented to him at the event. the neighborhood. The uphill view from Hosts and coeditors of The Modernist Imagination: Warren Breckman (Univ. the ferry terminal across Richmond Terrace, of Pennsylvania); Peter E. Gordon (Harvard Univ.); A. Dirk Moses (Univ. however, allows a glimpse of the area’s most of Sydney); Samuel Moyn (Columbia Univ.); Elliot Neaman (Univ. of San attractive public buildings. Borough Hall (10 Richmond Terr.) was designed by the Francisco) prominent architectural firm of Carrere and Event sponsors: Bergahn Books • Department of History, University of California Hastings, whose other projects included at Berkeley • Journal of the History of Ideas New York Public Library. This 1906 three- story French Renaissance building contains Cash Bar a massive , an imposing clock

48 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 49 tower visible from the harbor, and a grand featuring excellent examples of Beaux-Arts, Staten Island might not appear synony- marble lobby with a significant series of WPA Renaissance revival, Second Empire, and mous with the term “isle of joy” that Lorenz murals by Frederick Charles Stahr that illus- , were designed by Hart applied to Manhattan in his ode to trate local history. The neighboring Staten some of New York’s finest architects. Since that borough, but it can provide for an in- Island Supreme Courthouse (18 Richmond 1976, Snug Harbor has served as a center for teresting excursion and offer a different per- Terr.), also designed by Carrere and Hastings the visual and performing arts. Visitors can spective on New York life and history. and opened in 1919, provides a neoclas- roam the grounds and explore such institu- sical contrast, with its six giant Corinthian tions as the Staten Island Botanical Garden columns. (718-273-8200, www.sibg.org) with its Peter J. Wosh is the director of the Archives and AHA visitors with limited schedules noted New York Chinese Scholars’ Garden; Public History graduate program in the his- might make best use of their time exploring the Noble Maritime Collection (718-447- tory department at New York University. His one or two nearby historic sites. The Alice 6490, www.noblemaritime.org), which seeks most recent book is Covenant House: Jour- Austen House (2 Hylan Blvd., 718-816- to preserve art and artifacts concerning the ney of a Faith-Based Charity (University of 4506, www.aliceausten.org) is located two distinguished marine artist John A. Noble; Pennsylvania Press, 2005) and he is currently miles south of the ferry terminal, and can and Art Lab (718-447-8667, www.artlab. researching a history of Manhattan College in be reached by a 15-minute bus ride. Take info), a school of fine and applied art that the Bronx. He is a member of the Local Ar- the S51 bus from the ferry terminal to the offers public exhibitions and programming. rangements Committee. corner of Bay Street and Hylan Boulevard and walk one block east to the water. Alice Austen (1866–1952) emerged as one of the most important documentary photogra- Task Force on phers on the New York scene during the late 19th century, and became one of the first women photographers in the United States Disability to work outside a studio. Her natural curios- ity and eclectic interests resulted in images he AHA’s Professional Division January 3, from 2:30–4:30 p.m. in that offer remarkable insight into New York Tand members of the joint AHA the Hilton’s Gramercy Suite B. On cultural history. She captured the social life and Disability History Association Task Monday, January 5, from 11 a.m.–1 and leisure pastimes of her upper-middle- Force on Disability are gathering infor- p.m., a session entitled “From Warfare class female friends and acquaintances, ex- mation for an upcoming report. David to Welfare: A Transnational History of tensively documented government process- J. Weber (Southern Methodist Univ. Disability in the World War II Era” will ing of immigrants at the Quarantine Station and vice president, AHA Professional take place in the Hilton’s Gibson Suite. just south of her home, and photographed Division) and Catherine J. Kudlick The AHA Local Arrangements street people and local characters ranging (Univ. of California at Davis and char, Committee has organized a tour of the from fishmongers to newsboys. Her house, Disability History Association) will Helen Keller Archives at the American named Clear Comfort, was built in 1690 chair an Open Forum on Disability Institute for the Blind. Helen Selsdon, but modified over the course of the 19th on Saturday, January 3 from 4:45–6 an expert on Keller, will lead a tour and 20th centuries. It sits virtually beneath p.m. in the Hilton’s Hudson Suite. We of the collection, which documents the Verrazano Narrows Bridge, on bluffs invite historians with disabilities, de- Keller’s life and her advocacy for full overlooking New York Bay, and its exhibits partment chairs, directors of graduate social participation for people with document Alice Austen’s life and times. The studies, members of search commit- vision loss. The tour is scheduled for museum is open all year, Thursday–Sunday, tees, graduate students, and anyone Monday, January 5, from 10:30 to from noon–5 p.m. Suggested donation $2. interested in fair and open access to 12:30 p.m.; advance registration is Snug Harbor Cultural Center (1000 the profession to discuss professional required. See www.historians.org/ Richmond Terr., 718-448-2500, www.snug- issues relating to disability. annual/registration.htm for details. harbor.org) offers another interesting option. Kudlick will discuss “‘Disclosure’ as The AHA is committed to increasing Take the S40 bus from the ferry terminal an Issue for People with Disabilities” the presence of disability history on the along Richmond Terrace for approximately at a session on “Discrimination/Ha- annual meeting program. The task force 10 minutes and tell the bus driver that you rassment on the Job” sponsored by the invites colleagues to submit propos- want to exit at Snug Harbor. Established in AHA Professional Division, the AHA als for the 2010 annual meeting in San the early 19th century as a rest home for Committee on Minority Historians, Diego; see www.historians.org/annual/ “aged, decrepit, and worn out sailors,” this the AHA Task Force on Disability, proposals.htm for the call for propos- 83-acre site included 50 structures by 1900. the Committee on Lesbian and Gay als and information on the submission It developed into a sprawling philanthropic History, and the Coordinating Council process. institution that housed enterprises ranging for Women in History on Saturday, from a working dairy farm to a music hall —Debbie Ann Doyle to a sanitarium. Its 28 landmark buildings,

48 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 49 New York City and Historians One Local’s Suggestions for Downtown Restaurants By Marci Reaven

ere are one local’s suggestions to Crema (111 W. 17th St. between 6th and Sociedad Española de Socorros Mutuos. help meeting attendees narrow 7th Ave., 212-691-4477, www.cremares- Lunch and dinner. Reservations. Hdown their restaurant choices. taurante.com). Gourmet Mexican. Lunch, Maroons (244 W. 16th St. between 7th All are a short subway or cab trip from the dinner, brunch. Reservations. and 8th Ave., 212-206-8640, www.maroon- meeting hotels and offer good food and Crispo (240 W. 14th St. between 7th and snyc.com). Jamaican and American southern. welcoming ambiance. Prices are “New York 8th Ave., 212-229-1818, www.crisporestau- Lunch (Tuesday–Saturday), dinner, Sunday City” low moderate to high moderate. Make rant.com). Italian. Dinner only. Reservations. jazz brunch. Reservations. Large space. reservations whenever possible, and double- Gavroche (212 W. 14th St. between Safran (88 7th Ave. between 15th and check cash and credit card policies. Online 7th and 8th Ave., 212-647-8553, www. 16th St., 212-929-1778, www.safran88. menus and/or reviews are available for most. gavroche-ny.com). French country. Lunch, com). French Vietnamese. Lunch, dinner. Downtown restaurants tend to be small, so dinner, Sunday brunch. Closed Monday. larger spaces for groups are noted. All are Reservations. Greenwich Village located in areas with many other restaurants La Luncheonette (130 10th Ave. at 18th Cornelia Street Restaurant Row (between to choose from. St., 212-675-0342). French bistro. Lunch, Bleecker and W. 4th St.) dinner, weekend brunch. Reservations. Cornelia St. Café (29 Cornelia St., 212- Chelsea (Located near Chelsea art galleries.) 989-9319, www.corneliastreetcafe.com). Chelsea Market (75 9th Ave. between La Nacional (239 W. 14th between 7th Cosmopolitan menu. Breakfast, lunch, 15th and 16th St., www.chelseamarket. and 8th Ave., 212-243-9308, www.lanacio- dinner, and weekend brunch. Bar, restaurant, com). Food shops and market in a nicely naltapas.com). Spanish tapas and paella in cabaret, and downstairs performance space. reused Nabisco factory. Eat lunch where the a restaurant that survives from the “Little Reservations only for dinner and for shows locals eat. Spain” district, established c. 1930 by the downstairs. Large space.

Saturday, January 3, 5:30–6:30 p.m. Graduate and Early Open Forums Career Committee Hilton New York, Concourse G Saturday, January 3, 4:45–6:00 p.m. The AHA Graduate and Early Career Saturday, January 3, 1:00–2:00 p.m. Open Forum on Disability Committee invites graduate students Meet the Editors and Staff of the Hilton New York, Hudson Suite and early-career professionals to a forum American Historican Review Members of the AHA’s Professional to discuss issues of common interest. Hilton New York, Nassau Suite B Division and the Task Force on Chair: Elise S. Lipkowitz, What do you want from the flagship Disability are gathering information for Northwestern University an upcoming report. We invite historians journal of the American Historical Asso- with disabilities, department chairs, ciation? The editors and staff of the AHR Sunday, January 4, 12:15–1:45 p.m. directors of graduate studies, members invite members to attend an informal, Public History Open Forum of search committees, graduate students, open session to express their views on the Hilton New York, Madison Suite and anyone interested in fair and open journal. We are prepared to offer advice access to the profession to discuss Sponsored by the AHA Professional on how members might best prepare professional issues relating to disability. Division articles for submission and tell them Chair: David J. Weber, Southern Meth- Chairs: Kristin L. Ahlberg, U.S. De- what they should expect from the review odist University and vice president, partment of State, Office of the His- process. Most importantly, we are eager AHA Professional Division torian; Trudy H. Peterson, Consulting to hear what you have to say. Comment: Catherine J. Kudlick, Uni- Archivist. Presiding: Robert A. Schneider, Indiana versity of California at Davis and chair, University Disability History Assocaition

50 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 51 Home (20 Cornelia St., 212-243-9579, Café Orlin (41 St. Marks Pl., 212-777- Soba Ya (229 E. 9th St., 212-533-6966, www.homerestaurantnyc.com). American 1447). Cosmopolitan café fare. Breakfast, www.sobaya-nyc.com). Japanese noodle traditional. Lunch, dinner, weekend brunch. lunch, dinner, and weekend brunch. No res- house. Lunch and dinner. No reservations. Reservations. ervations (except for large groups for weekday Cha An (230 E. 9th St., 212-228-8030). Le Gigot (18 Cornelia St., 212-627-3737, lunch). No American Express. Japanese tea house. No Reservations. www.legigotrestaurant.com). French bistro. Café Mogodor (101 St. Marks Pl., There are many other restaurants south of Lunch, dinner, weekend brunch. Closed 212-677-2226, www.cafemogador.com). between Eldridge and Clinton Monday. Reservations. Moroccan. Breakfast, lunch, dinner, and Streets. Pearl Oyster Bar (18 Cornelia St., 212- weekend brunch. No reservations for dinner Noho 691-8211, www.pearloysterbar.com). Friday and Saturday. Seafood. Lunch Monday–Friday, dinner Five Points Restaurant (31 Great Jones Casa Adela (66 Ave. C, 212-473-1882). Monday–Saturday, closed Sunday. No reser- St., 212-253-5700, www.fivepointsrestau- Puerto Rican. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner. vations. No American Express. rant.com) Seasonal/Mediterranean. Lunch, Cash only (inexpensive). Po (31 Cornelia St., 212-645-2189, www. dinner, Saturday and Sunday brunch. Res- porestaurant.com). Italian. Lunch (Wednes- Frank (88 2nd Ave., 212-420-0202, ervations. Large space. day–Sunday) and dinner. Reservations. www.frankrestaurant.com). Italian. Lunch, Quartino Bottega Organica (11 Bleecker (On the site of Caffe Cino, the first off-off- dinner, and weekend brunch. Reservations St., 212-529-5133). Italian. Lunch, dinner, Broadway venue.) for groups of eight or more. Also runs Lil’ and weekend brunch. Reservations. Gotham Bar and Grill (12 E. 12th St., Frankie’s Pizza (19 1st Ave., 212-420-4900, 212-620-4020, www.gothambarandgrill. www.lilfrankies.com). Both cash only. Soho com). American contemporary. Weekday Grand Sichuan International (21 St. lunch and dinner, weekend dinner. Reserva- Balthazar (80 Spring St., 212-965-1414, Marks Pl. at 8th St., 212-529-4805, www. tions. Large space, more formal. www.balthazarny.com). French bistro. thegrandsichuan.com). Chinese. Reserva- Knickerbocker Bar and Grill (33 Univer- Breakfast, lunch, dinner, and weekend tions. Large space. (On the site of Electric sity Pl., 212-228-8490, www.knickerbocker- brunch. Reservations. Large space. Circus, a rock concert hall in the 1960s.) barandgrill.com). American contemporary. Cendrillon (45 Mercer St., 212-343- Live jazz on weekend nights begins 9:45 p.m. Katz’s (205 E. Houston, 212-254-2246, 9012, www.cendrillon.com). Filipino/Pan Lunch and dinner. Reservations. Large space. www.katzdeli.com). Jewish deli. Breakfast, Asian. Lunch, dinner, and weekend brunch. Market Table (54 Carmine St., 212-255- lunch, and dinner. No reservations. (Worth Closed Mondays. Reservations. (Proprietors 2100, www.markettablenyc.com). American a trip for the old-time interior.) For better and chef are students of the cuisine.) contemporary market/restaurant. Lunch, food in a less interesting space, try the 2nd Savoy (70 Prince St., 212-219-8570, dinner, and weekend brunch. Reservations. Ave. Deli, (162 E. 33rd St. between Lexing- www.savoynyc.com). Seasonal/American. Marquet Patisserie (15 E. 12th St., 212- ton and 3rd Ave., 212-677-0606), recently Lunch and dinner. Reservations. 229-9313). French café and bakery (wine moved from the East Village. Kosher. Break- too). Lunch and dinner, but closes Sunday at fast, lunch, and dinner. No reservations. 4 p.m. and Monday at 6 p.m. Reservations. LaVagna (545 E. 5th St., 212-979-1005, (120 Broadway, 212-964-2525, In the Village and in the mood for historical www.lavagnanyc.com). Italian. Dinner only. www.davidbouley.com). French. Higher nightspots? Visit the Village Vanguard, the Reservations. than moderate, but to splurge at one of New city’s longest-running jazz club (178 7th Ave. York City’s best, consider the lunch tasting Pylos (128 E. 7th St., 212-473-0220, S., 212-255-4037, www. villagevanguard. menu at $38. Reservations. More formal. www.pylosrestaurant.com). Greek. Lunch com) reservations, no food. There are also Capsouto Frères (451 Washington St., (Wednesday–Sunday) and dinner. Reserva- two longstanding gay hangouts: Fedora’s bar 212-966-4900, www.capsoutofreres.com). tions. To eat Greek food in a Greek neighbor- and restaurant (239 W. 4th St. near Christo- French bistro. Lunch, dinner and weekend hood, try Uncle George’s (33-19 Broadway, pher), and Julius’ bar (men), 159 W. 10th St. brunch. Reservations. Large space. Astoria, 718-626-0593, www.unclegeorges. (between Waverly and 7th Ave. S.). All three Landmarc (179 W. Broadway, 212 us). Open 24 hours. Cash only. places offer a walk back in time. 343-3883, www.landmarc-restaurant.com) E. 9th Street Japanese French bistro. Lunch weekdays, dinner, and East Village and the weekend brunch. Known for low mark-ups Lower East Side Hasaki (210 E. 9th St., 212-473-3327, on great wines. Reservations for groups of six www.hasakinyc.com). Japanese sushi and or more. Angelica Kitchen (300 E. 12th St., 212- more. Lunch and dinner. No reservations. Marci Reaven is a public historian and man- 228-2909, www.angelicakitchen.com). (Note: sushi restaurant nearby is not same aging director of City Lore, where she directs Vegan /macrobiotic. Lunch and dinner. No quality.) the Place Matters project (www.placematters. reservations. Yakiniku West (218 E. 9th St., 212-979- net), and is a member of the Local Arrange- Cafecito (185 Ave. C, 212-253-9966, 9238). “Japanese rural steakhouse,” (tabletop ments Committee. She is the co-author of www.cafecitonyc.com). Cuban. Cash only cooking dishes recommended). Good for Hidden New York: A Guide to Places that (inexpensive). groups. No reservations. Matter (Rutgers University Press, 2006).

50 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 51 The 123rd Annual Meeting Schedule of AHA Presidential Sessions

Fri., Jan. 2, 1:00–3:00 p.m. Sun., Jan. 4, 9:00–11:00 a.m. 1. Catastrophe and Transformation 100. Return To Reality? Some Contexts in Current Historiography Hilton New York, West Ballroom Hilton New York, West Ballroom Chair: Michael Geyer, Univ. of Chicago. Chair: David Gary Shaw, Wesleyan Univ. Papers: The Catastrophe That Wasn’t: The Collapse of Segregation in the Papers: Are Historical Periods Real? by Michael Bentley, Univ. of St. Andrews; American South by Jane Dailey, Univ. of Chicago; Memorial Landscapes and “Sources” and the Reality of “Common Knowledge” by Eelco Runia, Univ. of the Taming of Catastrophe by Thomas W. Laqueur, Univ. of California at Groningen; Against Incommensurable Epistemes in History: The “Messy Multi- Berkeley; What Does It Mean to Be Deprived of Meaning? by Jonathan Lear, plicity of Meanings” and Historical Reality by John H. Zammito, Rice Univ.; Univ. of Chicago.; Comment: Ruth Leys, Johns Hopkins Univ. Comment: Mary Poovey, New York Univ.

Fri., Jan. 2, 3:30–5:30 p.m. Sun., Jan. 4, 11:30 a.m.–1:30 p.m. 26. Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation, 125. Global Humanity Hilton New York, West Ballroom by William H. Sewell Jr. Chair: Dominic Sachsenmaier, Duke Univ. Hilton New York, West Ballroom Papers: Humanity in a Global Epoch by Bruce Mazlish, Massachusetts Insti- Chair: Bonnie G. Smith, Rutgers Univ.-New Brunswick tute of Technology; The West and Its Search for Common Humanity by John Panel: Keith M. Baker, Stanford Univ.; Geoff Eley, Univ. of Michigan; Headley, Univ. of North Carolina; Humanity, Nationality, or Race? The En- Alice Kessler-Harris, Columbia Univ.; Andrew Sartori, New York Univ.; tangled Histories of Human Rights, Forced Deportations, Civilizing Missions by Comment: William H. Sewell Jr., Univ. of Chicago Eric D. Weitz, Univ. of Minnesota; Comment: Akira Iriye, Harvard Univ. Sat., Jan. 3, 9:30–11:30 a.m. Sun., January 4, 2:30–4:30 p.m. 52. The Deferred Violence of Decolonization 151. National History in an Age of Globalization: Sheraton New York, Metropolitan Ballroom East Joint session with the National History Center The Case of Medieval France Chair: Wm. Roger Louis, Univ. of Texas at Austin . Sheraton New York, New York Ballroom East Chair: Brigitte M. Bedos-Rezak, New York Univ. Papers: Algeria by Matthew Connelly, Columbia Univ.; The Congo by Papers: Historiae David Newbury, Smith College ; Kenya by Caroline M. Elkins, Harvard History, Identity, and the First French Text: Nithard’s and Univ. ; Comment: John S. Darwin, Oxford Univ. the Politics of Value by Courtney M. Booker, Univ. of British Columbia; Kingdom and Christendom. The Historiographical Legacy of Georges Duby 53. The Post-Postmodern Middle Ages by Dominique Iogna-Prat, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Hilton New York, West Ballroom Saracen Paris by Sharon Farmer, Univ. of California at Santa Barbara; Comment: Peter N. Miller, Bard Graduate Center Chair: Sara G. Lipton, Stony Brook Univ.. Papers: Ecclesiastical History: Has It Lost Its Plot? by Sarah Foot, Oxford 152. History, Museums, and the Politics of Memory: The Congo Univ.; Sex and Gender: The Post-Postmodern Variants by Nancy F. Partner, in Belgium after King Leopold’s Ghost McGill Univ.; Past/Present: Postmodernity and Historical Knowledge by Sheraton New York, New York Ballroom West Robert M. Stein, Purchase College and Columbia Univ.; Comment:The Chair: Debora Silverman, Univ. of California at Los Angeles Audience Papers: Reflections on the Writing and Reception of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa by Adam Hochschild, San Sat., Jan. 3, 2:30–4:30 p.m. Francisco, California; The Violence of Collecting: Objects, Images, and People 76. Historians, Missionaries, and Expanded Horizon from Colonial Congo by Boris Wastiau, Museum of Ethnography, Geneva; Hilton New York, West Ballroom “The Congo I Presume”: Tepid Revisionism at the Belgian Royal Museum of Chair: Pier M. Larson, Johns Hopkins Univ. Central Africa, Tervuren, 1910–2005 by Debora Silverman, Univ. of California Paper: Historians and Asia: The Missionary Matrix of a Historio- at Los Angeles; Comment: Edward G. Berenson, New York Univ. graphical Revolution by David A. Hollinger, Univ. of California at Berkeley; Comment: Dorothy Ross, Johns Hopkins Univ., Jonathan D. Mon., Jan. 5, 8:30–10:30 a.m. Spence, Yale Univ., Grant Wacker, Duke Univ. 179. The Other Middle Ages: New Developments in 77. History As Recrimination Byzantine Studies Sheraton New York, New York Ballroom East Sheraton New York, Metropolitan Ballroom East Chair: Judith Herrin, King’s College London. Chair: David Nirenberg, Univ. of Chicago. Papers: Writing a History of the Unlettered in Byzantium by Sharon Gerstel, Papers: Resentment and Recrimination in Cote d’Ivoire’s “Second War of In- Univ. of California at Los Angeles; Strong Flesh, Weak Spirit: New Approaches dependence” by Mike McGovern, Yale Univ.; “Provoking Us into Provoking to Medicine and Charity in Byzantium by Dionysios Stathakopoulos, King’s You”: Recrimination, Recursive Politics, and the Historiography of the Israel/ College London; Social Networking in Byzantium: Brotherhood by Arrange- Palestine Conflict by Daniel Bertrand Monk, Colgate Univ.; Mythologizing ment by Claudia Rapp, Univ. of California at Los Angeles; Comment: Sectarianism in the Modern Middle East by Ussama Makdisi, Rice Univ.; Comment: Margaret L. Anderson, Univ. of California at Berkeley Barbara H. Rosenwein, Loyola Univ. Chicago. Mon., Jan. 5, 11:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. 205. Political Theologies Hilton New York, Trianon Ballroom Chair: Hent De Vries, Johns Hopkins Univ. Papers: Principalities and Powers by Dale Martin, Yale Univ.; Spinoza and Secular Mythologies by Yitzhak Melamed, Johns Hopkins Univ.; The Theology of Religious Freedom by Saba Mahmood, Univ. of California at Berkeley

52 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 53 New York City and Historians “Have You Eaten Yet?” A Short History of Chinatown Restaurants By Cynthia Lee

hinese restaurants, the first discovered that the key to success rested in included char siu bao (roast pork buns), sui introduction to Chinese culture striking a balance between the “exotic” and mai (steamed ground pork or fish balls), lo Cfor many Americans, have been the “familiar”—developing a cuisine that is bok go (square fried turnip cakes), and ha gao an important influence in American dining different enough from the mainstream to be (steamed shrimp balls). over the past 150 years, becoming a major considered unique and desirable, and yet close economic force among Chinese Americans enough to American norms to be considered Nixon Goes to China and a common sight in communities across “edible.” Chop suey, a dish catering to non- the country. Food is such a large part of Chinese customers, exemplified this balance. merica’s Chinese food remained pre- Chinese culture that people commonly greet By the early 20th century, Chinese restaurant Adominantly Cantonese until Nixon’s one another with the question, “Have you owners in New York began to seek patrons visit to China in 1972, which revived eaten yet?” rather than “How are you?” outside their own neighborhood. In 1885, interest in things Chinese. New immi- there were six restaurants in Chinatown. By grants began to arrive from China as a America’s First 1903, there were over a hundred chop suey result of the 1965 Immigration Reform Chinese Restaurants establishments in New York, and dining on Act and the normalization of U.S.-China chop suey had become a popular late-night relations. Many opened restaurants as a he immigrants who first transplanted activity. Nom Wah Tea Parlor (13-15 Doyers way to make a living, and Chinese restau- Chinese cuisine to the New World were T St.), which opened in the mid 1920s, is one rants mushroomed in the 1970s in both not experienced chefs or restaurant operators. such example. It was also a bachelor society cities and small towns. More Americans They fed an overwhelmingly young, male hang-out where men ate dim sum and played than ever were introduced to Chinese food immigrant population in Chinese settle- mahjong. The restaurant is still in operation from the four major culinary regions of ments, offering familiar food to members of today and is timeless in its appearance—from China (Northern, Southern, Eastern, and the “bachelor society” created by exclusion- the old, worn red booths to the homemade Western), including Shanghai, Szechuan, ary immigration laws. During the period of almond cookies. Some of the favorites and Hunan. Some of the new restaurants anti-Chinese violence and institutionalized discrimination, as Chinese were driven out of rural areas and more lucrative occupations, the restaurant business remained as one of Sign Interpreting the few labor-intensive, low-paying ways to In order to make the necessary arrangements, hearing-im- make a living. Once the Chinese population paired members who will need sign-interpreting service at the was reduced by the 1882 Chinese Exclusion AHA annual meeting must notify the Headquarters Office Act and perceived as exotic rather than as a and register for the meeting by December 5, 2008. After reviewing the program, threat, entrepreneurial immigrants responded but not later than December 5, members who have made such requests should by opening Chinese restaurants that catered inform Headquarters of the sessions they plan to attend. Please contact Sharon K. to the curiosity and tastes of the dominant Tune, Convention Director, AHA, 400 A Street SE, Washington, DC 20003, by culture. A visit to Chinatown and its restau- December 1; [email protected]. rants, with their opulent interiors, was con- sidered a convenient and inexpensive trip Headquarters will then, with the assistance of the Local Arrangements Commit- to “the Orient” by a curious, non-Chinese tee and the Registry of Interpreters, secure the services of appropriate interpreters. clientele. The AHA will assume the cost for up to nine hours of interpreting service or a maximum of $400 per member, whichever is less. Chop Suey In addition, an interpreter will be provided for the General Meeting (Sunday, January espite their marginalized status in the 4, 8:30 p.m.) and the Annual Business Meeting (Sunday, January 4, 4:45 p.m.). DUnited States, Chinese Americans, like For more information on accommodations for persons with disabilities, please refer many ethnic groups, drew upon their cultural to the article in the October, 2008 issue of Perspectives on History (also available assets and culinary traditions for economic online at www.historians.org/Perspectives/issues/2008/0810/0810ann3.cfm.). benefit and survival. Restaurant owners

52 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 53 competed with mainstreamThe restaurants 123 forrd Chinatown, Annual and needed Meeting an inexpensive For many Chinese immigrants, Chinese an upscale clientele. At Shanghai Cafe (100 way to feed their families at the end of a restaurants have represented hard work and Mott St.) try the “soup dumplings”—shaped long work day. Restaurants offered dishes long hours for low pay, but also economic like traditional moneybags and filled inside tailored to the particular needs and tastes of opportunity and a place to maintain con- with pork or crab meat and soup. Shanghai this growing community, such as the ready- nections with a life left behind in the old dishes are perhaps the most sophisticated of to-eat roasted meats and poultry often seen country. For many non-Chinese, a Chinese all Chinese cuisine because the region has hanging in restaurant windows. Big Wong’s restaurant may have been their first culinary historically been the most prosperous in (67 Mott St.) is a perennial favorite best adventure and their first connection with China. The dishes tend to be sweet and/ known for its roasted meats prepared each Chinese American people and culture. In or oily, symbolizing opulence because sugar morning. Farther east on East Broadway is this way, Chinese restaurants have helped and oil were both precious commodities, the core of the new Fujianese immigrant broaden notions of what it means to be an unaffordable to common folks. community, with restaurants known for American and also what it means to “eat With the influx of working-class Chinese their seafood and noodle soups. Try Nam like an American.” The following food es- people after 1965, more Chinatown res- Zhou Hand Made Noodle and Dumpling tablishments are examples of how evolving taurants sprang up to cater to these new Place (144 E. Broadway) where you can Chinese foodways are continuing to influ- patrons. Many of the new arrivals worked in choose your own toppings over a hot bowl ence American tastes. the garment industry located in and around of noodle soup. TenRen Tea (75 Mott St.) is one of the largest tea importers in the United States, offering a large assortment of teas from the Some Affordable Restaurants Within most expensive but finest semi-fermented Green Tung Ting Oolong at $100/pound to a Few Blocks of the Meeting Hotels simple fermented black tea at $5.75/pound. Next door is TenRen’s Tea Time (79 Astro Restaurant, 1361 6th Ave. and 56th St.) 212-245-7722. Large se- Mott St.) which serves bubble tea—chilled (between 55th and 56th St.) Diner lection of prepared sandwiches, soups, tea with fruit syrups and tapioca balls. It food. and salads. became an instant success in Taiwan in the eighties, especially among school children, Bann Korean, 350 W. 50th St. Kang Suh, 1250 Broadway (at 32nd (between 8th and 9th St.) in the St.), 212-564-6845. Cook your own because it was a drink and snack in one. Worldwide Plaza building, 212-582- barbeque on a gas grill at this Kore- The term “bubble tea” refers to the foamy 4446. Asian fusion, quiet, a little atown restaurant. bubbles formed when the chilled tea with flavoring is shaken and blended. pricey. The food is great. Molyvos, 871 Seventh Ave. Chinatown Ice Cream Factory (65 B. Smith, 320 W. 46th St. (between (between 55th and 56th St.) 212- Bayard Street). The Seid family wanted to 8th and 9th Ave.) 212-315-1100. An 582-7500. One of the best and most outpost of the Washington, D.C., res- varied Greek restaurants in New open a neighborhood ice cream shop (an taurant famous for Southern food, it York. Moderate to expensive, though unconventional idea in 1978 Chinatown) also is the place for great soups and the appetizers and salads make a that would offer friendly, bilingual service salads on a cold day in January. Mod- meal in themselves for a reasonably and culturally inspired flavors. The results erately priced. priced lunch or dinner. Plenty of room are such favorites as mango, lychee, taro, The Carnegie Deli, 854 7th Ave. for large groups. and red bean, among many others. (at 55th St.) 212-757-2245. An old- Pam Real Thai Encore, 402 W. Fa Da Bakery (83 Mott St.) is an example school New York delicatessen. The 47th St. (at 9th Ave.) 212-315-4441. of one of the many bakeries in Chinatown mushroom and barley soup will satisfy One of the best of the numerous Thai that sell both savory and sweet treats— the most thrifty vegetarian. and other restaurants in this section of from roast pork buns to egg custard tarts to Cho Dang Gol, 55 W. 35th St., Hell’s Kitchen. birthday cakes filled with real fruit. While 212-695-8222. A Korean restaurant Chinese desserts tend to be less sweet, the Two Boots Pizza, 30 Rockefeller specializing in homemade tofu. Plaza, 212-332-8800. coffee served here is creamier and sweeter Daisy May’s BBQ, 623 11th Ave. than American coffee. Try the yin-yang (half ‘wichcraft, 1 Rockefeller Plaza, 212- (at 46th St.), 212-977-1500. coffee-half tea) if you’re in the mood for a 780-0577 Guantanamera, 1939 8th Ave. new caffeinated beverage. (between 55th and 56th St.), 212- Many fast food places and street 262-5354. Inexpensive, varied and vendors near the meeting hotels cater Cynthia Lee is the vice president of exhibi- delicious appetizers, hefty meals, to the rushed and thrifty. The Midtown tions, programs and collections at the Museum and Caribbean drinks. Music in the Lunch blog (midtownlunch.com) lists of Chinese in America (MOCA) in New York evenings. numerous inexpensive neighborhood City, and co-curator of the exhibition Have eateries. Ernest Klein & Company Super- You Eaten Yet?: The Chinese Restaurant in market, 1366 6th Ave. (between 55th —D. Doyle, T. Kaplan, L. Vapnek America. She is a member of the Local Ar- rangements Committee.

54 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 55 New York City and Historians Cheap Eats in New York City

By Suzanne Wasserman

ew Yorkers spend exorbitant 212-475-4880, www.russanddaughters.com). 941-1818, www.congeevillagerestaurants. amounts of money on rent and Owned by the same family for four genera- com), near the border between Chinatown Nmortgages. But luckily, we can eat tions, this appetizing store is a New York City and the Lower East Side, is one of New cheaply and abundantly, particularly in the gem. The owner Mark Federman and his kin York’s premiere Cantonese restaurants. city’s ethnic enclaves. Here is an abbreviated sell , smoked fish, cream cheese, and In the East Village, stand-outs include the gastronomic tour of cheap eats in the five a host of other delicious treats. There is no Ukrainian coffee shop Veselka (144 2nd boroughs. (See box on p. 54 for cheap food place to sit in the store, but if it is not too cold Ave., 212-228-9682, www.veselka.com) within a few blocks of the meeting hotels.) you can sit outside on the benches down the and Little (200 2nd Ave., 212-777- block (in front of American Apparel). 9728). Each serves delicious, hearty soups Manhattan Market (120 Essex St., 212- like Ukrainian borscht and mushroom There are still a few places to experience 388-0449, www.essexstreetmarket.com) is barley. Or indulge in the handmade pierogi, the pre-gentrification Lower East Side. Two worth a side trip. Opened in 1940 to remove stuffed cabbage, or bigos (a hearty Ukrainian classics of New York City gastronomy are peddlers from the streets of the Lower East stew).You can eat like royalty for under $10. Katz’s Deli and Russ and Daughters Appe- Side, the market recently received a makeover Don’t forget to ask for an order of challah tizing Store. from the city’s Economic Development Cor- with butter. The sandwiches at Katz’s (205 E. Houston poration. It is a fascinating commercial space On , have dessert and an St., 212-254-2246, www.katzdeli.com) are that caters to local residents and visitors alike espresso at De Robertis Caffe (176 1st Ave., no longer cheap but each one can easily feed and should be a model for preserving the old 212-674-7137, www.derobertiscaffe.com). two. And you’re paying for an unforget- while welcoming the new. Closed Sundays. In the East Village since 1904, De Robertis’ table experience. Opened at this location in There are numerous delicious restaurants features delicious Italian pastries including 1888, Katz’s serves the best artery-clogging and bakeries in Chinatown. Try the pork cannoli, cassatine, and pignoli cookies. pastrami, corned beef, and specials in the buns at Lucky King (280 Grand St., 212- In the east 20’s on Lexington Avenue in world! Right down the block is the famous 219-8434) for just 80 cents apiece. The Murray Hill is the aptly named Curry Hill. Russ and Daughters (179 E. Houston St., popular Congee Village (100 Allen St., 212- (There are also Indian restaurants on East

History, the National Council on Public History, the New York Council for the AHA Receptions Humanities, the Department of History at New York University, and the Society for Saturday, Jan. 3, 5:30–7:00 p.m. other institutions and historians at the be- History in the Federal Government cordial- Reception for Two-Year Faculty ginning of their careers to meet with each ly invite public historians and anyone with Hilton New York, Murray Hill Suite B other and the Association’s leadership. an interest in public history to join them for informal conversation with colleagues. The AHA cordially invites faculty Sunday, January 4, 6:00–7:30 p.m. teaching at two-year and community Committee on Minority Sunday, January 4, 7:30–9:00 p.m. colleges to attend a reception to meet Historians’ Reception each other and to discuss informally Part-time and Adjunct Reception Hilton New York, Madison Suite how the Association might better serve Hilton New York, Gibson Suite their needs. The CMH cordially invites minority The AHA Professional Division invites scholars, graduate students, and others to part-time and adjunct faculty to join Saturday, Jan. 3, 6:30–8:00 p.m. meet colleagues and AHA officers. them to talk about how concerns can Graduate Students and Early Career be addressed. Committee Sunday, January 4, 6:00–7:30 p.m. Hilton New York, Concourse A Public History Reception The AHA’s Graduate and Early Career Hilton New York, Clinton Suite Committee cordially invites graduate The AHA’s Professional Division, the students to meet fellow students from American Association for State and Local

54 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 55 6th Street in the EastThe Village). There123 arerd InAnnual Chelsea, La Taza DeMeeting Oro (96 8th Ave., Before it is all lost to redevelopment, take plenty of good choices for vegetarians and 212-243-9946) serves fantastic Puerto Rican the F train to Coney Island to buy a hot dog carnivores alike. If you want to sample South delights such as pernil (roast pork) or ropa and fries at Nathan’s Famous (1310 Surf Asian cuisine, visit Kaluystan’s grocery and vieja (shredded beef) accompanied by rice Ave., 718-946-2705, www.nathansfamous. spice store (123 Lexington Ave., 212-685- and beans. Order the flan for dessert. For com) and take a walk on the boardwalk. Or 3451, www.kalustyans.com). It’s worth it for Dominican food, travel all the way uptown visit the Sideshows by the Seashore. If freak the intoxicating smell alone. There are bins to Washington Heights. The neighborhood shows aren’t your thing, at least see Marie full of treats. Upstairs there is a little café. My was known as the Jewish Alps when it was Roberts’ wonderful sideshow banners on the favorites are the grapes leaves and samosas. home to refugees from the Holocaust (in- side of the building on West 12th Street off In the 30’s around 5th Avenue, in the cluding my father-in-law.) Now it is home Surf Avenue. After 27 years of living in New vicinity of the Empire State Building, the to a vibrant Dominican community. El York, this is still one of my favorite ways to CUNY Graduate Center, and Macy’s, lies Malecon (4141 Broadway, 212-927-3812) spend a Sunday afternoon. the heart of Koreatown. Mandoo Bar (2 is an excellent choice for arroz con pollo. Other Brooklyn favorites include the W. 32nd St., 212-279-3075) is a great place Mexican La Familia (938 4th Ave., 718- for pan fried dumplings (mandoo) and 832-7568) in Sunset Park for tortas and the bibimbop, a Korean-style rice dish stirred Other Boroughs Caribbean and soul food Soul Spot (302 in a stone pot at your table. Around the ost of the good cheap food in New Atlantic Ave., 718-596-9933, www.thesoul- corner, Bon Chon Chicken (314 5th Ave., MYork City is in the other boroughs— spot.com) for jerk chicken, candied yams, 212-221-2222) serves a mostly young, hip, Russian, Chinese, Caribbean, Mexican, and and collard greens. and under-30 Korean crowd the best fried Arabic among others. Here are a few high- In the Bronx, visit the Arthur Avenue chicken ever. Be prepared to wait. lights. Retail Market (2344 Arthur Ave., 718- 295-5033, www.arthuravenue.com). This enclosed market opened in 1940 in the heart of the Italian section of the Bronx. Mike’s Deli is famous for its mozzarella and freshly made hero sandwiches. Closed Sundays. Call for Volunteers Queens is a mecca for all things ethnic— there are communities of Greeks, Indians, Guyanese, Chinese, and Bukharin Jews from Interviewing in the Job Market Uzbekistan, each group with accompany- in the Twenty-First Century ing restaurants, taverns, and grocery stores. Astoria, although gentrifying, is the center he AHA needs volunteer interviewers to participate in the interview of Hellenic New York. Try Athens Tavern (23-01 31st St., 718-267-0800). workshop for scholars entering the job market to be held Saturday, January T Denino’s (524 Port Richmond Ave., 718- 3, 2009, 9:30–11:30 a.m. in the Hilton’s Trianon Ballroom. The workshop, 442-9401) on Staten Island has been run by sponsored by the AHA’s Professional Division, the AHA Graduate and Early the same family since 1937 and was recently Career Committee, and the Coordinating Council for Women in History, will voted one of the best pizza spots in New be chaired by David J. Weber (Southern Methodist Univ.), vice president of the York. It is hard to get to by public transpor- AHA’s Professional Division. tation, although taking the free Staten Island Ferry is one of the best NYC experiences. The informal discussions and mock interviews we offer at the workshop give Even though many of these establishments job candidates the chance to practice their interview skills and to receive advice have been around for decades, the only thing about how best to present themselves and their qualifications in the job market. you can truly count on in New York City is This is good for the candidates, good for hiring departments, and good for the change—trading rumors about restaurant profession. closings is a favorite local pastime. So check To make the workshop as useful as possible, it is essential to have a large first to make sure these gems are still open. If they are not, others will take their place. number of volunteer interviewers. Anyone who has sat on the hiring side of an interview would be an appropriate and helpful volunteer. We extend a special Suzanne Wasserman is a historian and award- invitation to recently hired PhDs and members of search committees who have winning filmmaker currently working on The previously conducted interviews at the AHA annual meeting. Your experience Sweatshop Cinderella, about the immigrant and expertise will be invaluable to current job candidates. writer Anzia Yezierska. She is the director of There is no preparation needed to participate. Simply show up between 9:00 the Gotham Center for New York City History at the City University of New York, Graduate and 9:15 a.m. at the appointed place Center. She is a member of the Local Arrange- ments Committee.

56 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 57 he Journals Division of the Johns T Hopkins University Press, publisher of Reviews in American History, extend our sincere

appreciation to outgoing editor Louis Masur of

Trinity College and to Associate Editor Kathleen

Feeley of the University of the Redlands for their

 years of outstanding service to the journal and

to our publishing program. We are also pleased

and honored to welcome Dr.  omas Slaughter,

Professor of History, the University of Rochester, as the new editor of Reviews in American History. We look forward to a long and fruitful relationship.

We Know History

he Johns Hopkins University Press is on developing engaging content, conferences, T the leading publisher of History journals and conversations. among all University Presses and has been for Join the JHUP family, and allow us to add value over  years. At JHUP, we want to be more than to your journal, increase its usage, and help you just your publisher—we want to be your partner. fi nd and keep subscriber-members. We will help you cultivate the most original ideas and research; we’ve been publishing scholarly For more information on the journals journals since . program at Hopkins, visit our website: http://press.jhu.edu/journals We take care of the business of publishing and association management so that you can focus

56 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 57 The Job Center Don’t Panic! Frequently Asked Questions about the Job Center By David Darlington

f you are a candidate on the history job Where will my interviews be? Under the Job Center Information Booth outside the market, or a search committee member, best of circumstances, search committees Rhinelander Gallery for that information. Ithen you already know that the Job will contact candidates prior to the annual About 10–15 minutes prior to their sched- Center (formerly known as the Job Register, meeting to discuss where the interview uled interview, candidates can head right up the “meet market,” or other less charitable will take place. If the search committee has to their interview room to wait. The search names) is the place to be. Here, search arranged space through the Job Center, the committee should have a chair outside committees connect with job candidates to interviews will be in one of two places. First, where candidates can wait while they finish collect c.v.’s and conduct interviews to fill if the search committee has arranged for a their previous interview. open positions in their departments. As the free table, the interview will be in the Hilton If a search committee will be conduct- hiring process can be a harrowing experience New York’s Rhinelander Gallery. Candi- ing interviews outside of official AHA Job for both search committees and candidates dates should just show up about 10–15 Center facilities, such as at a different hotel, even under the best of circumstances, here minutes before their scheduled interview to they are responsible to ensure a professional we provide a hopefully useful FAQ to make sign in with AHA staff and have a seat in environment. It is critical that candidates the experience a bit more pleasant. the waiting area, drink some water or coffee, acquire contact information (cell number, Do I need to be registered for the and try to relax and focus. If the search com- e-mail) from a member of the search com- annual meeting to use the Job Center? mittee has arranged for a private interview mittee beforehand in order to find out Yes, job candidates and all search commit- room through the Job Center, it will also be where the interview will take place. The Job tee members need to be registered for the in the Hilton New York. Upon arrival, can- Center Information Booth will have infor- meeting to use official Job Center facilities. didates should contact the search committee mation for all schools that reserved official There will be no exceptions. to find out where the room is, or visit the Job Center interview space, and it may also have information for schools interviewing New Name … Same Services outside of official AHA facilities, but some- times departments don’t provide that infor- The AHA Annual Meeting Job Register mation (some in fact make a habit of it). If is now known as the Job Center a candidate does not at least know the name of one search committee member, and the Candidates can … hotel he or she is staying at, the Job Center staff will be unable to assist them in finding v Locate their prearranged interviews the interview location. v Submit c.v.’s for open searches The Electronic Search Committee Locator v Watch bulletin boards for new positionss System, a monitor scrolling all known infor- Search Committees can … mation about searches being conducted at the meeting, also will be in the Hilton New v Reserve rooms or free tables for interviewing York’s Rhinelander Gallery, right next to the v Collect c.v.’s and schedule interviews on site Job Center Information Booth. It is updated v List locations of privately arranged rooms so candidates throughout the meeting by Job Center staff can easily find them as more information becomes known. v Advertise new positions for no cost on bulletin boards When is the Job Center open? Inter- view tables will be open Friday, January Reservation forms for rooms and tables will be posted on the AHA web site 2, 12:30–6 p.m. (prearranged interviews at http://www.historians.org/annual/2009/ on October 15. First come, first only); Saturday and Sunday, January 3 and served—so send in your reservations quickly! 4, 9 a.m.–6 p.m.; and Monday, January 5, For more information, contact Liz Townsend at [email protected] 9 a.m.–noon. The Job Center Information or David Darlington at (202) 544-2422, ext. 120. Booth is open during these same hours. Private interview rooms will be available

58 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 59 Friday, January 2, 1–5 p.m.; Saturday and lecting c.v.’s onsite), there is no guarantee fessionalism and a little bit of empathy go Sunday, January 3 and 4, 8 a.m.–5 p.m.; that a significant number of them will be in a long way. Candidates should be on time, and Monday, January 5, 8 a.m.–noon. a particular field (and the field breakdown dress appropriately, and try to relax. As a Is there free internet available to contact won’t be known until we get to New York). candidate, you want to present yourself as search committees/candidates? Yes. The Less popular fields may only have three or someone the search committee would like to Internet Center will be located in the four open searches. Popular fields such as have as a colleague! Dismissing a school out- Hilton New York’s Americas Hall II. You 20th-century United States will have many of-hand as “not on my career track” won’t will need to be registered for the annual open searches, but also many people sub- get you anywhere. Also, remember that meeting to use the Internet Center facilities. mitting c.v.’s. Of course, there are a host of search committees sometimes have to sit For other wireless options in New York, see other great experiences at the annual meeting through 50 or 60 interviews over a four-day this blog post from Elisabeth Grant at AHA beyond looking for a job, and we don’t want weekend to pick just one person to be their Today: http://blog.historians.org/annual- to discourage anyone from attending. Can- next colleague. Every year search committees meeting/628/free-wireless-internet-in-new- didates should weigh their chances of getting tell us “there are so many qualified histori- york. an interview versus the other benefits of at- ans” or “I wish we could hire them all!” It is What do candidates need to bring? One tending an annual meeting—browsing the natural to be anxious and pessimistic about of the services that the Job Center provides exhibit hall, attending sessions in their field, the Job Center, but thousands of historians is to collect c.v.’s for open searches. The C.V. pursuing professional development (such as have gone through the Job Center already, Collection Booth will be in the Hilton New attending our interviewing workshop), and and thousands more will in the future. York’s Rhinelander Gallery. Candidates may hearing about the latest historical research— Search committees, remember that you be able to get an interview by submitting and use their best judgment. were once in your candidates’ shoes. Insecu- their c.v. to an open search at the booth. What else do I need to know before rity about the future of one’s career is not a Candidates should bring multiple copies going through this? Candidates and inter- feeling anyone wants to experience. Respect of their c.v.’s and get them in early (Friday viewers alike should review the AHA’s Guide- your candidates by paying attention to their or Saturday), so the search committee has lines for the Hiring Process before the annual presentations and asking follow-up ques- time to review them and to schedule an in- meeting. Participants may also want to tions about their research. Be honest about terview. Candidates should remember that review the appropriate sections in the State- the status of the search, the committee’s many institutions leave before the end of ment on Standards of Professional Conduct. timeline for a decision, and the candidate’s the meeting, so getting a c.v. in later means Both documents are available on the AHA standing. Familiarize yourself with the fewer options. How many to bring is up to web site. Also, my AHA Today blog post AHA’s Statement on Standards of Professional the candidate—if you’re in a popular field, from August 2008, http://blog.historians. Conduct and treat your candidates as the you’ll obviously need more. We recommend org/from-archives/572/from-the-archives- colleagues they could become! candidates make their copies at home, guidelines-for-the-hiring-process, reviews Best of luck to everyone involved. See you because photocopying services at the hotel some of the Association’s other publications in New York. can be expensive. on the hiring process. David Darlington is associate editor of Per- Candidates should also bring dissertation Is it as bad as I’ve heard? Don’t panic, it spectives on History and is a co-manager of chapters, letters of recommendation, cover probably is not. In truth, a little bit of pro- the Job Center. letters, teaching evaluations, or any other supporting materials that search committees may require. Candidates should save those for their interviews, however, rather submit them at the C.V. Collection Booth. Search Attention Job Center committees collecting c.v.’s usually have many candidates to review (especially in Interviewers: popular fields), so too much paperwork may actually hurt rather than help. Candidates Interviewing in a privately reserved should save supporting materials to help suite? make their case at the interview. Candidates should also bring a notepad Your candidates may come to the Job Center to confirm their suite and pen (or electronic personal planner like number. a BlackBerry) for taking notes and writing Please inform Job Center staff of the field and location of your down interview locations, a cell phone so interviews by visiting the Information Booth in the Hilton New they can be reached, and business cards, if York, Rhinelander Gallery; e-mailing [email protected], available, for networking opportunities. Should I come if I don’t have any pre- or calling (571) 437-6609. arranged interviews? That’s up to the candidate. While there are usually 50 to 60 schools conducting open searches (col-

58 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 59 The Job Center AHA Guidelines for the Hiring Process

By the AHA Professional Division

n an effort to better serve members of to whether a position has actually been have established. It also means that job the AHA, and to promote the highest authorized or is contingent upon budgetary candidates should not schedule interviews Istandards of professional conduct in the or other administrative considerations. too close together. Appointments often run hiring process, we provide these guidelines 4. Candidates should seek interviews over the allotted times. for search committees and job candidates only for those jobs for which they are 3. Interviews should proceed in a manner qualified, and under no circumstances that respects the professional and personal General Criteria should they misrepresent their training integrity of candidates and interviewers. 1. Job discrimination is illegal. Interviewing or their qualifications. To do otherwise is Whenever possible, interviewing and hiring should be based solely on unprofessional and wastes the time and committees should include male and professional criteria. Interviewers should energy of everyone concerned. female representation. not ask questions about a candidate’s 5. All applications and inquiries for 4. Interviews should take place in a marital status or family, race or national a position should be acknowledged professional setting. The AHA strongly origin, age, or personal lifestyle. Candidates promptly and courteously (within two urges institutions interviewing at the may, however, volunteer such information weeks of receipt, if possible), and each AHA annual meeting to use the facilities in the course of their own inquiries about applicant should be informed as to the provided through the Job Center. the hiring institution, although this sort initial action on the application or inquiry. Beginning with the 2000 annual meeting of discussion is usually more appropriate No final decision should be made without in Chicago, the AHA has made special ar- during an on-campus interview than in considering all applications received before rangements with institutions conducting in- the preliminary stages of a candidacy. the closing date. terviews outside of designated Job Center fa- 2. All positions for historians should be 6. At all stages of a search, affirmative cilities. For more details, please see page the advertised in the Employment Information action/equal opportunity guidelines Job Center guidelines, which can be viewed Bulletin (classified ads) of Perspectives. If should be respected. and downloaded here. See “Interviews for hiring institutions intend to interview at 7. As candidates are eliminated, they Non-Job Register Facilities”* for guidelines the AHA annual meeting, they should should be notified promptly and for those conducting interviews outside of make every effort to advertise in the courteously. Some hiring institutions designated Job Center facilities. Perspectives issues for the fall months. notify all candidates when their search is The AHA discourages holding interviews 3. Advertisements for positions should completed. Unsuccessful candidates may in hotel bedrooms. If an interviewer thinks contain specific information regarding wish to ask how their chances might have it is necessary to use a facility outside the qualifications and clear indication as been improved. Hiring institutions often Job Center, the Association strongly advises respond helpfully to such inquiries but they that a parlor—rather than a sleeping—room are not obliged to disclose the reasoning be used, and that a third person always be For Further Reading: leading to their ultimate choices. present in the room with the candidate. Interviewers using facilities outside the Job The following online resources are Center bear sole responsibility for establish- also available: Interviews at the AHA Annual Meeting ing an appropriate professional atmosphere The AHA Job Advertising Policy and should take special care to ensure that www.historians.org/support 1. All participants in an interview should all interviews are conducted courteously and ADPOLICY.htm. be prompt, efficient, and courteous. in a proper and professional manner. Job candidates should bring a sufficient If for any reason the interviewers choose not The AHA Statement on Standards of Pro- supply of c.v.’s and writing implements to to take advantage of the AHA facilities, they fessional Conduct the meeting. should be specific when making other arrange- www.historians.org/pubs/Free/Pro- ments. Let the candidates know when, where, fessionalStandards.cfm 2. Interviews should take place on time, and candidates should be allowed enough time and with whom they will be meeting. Provide The AHA statement, Best Practices on in interviews to develop their candidacies in this information to the Job Center staff, who Spousal/Partner Hiring some depth. This means that interviewers will then make it available to candidates. www.historians.org/perspectives/eib/ have to watch the time carefully, and try * Please Note: The Job Center was formerly spouse.cfm to avoid departing from the schedule they called the Job Register.

60 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 61 Exhibit Hall Exhibitors’ Index The following list of 2009 Annual Meeting exhibitors has been updated from the Exhibitors’ Index printed on pages 155–156 of the 2009 Annual Meeting Program:

Na m e o f Ex h i b i to r Bo o t h # Na m e o f Ex h i b i to r Bo o t h #

Adam Matthew Digital 283 Harvard University Press 218, 219

Africa World Press 270 Hill & Wang 266

Alexander Street Press 238 Indiana University Press 215

American Historical Association 419 Intercollegiate Studies Institute 493

American Institute for History Education 274, 275 Johns Hopkins University Press, The 412, 413

Arcadia Publishing 494 JSTOR 245

Ashgate Publishing 490, 491 Kent State University Press 452

Athabasca University Press 296 LexisNexis 297

Ayn Rand Institute 224 LSU Press 224 Bedford/St. Martin’s 262, 263, 264 Macmillan 265 Berghahn Books 216 Markus Wiener Publishers 271 BRILL 437 McGill-Queens University Press 295 Cambria Press 278 McGraw-Hill Higher Education 209, 210 Cambridge University Press 232, 233, 234 Nation, The 282 Columbia University Press 460, 461 National Archives Conference of Historical Journals 421 & Records Administration 400, 401

Consortium Book Sales & Distribution 237 National Library of Medicine 284

Continuum Publishing 213 National Research Council Cornell University Press 420 of the National Academies 422

Council for International New Press, The 294 Exchange of Scholars 257 New York University Press 291

Duke University Press 434, 435 Northern Illinois University Press 405

EBSCO Publishing 436 Ohio University Press 242 Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co. 451 Omohundro Institute of Gale Cengage Learning 288, 289 Early American History & Culture 408

Hackett Publishing Co. 220 Oxford University Press 200, 201, 202, 203, 204

Harlan Davidson, Inc. 251 Palgrave Macmillan 267, 268

HarperCollins Publishers 424, 425 Pearson 252, 253, 254, 255

60 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 61 Na m e o f Ex h i b i to r The 123rd AnnualBo o t h # MeetingNa m e o f Ex h i b i to r Bo o t h #

Penguin Group (USA) 228, 229 University of Massachusetts Press 223

Penn State Press 290 University of Nebraska Press 240, 241

Perseus Books Group 235, 236 University of North Carolina Press 406, 407

Potomac Books 429 University of Pennsylvania Press 206

Princeton University Press 221, 222 University of Pittsburgh Press 207

Project Muse 411 University of Tennessee Press 239

ProQuest 431 University of Texas Press 281

Random House Inc. 247, 248, 249, 250 University of the West Indies Press 489

Rockefeller Archive Center 423 University of Press 256

Routledge Books 409, 410 University of Virginia Press 428

Routledge Journals 414 University of Wisconsin Press, The 217

Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 403, 404 University Press of America 402

Rutgers University Press 269, 270 University Press of Florida 415

Scholar’s Choice, The 226, 227 University Press of Kansas 205

M.E. Sharpe 208 University Press of Kentucky 433

Stanford University Press 230, 231 W. W. Norton & Company 258, 259

University of California Press 211, 212 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning 285, 286, 287

University of Chicago Press 416, 417, 418 Wiley Blackwell 462, 463, 464

University of Georgia Press, The 488 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 492 University of Hawai`i Press 214 Yale University Press 292, 293 University of Illinois Press 260, 261

Please Note Admission to all sessions, the Exhibit Hall, the Job Center, and the Messaging/Internet Center requires an AHA Registration Badge!

62 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 63 Map of the Exhibit Hall Americas Hall I

62 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 January 2–5, 2009 123rd Annual Meeting 63 Map of the Exhibit Hall Americas Hall II

64 123rd Annual Meeting January 2–5, 2009 Macmillan insidebackcover:AHA Interior Back Cover 11/3/08 11:36 PM Page 1

Hill & Wang • Farrar, Straus & Giroux • Henry Holt Metropolitan Books • Times Books St. Martin’s Press • Picador Booth #265-266

20th Anniversary Edition The American Presidents Series FSG David Fromkin Robert Dallek A Peace to End Harry S. Truman All Peace The 33rd President, 1945-1953 The Fall of the Ottoman Empire $22.00 • 208pp • cloth and the Creation of the Modern Middle East $20.00 • 688pp • paper Picador

Thurston Clarke Times Books The Last Campaign Robert F. Kennedy and 82 Days That Inspired America Gordon M. Goldstein Jonathan Mahler $15.00 • 352pp • paper Lessons In Disaster The Challenge Available in May 2008 McGeorge Bundy and the Path Hamdan v. Rumsfeld and the to War in Vietnam Rick Atkinson Fight over Presidential Power $25.00 • 208pp • cloth $26.00 • 352pp • paper The Day Of Battle The War in Sicily and Italy, The American Presidents Series Winner of the National Book Award David Milne 1943-1944 Gary May Pulitzer Prize Finalist America’s Rasputin $17.00 • 848pp • paper John Tyler Alex Ross Walt Rostow and the The 10th President, 1841-1845 The Rest Is Noise Vietnam War $22.00 • 208pp • clot Listening to the $26.00 • 336pp • cloth Twentieth Century The American Presidents Series $18.00 • 704pp • paper Peter Demetz George S. McGovern Prague in Danger Abraham Lincoln The Years of German The 16th President, 1861-1865 Occupation, 1939-45 $22.00 • 192pp • cloth $25.00 • 288pp • cloth

Henry Holt Lorri Glover and Daniel Blake Smith The Shipwreck That Saved Jamestown The Sea Venture Castaways Orlando Figes and the Fate of America The Whisperers $26.00 • 336pp • cloth Private Life in Stalin’s Russia $20.00 • 784pp • paper Edward G. Lengel The American Presidents Series To Conquer Hell William E. Leuchtenburg Naomi Klein The Meuse-Argonne, 1918: Herbert Hoover The Shock Doctrine The Epic Battle That Ended The 31st President, 1929-1933 The Rise of Disaster Charles Lane the First World War $22.00 • 192pp • cloth Capitalism The Day Freedom Died $20.00 • 528pp • paper $16.00 • 704pp • paper The Colfax Massacre, the Tom Segev Supreme Court, and the 1967 Betrayal of Reconstruction Israel, the War and the $27.00 • 352pp • cloth Year That Transformed the Macmillan Academic Marketing Available in paperback in May 2009 Middle East 175 , 21st Floor New York, NY 10010 $20.00 • 704pp • paper www.MacmillanAcademic.com • email [email protected] HW backcover:AHA Hill and Wang Cover 4 11/3/08 11:43 PM Page 1

Booth #265-266 H I L L A N D W A N G

Winner of the Chicago Tribune National Book Critics Circle Mia Bay National Book Award Finalist Heartland Prize Award Finalist To Tell the Truth Freely Woody Holton Orville Vernon Burton Philip F. Gura The Life of Ida B. Wells Unruly Americans The Age of Lincoln American $26.00 • 384pp • cloth and the Origins of $15.00 • 432pp • paper Transcendentalism Coming in February 2009 the Constitution A History $15.00 • 384pp • paper David J. Silbey $15.00 • 384pp • paper Scott E. Casper A War of Frontier Sarah Johnson’s Harvard Sitkoff and Empire Thomas P. Slaughter Mount Vernon King The Philippine-American War, The Beautiful Soul of The Forgotten History of an Pilgrimage to the Mountaintop 1899-1902 John Woolman, Apostle American Shrine $15.00 • 288pp • paper $15.00 • 272pp • paper $16.00 • 320pp • paper of Abolition 25th-Anniversary Edition $30.00 • 464pp • cloth Harvard Sitkoff The Struggle for Black Equality $15.00 • 304pp • paper With a Foreword by John Hope Franklin and an Afterword by the Author

Marc Egnal Clash of Extremes The Economic Origins of the Timothy J. Henderson Melvyn P. Leffler Civil War A Glorious Defeat Ted Widmer For the Soul of Mankind $30.00 • 384pp • cloth Mexico and Its War with the Ark of the Liberties The United States, the Soviet United States America and the World Union, and the Cold War Anthony J. Badger $14.00 • 240pp • paper $25.00 • 384pp • cloth $20.00 • 608pp • paper FDR: The First Hundred Days Timothy J. Henderson Steven Stoll Revised Edition $23.00 • 224pp • cloth The Mexican Wars for The Great Delusion Rosalind Rosenberg Independence A Mad Inventor, Death in the Divided Lives Tom Chaffin $25.00 • 272pp • cloth Tropics, and the Utopian American Women in the The H. L. Hunley Coming in April 2009 Origins of Economic Growth Twentieth Century The Secret Hope of $24.00 • 224pp • cloth $16.00 • 352pp • paper the Confederacy $26.00 • 352pp • cloth

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