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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Russische Federatie Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie Datum juni 2013 1 Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door DCM/MA 2 Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie Inhoudsopgave Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 1 Inleiding .................................................................................................. 5 2 Landeninformatie..................................................................................... 7 2.1 Basisgegevens.............................................................................................7 2.1.1 Land en volk ...............................................................................................7 2.1.2 Staatsinrichting............................................................................................8 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen ................................................................................9 2.3 Veiligheidssituatie ......................................................................................12 2.4 Documenten.............................................................................................. 13 3 Mensenrechten........................................................................................16 3.1 Juridische context ......................................................................................16 3.1.1 verdragen.................................................................................................16 3.1.2 Grondwet.................................................................................................. 16 3.1.3 Overige nationale wetgeving ........................................................................16 3.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming.....................................................................22 3.2.1 Aangiftes ..................................................................................................22 3.2.2 De Presidentiële Raad voor Maatschappelijke Organisaties en Mensenrechten....... 23 3.2.3 Ombudsman.............................................................................................. 24 3.3 Naleving en schendingen.............................................................................25 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting...........................................................................25 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ..........................................................28 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst ...............................................................................30 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................31 3.3.5 Rechtsgang ...............................................................................................33 3.3.6 Arrestaties, bewaring en detenties ................................................................34 3.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering.............................................................................35 3.3.8 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen.....................................................................36 3.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden......................................................36 3.3.10 Doodstraf .................................................................................................37 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen......................................................................37 3.4.1 Leden van oppositiepartijen en politieke activisten...........................................37 3.4.2 Etnische minderheden.................................................................................43 3.4.3 Vrouwen...................................................................................................45 3.4.4 LHBTI (Lesbisch, Homoseksueel, Biseksueel, Transgender en Interseksueel) ........ 47 3.4.5 Alleenstaande minderjarigen ........................................................................51 3.4.6 Dienstplichtweigeraars en deserteurs.............................................................53 4 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden..................................................................58 4.1 Ontheemden- en vluchtelingenstroom............................................................58 4.2 Opvang in de regio.....................................................................................60 4.3 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties.....................................................60 4.4 Terugkeer.................................................................................................62 5 Situatie in de Noordelijke Kaukasus.........................................................64 5.1 Politieke situatie.........................................................................................64 5.2 Veiligheidssituatie ......................................................................................66 5.3 Bloed- en erekwesties.................................................................................68 5.4 Tsjetsjenen in de Russische Federatie............................................................69 5.5 Alleenstaande minderjarigen ........................................................................71 5.6 Vrouwen...................................................................................................71 3 Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie 6 Bijlagen ..................................................................................................74 6.1 Geraadpleegde openbare bronnen.................................................................74 6.2 Kaart Russische Federatie............................................................................78 Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie 1 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in de Russische Federatie1 beschreven, voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit dat land en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Russische asielzoekers. Het ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van medio 2011 tot en met april 2013. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, (niet-)gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen bevindingen ter plaatse en vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordiging in Moskou aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In het algemeen ambtsbericht wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. In hoofdstuk twee wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek- en veiligheidsgebied. Deze beschrijving wordt voorafgegaan door een kort overzicht van de geografie, de bevolking, de talen en de staatsinrichting van de Russische Federatie. In hoofdstuk twee wordt eveneens in gegaan op identiteits- en reisdocumenten. In hoofdstuk drie wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in de Russische Federatie geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke garanties en internationale verdragen waarbij Rusland partij is, komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht op naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen, waaronder minderjarigen belicht. In hoofdstuk vier komen de opvang van vluchtelingen, binnenlands ontheemden en activiteiten van internationale organisaties aan de orde. De situatie in het federale district Noordelijke Kaukasus wordt in hoofdstuk vijf beschreven. Dit hoofdstuk beslaat de periode vanaf januari 2012 tot en met april 2013 en is een actualisering van eerder verschenen algemene ambtsberichten over deze Russische deelregio, laatstelijk in januari 2012. De actualisering geldt alleen voor de onderwerpen die in het onderhavige ambtsbericht aan de orde zijn gesteld. 1 De namen ‘Russische Federatie’ en ‘Rusland’ zijn volgens artikel 1, lid 2 van de grondwet gelijk. De beide namen worden in dit ambtsbericht dan ook afwisselend gebruikt. Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie 2 Landeninformatie 2.1 Basisgegevens 2.1.1 Land en volk2 De Russische Federatie is goeddeels gelegen in Noord-Azië waarbij het gebied ten westen van de Oeral tot Europa wordt gerekend. Het land grenst in het noorden aan de Noordelijke IJszee en ligt tussen Europa en de Grote Oceaan (Pacific) in. De Russische Federatie grenst aan Azerbeidzjan, China, Estland, Finland, Georgië, Kazachstan, Letland, Litouwen, Mongolië, Noord-Korea, Oekraïne, Noorwegen, Polen en Wit-Rusland. Met 17.098.242 km² is de Russische Federatie het grootste land ter wereld (bijna twee keer zo groot als de Verenigde Staten en vierhonderd keer zo groot als Nederland). De hoofdstad is Moskou. Moskou is naast de hoofdstad tevens de grootste stad in de Russische Federatie met ongeveer 11,5 miljoen inwoners. In oktober 2010 vond de laatste volkstelling plaats. Hierbij werd een bevolkingsomvang van ruim 142,8 miljoen personen vastgesteld. Ten opzichte van de vorige volkstelling die werd gehouden in 2002,
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