The Highways Agency Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Network Report - 2009 Volume I

Transport Research Laboratory

The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network report - 2009 Volume I

by J S Price, J Pittman and D Gardiner

CPR1094 (I)

396 (387) HTRL

CLIENT PROJECT REPORT

Transport Research Laboratory

PROJECT REPORT CPR1094 (I)

The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network report - 2009 Volume I by J S Price, J Pittman and D Gardiner

Prepared for: Project Record: 396 (387) HTRL Impact of reduced emissions on air quality - 2009 volume I Client: Highways Agency Andrew Bean

The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of Highways Agency.

Date Name Approved

Project Julia Pittman 18/03/2010 Manager

Technical David Gardiner 18/03/2010 Referee

Client Project Report

Contents Amendment Record This report has been issued and amended as follows

Technical Version Date Description Editor Referee

1 15/02/2011 Draft for client Jennifer Price / Julia Pittman David Gardiner

Amended with client 2 08/03/2011 Jennifer Price / Julia Pittman David Gardiner comments

TRL CPR1094 (I) Client Project Report

Executive summary This report is the ninth in a series summarising air pollutant concentrations, meteorological data and traffic flows measured at sites across the Highways Agency long term roadside monitoring network. The network comprises four monitoring sites located on the M4, M25 and M60 motorways and in the Bell Common Tunnel on the M25 motorway. Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and ozone (O3) were measured at all sites. In addition, concentrations of total hydrocarbons (methane

(CH4) and non-methane hydrocarbons) and ammonia (NH3) were measured at the M4, M25 and M60 motorway sites and concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aldehydes and metals were measured at the M25 and M60 motorway sites. Meteorological data (including wind speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity) were collected at the M4, M25 and M60 motorway sites and solar radiation was measured at the M25 site. Traffic flows were recorded at all four monitoring sites. The air pollution monitoring equipment used at each site is comparable with equipment used in similar monitoring stations within the UK National Air Quality Monitoring Network. Table 1 provides a summary of statistics generated from data collected during 2009 at each of the monitoring sites and compares this with objectives set out by the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 2000 No. 928) and the Air Quality (England)

(Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 2002 No. 3043). Exceedance of the NO2 annual mean objective concentration occurred at all four monitoring sites in the Highways Agency network in 2009. Exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective occurred at the Bell Common Tunnel site in 2009. Exceedance of the running 8-hour mean objective for

O3 occurred at the M60 site in 2009. There were no exceedances of the relevant objectives for SO2, PM2.5, PAH, benzene, CO or lead at any of the monitoring sites in 2009. In addition to comparison with UK Air Quality Regulations, the monitoring data are also presented as average hourly data to enable direct comparison with the full time series data measured at each site and dating back to 1992 (i.e. the date of installation of the first monitoring site on the M4 motorway).

TRL CPR1094 (I) Client Project Report

Table 1: Annual summary of monitoring data recorded at sites in the Highways Agency network, 01/01/2009 to 31/12/2009

Bell Pollutant Objective Unit M25 M4 M60 Common

Max. daily running 8-hr CO mg/m3 1.1 1.6 1.3 5.9 mean of 10 mg/m3

Max. of 18 exceedances of No. of 7 2 0 4022 1-hr mean of 200 g/m3 exceedances

NO2

Annual mean of 40 g/m3 g/m3 57.0 50.5 44.8 241.4

Max. of 10 exceedances of 3 O3 running 8-hr mean of 100 g/m 0 20 316 0 g/m3

Max. of 35 exceedances of No. of 7 2 0 - 24-hr mean of 50 µg/m3 exceedances TEOM adjusted Annual mean of 40 g/m3 40 g/m3 23.9 24.0 18.5 - (VCM) PM10

Annual mean of 40 g/m3 g/m3 - - - -

TEOM Annual mean of 25 g/m3 g/m3 13.9 12.6 13.1 - PM2.5

Max. 3 exceedances of 24-hr No. of 0 - 0 - mean of 125 µg/m3 exceedances

Max. 24 exceedances of 1- No. of SO 0 - 1 - 2 hr mean of 350 µg/m3 exceedances

Max. 35 exceedances of 15- No. of 0 - 0 - min mean of 266 µg/m3 exceedances

TRL CPR1094 (I)

Client Project Report

Contents

List of Tables iii

1 Introduction 4

2 Data collection 5

2.1 M4 (Theale 2), Pinglewood 5 2.2 M25, Bell Common Tunnel 6 2.3 M25 (M25B), Staines 7 2.4 M60, Kirkhams 8 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control 9 2.5.1 Site visits 10 2.5.2 Data checking 10 2.5.3 Data calibration and ratification 10 2.5.4 Data analysis 10

3 Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives and permitted exceedances 11

3.1 Nitrogen dioxide 11 3.2 Sulphur dioxide 13 3.3 Ozone 14 3.4 Particulate Matter 16 3.4.1 PM10 16 3.4.2 PM2.5 17 3.5 Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) 17 3.6 Carbon monoxide 18 3.7 Lead 19 3.8 Pollutants not covered by the UK Air Quality Regulations 19 3.8.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 19 3.8.2 Aldehydes 20 3.8.3 Total hydrocarbons 20 3.8.4 Ammonia 21 3.8.5 Heavy metals 21 3.8.6 Hydrogen sulphide 22 3.9 Traffic data 22

4 Summary 23

References 24

Appendix A Figures and locations of monitoring sites 25

Appendix B Calibration and maintenance records 33

Appendix C Meteorological data 39

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Appendix D Air Quality Strategy objectives 40

Appendix E Conversion factors 41

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List of Tables

Table 1: Annual summary of monitoring data recorded at sites in the Highways Agency network, 01/01/2009 to 31/12/2009 ...... v Table 2.1: Site information: M4 (Theale 2), Pinglewood ...... 5 Table 2.2: Site information: M25, Bell Common Tunnel ...... 6 Table 2.3: Site information: M25B, Staines...... 7 Table 2.4: Site information: M60, Kirkhams ...... 8

Table 3.1: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) ...... 11 Table 3.2: Annual mean nitric oxide (NO) concentrations ...... 12

Table 3.3: Annual mean total oxides of nitrogen (NOX) concentrations ...... 12

Table 3.4: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, sulphur dioxide (SO2)...... 14

Table 3.5: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, ozone (O3)...... 15

Table 3.6: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, particulate matter (PM10) ...... 16

Table 3.7: Compliance with proposed UK Air Quality objectives, particulate matter (PM2.5) ...... 17 Table 3.8: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, benzene ...... 18 Table 3.9: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, carbon monoxide (CO) ...... 18 Table 3.10: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, lead ...... 19 Table 3.11: Comparison with UK Air Quality Strategy objective, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) ...... 20 Table 3.12: Annual mean concentration, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde ...... 20

Table 3.13: Annual mean concentration, methane (CH4) ...... 21

Table 3.14: Annual mean concentration, ammonia (NH3) ...... 21 Table 3.15: Annual mean concentration, heavy metals ...... 22

Table 3.16: Annual mean concentration, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) ...... 22 Table 3.17: Annual average daily and hourly traffic flow ...... 23

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1 Introduction Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) has operated an air pollution monitoring network on behalf of the Highways Agency since the early 1990s. The first site was installed on the M4 motorway site in August 1992. In 2009, there were 4 monitoring sites in operation: M4 (Theale 2), Pinglewood; M25, Bell Common Tunnel; M25 (M25B), Staines; and M60, Kirkhams. These sites were installed in August 1992, January 2007, June 1995 and May 1999 respectively. This report is the ninth in a series summarising air pollutant concentrations, meteorological data and traffic flows measured at sites across the Highways Agency network. Monitoring data collected at previous and current sites in the network and reports previously published as part of this series are available on the TRL website1. This report has been structured to provide a clear overview of data collected in 2009. Section 2: Data collection – provides details of the location of each automatic monitoring site, the period of operation, the equipment installed and the method used to collect data at each site. Section 3: Compliance with UK Air Quality objective concentrations and allowed exceedances – examines compliance with objectives at each monitoring site in 2009. Pollutants not covered under the UK Air Quality Regulations are also discussed. Section 4: Summary – provides a summary and draws conclusions from the reported data. Volume II of the report presents time series plots for pollutant concentrations recorded at the four monitoring sites in 2009. It also contains a summary of historical data including comparison with air quality standards and objectives, hourly data summary statistics and traffic flows.

1 http://www.trl.co.uk/research_development/sustainability/environmental_assessment_/air_quality/air_quality_archive.htm

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2 Data collection

2.1 M4 (Theale 2), Pinglewood The first site installed as part of the Highways Agency network was located on the M4 motorway. This site (Theale 1) was installed in August 1992 and was located at the edge of the eastbound carriageway of the M4 motorway between junctions 11 and 12. The Theale 1 site was operational until July 1994, after which the site was relocated to make way for the construction of the M4 Reading motorway service area. The Theale 2 site was installed in April 1995 and is located at the edge of the hard shoulder on the eastbound carriageway of the M4 motorway approximately 2 km east of the Theale 1 site. Monitoring equipment from the Theale 1 site was relocated to the Theale 2 site and supplemented by two Rupprecht and Patashnick tapered element oscillating microbalance particulate monitors (TEOM) (model 1400ab). One monitor configured to measure particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 microns (PM10), and the second monitor configured to measure particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Table 2.1 provides details of the monitoring system and pollutants measured at the Theale 2 site. Photographs and a map showing the location of the M4 site are provided in Appendix A.1.

Table 2.1: Site information: M4 (Theale 2), Pinglewood Site M4, Theale 2, Pinglewood Eastbound carriageway, between junction 11 Location and 12 Grid reference SU 69945 69435 Road type Rural motorway Commencement date April 1995 Particulate inlet height above ground level 2.7 m Particulate inlet height above enclosure roof 0.75 m Particulate inlet distance from hard shoulder 4.1 m Gaseous inlet height above ground level 1.5 m Gaseous inlet distance from hard shoulder 0.5 m Gaseous manifold flow rate 6.3 m/sec Gaseous residence time 0.7 sec Wind vane & anemometer height above ground 4.25 m level Wind vane & anemometer height above 2.25 m enclosure roof Relative humidity & temperature sensor height 2.0 m above ground level Meteorological equipment distance from hard 6.0 m shoulder Carbon monoxide (CO) Infra red (IR) absorption Total oxides of nitrogen (NO ), nitrogen dioxide X Chemiluminescence (NO2), nitric oxide (NO) Ozone (O3) Ultra violet (UV) absorption Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Heated gravimetric - TEOM Total hydrocarbons (HC) and methane (CH4) Flame ionisation detector Ammonia (NH3) Passive diffusion tubes Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, Meteorological conditions relative humidity Traffic flow Automatic Traffic Counter (ATC)

During 2009, the M4 motorway site operated continuously with the following disruptions to data collection:

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NOX instrument faults resulted in data loss between 26/02/2009 and 27/02/2009, 05/04/2009 and 06/04/2009, 29/04/2009 and 30/04/2009 and on 01/05/2009 and 20/08/2009. CO instrument faults resulted in data loss between 19/01/2009 and 27/01/2009, 27/07/2009 and 31/07/2009 and on 06/10/2009 and 14/10/2009.

A PM10 instrument fault resulted in data loss between 27/05/2009 and 29/05/2009. A fault with the FID occurred between 29/03/2009 and 30/03/2009 and on 02/04/2009. This instrument was removed from site on 02/04/2009. Records of visits to the M4 monitoring site in 2009, including the reason for each visit, actions performed, and supporting comments for data loss are presented in Appendix B.1.

2.2 M25, Bell Common Tunnel The monitoring site on the M25 motorway at the Bell Common Tunnel was installed in January 2007. This site is situated on the eastbound (clockwise) carriageway of the M25 motorway to the west of junction 27. The site was installed with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the long term trend in emissions obtained in the tunnel. Air quality data collected in the tunnel are unlikely to be as affected by meteorological conditions as sites located outside of the tunnel. Depending on prevailing wind directions, high wind speeds, extreme ambient temperatures and humidity may contribute to the dilution or chemistry of the samples taken in the tunnel. Table 2.2 provides details of the monitoring system and pollutants measured at the Bell Common Tunnel site. Photographs and a map showing the location of the Bell Common Tunnel site are provided in Appendix A.2.

Table 2.2: Site information: M25, Bell Common Tunnel Site M25, Bell Common Tunnel Location Clockwise direction, west of M25 Junction 27 Grid reference TL 544500, 201500 Road type Suburban motorway Commencement date January 2007 Carbon monoxide (CO) Infra red (IR) absorption Total oxides of nitrogen (NO ), nitrogen X Chemiluminescence dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO) Ozone (O3) Ultra violet (UV) absorption Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Heated gravimetric - Osiris Traffic flow Automatic Traffic Counter (ATC)

During 2008 and 2009, air quality monitoring at the Bell Common Tunnel site was influenced by a major construction and refurbishment project to replace mechanical and electrical equipment. This work resulted in night time lane closures and disruptions to traffic flow. Whilst the major works were progressing in the anti-clockwise bore, contra flow traffic diversions were in place affecting the clockwise bore. These disruptions resulted in data measured at Bell Common Tunnel during 2009, and included in this report, not being representative of a typical year and should be treated with caution when comparing with other sites, and with the same site in previous years. Pollutant concentrations will have been affected by the presence of construction traffic and changes to traffic flow caused by the contra flow systems implemented, queuing traffic and speed restrictions. The lack of space for equipment in the tunnel caused by the works resulted in the Osiris monitor (used to measure concentrations of particulate matter) being removed from the Bell Common Tunnel site during 2008. Works continued into 2009 and as a result of the

TRL 6 RPN1446 (I) Client Project Report walk way being removed, additional lane development, and the tunnel being used for contra flow during the west bound bore refurbished, it was not possible to reinstall the Osiris monitor. The major works moved into the clockwise east bound bore of the Bell Common Tunnel on 30/09/2009. Once work commenced in the East bound bore the location of the equipment in the access stairwell adjacent to the tunnel was subject to significant amounts of cement dust and debris produced by the construction contractors and demolition work. This contributing to the analysers developing ‘over temperature’ faults. The use of plastic sheeting to protect the analysers helped to reduce the amount of dust getting into the analysers but continued to produce failures. Contractors using the stairwell were asked to respect the equipment but the nature of equipment being transported through the stairwell resulted in some damage to the equipment. A decision was taken to remove the monitoring systems shortly after the 30/9/2009. The statistics calculated from pollutant data recorded at the Bell Common Tunnel site in 2009 cover the period 01/01/2009 to 30/09/2009. To allow for comparison with air quality standards and guidelines, period mean concentrations have been annualised such that they can be compared against annual mean objective values. Where relevant, the annual mean and period mean are both reported. The statistics presented in Volume II of this report refer to annualised means to allow for comparison with historical data (this is indicated in the text where relevant). When comparing mean concentrations recorded in 2009 with concentrations from previous years, the effect of the tunnel works should considered. Data reported for the Bell Common Tunnel monitoring site in 2009 do not represent a typical year. Up to the removal of the equipment in 2009, some disruptions to data collection resulted from:

A NOX instrument fault between 21/07/2009 and 24/07/09.

An O3 instrument fault between 21/07/2009 and 24/07/2009. CO instrument faults between 20/03/2009 and 07/04/2009 and 27/05/2009 and 12/08/2009. Records of visits to the Bell Common Tunnel monitoring site in 2009, including the reason for each visit, actions performed, and supporting comments for data loss are presented in Appendix B.2.

2.3 M25 (M25B), Staines In June 1995, a monitoring site (M25A) was installed on the M25 motorway between junctions 13 and 14. Due to road widening, this site was closed in 2003 and relocated in February 2004 (to site M25B) approximately 100m to the north of site M25A. Major road works on the M25 motorway during 2004 resulted in periods of data loss and variations in vehicle emissions. The sample inlet was placed in its final position in November 2005. Table 2.3 provides details of the monitoring system and pollutants measured at the M25 site. Photographs and a map showing the location of the M25 site are provided in Appendix A.3.

Table 2.3: Site information: M25B, Staines Site M25B, Staines Clockwise carriageway, between junction 13 Location and 14 Grid reference TQ 025725 Road type Rural motorway Commencement date February 2004

PM10 inlet height above ground level 2.7 m PM10 inlet height above enclosure roof 0.7 m PM2.5 inlet height above ground level 2.4 m PM2.5 inlet height above enclosure roof 0.4 m

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Site M25B, Staines Particulate inlet distance from hard shoulder 4.05 m Gaseous inlet height above ground level 1.9 m Gaseous inlet distance from hard shoulder 1 m Gaseous manifold inlet gas flow rate 6.1m/sec Gaseous residence time 0.8 sec Wind vane and anemometer distance from hard 5.05 m shoulder Wind vane and anemometer height above 3.75 m ground level Wind vane and anemometer height above 1.75 m enclosure roof Temperature & relative humidity sensor height 2.1 m above ground level Temperature & relative humidity sensor distance 5.05 m from hard shoulder Pyranometer sensor height above ground level 3.45 m Pyranometer sensor height above enclosure roof 1.45 m Pyranometer sensor distance from hard 4.5 m shoulder Carbon monoxide (CO) Infra red (IR) absorption Total oxides of nitrogen (NO ), nitrogen dioxide X Chemiluminescence (NO2), nitric oxide (NO) Ozone (O3) Ultra violet (UV) absorption Total hydrocarbons (THC), methane (CH ), non- 4 Flame ionisation detector (FID) methane hydrocarbons (NMHC)

Sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) Ultra violet (UV) fluorescence Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Heated gravimetric – TEOM Ammonia (NH3) Passive diffusion tubes Aromatic hydrocarbons – BTEX Pumped samples (gas chromatography) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Particle phase by Partisol (gas chromatography) Pumped samples (high pressure liquid Aldehydes chromatography) Metals Particle phase – ICP Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, Meteorological conditions relative humidity, solar radiation Traffic flows Automatic Traffic Counter (ATC)

During 2009, the M25 motorway site operated continuously with the following minor disruptions to data collection: Power failures occurred between 16/01/2009 and 19/01/2009, 16/11/2009 and 17/11/2009, and on the 03/11/2009, 02/12/2009 and 09/12/2009 Records of visits to the M25 monitoring site in 2009, including the reason for each visit, actions performed, supporting comments for data loss, and power failures are presented in Appendix B.3.

2.4 M60, Kirkhams Monitoring began on the M60 motorway in May 1999. This site is located 18m from the westbound hard shoulder (Manchester Orbital Road) on a shallow motorway embankment approximately 300 m north east of junction 17. Table 2.4 provides details of the monitoring system and pollutants measured at the M60 site. Photographs and a map showing the location of the M60 site are provided in Appendix A.4.

Table 2.4: Site information: M60, Kirkhams Site M60, Kirkhams Location Eastbound carriageway, east of junction 17 Grid reference SD 81305 04995

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Site M60, Kirkhams Road type Suburban motorway Commencement date May 1999 Enclosure level above road surface 2.0 m Particulate inlet above ground level 3.2 m Particulate inlet above enclosure roof level 0.6 m Particulate inlet distance from hard shoulder 18 m Gaseous inlet above ground level 3.5 m Gaseous inlet above enclosure roof level 0.9 m Gaseous inlet distance from hard shoulder 18 m Gaseous manifold inlet flow rate 3.2 m/s Gaseous residence time 0.8 sec Meteorological equipment above ground level 6.8 m Meteorological equipment above enclosure roof 4.2 m level Meteorological equipment distance from hard 18 m shoulder Carbon monoxide (CO) Infra red (IR) absorption Total oxides of nitrogen (NO ), nitrogen dioxide X Chemiluminescence (NO2), nitric oxide (NO)

Ozone (O3) Ultra violet (UV) absorption

Particulate matter (PM10) Heated gravimetric – TEOM and Partisol

Total hydrocarbons (HC) and methane (CH4) Flame ionisation detector

Sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) Ultra violet (UV) fluorescence

Ammonia (NH3) Passive diffusion tubes Aromatic hydrocarbons – BTEX Pumped samples (gas chromatography) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Particle phase by Partisol (gas chromatography) Pumped samples (high pressure liquid Aldehydes chromatography) Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, Meteorological conditions relative humidity Traffic flow Automatic Traffic Counter (ATC)

During 2009, the M60 motorway site operated continuously with the following disruptions to data collection: A power failure resulted in data loss between 23/01/2009 and 24/01/2009.

SO2/H2S instrument servicing occurred between 06/01/2009 and 07/01/2009, 15/06/2009 and 26/06/2009, 28/08/2009 and 03/09/2009, and on 05/10/2009 and 09/10/2009. Records of visits to the M60 monitoring site in 2009, including the reason for each visit, actions performed, supporting comments for data loss, servicing and power failures are presented in Appendix B.4.

2.5 Quality assurance and quality control TRL Ltd quality assurance and quality control procedures require all data to be backed up on a secure server and all documentation associated with each monitoring site to be uniquely identified and securely stored. Quality assurance and quality control procedures follow those used in the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN)2 and are outlined below.

2 http://www.airquality.co.uk/reports/cat13/0910081142_AURN_QA_QC_Manual_Sep_09_FINAL.pdf

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2.5.1 Site visits TRL undertakes regular site visits to calibrate the equipment at each monitoring site. Procedures follow those outlined in the Site Operators Manual for the DEFRA AURN 3 (Automatic Urban Rural Network). Zero and span checking of the equipment were completed on a fortnightly basis. Equipment is routinely serviced by TRL and external contractors as required in line with manufacturer’s recommendations. Records of site visits at each monitoring site, including the reason for each visit and actions undertaken are presented in Appendix B.

2.5.2 Data checking TRL central data communication and logging facility (Enview 2000) has been externally audited by the Environment Agency. This system is used to undertake daily data inspections during office hours. Three-day plots of data recorded at each monitoring site are inspected for accurate date and time readings, continuous power supply, continuity and validity of measurements and maximum and minimum data values. Any anomalies or queries arising from the daily inspections are brought to the attention of the Project Manager, who will initiate any necessary action (e.g. a site visit). On a weekly basis, data collected by the management system are examined using summary statistics and outlier analysis. Any unusual episodes are recorded and examined over longer data periods to determine the impact on long term trends. Exceedances of objective concentrations are cross-referenced with peaks measured at other national monitoring sites or pollution episodes recorded by the London Air Quality Network or sites in the DEFRA AURN where possible. Trends in the data are also compared with other sites in the AURN.

2.5.3 Data calibration and ratification Air pollutant data are ratified as per DEFRA AURN recommended procedures 4 . The calibration and ratification process for automatic gas analysers corrects the raw dataset for ‘drift’ in the zero baselines and the upper range of the instrument. The zero reading recorded during the calibration exercise is used to adjust any offset of the baseline. The difference between the span values obtained at two subsequent calibration visits is used to calculate a linear scaling factor, which is applied to data collected between these two visits. Following application of the scaling factor and adjustment of the baseline, data are validated by visual inspection.

2.5.4 Data analysis Statistical analysis has been carried out to allow for comparison with UK Air Quality objective values set out by the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 2000 No. 928) and the Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 2002 No. 3043). Compliance with the relevant objective has been assessed for each pollutant covered by the Regulations (see Section 3). A number of pollutants monitored at the sites within the Highways Agency network are not covered by the UK Air Quality Regulations. The concentrations of these pollutants have been compared with Environment Agency Guidelines. Although the pollutants are not covered by UK legislation, guidance values for safe levels of human exposure exist and it is therefore considered useful to monitor concentrations. Statistical analysis of hourly data collected at each monitoring site has also been undertaken. Minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation values have been calculated for each pollutant at each monitoring site for the year 2009. This allows for

3 http://www.airquality.co.uk/reports/empire/lsoman/lsoman.html 4 http://www.airquality.co.uk/reports/empire/lsoman/lsoman.html

TRL 10 RPN1446 (I) Client Project Report comparison with data collected in previous years and the analysis of long term trends in pollutant concentrations. Data for 2009 are presented together with historical datasets in Volume II of this report.

3 Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives and permitted exceedances This section compares data collected at the four Highways Agency monitoring sites operating in 2009 with UK Air Quality objective concentrations and permitted numbers of exceedances. A summary of UK Air Quality objectives and numbers of permitted exceedances is provided in Appendix D. It is important to note that these objectives do not apply at the monitoring sites in the Highways Agency network as these sites are classified as areas not accessible to the public and no relevant exposure therefore exists. It is, however, still considered useful to compare the monitored data with these criteria. Each pollutant covered by the UK Air Quality Regulations is discussed in turn. Percentage capture rates for calibrated data are also provided. Concentrations of non- regulated pollutants are also presented and discussed in comparison with guidance values recommended by the Environment Agency5.

3.1 Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations are recorded by the continuous analysers as 15- minute means. 1-hour means have been calculated from the 15-minute data to allow for comparison with annual average and 1-hour mean UK Air Quality objectives. Time- series plots of hourly NO2 concentrations are presented in Volume II of this report. Table 3.1 provides a comparison between the UK Air objective concentrations and permitted numbers of exceedances and the hourly NO2 data recorded at all 4 monitoring sites in 2009. High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates for NO2 were achieved at the M4, M25 and M60 monitoring sites. Disruptions caused by power failures at the M25, M60 and Bell Common Tunnel sites and an instrument fault at the M4 site (noted in Section 2) were minimised by timely site visits. The data capture rate at Bell Common Tunnel site was also high (i.e. above 90%) for the months prior to the equipment being removed.

Table 3.1: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Objective Permitted number Bell Statistic M25 M4 M60 concentration of exceedances Common*

1 hour mean 200 g/m3 18 7 2 0 4022

254.6 Annual mean 40 g/m3 n/a 57.0 50.5 44.8 (241.4)

Calibrated 1- 71 hour data n/a n/a 98 99 99 (95) capture Bold type indicates exceedance of UK Air Quality objective * Bell Common Tunnel site equipment in place between 01/01/2009 and 30/09/2009. Data have been annualised and data in brackets represent period mean/data capture rate.

For information, annual mean concentrations of NO and NOX recorded at each monitoring site are provided in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3.

5 http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/pollution/35761.aspx

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Table 3.2: Annual mean nitric oxide (NO) concentrations

Statistic M25 M4 M60 Bell Common*

1481.5 Annual mean (µg/m3) 100.8 93.8 54.7 (1255.7)

Calibrated data 71 capture (% of 98 99 99 (95) calendar year) * Bell Common Tunnel site equipment in place between 01/01/2009 and 30/09/2009. Data have been annualised and data in brackets represent period mean/data capture rate.

Table 3.3: Annual mean total oxides of nitrogen (NOX) concentrations

Statistic M25 M4 M60 Bell Common*

1645.1 Annual mean (µg/m3) 157.8 144.3 99.5 (1497.1)

The 1-hour mean NO2 concentrations recorded at the M4 and M60 sites in 2009 were between 20-120µg/m3. The 1-hour mean measurements at the M25 site were between 20-180µg/m3. Higher concentrations observed at the M25 site are thought to be due to the higher traffic flows on this motorway compared to traffic flows on the M4 and M60 motorways (see Table 3.17). Generally, NO2 concentrations at the M25 site correspond well to those recorded at the nearby Hillingdon Local Authority monitoring site.

3 Exceedances of the UK Air Quality 1-hour mean objective for NO2 (200 μg/m ) were recorded at the M4 and M25 sites in 2009. There were no exceedances of the 1-hour mean objective recorded at the M60 site during this year. At the M4 site, 2 exceedances of the 1-hour mean objective occurred on 23rd December and at the M25 site, exceedances occurred on 2nd April, 16th April, 2nd July, 21st December and 23rd December. At both the M4 and M25 sites, the number of exceedances of the 1-hour mean objective was within the number permitted in 1 year under the UK Air Quality Regulations. The exceedances which occurred on 23rd December at both Highways Agency sites have been investigated by comparison with pollution episodes recorded on the London Air 6 Quality Network website . There was no London-wide pollution episode for NO2 reported in December 2009. Of those AURN sites in the South East region which recorded exceedances of the 1-hour mean objective during 2009 (Brighton Roadside and Storrington Roadside), there were no exceedances recorded on the same dates as the Highways Agency sites. Exceedances were, however, recorded at sites within Greater London on 23rd December, including Bloomsbury, Haringey, North Kensington, Marylebone Road and Tower Hamlets7. As no pollution episode was recorded, and given that the holiday period is likely to have resulted in increased traffic congestion on major roads, it is concluded that exceedances of the 1-hour mean objective on 23rd December at the Highways Agency sites were due to local traffic events. Exceedances of the objective were recorded between the hours of 09:00hrs and 10:00hrs at the M25 site

6 http://www.londonair.org.uk/ 7 http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk

TRL 12 RPN1446 (I) Client Project Report and between the hours of 16:00hrs and 18:00hrs at the M4 site, which correspond to peak traffic hours. Other exceedances at the M25 site have also been investigated by comparison with data from AURN sites. On the 16th April, exceedances of the 1-hour mean objective also occurred at Camden Kerbside and London Marylebone Road sites. This date was during the Easter holiday period and it is therefore likely that increased traffic congestion caused these exceedances and those at the M25 site. Exceedances on 2nd April, 16th April and 2nd July at the M25 site were recorded during peak traffic hours i.e. 16:00hrs to 18:00hrs. On 21st December, exceedances were also recorded at Tower Hamlets roadside site and Camden kerbside site. As above, these exceedances are likely to have been caused by traffic congestion on major roads during the holiday period.

During 2009, the annual mean NO2 objective value was exceeded at all 4 monitoring sites. The annual means at the M4 and M60 sites were 50.5 and 44.8µg/m3 respectively, the M25 annual mean was higher at 57.0µg/m3 and the Bell Common Tunnel annual mean was highest at 241.4µg/m3. The higher annual mean concentration recorded at the M25 site is supported by higher volumes of traffic using this motorway compared with the M4 and M60 sites (see Table 3.17). 3 NO2 concentrations at the Bell Common Tunnel site were between 100-700µg/m , with a large number of exceedances of the 1-hour mean recorded at this site (see Table 3.1). Whilst it was expected that relatively high concentrations would be recorded at this site given that this has been observed in previous years (as a result of limited air dispersion and dilution conditions in tunnel environments, as described in the previous year’s monitoring report (Highways Agency, 2008)), the concentrations recorded in 2009 were observed to be higher than those in previous years. This is likely to be due to the major road works which resulted in a lane of contra flow traffic in the clockwise bore where the monitoring equipment is located. Changes to traffic speeds and congestion in the clockwise bore are likely to have resulted in increased emissions and higher pollutant concentrations due to the limited scope for dispersion in the tunnel environment. The presence of construction traffic in the tunnel during 2009 will also have contributed to higher pollutant concentrations. During the road works, there were significant traffic queues resulting in slow moving traffic through the tunnel. A large number of peaks in pollutant concentrations occurred during rush hour traffic periods (07:00hrs to 09:00hrs and 16:00hrs to 18:00hrs).

Concentrations of NO2 have also been compared with concentrations of ozone (O3) to determine if peaks in NO2 occur at the same time as reductions in O3 concentrations. This is discussed further in section 3.3.

3.2 Sulphur dioxide

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations have been recorded by the continuous analysers as 15-minute means at two of the four monitoring sites: the M25 and M60 motorways. The UK Air Quality Regulations provide three objective concentrations for SO2 (measured as 15-minute, 1-hour and 24-hour means). Table 3.4 shows that there were no exceedances of the SO2 objectives at either monitoring site in 2009. High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates for SO2 were achieved at both the M25 and M60 sites in 2009. Disruptions to data collection caused by power failures at both sites and instrument faults at the M60 site are described in Section 2 with additional details in A.1.1.1Appendix B.

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Table 3.4: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Objective Permitted number Bell Statistic M25 M4 M60 concentration of exceedances Common

15-minute 266 µg/m3 35 0 - 0 - mean

1-hour mean 350 µg/m3 24 0 - 0 -

24-hour mean 125 µg/m3 3 0 - 0 -

Calibrated data capture (% of n/a n/a 98 - 94 - calendar year)

3 th The maximum hourly concentration of SO2 at the M60 site was 37µg/m , recorded on 5 October. At the M25 site, the maximum hourly concentration was 33µg/m3, recorded on 9th January. At the M60 site, the maximum concentration was recorded during peak traffic hours (07:00hrs-09:00hrs). At the M25 site, the maximum concentration was not recorded during peak traffic hours, however, peaks in other pollutants occurred during the same time period (11:00hrs-13:00hrs) on the same date at this site. It is therefore likely that a local event, such as traffic congestion, was the cause of the peak in SO2 concentrations observed at the M25 site in January.

The maximum SO2 concentrations observed at the Highways Agency sites are relatively low compared with maximum SO2 concentrations recorded at sites in the AURN in 2009, these included Harwell rural background site (83µg/m3), Southampton centre (67µg/m3), London Marylebone Road (64µg/m3) and Liverpool Speke (67µg/m3)8. Small peaks in the hourly data observed at the M60 site during March 2009 (6th, 19th and 21st March) were also observed at the Salford Eccles site. The graph of hourly SO2 concentrations recorded at the Salford Eccles site follows the graph of hourly SO2 concentrations recorded at the M60 site. This is also observed for hourly SO2 concentrations recorded at the Harwell rural background site and the M25 site, with small peaks in the data observed at both sites in January and April. For all averaging periods, peaks in the data recorded at the Highways Agency sites were well below the UK Air Quality objective concentrations for SO2.

Time-series plots of 15-minute, 1-hour and 24-hour mean SO2 concentrations are provided in Volume II of this report.

3.3 Ozone

Ozone (O3) concentrations have been recorded by the continuous analysers as 15- minute means. 1-hour means have been calculated from the 15-minute data and the running 8-hour mean has been calculated for comparison with the UK Air Quality objective for O3 at all four monitoring sites. Time-series plots of the running 8-hour mean concentration of O3 are presented in Volume II of this report.

High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates for O3 were achieved at the M25, M4 and M60 sites in 2009. The data capture rate reported in Table 3.5 refers to the entire calendar year. Equipment was removed from the Bell Common Tunnel site on 30/09/2009. Data capture between 01/01/2009 and 30/09/2009 for O3 at the Bell Common Tunnel site was 99%. Disruptions to data collection resulting from power failures are discussed in Section 5.

8 http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk

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Table 3.5: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, ozone (O3)

Permitted Objective Bell Statistic number of M25 M4 M60 concentration Common* exceedances

8-hour running 100 µg/m3 10 0 20 316 0 mean

Calibrated data 74 capture (% of n/a n/a 98 100 96 (99) calendar year) Bold type indicates exceedance of UK Air Quality objective * Bell Common Tunnel site equipment in place between 01/01/2009 and 30/09/2009. Data in brackets represent period data capture rate.

In 2009, the running 8-hour mean concentration of ozone was between 5 and 90µg/m3 at the M4 site, between 5 and 80µg/m3 at the M25 site and between 5 and 110µg/m3 at the M60 site. Table 3.5 illustrates exceedances of the running 8-hour mean at two of the monitoring sites: the M4 and M60 motorways. The number of exceedances at the M60 site was greater than the number permitted under the UK Air Quality Regulations. This was also observed at a number of other sites in the North West region during 2009, including Manchester South (suburban background), Liverpool Speke (urban background) and Blackpool Marton (urban background)9.

Trends in O3 concentrations recorded at AURN sites have been examined and compared with the trend in concentrations recorded at the M60 site. There were no incidents of 3 3 very high (i.e. above 360µg/m ) or high (180-359µg/m ) O3 concentrations recorded at the M60 site or AURN sites in the North West and Merseyside region during 2009. Moderate (100 to 179 µg/m3) concentrations were recorded at a number of AURN sites, including Blackpool Marton, Glazebury, Wigan Centre, Wigan Tranmere, Preston and Great Dun Fell10. Of these sites, the greatest numbers of moderate concentrations (157) were recorded at the Blackpool Marton urban background site. Whilst moderate concentrations were recorded fewer times during 2009 at the Blackpool Marton site than at the M60 site, concentrations recorded at the 2 sites compare well. As at the M60 site, O3 concentrations recorded at the Blackpool Marton site were generally higher during April, May and June than during January, February and March, as is expected given the seasonal variation in concentrations of this pollutant. Higher concentrations of O3 generally occur during warm, sunny months when increased sunshine hours allow for increased ground level ozone production.

Inter-comparisons of concentrations of NO2 and O3 measured at the Highways Agency roadside sites have been carried out to help provide an understanding of the increased and decreased concentrations during these episodes. Time-series plots presented in Volume II of this report have been annotated accordingly. This is demonstrated at the nd th M60 site where an increase in O3 concentrations were observed between 22 and 27 April 2009, with NO2 concentrations observed as being noticeably lower during the same period than in previous days. This suggests that less O3 was involved in conversion to NO2 during this period, although the reason for less conversion is not clear. Exceedances of the running 8-hour mean objective for O3 occurred at the M4 site in May, July and November and at the M60 site in April, May, June, July, November and December. All of these exceedances are considered to be valid and occurred at the same time as lower NO2 concentrations.

9 http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk 10 http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk

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3.4 Particulate Matter

Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are recorded as 15-minute means at each monitoring site. 1-hour and 24-hour means have been calculated from the 15- minute data to allow for comparison with the UK Air Quality objectives for PM10 and the proposed objectives for PM2.5.

High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates for PM10 and PM2.5 were achieved at the M25, M4 and M60 motorway sites. This report does not contain PM10 or PM2.5 data collected at the Bell Common Tunnel site in 2009 because the Osiris monitor was removed in July 2008 due to lack of space in the tunnel caused by the major construction and refurbishment programme. As mentioned previously, this work continued into 2009 and as a result, the Osiris monitor was not re-installed.

3.4.1 PM10 As discussed in the previous monitoring report (Highways Agency, 2008) prior to

processing and ratification, the raw PM10 concentrations have been adjusted to a gravimetric equivalent using the Volatile Correction Model (VCM) as recommended by Defra (2009). This adjusts the TEOM data using the "purge" concentration measured by an FDMS analyser, assuming this represents the volatile component that has been lost. A "VCM web portal" has been established that allows this correction to be derived from the mean of up to three, nearby FDMS analysers in the national network. Data presented in Table 3.6 have been corrected using this method. For consistency

with previous reports, PM10 data collected by TEOM analysers have also been adjusted by *1.3 and these statistics are presented in Volume II (Section 6) of this report. As observed from the 2008 data, the annual means obtained from the VCM method are lower than those obtained using TEOM *1.3.

Table 3.6: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, particulate matter (PM10)

Permitted Objective Measurement Bell Statistic number of M25 M4 M60 concentration method Common exceedances

TEOM adjusted 24-hour mean 50 µg/m3 35 13 6 4 - (VCM)

TEOM adjusted Annual mean 40 µg/m3 n/a 23.9 24.0 18.5 - (VCM)

Calibrated data capture n/a n/a - 98 99 99 (% of - calendar year)

Table 3.6 shows that the annual mean PM10 objective was not exceeded at any of the motorway monitoring sites in 2009. Exceedance of the 24-hour mean objective for PM10 occurred at all three sites for which PM10 data are reported. The number of exceedances was, however, less than the number permitted under the UK Air Quality Regulations at all three sites.

Time-series plots of the 24-hour mean concentration of PM10 are presented in Volume II of this report. The 24-hour mean concentration of PM10 was typically between 20 and 40µg/m3 at the M4 site, between 15 and 40µg/m3 at the M25 site and between 10 and 40µg/m3 at the M60 site. Exceedances of the 24-hour mean objective occurred at the M4 site in January, March and April, at the M25 site in January, February, March, April and May and at the M60 site in March and April. The London Air Quality Network reports a pollution episode for PM10 during January 2009 due to poor dispersion of primary

TRL 16 RPN1446 (I) Client Project Report

11 pollution emissions and (to a lesser extent), the input of PM10 from continental sources . It is likely that this episode affected PM10 concentrations at the M4 and M25 sites in January 2009.

The 24-hour mean concentration of PM10 recorded at the M25 site corresponds well to data recorded at Harwell rural background site12. Concentrations at the M25 site are typically higher, due to the significant traffic source at this site. A similar trend in concentrations is observed. Similarly, PM10 concentrations recorded at the M60 site correspond well to those recorded at Bury roadside. Concentrations recorded at the M60 site are, however, generally lower than those at the Bury roadside site, which could be explained by traffic at the M60 site being more free-flowing than at Bury roadside.

The annual mean PM10 concentration recorded at the M4 site was higher than the M25 and M60 sites despite lower traffic flows along the M4 during 2009. Work on the M4 Junction 11 & Mereoak Improvement Scheme was ongoing during 2009. The air quality monitoring site is situated outside of the control area for these works, but it is likely that changes to traffic flow influenced vehicle emissions and concentrations recorded at the M4 site in 2009.

3.4.2 PM2.5 Table 3.7 shows that there were no exceedances of the proposed UK Air Quality objective concentration for annual mean PM2.5 at any of the monitoring sites in 2009.

Table 3.7: Compliance with proposed UK Air Quality objectives, particulate matter (PM2.5)

Permitted Objective Measurement Bell Statistic number of M25 M4 M60 concentration method Common exceedances

Annual 25 g/m3 n/a TEOM 13.9 12.6 13.1 - mean

Calibrated data capture (% of n/a n/a - 98 99 99 - calendar year)

3.5 Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) Aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, meta-, para- and ortho-xylene (collectively known as BTEX), are measured at the M25 and M60 sites using passive diffusion tubes that provide daily mean concentrations for each pollutant. Table 3.8 shows that the UK Air Quality objective value for benzene (annual mean of 5 g/m3 in England and Wales) was achieved at both the M25 site and the M60 sites in 2009. A high (i.e. above 90%) data capture rate was achieved for BTEX monitoring at the M60 motorway in 2009. Some data loss occurred as a result of insufficient sample in the tube for analytical analysis and no data were reported in the results summary provided by the laboratory. This may have been as a result of the tube or tubes not seating correctly in the automatic carousel used by the sampler. At the M25 site, data loss was caused by reports from the analytical lab that there was physical damage to the sample tubes which resulted in the analytical equipment being unable to physically manipulate the tubes through the equipment. This was investigated as the tubes were supplied by the laboratory. The tubes are made of stainless steel tubing and would be difficult to

11 http://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/publicepisodes.asp?species=All®ion=0&site=&postcode=&la_id=&l evel=All&bulletindate=18%2F02%2F2011&MapType=Google&bulletin=explanation&episodeID=varied5Jan2009 12 http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk

TRL 17 RPN1446 (I) Client Project Report distort. As a result all future tube were checked for integrity before use. This resulted in a lower data capture rate of 82% for the M25 site.

Table 3.8: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, benzene

Permitted Objective Statistic number of M25 M4 M60 Bell Common concentration exceedances

Annual mean 5 g/m3 n/a 0.17 - 0.19 -

Data capture (% of n/a n/a 82 - 93 - calendar year)

3.6 Carbon monoxide Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) are recorded as 15-minute means by the continuous analysers. 1-hour mean concentrations were calculated from the 15-minute mean data for comparison with the UK Air Quality objective concentration. High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates were achieved for CO at the M25, M4 and M60 motorway sites in 2009. Disruptions to data collection caused by power failures at all three motorway sites and instrument faults at the M4 and Bell Common Tunnel sites are discussed in Section 5. The data capture rate reported in Table 3.5 refers to the entire calendar year. Data are rounded to the nearest whole number; hence the capture rate for the M60 site is rounded to 100% (data loss occurred due to a power failure between 23rd and 24th January). Routine span and zero calibrations have not affected the capture rate as data are averaged over 8 hours for comparison with the UK Air Quality objective. Equipment was removed from the Bell Common Tunnel site on 30/09/2009. Data capture between 01/01/2009 and 30/09/2009 for CO at the Bell Common Tunnel site was 65%. An instrument fault occurred at the Bell Common Tunnel site on 20/03/2009 and on 27/05/2009. In both cases, the instrument was removed from site for repair, resulting in data loss between 20/03/2009 and 07/04/2009 and between 27/05/2009 and 12/08/2009. Records of visits to Bell Common monitoring site in 2009, including the reason for each visit, actions performed, and supporting comments for data loss are presented in Appendix B.1.

Table 3.9: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, carbon monoxide (CO)

Permitted Objective Bell Statistic number of M25 M4 M60 concentration Common* exceedances

Maximum running 10 mg/m3 n/a 1.1 1.6 1.3 5.9 8-hour mean

Calibrated data 48 capture (% of n/a n/a 98 96 100 (65) calendar year) * Bell Common Tunnel site equipment in place between 01/01/2009 and 30/09/2009. Data in brackets represent period data capture rate.

Table 3.9 shows that there were no exceedances of the running 8-hour mean objective for CO at any of the monitoring sites in 2009. The running 8-hour mean concentration of CO was typically less than 1mg/m3 at the M4, M25 and M60 sites and less than 3mg/m3 at the Bell Common Tunnel site. The annual means recorded at the Highways Agency sites were similar to those recorded at nearby roadside sites in the AURN 13 .

13 http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/

TRL 18 RPN1446 (I) Client Project Report

Annual mean concentrations of 0.3mg/m3 were recorded at both the M60 and Bury roadside sites in 2009 and annual means of 0.4mg/m3 were recorded at both the M4 and Cromwell Road sites in 2009. The annual mean concentration recorded at the M25 site was slightly lower at 0.3mg/m3. These concentrations are all well below levels which are deemed harmful to human health14.

3.7 Lead Concentrations of selected heavy metals are monitored at the M25 motorway site. The measurement method follows that employed on the UK Heavy Metals Monitoring Network in line with Directive 2004/107/EC (EC, 2004). The UK Air Quality Regulations 3 set an objective annual mean concentration for lead equal to or less than 0.25µg/m . Concentrations of other heavy metals which are not covered by the UK Air Quality Regulations are discussed in Section 3.8.5. The annual mean concentration of lead recorded at the M25 site in 2009 was below the UK Air Quality objective. A high (i.e. above 90%) data capture rate was achieved for lead monitoring in 2009.

Table 3.10: Compliance with UK Air Quality objectives, lead

Objective Permitted number Statistic M25 M4 M60 Bell Common concentration of exceedances

Annual mean 0.25 g/m3 n/a 0.0079 - - -

Data capture (% of n/a n/a 100 - - - calendar year)

3.8 Pollutants not covered by the UK Air Quality Regulations

3.8.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) monitoring in the Highways Agency network began in 2003 at the M25 site and in 2004 at the M60 site. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the compound that is considered to be representative for the cancer risk associated with the whole PAH mixture (EPAQS, 1999). An annual mean concentration for B[a]P of 0.25 ng/m3 is the value listed in the UK Air Quality Strategy (Defra, 2007) as an objective for PAH. This pollutant is not, however, covered by EU Daughter Directives on Air Quality and is not therefore transposed into UK law through the UK Air Quality Regulations. Table 3.11 presents the annual mean concentrations of B[a]P measured at the M60 and M25 site during 2009. The laboratory used to analyse the PAH samples inadvertently destroyed three months of samples prior to analysis. This was an error by the laboratory and compensation was provided. This has resulted in no data for the M25 site for the period January to mid April. This has resulted in a lower data capture rate at the M25 site. The UK Air Quality Strategy objective was achieved at the M60 monitoring site in 2009. The data capture rate for PAH monitoring improved at the M60 site in 2009 compared to 2008. As in 2008, there were a few instances where the instrument filter mechanism failed to change filters, this resulted in an increase in data loss as a result of insufficient sample being collected on filters for analysis. The data capture rate was 89% for the year.

14 http://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/information.asp?view=whatis

TRL 19 RPN1446 (I) Client Project Report

Table 3.11: Comparison with UK Air Quality Strategy objective, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)

Objective Bell Statistic M25 M4 M60 concentration Common

Annual mean 0.25 ng/m3 0.16 - 0.19 -

Data capture (% n/a 60 - 89 - of calendar year)

3.8.2 Aldehydes Aldehydes are not included in the UK Air Quality Regulations. To prevent sensory irritation in the general population, a report prepared for the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution (COMEAP) recommends concentrations less than 0.1-0.2 mg/m3 for formaldehyde and less than 90mg/m3 for acetaldehyde 15 . Annual mean concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde recorded at the M25 and M60 motorway sites in 2009 are presented in Table 3.12. Concentrations were well below the recommended guidelines at both sites during 2009. High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates were achieved at both sites in 2009.

Table 3.12: Annual mean concentration, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde

COMEAP recommended Bell Pollutant Statistic M25 M4 M60 maximum concentration Common

Acetaldehyde 90 mg/m3 Annual mean (µg/m3) 1.40 - 0.36 -

Formaldehyde 0.1-0.2 mg/m3 Annual mean (µg/m3) 0.58 - 0.46 -

Data capture (% of Aldehydes n/a 100 - 100 - calendar year)

3.8.3 Total hydrocarbons

Concentrations of total hydrocarbons (THC) and methane (CH4) are measured at the M4, M25 and M60 motorway sites. These pollutants are not included in the UK Air Quality Regulations or Environment Agency guidelines. Long term problems with the Flame Ionisation Detector (FID) method of data collection have meant that results for non- methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) could not be validated and have not been presented in this report. At the time of writing, reliable and cost effective replacements for continuous ambient hydrocarbon measurements have yet to be identified. High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates for concentrations of CH4 were achieved at the M25 and M60 sites in 2009. Data loss occurred at the M4 site due to problems with the FID as noted in Section 2.1. The instrument was removed from site for repair on 02/04/2009 and subsequently found to be irreparable. As such, monitoring of hydrocarbons at the M4 site ceased on 02/04/2009 and the annual mean for CH4 reported in Table 3.13 should therefore be treated with caution because it is not representative of the calendar year.

15 http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/statementsreports/aldehydes-imperialcollreview.pdf

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Table 3.13: Annual mean concentration, methane (CH4)

Statistic M25 M4 M60 Bell Common

Annual mean (µg/m3) 1.0 1.5 1.6 -

Calibrated data capture (% of 95 25 98 - calendar year)

3.8.4 Ammonia

Ammonia (NH3) concentrations are recorded at the M4, M25 and M60 motorway sites using passive diffusion tubes exposed at approximately 2-weekly intervals. This pollutant is not included in the UK Air Quality Regulations. The Environment Agency recommends comparison against a long term Environmental Assessment Level (EAL) of 180µg/m3 as an annual average 16 . The annual averages recorded at the Highways Agency roadside monitoring sites in 2008 were well below this value. At the M25 and M60 sites, triplicate tubes have been deployed at 2 locations. At the M25 site, 1 set of tubes was deployed close to the inlet at the roadside and 1 set was deployed in the field at the rear of the monitoring station approximately 50 m from the roadside. At the M60 site, 1 set of tubes was deployed at the roadside and 1 set was deployed at the inlet approximately 18 m from the roadside. At the M4 site, tubes were located at the roadside only because there was no suitable additional site. High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates for ammonia were achieved at all of the monitoring sites in 2009. Table 3.14 shows the levels of ammonia found at the M60 roadside site are more than double the roadside (inlet) levels found at the M4 and M25 sites. The annual mean concentration of ammonia at the inlet at the M60 site is similar to those found at the M4 and M25 inlets; however the M60 inlet is 15m further from the roadside. The reason for the elevated levels of ammonia at the M60 roadside site is unknown; there are no other known local sources however this result is consistent with previous year’s results. The reason for the slightly higher ammonia levels at the M25 background site could be due to the sheep that occasionally reside in the field where the diffusion tubes are located.

Table 3.14: Annual mean concentration, ammonia (NH3)

Environmental Assessment M25 M60 Bell Statistic Level (EAL) M4 Common annual mean Roadside Background Roadside Inlet µg/m3

Annual mean (ng/m3) 180 6.02 9.68 6.28 12.89 5.64 -

Data capture (% of n/a 100 100 95 100 100 - calendar year)

3.8.5 Heavy metals Concentrations of selected heavy metals are recorded at the M25 motorway site. Lead is included in the UK Air Quality Regulations and results obtained for this pollutant at the M25 site in 2009 are discussed in Section 3.7. Annual mean concentrations of arsenic, cadmium and nickel are also subject to target values under the 4th Daughter Directive

16 Personal communication between TRL Ltd and Environment Agency, July 2010

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(2004/107/EC)17. Target values set under this Directive require member states to take all cost effective abatement measures but do not require them to undertake any measures entailing disproportionate costs. Target values are 6ng/m3, 5ng/m3 and 20ng/m3 for arsenic, cadmium and nickel respectively. Annual mean concentrations of arsenic, cadmium and nickel recorded at the M25 site remained well below these limit values in 2009 (see Table 3.15). High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates were achieved for arsenic, cadmium and nickel concentrations in 2009.

Table 3.15: Annual mean concentration, heavy metals

Target value Bell Pollutant Statistic M25 M4 M60 ng/m3 Common

Annual mean (ng/m3) 6 0.35 - - - Arsenic Data capture (% of calendar year) n/a 100

Annual mean (ng/m3) 5 0.12 - - -

Cadmium Data capture (% of calendar year) n/a 100

Annual mean (ng/m3) 20 1.31 - - -

Nickel

Data capture (% of calendar year) n/a 94 - - -

3.8.6 Hydrogen sulphide

Concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are measured at the M25 and M60 motorway sites. This pollutant is not included in the UK Air Quality Regulations. The Environment Agency 18 recommends comparison against a long term EAL of 140µg/m3. Annual average concentrations of H2S recorded at the Highways Agency roadside monitoring sites in 2009 were well below this value. High (i.e. above 90%) data capture rates for

H2S were achieved at both the M25 and M60 sites in 2009.

Table 3.16: Annual mean concentration, hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

Environmental Assessment Bell Statistic Level (EAL) long term M25 M4 M60 Common µg/m3

Annual mean (µg/m3) 140 2.7 - 6.5 -

Calibrated data capture (% of n/a 98 - 99 - calendar year)

3.9 Traffic data In addition to pollutant concentrations, information on traffic flows are collected by Automatic Traffic Counters (ATCs) at all four monitoring sites (see Table 3.17). Traffic flows recorded in 2009 at each monitoring site are presented together with historical

17 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0107:EN:NOT 18 http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEHO1105BJXV-e-e.pdf

TRL 22 RPN1446 (I) Client Project Report datasets in Volume II. Data for the Bell Common Tunnel site were not available during the tunnel refurbishment in 2009.

Table 3.17: Annual average daily and hourly traffic flow

Statistic M25 M4 M60 Bell Common■

CW* 99969 EB* 54965 CW 80186 Annual average daily traffic flow - ACW* 100814 WB* 53551 ACW 79080

CW 4165 EB 2290 CW 3341 Annual average vehicles per hour - ACW 4201 WB 2231 ACW 3295

CW 83 EB 71 CW 73 Data capture (% of calendar year) - ACW 89 WB 70 ACW 69 CW: clockwise; ACW: anti-clockwise; EB: Eastbound; WB: Westbound ■Bell Common Tunnel: data unavailable

4 Summary This report provides a summary of air pollutant concentrations, meteorological data and traffic flows measured at four motorway sites during the calendar year 2009 as part of the Highways Agency long term roadside monitoring network. The report compares concentrations of pollutants with objectives set out by the UK Air Quality Regulations. The following exceedances have been recorded during 2009: 3 The annual mean NO2 objective concentration of 40µg/m was exceeded at all four monitoring sites. 3 The 1-hour mean NO2 objective concentration of 200µg/m was exceeded at the Bell Common Tunnel site. 3 Exceedances of the running 8-hour mean O3 objective of 100µg/m occurred at the M4 and M60 sites.

There were no exceedances of the relevant objectives for SO2, PM2.5, PAH, benzene, CO or lead recorded at any of the monitoring sites. Data recorded at the Bell Common Tunnel site in 2009 were affected by a major road works programme involving refurbishment and construction works inside the tunnel bores. These works resulted in higher concentrations of NO2 and a higher number of exceedances of the 1-hour mean objective concentration than has been observed in previous years at this site. The impact of the works on traffic flows and the presence of construction traffic must be taken into account when analysing pollutant trends at this site and when comparing with concentrations recorded at other monitoring sites. Concentrations of pollutants which are not covered by the UK Air Quality Regulations are reported and discussed with reference to Environment Agency guidelines or other health standards where applicable. There were no exceedances of Environmental Assessment Level guideline values

for NH3 or H2S observed at the Highways Agency monitoring sites in 2009. There were no exceedances of target values for heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium and nickel) recorded at the M25 site in 2009. There were no exceedances of the COMEAP recommended maximum exposure value for aldehydes (acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) recorded at the Highways Agency sites in 2009.

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References Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000. Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 928. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2000/20000928.htm Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002. Statutory Instrument 2002. No. 3043. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20023043.htm Defra (2007). The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: July 2007, Cm 7169 NIA 61/07-07. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the Scottish Executive, Welsh Assembly Government and the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. The Stationary Office, London. EC (2004). Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. EPAQS (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards. Report for the former Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. DETR, London. Highways Agency (2005). Impact of reduced emissions on air quality: the monitoring of aromatics and aldehydes 1995 to 2003. TRL report UPR SEA/02/05. TRL, Wokingham. Highways Agency (2007). The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network 2005. TRL report PPR192. TRL, Wokingham. Highways Agency (ITS Leeds), (2008). The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network 2006. TRL report PPR371. TRL, Wokingham. Highways Agency (2004). The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network 2002. TRL report UPR SE/020/04. TRL, Crowthorne. Highways Agency (2003). The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network 1992 to 2001. TRL report PR SE/742/03. TRL, Crowthorne. Highways Agency (2005). The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network 2003. TRL report UPR SE/145/04. TRL, Wokingham. Highways Agency (2010). The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network 2008 Volume I. TRL report RPN 744. TRL, Wokingham. Highways Agency (2010). The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network 2008 Volume II. TRL report RPN 744. TRL, Wokingham. Highways Agency (2010). The Highways Agency roadside air pollution monitoring network 2009 Volume II. TRL report RPN 1446, TRL, Wokingham. WHO (2000). Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition. World Health Organisation Regional Publications, No. 91. WHO.

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Appendix A Figures and locations of monitoring sites

A.1 M4 (Theale 2), Pinglewood

A.1.1 Ordnance Survey map

M4 Theale 2

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A.1.2 Site photos

A.1.2.1 M4 monitoring station

A.1.2.2 Selection of instruments inside the M4 monitoring station

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A.2 M25, Bell Common Tunnel

A.2.1 Ordnance Survey map

Bell Common Tunnel

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A.2.2 Site photos

A.2.2.1 Bell Common Tunnel monitoring station

A.2.2.2 Selection of instruments inside the Bell Common Tunnel monitoring station

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A.3 M25 (M25B), Staines

A.3.1 Ordnance Survey map

M25 B site

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A.3.2 Site photos

A.3.2.1 M25 monitoring station

A.3.2.2 Selection of instruments inside the M25 monitoring station

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A.4 M60, Kirkhams

A.4.1 Ordnance Survey map

M60 site

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A.4.2 Site photos

A.4.2.1 M60 monitoring station

A.4.2.2 Selection of instruments inside the M60 monitoring station

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Appendix B Calibration and maintenance records

B.1 M4 (Theale 2), Pinglewood Date Reason for visit Notes/Actions taken

08/01/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 09/01/09 Interim visit. CO, NOx & O3 analysers swapped out for service. 19/01/09 Interim visit. CO analyser issues, returned unit to TRL for inspection. Analyser sent to service company for repair. No ‘hot spare’ instrument available. Unit required spare parts ordering. Reinstalled 27/1/09

22/01/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 27/01/09 Span/Zero check. Installed new CO analyser.

05/02/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 06/02/09 Span/Zero check Installed Horiba trial FID. & analyser installation.

19/02/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 26/02/09 NO fault Pump fault re-commissioned 27/2/09 27/02/09 FID cals. FID units calibrated. 04/03/09 FID cals. Final calibrations done on FID units, then trial FID removed.

05/03/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 18/03/09 Span/Zero check Original NOx and CO analysers re-installed along side others for & analyser comparison installation.

27/03/09 NH3 tube change & NH3 tubes swapped out. CO cals. 29/3/09 FID fault Flame out fault. Re-light 30/3/09

02/04/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. FID analyser issues - removed for investigation and repair.

05/04/09 NOx service Service re-commissioned 6/4/09 16/04/09 Span/Zero check. CO analyser removed - no response to gas. 17/04/09 CO analyser re- CO analyser repaired and re-installed. installed.

29/04/09 NOx fault Analyser pump fault re-commissioned 30/4/09 30/04/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 01/05/09 NOx fault Temp warning, repaired at site 06/05/09 TEOM filter - change. 14/05/09 Span/Zero check. -

15/05/09 O3 cals. O3 calibration carried out. 27/05/09 PM10 fault Instrument removed to workshop & repaired reinstalled 29/5/09 28/05/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 01/06/09 Span/Zero check. PM10 TEOM pump swapped out. 11/06/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 25/06/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 09/07/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 23/07/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. RH sensor issues – removed for investigation. 27/07/09 CO analyser CO analyser removed for service. Reinstalled 31/7/09

06/08/09 Span/Zero check NH3 tubes swapped out. O3 calibration carried out. Replacement & O3 cals. RH sensor installed. 20/08/09 Span/Zero check Horiba NOx analyser removed. Replaced with API 200A NOx analyser. NH3 tubes collected. 24/08/09 Span/Zero check. -

03/09/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 08/09/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed.

01/10/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 06/10/09 CO analyser fault CO returned to service company. Repaired and reinstalled 14/10/09

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09/10/09 O3 cals. O3 calibration carried out. 15/10/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 19/10/09 PM2.5 TEOM PM2.5 TEOM service carried out & pump swapped. service.

29/10/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 26/11/09 Span/Zero check. Horiba CO analyser removed. NH3 tubes swapped out. 10/12/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out.

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B.2 M25, Bell Common Tunnel Date Reason for visit Notes/Actions taken 16/01/09 Span/Zero check. - 25/02/09 Span/Zero check. Sample filters replaced. 10/03/09 Span/Zero check. Sample filters replaced. 20/03/09 CO analyser CO analyser faulty. Removed and returned to TRL for investigation. Instrument power supply fault. No ‘hot spare’ available. New part ordered and instrument re-installed on 07/04/09 24/03/09 Span/Zero check. 07/04/09 Span/Zero check. CO unit re-installed.

13/05/09 Span/Zero check & O3 calibrations carried out. O3 calibration. 27/05/09 CO analyser CO analyser continued to develop power faults. Instrument sent to service company. No ‘hot spare’ available. After repair the instrument again failed to operate satisfactorily and was returned to service company. It was agreed with the HA sponsor at this time not to replace the CO analyser. 03/06/09 Span/Zero check. 30/06/09 Span/Zero check. -

21/07/09 Span/Zero check. O3 and NOx possible issues. 21/07/09 NOx & O3 Analysers Instruments removed, PSU fault in NOx. O3 measurement cell contaminated with cement dust. Both reinstalled 24/07/09

24/07/09 Span/Zero check. New NOx and O3 analysers installed. 13/08/09 Span/Zero check. - 04/09/09 Span/Zero check. - 18/09/09 Span/Zero check. - 30/09/09 Equipment All equipment removed from site. removed.

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B.3 M25 (M25B), Staines Date Reason for visit Notes/Actions taken 08/01/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 15/01/09 Span/Zero check. FID issues - unit returned to TRL for investigation. 19/01/09 Interim visit. No power to site on arrival. Main switch tripped out. Traced to Partisol faulty extension lead socket. . Lead replaced with double insulated armoured cable. Power lost over weekend from Friday 16/1/09 to Monday 19/1/09. 22/01/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. STS25 pump swapped out. NH3 issues - unit returned to TRL for investigation. 29/01/09 Span/Zero check. - 05/02/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 12/02/09 Span/Zero check. - 19/02/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. FID issues – unit returned to TRL for investigation. 26/02/09 Span/Zero check. - 05/03/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 12/03/09 Span/Zero check. - 19/03/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed.

26/03/09 Span/Zero check. P2000 pump serviced. NH3 tubes swapped out. Propane calibrations carried out on FID. Solar wiring checked. 02/04/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 08/04/09 Span/Zero check. - 17/04/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 20/04/09 BTEX tube change. - 24/04/09 Span/Zero check. - 30/04/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 07/05/09 Span/Zero check. Propane calibrations carried out on FID. 14/05/09 Interim visit. Pyranometer swapped out.

15/05/09 O3 calibrations. O3 calibrations carried out. 21/05/09 Span/Zero check. - 28/05/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 04/06/09 Span/Zero check. - 11/06/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 18/06/09 Span/Zero check. - 25/06/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 02/07/09 Span/Zero check. - 09/07/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 16/07/09 Span/Zero check. - 23/07/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 30/07/09 Span/Zero check. - 06/08/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 13/08/09 Span/Zero check. -

20/08/09 Interim visit. NH3 tubes collected. 27/08/09 Span/Zero check. -

03/09/09 NH3 tube change. NH3 tubes deployed. 10/09/09 Span/Zero check. PM2.5 TEOM pump swapped out. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 17/09/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 24/09/09 Span/Zero check. - 01/10/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 08/10/09 Span/Zero check. - 15/10/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed.

22/10/09 Span/Zero check. P2000 PM10 head swapped out. TEOM PM10 head swapped out. 29/10/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 03/11/09 Power supplies Power lost to site, no apparent reason or faults. Power trips reset and continuity & insulation checked to be OK. Site re- commissioned all operating OK. Operational checks and calibrations checked

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06/11/09 Span/Zero check. PM2.5 TEOM system removed for repair. 16/11/09 Power supplies Mains power lost evening of 16/11/09, re-instated on 17/11/09. No apparent reason for power trip. All equipment checked and continuity and insulation checked. Operational checks and calibrations checked. 19/11/09 Span/Zero check. Partisol filter exchange failed - set to run again.

26/11/09 Interim visit. NH3 tubes swapped out. 02/12/09 Power supplies Power lost to site, no apparent reason or faults. Power trips reset and continuity & insulation checked to be OK. Site recommissioned all operating OK. Operational and calibration checks carried out.

03/12/09 Span/Zero check. PM10 head swapped out. 09/12/09 Mains supplies Power to site lost again. As this has occurred several times and full investigations found no apparent faults, further investigations of the incoming supplies were carried out. The mains supplies were logged for 24hrs and showed fluctuations in the supplies. A secondary earth stake was installed which stabilised the earth leakage current. Operational checks and calibrations carried out. 10/12/09 Interim visit. Diffusion tubes and filters changed. 17/12/09 Span/Zero check. -

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B.4 M60, Kirkhams Date Reason for visit Notes/Actions taken

06/01/09 Span/Zero check. H2S/SO2 analyser pump fault. Pump serviced at site. Re- commissioned and calibration checked. 16/01/09 Span/Zero check. - 20/01/09 BTEX tubes BTEX tubes deployed. 23/01/09 Power Supplies Overnight mains power trip, reset, equipment insulation and continuity checked and found to be OK. Power reset on 24/1/09 and equipment re-commissioned. Operational checks and calibrations checked.

03/02/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 06/02/09 Partisol filters Partisol filters deployed.

16/02/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 02/03/09 NH3 tubes NH3 tubes swapped out. 06/03/09 Span/Zero check. -

16/03/09 NH3 tubes NH3 tubes swapped out. 30/03/09 Span/Zero check. - 03/04/09 Tubes changed Partisol, BTEX, and DNPH tubes changed. 20/04/09 Span/Zero check. - 01/05/09 Span/Zero check. -

05/05/09 Partisol filters & Partisols changed. NH3 tubes swapped out. NH3 tubes 18/05/09 Span/Zero check. Partisol removed for investigation and repair. 01/06/09 Span/Zero check. -

15/06/09 Span/Zero check. H2S/SO2 analyser removed for full service by service company. No ‘hot spare’ available. Re-installed 26/6/09 29/06/09 Span/Zero check. BTEX tubes deployed. 14/07/09 Span/Zero check. - 06/08/09 Span/Zero check. -

11/08/09 O3 calibration. O3 calibration carried out. 18/08/09 Propane check. Propane check carried out on FID. 24/08/09 Span/Zero check. -

28/08/09 Span/Zero check. H2S/SO2 analyser fault. Power supply faulty. Replacement PSU sent from TRL and installed. Analyser re-commissioned and calibrated on 3/9/09 all OK.

07/09/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 22/09/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 05/10/09 H2S/SO2 analyser Vacuum pump bearing fault. Pump replaced. 09/10/09 H2S/SO2 analyser Analyser powered down on arrival at site. Rebooted all OK. Calibration checked OK. Recheck later this week.

12/10/09 Span/Zero check & O3 calibration carried out. DNPH tubes changed. O3 cal 02/11/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 17/11/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out. 30/11/09 Span/Zero check. -

14/12/09 Span/Zero check. NH3 tubes swapped out.

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Appendix C Meteorological data Meteorological data are collected at three of the four current monitoring sites. These data are recorded to enable analysis of long term trends in emissions and pollutant concentrations at each monitoring site.

C.1 Meteorological data

Bell Statistic M25 M4 M60 Common

Annual average wind speed (m/s) 2.0 1.6 0.4 -

Annual maximum wind speed (m/s) 7.9 7.9 2.7 -

Annual minimum wind speed (m/s) 0.1 0.0 0.1 -

Wind speed data capture (% of 98 100 100 - calendar year)

Annual average wind direction 186.23 194.51 201.70 - (degrees from north)

Wind direction data capture (% of 98 100 100 - calendar year)

Annual average temperature (⁰C) 12.2 11.7 10.2 -

Annual maximum temperature (⁰C) 32.5 32.1 28.9 -

Annual minimum temperature (⁰C) -5.2 -7.4 -5.3 -

Temperature data capture (% of 98 96 100 - calendar year)

Annual average relative humidity (%) 63.8 64.2 78.0 -

Annual maximum relative humidity 92.9 99.9 97.8 - (%)

Annual minimum relative humidity 2.9 0.7 27.8 - (%)

Relative humidity data capture (% of 98 86 100 - calendar year)

Annual average solar radiation (W/m2) 169.7 - - -

Annual maximum solar radiation 946.3 - - - (W/m2)

Annual minimum solar radiation 0.0 - - - (W/m2)

Solar radiation data capture (% of 84 - - - calendar year)

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Appendix D Air Quality Strategy objectives

D.1 UK Air Quality Strategy objectives

Pollutant Objective Compliance date Hourly mean concentration should not exceed 200 μg/m3 more Nitrogen than 18 times a year 31 December 2005 dioxide (NO ) 2 Annual mean concentration should not exceed 40 μg/m3 Particulate 24-hour mean concentration should not exceed 50 μg/m3 more matter, than 35 times a year 31 December 2004 expressed as Annual mean concentration should not exceed 40 μg/m3 PM10 Particulate matter, Annual mean concentration should not exceed 25 μg/m3 in UK 2020 expressed as PM2.5 Running annual mean concentration should not exceed 16.25 31 December 2003 Benzene μg/m3 Annual mean concentration should not exceed 5 μg/m3 31 December 2010 1,3- Running annual mean concentration should not exceed 2.25 31 December 2003 butadiene μg/m3 Carbon Maximum running 8-hour mean concentration should not monoxide 31 December 2003 exceed 10 mg/m3 (CO) Polycyclic aromatic Annual mean concentration should not exceed 0.25 ng/m3 31 December 2010 hydrocarbons (PAH) 31 December 2004 Annual mean concentration should not exceed 0.5 μg/m3 Lead (Pb) Annual mean concentration should not exceed 0.25 μg/m3 31 December 2008 Hourly mean concentration of 350 μg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 24 times a year 31 December 2004 Sulphur 24-hour mean of 125 μg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 3 dioxide (SO2) times a year 31 December 2004 15-minute mean of 266 μg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 31 December 2005 8-hour mean of 100 μg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 10 Ozone (O ) 31 December 2005 3 times a year

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Appendix E Conversion factors

E.1 Conversion factors

Pollutant Conversion factor Ozone 1 ppb = 2.00 µg/m3 Nitrogen oxide (as 1 ppb = 1.91 µg/m3 NO2 equivalent) Nitrogen dioxide 1 ppb = 1.91 µg/m3

Sulphur dioxide 1 ppb = 2.66 µg/m3

Methane 1 ppm = 0.67 mg/m3 Non-methane 1 ppm = 0.58 mg/m3 hydrocarbons Carbon monoxide 1 ppm = 1.16 mg/m3

Ammonia 1 ppb = 0.71 µg/m3

Hydrogen sulphide 1 ppb = 1.42 µg/m3

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