DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES School of Humanities The Welsh Soldier: 1283- 1422 by Adam John Chapman Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2009 Abstract The present thesis is a study of the reality – and the myth – of the ‘Welsh soldier’ in the later middle ages. The final defeat of the Princes of Gwynedd in 1283 was formalised by the division of the principality of Gwynedd and the ‘feudalisation’ of its territory set out in the statute of Wales proclaimed at Rhuddlan in 1284. As Morris long ago demonstrated, and as Davies and others have since reaffirmed the ‘wars of independence’ – at least in the thirteenth century – were conducted as much between Welshmen as between ‘the Welsh’, the Marchers and the English crown. The picture of Edward I’s pragmatism driven by ‘imperial’ principle – ironically achieving Llywelyn ap Gruffudd’s aim of taking Wales into the ambit of the feudal and political structure of England – without Llywelyn painted by Glyn Roberts is appropriate.1 The integration of Welshmen into Edward I’s military machine was swift, but required innovations of military organisation, chiefly, the Commission of Array. Most Welshmen served at a low level in English armies, as archers, and consequently, are far harder to trace as individuals before the regular survival of full muster accounts in the years after 1369.though global figures can be deduced more readily for the armies of Edward I, Edward II and Edward III, more precise detail cannot. Despite this, patterns of the service of Welshmen, both from the Shires of the principality of Wales and the Welsh March can be generally described over the period covered by this thesis. The concentration of military historians on the formation of royal armies has downplayed the role of military lordship and its importance in the March of Wales. Similarly, while the events of the Glyn Dŵr rebellion (1400-1410) are well understood, and the consequences of the rebellion on Welsh society have excited some interest, the immediate impact on the Welsh as soldiers has not been fully explored. The place of the Welsh at the battle of Agincourt provides a bridge between the chronological spine of this thesis and the consideration of what might be termed the cultural impression of the medieval Welsh soldier. Thanks largely to Shakespeare’s depiction of Captain Fluellen in Henry V (1599) the Welsh are 1 J. E. Morris, The Welsh Wars of Edward I (Oxford, 1901); R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063-1415 (Oxford, 1987), G. Roberts ‘The Significance of 1284’ in Aspects of Welsh History, Selected Papers of the Late Glyn Roberts (Cardiff, 1969), pp. 281-87. ii inextricably linked with this battle, though contemporary evidence suggests the sum of their involvement was extremely limited. Ironically perhaps, in fifteenth century Welsh culture, Agincourt is the silent battle; uniquely there are no poetic references to this battle in a culture where war against France and the earlier battles of Crécy and Poitiers were staple metaphors for the prowess of individuals and as a source of patronage to the bards themselves. The image of Welshmen at war, and particularly, their skill with the longbow, appears to owe much to Gerald of Wales whose accounts of the men of Gwent as archers in the twelfth century has become the province of folklore rather than a reflection of historical reality. There is a striking difference between the Welsh account of their experience at war and the perspective of outsiders. Fundamentally this was because most external commentators saw the Welsh as an undifferentiated mass. Our evidence for the corresponding Welsh view is based upon literature praising the actions of individuals. The majority of their opponents, in Scotland and in France, but also in much of England, the only Welshmen who would ordinarily be encountered were soldiers. The difference in impression was preserved by later observers and the staple depiction of the Welsh as primitive and backward, ‘Wild men from the woods’ in the words of the author of the Vita Edwardi Secundi would have been recognisable to the pamphleteers of the seventeenth century who were themselves describing soldiers. The aim of this thesis therefore is to bring together these views of the ‘Welsh Soldier’ to give a better understanding of his role in later medieval warfare, and the place of war in fourteenth and early fifteenth century Welsh society. iii Contents v Acknowledgements vi Note on Welsh personal and place names viii Author’s Declaration ix Abbreviations 1 Introduction 12 Chapter 1 – The Welsh Soldier, 1283-1359 76 Chapter 2 – The Welsh Soldier, 1360-1422 140 Chapter 3 – The Shires and the March: Military Lordship and Military Participation 189 Chapter 4 – The Image of the Medieval Welsh Soldier 226 Conclusions 234 Appendix A – Select Biographies 258 Appendix B – Welshman in the English army in 1415 269 Appendix C – Welsh Naming 274 Bibliography List of Maps and Figures xiv Map – The lordships of the March of Wales in the fourteenth century Tables: End ch.1 1. Select examples of the size of English Armies and their Welsh constituents, temp. Edward I and temp. Edward II. End ch. 1 2. Select examples of the size of English Armies and their Welsh constituents, temp. Edward III. 126 3. Garrison Strengths in the Shires of Wales and the March, 1415. Illustrations 194 1 and 2. Welsh Archer and Spearman from TNA E 36/274 iv Acknowledgements This thesis has benefited from the assistance, generous advice and encouragement from many people which it is a pleasure and a duty to record. There are a number of individuals whose encouragement aided me through the difficulties of this project. First, to my parents and family, who have been sources of constant support and to whom I dedicate this thesis. To the Soldier Project team, Dr Adrian Bell, Dr David Simpkin and Dr Andy King, for their questions, assistance and help in the sharing of ideas, information and expertise which have greatly eased the path towards the completion of this thesis; to Dr Leonie Hicks who has offered much in the way of useful advice, help and experience; to Rachel Evans, whose friendship, enthusiasm and tolerance of ‘talking shop’ is greatly appreciated. Likewise, I would particularly like to thank the denizens of post-graduate office 2241 and other PhD students in the School of Humanities, past and present. Special mentions must be made to Jaime Ashworth, Jennie Cobley, Mark Rose, the perpetually dapper Ted Way, Sarah Inskip, Sandy Budden, Mike Lally, Ally Moore, Eletheria Paliou for getting to the office earlier than I did, Dave Underhill, Vasko Démou, Patty Murrieta Flores, Steve Robinson, Jan Lanicek, Dan Varndell and Leif Ishaksen. Mention should also be made of my former colleagues and contemporaries at UEA for their encouragement, biscuits and book tokens, and especially Phil Kinghorn, Karen Thurston, Jo Heal and Anna Chapman (no relation). A further measure of thanks is due to Dr Ann Parry Owen and Dr Barry Lewis of the University of Wales, Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, and Dr Dylan Foster Evans of Cardiff University for their invaluable assistance and advice concerning late medieval Welsh literature and their flattering interest in my work; to Rick Turner of CADW; to other members of the History department at Southampton and to Eleanor Quince, Mary Stubbington and Lorna Young; to all my teachers who struggled valiantly to persuade me to write as much as a side of A4 but who, none the less, inspired this pursuit of education and finally to Dr Rob Liddiard and Professors Christopher Harper-Bill, Stephen Church and Tom Williamson of UEA, who fostered my interest in medieval history in the first place. Gentlemen, it is all your fault. My greatest debt is to my supervisor, Professor Anne Curry whose patient encouragement, depth of knowledge, kindness and, on occasion, justified and constructive criticism, has carried me through the process of producing this thesis. Diolch yn fawr iawn. v Notes on terminology and Welsh spellings Proper Nouns Attempts to standardise Welsh spelling have proved singularly ineffective until recent years which inevitably breeds confusion for non-Welsh speakers. Some attempt at standardisation will nonetheless be attempted with personal names and place names where the modern Welsh version will generally be used (where known) and where the Welsh form is generally understood by a non Welsh audience. For example: Caernarfon will be used over Caernarvon and Cydweli for Kidwelly while Caerfyrddin will use the ‘English’ form Carmarthen for the sake of comprehensibility. Personal names have their own challenges since English and French medieval orthography found the Welsh language something of a challenge and little consistency can be found in many cases – witness the enormous variation found in the spelling of Llywelyn. Hence, except in direct quotations of earlier work, Griffith will be dubbed Gruffudd, Meredith (and variants) as Maredudd.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WAR, GOVERNMENT and ARISTOCRACY in the BRITISH ISLES, C.1150-1500
    WAR, GOVERNMENT AND ARISTOCRACY IN THE BRITISH ISLES, c.1150-1500 Essays in Honour of Michael Prestwich Edited by Chris Given-Wilson Ann Kettle Len Scales THE BOYDELL PRESS © Contributors 2008 All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner First published 2008 The Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISBN 978-1-84383-389-5 The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP 12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library This publication is printed on acid-free paper Printed in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire Contents List of Contributors Vll Introduction ix Abbreviations xvii Did Henry II Have a Policy Towards the Earls? 1 Nicholas Vincent The Career of Godfrey of Crowcombe: Household Knight of King John 26 and Steward of King Henry III David Carpenter Under-Sheriffs, The State and Local Society c. 1300-1340: A Preliminary 55 Survey M. L. Holford Revisiting Norham, May-June 1291 69 Archie Duncan Treason, Feud and the Growth of State Violence: Edward I and the 84 'War of the Earl of Carrick', 1306-7 Matthew Strickland The Commendatio Lamentabilis for Edward I and Plantagenet Kingship 114 Bjorn Weiler Historians, Aristocrats and Plantagenet Ireland, 1200-1360 131 Robin Frame War and Peace: A Knight's Tale.
    [Show full text]
  • Just As the Priests Have Their Wives”: Priests and Concubines in England, 1375-1549
    “JUST AS THE PRIESTS HAVE THEIR WIVES”: PRIESTS AND CONCUBINES IN ENGLAND, 1375-1549 Janelle Werner A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by: Advisor: Professor Judith M. Bennett Reader: Professor Stanley Chojnacki Reader: Professor Barbara J. Harris Reader: Cynthia B. Herrup Reader: Brett Whalen © 2009 Janelle Werner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT JANELLE WERNER: “Just As the Priests Have Their Wives”: Priests and Concubines in England, 1375-1549 (Under the direction of Judith M. Bennett) This project – the first in-depth analysis of clerical concubinage in medieval England – examines cultural perceptions of clerical sexual misbehavior as well as the lived experiences of priests, concubines, and their children. Although much has been written on the imposition of priestly celibacy during the Gregorian Reform and on its rejection during the Reformation, the history of clerical concubinage between these two watersheds has remained largely unstudied. My analysis is based primarily on archival records from Hereford, a diocese in the West Midlands that incorporated both English- and Welsh-speaking parishes and combines the quantitative analysis of documentary evidence with a close reading of pastoral and popular literature. Drawing on an episcopal visitation from 1397, the act books of the consistory court, and bishops’ registers, I argue that clerical concubinage occurred as frequently in England as elsewhere in late medieval Europe and that priests and their concubines were, to some extent, socially and culturally accepted in late medieval England.
    [Show full text]
  • Dalton Visits the UK
    ZULU VISITS UK by Bill Cainan Lidizwe Dalton Ngobese is currently employed as a tour guide at the Isandlwana Lodge in KwaZulu Natal. He is the great great grandson of Sihayo and the great grandson of Mehlokazulu. In June of 2010 he was able, due to a kind benefactor, to visit the UK for the first time. Dalton planned a five day itinerary, the main aim of which was to visit the SWB Museum at Brecon. Once the visit was confirmed the curator of the Museum, Martin Everett, rang me to ask if I would be willing to host Dalton while he was in UK. Having met Dalton a few times in KZN I was delighted to accept the offer. Dalton’s visit coincided with the UK’s Armed Forces Day which, in 2010, was being held in Cardiff with HRH Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales, taking the salute. The Prince was also scheduled to open “Firepower”, the museum of the Welsh Soldier, which was located within Cardiff Castle. A plan quickly took shape involving Dalton in full Zulu regalia and myself in a uniform of a Corporal of the 24th to be in attendance at the entrance to the Museum. Dalton was also keen to visit some of the more famous Welsh castles on his visit. The diary of his visit is as follows: Wednesday 23rd June: Dalton arrives at Cardiff airport having flown from Jo’burg via Schipol. There were a few problems with the UK’s Border Agency , but when Dalton produced the formal invite to the opening of “Firepower” in Cardiff (TO BE ATTENDED BY HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES), things seemed to get a bit easier! I then drove Dalton the 50 miles to Brecon and he was given a quick tour of the Museum by Martin Everett (the Curator) and Celia Green (the Customer Services Manager).
    [Show full text]
  • Orson Welles's Deconstruction of Traditional Historiographies In
    “How this World is Given to Lying!”: Orson Welles’s Deconstruction of Traditional Historiographies in Chimes at Midnight Jeffrey Yeager, West Virginia University ew Shakespearean films were so underappreciated at their release as Orson Welles’s Chimes at Midnight.1 Compared F to Laurence Olivier’s morale boosting 1944 version of Henry V, Orson Welles’s adaptation has never reached a wide audience, partly because of its long history of being in copyright limbo.2 Since the film’s debut, a critical tendency has been to read it as a lament for “Merrie England.” In an interview, Welles claimed: “It is more than Falstaff who is dying. It’s the old England, dying and betrayed” (qtd. in Hoffman 88). Keith Baxter, the actor who plays Prince Hal, expressed the sentiment that Hal was the principal character: Welles “always saw it as a triangle basically, a love story of a Prince lost between two father figures. Who is the boy going to choose?” (qtd. in Lyons 268). Samuel Crowl later modified these differing assessments by adding his own interpretation of Falstaff as the central character: “it is Falstaff’s winter which dominates the texture of the film, not Hal’s summer of self-realization” (“The Long Good-bye” 373). Michael Anderegg concurs with the assessment of Falstaff as the central figure when he historicizes the film by noting the film’s “conflict between rhetoric and history” on the one hand and “the immediacy of a prelinguistic, prelapsarian, timeless physical world, on the other” (126). By placing the focus on Falstaff and cutting a great deal of text, Welles, Anderegg argues, deconstructs Shakespeare’s world by moving “away from history and toward satire” (127).
    [Show full text]
  • Welsh Tribal Law and Custom in the Middle Ages
    THOMAS PETER ELLIS WELSH TRIBAL LAW AND CUSTOM IN THE MIDDLE AGES IN 2 VOLUMES VOLUME I1 CONTENTS VOLUME I1 p.1~~V. THE LAWOF CIVILOBLIGATIONS . I. The Formalities of Bargaining . .a . 11. The Subject-matter of Agreements . 111. Responsibility for Acts of Animals . IV. Miscellaneous Provisions . V. The Game Laws \TI. Co-tillage . PARTVI. THE LAWOF CRIMESAND TORTS. I. Introductory . 11. The Law of Punishtnent . 111. ' Saraad ' or Insult . 1V. ' Galanas ' or Homicide . V. Theft and Surreption . VI. Fire or Arson . VII. The Law of Accessories . VIII. Other Offences . IX. Prevention of Crime . PARTVIl. THE COURTSAND JUDICIARY . I. Introductory . 11. The Ecclesiastical Courts . 111. The Courts of the ' Maerdref ' and the ' Cymwd ' IV. The Royal Supreme Court . V. The Raith of Country . VI. Courts in Early English Law and in Roman Law VII. The Training and Remuneration of Judges . VIII. The Challenge of Judges . IX. Advocacy . vi CONTENTS PARTVIII. PRE-CURIALSURVIVALS . 237 I. The Law of Distress in Ireland . 239 11. The Law of Distress in Wales . 245 111. The Law of Distress in the Germanic and other Codes 257 IV. The Law of Boundaries . 260 PARTIX. THE L4w OF PROCEDURE. 267 I. The Enforcement of Jurisdiction . 269 11. The Law of Proof. Raith and Evideilce . , 301 111. The Law of Pleadings 339 IV. Judgement and Execution . 407 PARTX. PART V Appendices I to XI11 . 415 Glossary of Welsh Terms . 436 THE LAW OF CIVIL OBLIGATIONS THE FORMALITIES OF BARGAINING I. Ilztroductory. 8 I. The Welsh Law of bargaining, using the word bargain- ing in a wide sense to cover all transactions of a civil nature whereby one person entered into an undertaking with another, can be considered in two aspects, the one dealing with the form in which bargains were entered into, or to use the Welsh term, the ' bond of bargain ' forming the nexus between the parties to it, the other dealing with the nature of the bargain entered int0.l $2.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of ABERYSTWYTH
    HISTORY of ABERYSTWYTH We all think of Aberystwyth as a seaside resort town. The presence of the ruined castle suggests a coloured medieval history, fraught with battles and land forever changing hands between powerful rulers. However, there was evidence of human activity in Aberystwyth long before this time, so we thought it might be worth going through the history of Aberyst- wyth right from the start. The earliest recorded human activity in Aberystwyth area dates back to around 11,500 years ago during the mesolithic period. The mesolithic period signalled the end of a long and arduous ice age, which saw most of the worlds surface covered in ice, leav- ing only the most hardy plants and animals to survive. As the ice retreaded in Mid Wales, this revealed large supplies of stone, including flint at Tan-Y-Bwlch which lies at the foot of Pen Dinas hill. There is strong evidence that the area was used for flint knapping, which involved the shaping of the flint deposits left behind by the retreating ice in order to make weapons for hunting for hunting animals. The flint could be shaped into sharp points, which could be used as primitive spears and other equipment, used by the hunter gatherer to obtain food. Around 3000 years ago there is evidence of an early Celtic ringfort on the site of Pen Dinas. The ringfort is a circular fortified set- tlement which was common throughout Northern Europe in the Bronze and Iron ages. What remains of this particular example at Aberystwyth is now located on private land on Pen Dinas, and can only be accessed by arrangement.
    [Show full text]
  • Welsh Government Summary of Events Following The
    Public Accounts Committee - Additional Written Evidence Summary of events following the Statutory Inquiry at Tai Cantref The Statutory Inquiry report was completed in October 2015. The report found multiple instances of mismanagement and misconduct. The report made no comment beyond its brief to establish whether there was evidence to support the serious allegations made by whistle blowers. It made no recommendations or commentary on possible ways forward. Tai Cantref’s Board were given until 13th November 2015 to set out a credible response and plan to deal with the findings of the inquiry. The Welsh Government Regulation Team (the Regulator) considered that the initial response was inadequate in both the association’s acceptance of the findings and its intentions and commitment to tackling the issues raised. The Board was also required to share a copy of the Inquiry with its lenders who were similarly concerned with the response and reserved the right to enforce loan conditions. By this point an event of default had been triggered in Tai Cantref’s loan agreements. Following detailed discussions, including with lenders, the Board was given a second chance to respond to the findings. Shortly after this decision was notified to Tai Cantref, the Chair resigned and an existing Board member was unanimously appointed as the new Chair. The Board then took a number of key decisions which provided assurance it was now seeking to respond to the findings: the Board appointed a consultant to provide immediate support the Board to address the Inquiry findings. three suitably experienced, first language welsh speakers, were co- opted to strengthen the Board.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Area Down to the End of the 13Th Century1 Tree-Berries
    the sea and rivers, only occasionally satisfying themselves with roots and 1 The area down to the end of the 13th century1 tree-berries. Some twenty years ago, between Bryn Llwyd and Llanddwyn Island, on either side of the ridge of rocks, were to be seen the remains of a flint-working area, a The area down to the end of the 13th century; its original names; the area in the place where tool-blades were manufactured by chipping the edges of the stone. There earliest times; the region under the Welsh princes (down to 1282). were many stones of this kind, including a number of flakes useful for scraping skin and making it flexible after it had dried, in order to make clothes, together with It is appropriate to begin with a list of the names given to the area, from time to scores of red earthenware pottery sherds and a few fossil bones. time, with a view to ascertaining what we can of their history. Possibily its earliest These flakes were found on the surface, but it is more than likely that there are 6 name was Rhosyr2 and, again perhaps, the reason for this was the long ridge of thousands more hidden beneath the sand. Samples were sent to experts at the British moorland, stretching ten miles from Newborough to Mynydd Llwydiarth; but this Museum, in whose opinion the stones belong to a period about 5000 B.C., and the 7 explanation will not hold good if Rhosyr and not Rhos-hir is the true form of the earthenware, beaker fragments, to a later period, about 2000 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Height of Its Womanhood': Women and Genderin Welsh Nationalism, 1847-1945
    'The height of its womanhood': Women and genderin Welsh nationalism, 1847-1945 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kreider, Jodie Alysa Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 04:59:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280621 'THE HEIGHT OF ITS WOMANHOOD': WOMEN AND GENDER IN WELSH NATIONALISM, 1847-1945 by Jodie Alysa Kreider Copyright © Jodie Alysa Kreider 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partia' Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3145085 Copyright 2004 by Kreider, Jodie Alysa All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3145085 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
    [Show full text]
  • Autumn / Winter 2013 River Special Area of Conservation (SAC) – Concentrating on the Area from the Source of the Afon Syfynwy to the Dam at Llys Y Frân
    Llys y Frân Catchment Project Work began on the Llys y Frân Catchment Pro- ject in July. This new initiative, led by Afonydd Cymru in association with Pembrokeshire Riv- ers Trust, is a trial collaborative partnership with Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water and Natural Re- sources Wales (NRW). The project is based on the Afon Syfynwy catchment, a tributary of the Eastern Cleddau, which drains into the Rosebush and Llys y Frân Volume 10 Issue 3 Reservoirs and lies within the Eastern Cleddau Autumn / Winter 2013 River Special Area of Conservation (SAC) – concentrating on the area from the source of the Afon Syfynwy to the dam at Llys y Frân. In this Issue Llys y Frân Reservoir has been susceptible to Llys y Frân Catchment Blue Green Algae blooms in recent years. The Project project aims to achieve a better understanding Pages 1 & 2 of factors impacting on water quality and nutri- ent loading within the catchment in relation to Hedgehogs in land use, looking at activities such as forestry Pembrokeshire operations, sewage inputs and farming. It is Pages 2 - 4 hoped that this initiative will deliver positive measures to help improve water quality, mini- mise the risk of pollution incidents and help to Habitat for Rare Dragonfly gain favourable conservation status. Saved Pages 4 - 5 Rare Fish Caught in the Haven Pages 5 - 6 Wildlife Trust Supports Local Charcoal Maker Pages 6 - 7 Hang on to your Tackle! Pages 8 - 9 Courses and Events Pages 10 - 11 Contact details Blue Green Algae at Llys y Frân Page12 Photo: Natural Resources Wales Ant Rogers — Biodiversity Implementation Officer [email protected] 01437764551 Page 1 Further information about the project can be obtained by emailing the Catchment Project Officer, Ro Rogers at: [email protected] Pembrokeshire Rivers Trust is always keen to recruit new volunteers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed Cenydd Morus (Kenneth Morris) Illustrations by Reginald Machell
    Theosophical University Press Online Edition The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed Cenydd Morus (Kenneth Morris) Illustrations by Reginald Machell Copyright © 1914 by Katherine Tingley; originally published at Point Loma, California. Electronic edition 2000 by Theosophical University Press ISBN 1- 55700-157-x. This edition may be downloaded for off-line viewing without charge. For ease of searching, no diacritical marks appear in the electronic version of the text. To Katherine Tingley: Leader and Official Head of the Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society, whose whole life has been devoted to the cause of Peace and Universal Brotherhood, this book is respectfully dedicated Contents Preface The Three Branches of the Bringing-in of it, namely: The Sovereignty of Annwn I. The Council of the Immortals II. The Hunt in Glyn Cuch III. The Slaying of Hafgan The Story of Pwyll and Rhianon, or The Book of the Three Trials The First Branch of it, called: The Coming of Rhianon Ren Ferch Hefeydd I. The Making-known of Gorsedd Arberth, and the Wonderful Riding of Rhianon II. The First of the Wedding-Feasts at the Court of Hefeydd, and the Coming of Gwawl ab Clud The Second Branch of it, namely: The Basket of Gwaeddfyd Newynog, and Gwaeddfyd Newynog Himself I. The Anger of Pendaran Dyfed, and the Putting of Firing in the Basket II. The Over-Eagerness of Ceredig Cwmteifi after Knowledge, and the Putting of Bulrush-Heads in the Basket III. The Circumspection of Pwyll Pen Annwn, and the Filling of the Basket at Last The First Branch of it again: III.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and the Common Profit: Native Cloth Workers, Flemish Exiles, and Royal Policy in Fourteenth-Century London
    Journal of British Studies 55 (October 2016): 633–657. doi:10.1017/jbr.2016.75 © The North American Conference on British Studies, 2016 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Immigration and the Common Profit: Native Cloth Workers, Flemish Exiles, and Royal Policy in Fourteenth-Century London Bart Lambert and Milan Pajic Abstract This article reconstructs a crucial episode in the relationship between the English crown, its subjects and the kingdom’s immigrant population. It links the murder of about forty Flemings in London during the Peasants’ Revolt in June 1381 to the capital’s native cloth workers’ dissatisfaction with the government’s economic im- migration policy. We argue that, in the course of the fourteenth century, the crown de- veloped a new policy aimed at attracting skilled workers from abroad. Convinced that their activities benefited the common profit of the realm, the crown remained deaf to the concerns of London’s native weavers, who claimed that the work of exiled Flemish cloth workers in the city encroached on their privileges. Confronted for more than twenty-five years with political obstruction, the native weavers increasingly resorted to physical aggression against their Flemish counterparts, which came to a dra- matic conclusion in 1381. The dissatisfaction of London’s cloth workers and the mas- sacre of the Flemings thus had much in common with the frustrations over the royal government’s policy that had been fermenting for decades among many other groups in society: all came to the surface during the Peasants’ Revolt.
    [Show full text]