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THE INDUSTRY OF MICHAEL W. SPENCE

ABSTRACT responsiblefor this expansion;of the intensity Several areas with extensive obsidian-workingdebris and natureof specializationwithin the industry; on the surface have been found in TeotihuacAn. These insofaras possible,of the identityof, and social date from the Late Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic and economicrelationships through time among, periods. During the Late Preclassic and Classic periods there seems to have been a continuousexpansion of the those who obtained the material,those who 's obsidian industry,accompanied by an increasing worked it, and those who used the products. trend toward specializationin certainof its aspects. It is Thus sources,workshops, and marketswill be probable that the introductionof some new markets,for studied and interrelatedas thoroughlyas pos- example the Mayan area, into the Teotihuacan economy sible. Also, some informationmay be obtained was one factorinvolved in this expansion. Anotherprob- able factor was the growth of population within the on the social relationshipsamong those involved Valley of TeotihuacAnitself, which in these periods de- in obsidian production,and on their relative pended upon the city'sworkshops for its supply of ob- statusin the social systemof the cityas a whole. sidian. The obsidian areas are discussed below in chronologicalorder. Their sizes and locations TO DATE, some150 sitesin theancient city are noted,and someof the typical artifacts found of Teotihuacan, in the Valley of , in each are presented. These artifacts,in all have produced an unusually heavy obsidian cases except that of the square base knife,are cover. Many of theseobsidian sites are clustered not diagnosticof any one area or phase within in groups,while others are isolated. Due to the ancientcity. They are here associatedwith timeand the preliminarynature of the obsidian a particulararea or areas because theyseem to typology,many of the obsidiansites have notyet be most common there and, consequently,in been satisfactorilystudied. Only thosethat are the time period that area or those areas seem better knownwill be discussedhere. Even these to represent.Some of theseartifact forms, how- requiremore extensiveexamination, so the'con- ever, extend, in lower proportions,through clusions presentedin this paper must be con- much or all of the city'shistory. sideredhighly tentative. Preliminarydetermination of when a given DATA obsidian area was used forobsidian working is based on the dating suggestedby surface ce- Obsidian area No. 1 has been well dated to ramics,by comparisonof the obsidian artifact the Tzacualli phase (TeotihuacainI, IA) by sur- formswith publishedand unpublishedsources, face ceramics,by artifacttypes, and by some and in some cases by ceramicsrecovered from material recoveredfrom a partiallydestroyed floorspartially destroyed by lootersand erosion. floor. It is verynear the north-centraledge of Within any one obsidian area it is difficult, Tzacualli phase Teotihuacan and consistsof 10 sometimesimpossible, to saywhich sites actually obsidian sites (Fig. 1, No. 1). There seem to containedworkshops and which merelyrepre- have been at least three actual workshopsites sent obsidian-workingdebris carried from else- withinthe area. Each sitereveals the fullrange whereby erosionor by post-workshopoccupants of items- blades, scrapers,knives, projectile as fillfor construction. The level of the terrain, points,etc. However,no zoomorphiceccentrics the amountand natureof erosion,and the pro- were found. This, plus their absence in the portionsand distributionsof obsidiandebris and tunnelsof the Pyramid,suggests that these structuralevidence must all be carefullycon- formsare post-Tzacualli. The materialused in sidered. In most of the areas to be discussed the Tzacualli area is almost entirelygrey ob- below,the numberand locationof actual work- sidian. Even the polyhedralcore blades (as shop siteswithin an obsidian area can only be opposed to the cruderflake blades) show a pro- suggested. portionof about 70% greyobsidian to 30% It is hoped eventuallyto produce a typology greenobsidian. of the city'sobsidian, perhaps adapted to a suit- One typicalitem in this area is a knifechar- able existingtypology, and to producea reason- acterized by a pointed base and varyingin ably complete picture of the obsidian indus- widthfrom 33 to 50 mm. (Fig. 2 a-b). It forms try-of its expansionand the factorspossibly about 16% of the total knivesfrom this area. 507

This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Mon, 10 Mar 2014 17:33:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 508 AMER8CAN ANTIQUITY [ VOL. 32,No. 4, 1967

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FIG. 1. Distributionof obsidian sites in Teotihuacan.

Another frequentitem is a relativelynarrow thoughit mightwell have a long history,it was knifeor drill with parallel or slightlycontract- most common within the ancient city in the ing sides and a straightto convex base (Fig. 2 Tzacualli phase. Another common Tzacualli h-j). It has a lenticularcross section and ranges projectilepoint form is ashort,broad pointwith in widthfrom 10 to 28 mm.The chippingvaries straightto barbedshoulders and a wide, roubd- fromfine to relativelycrude. Also commonin based, and relativelyshort stem (Fig. 3 c-d). the Tzacualli area is a small end scraper,26 to Muller places this form in her type 6, and 50 mm. long, with a handle which sometimes dates it as strongin Late Tzacualli and as lasting shades into, and at other times is clearly dis- into the Tlamimilolpaphase (Muller 1965). A tinguishedfrom, the head (Fig. 3 a-b). In gen- numberof specimensare knownfrom the Sun eral formthese resemblewhat have been called Pyramid (Noguera 1935, Lam XXII, row 1, "maguey scrapers,"but theirsmall size would No. 8; row 2, No. 8; row3, Nos. 1-3). make themrather inefficient as such. Finally,one anthropomorphicobsidian figu- Two projectile point forms are commonly rineis knownfrom the Tzacualli phase. It was found in the Tzacualli area. One is a diamond- discoveredduring recent excavations in the Sun shaped point,often thick and crudelyworked Pyramid. As pointedout by its discoverers,it (Fig. 3 e-f). Muller places it in her type1 (Mul- differsfrom later specimens in some details ler 1965). The presentwriter's data suggestthat, (Millon, Drewitt,and Bennyhoff1965: 24, 26,

This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Mon, 10 Mar 2014 17:33:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SPENCE] TEOTIHUACAN OBSIDIAN 509

(Noguera 1935, Lam. XXIV, row 1; Millon, sse # ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... Drewitt,and Bennyhoff 1965, Fig. 94, row 1). The pointed-baseknife of Tzacualli seems to drop sharply in frequency,and zoomorphic eccentrics appear. An unfinished"" eccentricfrom this area (Fig. 3 g) closelyre- sembles those of the Miccaotli phase ofrendas in the Adosada of the Sun Pyramid(Noguera 1935, Lam XXIV, bottom two rows; Millon, 4 0 f.0tg... Drewitt,and Bennyhoff1965, Fig. 94, bottom two and in Ofrenda 1 of the structure K a d knives or d l f rows) .. .G..2. n.... ': called "QuetzalcoatlViejo" (Borbolla 1947: 69, Fig. 9, row 3). Also foundin area No. 2 was a i Xb...... A...... thickdisk of greyobsidian (Fig. 3 h) like that from the Adosada of the Sun Pyramid (No- guera 1935, Lam XXIII, row 1, far right).-A new projectile point form appears, a corner- notchedpoint of somewhatvariable form, which becomesmore commonin areas 3 and 4. Two obsidian areas appear on the east edge of the Miccaotli phase city,and they seem to date fromthe latterpart of the Miccaotliphase, towardsthe end of the Preclassicperiod. One

tihuacin obsidian sites. Scale in cm.

Fig. 93). The Tzacualli figurinehas a less angu- lar formabout the shouldersand thighs,and rather short arms separated in part fromthe trunk. The next obsidian area is just slightlysouth- east of the Tzacualli area, separatedfrom it by a small zone lackinga good obsidiancover (Fig. 1, No. 2). It has only recentlybeen discovered ...... and has not as yet been satisfactorilystudied. To date, it seems to consistof seven sites,at least one of which was a workshop. The pre- ...... liminaryexamination of the obsidian artifacts and surfaceceramics suggests that the area was ...... used forobsidian working early in the Miccaotli FIG 3 Scrapersprojectile points, serpenteccentric,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... phase (TeotihuacainII). It is on the northedge anddik ...... ro Teo.h.a..obsdia...... sits.cal.i of the Miccaotli city. Smaller and poorerthan the Tzacualli area, it was probablyrelatively short-lived. Again, greyobsidian forms the greatmajority of non-bladematerial (points,knives, scrapers, etc.), althoughthe proportionof greenobsidian in core blades has risen to 60%. The narrow knifeor drill commonlyfound in the Tzacualli area continues,though it is less frequent.It is, though, a common feature of the Miccaotli ofrenda in the Adosada of the Sun Pyramid

This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Mon, 10 Mar 2014 17:33:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 510 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL. 32, No. 4, 1967 is a singlelarge area (Fig. 1, No. 3) consisting Moon Pyramid (Fig. 1, No. 6). In the south of 12 sites,of which 3 give evidence of being sectionthere are 19 sites. Six of these,located workshops.The otherarea (Fig. 1, No. 4) in- in an almostflat area, were possiblyworkshops. cludes two small sections,separated only by This flatarea seemsto have been a zone without 90 m., and appears to consistof two sites,one structuresbetween a long east-westwall to the of which was a workshop,in each section. In northwestof the Moon Pyramidand another comparisonwith the earlier Miccaotli phase wall directlynorth of Group 5'. The majority area, these two areas have a denser obsidian of sitesin the south sectionyield all classes of cover and a largernumber of sites,suggesting implements,although two of the possiblework- longeror more intensiveuse. shop siteslack blades. Though greyobsidian was still used for the The northsection, partially set offby a nar- great majorityof knives,points, and scrapers, row zone with a much lighterobsidian cover, some 83% of the core blades were now made includesnine sites. Two of these seem to have of greenobsidian. A new knifeform appears, been workshops. This northernsection pro- marked by a straightto slightlyconvex base duced only blades, thus stronglysuggesting an (Fig. 2 d-g). The width rangesfrom 37 to 45 intensificationof the divisionwhich began in mm. This knifeform seems restrictedwithin the latterpart of the Miccaotliphase. the ancientcity to these two areas, and thus to Area No. 7 consistsof six sitesin two sections the latterpart of the Miccaotliphase. It forms at the northeastedge of the Tlamimilolpaphase 69% of the knivesfrom these two areas. The city (Fig. 1, No. 7). The densityof obsidianin corner-notchedpoints, which firstappeared in the larger section,which includes four sites, area no. 2, seem to increasein frequency(Fig. 3 suggeststhe presenceof at least one workshop. i-k). Tolstoyplaces corner-notchedpoints large- There was possiblyanother in the northernpart ly in the Late Preclassicperiod, which agrees of the nearbysmaller section. The area as a well with the evidence fromthe city (Tolstoy whole yielded the full range of obsidian 1961: 16). A number of the examples from implements. areas 3 and 4 are characterizedby relatively Anotherlarge obsidian area, apparentlyused long blades, deep cornernotches, and convex in the Tlamimilolpa phase and later,is strung bases (Fig. 3 i-j), and are similarto the Marcos out along the south side of the barrancaof the type (Tolstoy 1961: 16, Fig. 2, p). Rio San Juan (Fig. 1, No. 8). It seems to be About 290 m. southwestof the edge of area just outsidea complex of structuresand plazas No. 3 is a singlesite of the same periodwhich, to the northeastof, and probablyassociated though yieldinga few knives and projectile with,the Ciudadela. There are, to date, 23 sites points,shows a veryhigh proportionof blades in the area, of which at least 5 seem to have (Fig. 1, No. 5). This is the firstsign of specializa- been workshops.Most of the sitesshow no signs tionwithin the obsidianindustry. The evidence, of specialization.However, two of the possible while scanty,suggests that, in the latterpart of workshopsyielded blades, almost entirely. These the Miccaotli phase, some craftsmenseparated blade sites are separatedfrom each other and fromthe largerareas and concentratedon the seem to have both been integralparts of the productionof coresand blades. area as a whole; that is, they do not seem to The followingareas, to judge by surfacece- have formeda separatesection as in area No. 6. ramics,artifact forms, and some materialrecov- A single site, more than a kilometerto the ered frompartially destroyed floors, seem largely east of area No. 8 and probablyof the Tlami- to have begun to be used as obsidian-workingmilolpa phase,to judge by the surfaceceramics, areas in the Tlamimilolpaphase (Teotihuacan yielded a largernumber of waterwornnodules II A, II A-III). Many seem to have continued of greyobsidian (Fig. 1, No. 9). Perhapsit was as such into the Xolalpan phase (Teotihuacain a raw materialsource for other Tlamimilolpa III, III A) and possiblyeven to the fall of the phase workshops,as well as being a workshop ancientcity in the phase (Teotihuacan itself.Another single site, a workshop,is on the IV). To date, it is difficultin many of these east edge of the Tlamimilolpaphase city(Fig. 1, areas to separatethe obsidianby phases,so the No. 10). It yielded the full range of obsidian areas will here be discussedtogether. products. The final area discoveredto date, Area No. 6 is a largeone, consistingof 28 sites which apparentlybegan to be used duringthe divided into 2 sections,just northwestof the Tlamimilolpaphase, is in the southernpart of

This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Mon, 10 Mar 2014 17:33:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SPENCE] TEOTIHUACAN OBSIDIAN 511 the city,on the east side of the "Streetof the rell and Texcoco types(Tolstoy 1961: 19,Fig. 3 Dead" and possiblyoriented commercially to o, p); they are, for the most part,of greyob- trafficon the Street(Fig. 1, No. 11). It includes sidian. This is perhapsbecause of the proximity threesites, one of which seems to have been a of minesof greyobsidian in the Otumba workshop. The materialrecovered consists al- area, at the easternend of the Valley of Teoti- most entirelyof blades. huacan (cf. Sanders 1965: 190). Two partiallydestroyed floors in area No. 6 yielded a large amount of materialwhich can SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS reasonablybe consideredto belongto the Tlami- By the end of the Tzacualli phase (Teoti- milolpa phase, with little or no later mixture. huacarnI A), specializationin obsidianworking Thus some data seem to exist for the Tlami- seemsto have been well developed. The indus- milolpa phase obsidian,as opposed to mixed or tryat thistime has a numberof distinctive char- later collections.About 84% of the Tlamimi- acteristics.A largeproportion of the blades,and lolpa core blades are made of green obsidian. almost all other implements,are of greyob- This is almost the same proportionas in the sidian. Also, most of the blades are the com- latterpart of the Miccaotli phase. Now, how- parativelycrude flakeblades, ratherthan the ever,a significantlygreater, though still minor, finercore blades. Diamond-shapedpoints and proportionof knives,points, and scrapersare short,wide, stemmed points are common,as also made of green obsidian. This, plus the are the narrowknives or drills and the small- greaternumber of obsidiansites (mostof the 62 handled end scrapers. There is, compared to post-Miccaotliphase sitesmentioned above seem later assemblages,a dearth of ceremonialand to have workshopdebris; from the Tlamimilolpa decorativeitems. phase), suggeststhat an increased supply of The industryin the Miccaotli phase retains greenobsidian was availablein theTlamimilolpa a numberof thesefeatures. The narrowknives phase, with the additional green obsidian or drills,for example, continue. Most of the being funneled into knife,point, and scraper knives,projectile points, and scrapersare still production. of greyobsidian. A number of aspects,how- The square base knifeof the latterpart of the ever, show change toward the city's Classic Miccaotliphase does notappear in Tlamimilolpa period assemblage. For example, there is a and later collections. A very frequentitem, developingspecialization in core-bladeproduc- however,is a largepointed-base knife (Fig. 2 c). tion and, probablyas a result,a higherpropor- In width,it rangesfrom 34 to 49 mm. Its dimeo- tion of core to flakeblades. Also, more green sionsand form,beyond the base, suggestthat it obsidian is used in blade production(though is a functionalreplacement for the square base greyobsidian sources are closerto Teotihuacan, knife.This is supportedby the factthat it forms greenobsidian is easier to work and thus may 70% of the knivesin Tlamimilolpa collections, have been consideredmore desirable). There while the square base knifeformed 69% of the is a higherproportion of nonutilitarianitems, knivesin collectionsfrom the latterpart of the of ceremonialand decorativeobjects - eccen- Miccaotli phase. Without large samples it is trics,figurines, and sequins (pierced small thin very difficultto distinguishthe Tlamimilolpa disks,possibly for adornment), among others. phase specimens from the Tzacualli phase The Tlamimilolpaphase assemblageis char- pointed-baseknives. acterizedby a sharp drop in some of the earlier EarlyPostclassic obsidian sites are as yetuni- projectilepoint forms,and the introductionor dentifiedin the city. There are three Aztec increaseof otherpoint forms. There is a higher obsidian sites, probablyall workshops,in the proportionof core to flakeblades (cf. Tolstoy southeastpart of the city (Fig. 1, Nos. 12, 13). 1961, Table 1), probablybecause specialization All were evidentlyspecialized in blade produc- in blade productionhad become stronglyen- tion, and only greenobsidian was used. The trenched.Green obsidian was used not onlyfor coresare largeand usuallyhave the dull granu- most blades, but also for a significant,though lar strikingplatform (ground?) noted by Tolstoy still minor,proportion of the knives,projectile as characteristicof Postclassicperiod cores (Tol- points,and scrapers. Ceremonial and decora- stoy 1961: 7). It should be noted here that tiveobjects are comparativelymore common. manyof the Aztec pointsfrom the city(though Several of thesechanges in the city'sobsidian notfrom workshop sites) are similarto theHar, industryfrom the Preclassicto the Classic pe-

This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Mon, 10 Mar 2014 17:33:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 512 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL.32, No. 4, 1967 riod are probablyfunctions of the expanding independent development of the obsidian size and influenceof the city. The increasing industry. proportionof core blades, as previouslystated, All of the city's green obsidian, from the is probablythe resultof increasingspecialization Tzacualli phase on, shows natural ratherthan in blade production,which in turnmight be a waterwornsurfaces. It must thus have been responseto the growingsize and demands of mined or collectedfrom natural sources, rather marketsfor blades. The increasinguse of green than collected fromwatercourses. Heizer has obsidianmight be a resultof the growingtrade identifiedPachuca greenobsidian in Teotihua- of Teotihuacan, or even of increased control can, thoughthe timeperiod of the sampleis not over the sourcesused. stated (Heizer, Williams, and Graham 1965: It is quite possible that a number of the 96). It is quite possiblethat the Pachuca area criteriadifferentiating Preclassic from Classic was the source for green obsidian throughout periodobsidian assemblages within the citywill the city'shistory, though much more investiga- prove to have a wider validity. Some forms tionwill be necessaryto establishthis. In Aztec characteristicof Preclassicperiod Teotihuacan times,as Holmes (1900: 416) has indicated,the are found in Preclassicperiod contextsbeyond mines around the Cerro de las Navajas, in the the Valley of Teo!tihuacan. The diamond- state of , produced some of the green shaped points and the short,broad, stemmed obsidianused by theAztecs. Dr. JeffreyParsons, points of the Tzacualli phase appear also at of the Universityof Michigan,and the present , for example (Lorenzo 1965, Fig. 24, writerrecently visited this area and found evi- 33), while the Marcos-likepoint of Miccaotli dence of extensiveAztec mining operations, occursalso at Tlapacoya and Ticoman (Tolstoy probablythe same ones that Holmes reported. 1961: 16, Table 2 ff.14; Vaillant 1931, P1. 86, A Classic period sherd was also found in the row 3, Nos. 9-10). The presentwriter recently refuseof one of these mines. This, plus the examined,near ,an obsidianwork- presenceof some Classic period sherdsof Teo- shop of an as yet uncertaindate where square tihuacanstyle on a few nearbyworkshops, sug- base knivesand corner-notchedpoints, like those gests that the obsidian deposits of this area of the late Miccaotli phase Teotihuacan work- mighthave suppliedpart of Teotihuacan's green shops,were present. obsidian. Another possible source for mined Certainlyin the periodswhen the city'swork- greenobsidian used by the cityis near Tulan- shopswere supplyingall of the Valley of Teoti- cingo,where Muller foundmines with ceramics huacan withobsidian (Late Preclassicand Clas- of the period, a Classic period sic periods?),the obsidianfound in otherparts phase showingextensive Teotihuacan influence of the Valley of Teotihuacatnwill reflectthat (Muller 1957: 134). worked in the cityitself. The extensivetrade The Tzacualli phase greyobsidian seems to and other contacts that characterizepart of have been largelyin the form of waterworn Teotihuacan'shistory might even have resulted nodules,though there are some naturalsurfaces in extension,beyond the , of too. In the Miccaotliand laterphases thereare some characteristicaspects of the city'sobsidian many natural surfaces,suggesting more exten- assemblages.It mightthus be possibleto define sive mining or source-collectingoperations. assemblagesand mannerismscharacteristic of Waterworn material, however, was still fre- the Preclassicversus the Classic periodobsidian quently used, as seen by the large numberof industrywithin the city,to equate these with nodules on the Tlamimilolpa phase site men- economic and social conditionsthere during tioned above (Fig. 1, No. 9). In the Barranca these periods, and to identifysome of these de Ixtetes,in the easternpart of the Valley of characteristiccustoms beyond the city,thereby Teotihuacn, betweenOtumba and Axapusco, allowinga generalcharacterization of Preclassic a largenumber of waterwornnodules are erod- versusClassic periodobsidian assemblages for a ing out of a layerexposed in the barrancaside. considerablywider area. The presenceof such The nearbyfields are coveredby nodules,but characteristiccustoms in the wider area would theyshow no evidenceof constructionor work- probablybe due to the diffusionof ideas and shop activity.Ceramics found there suggest that materialfrom the cityitself, rather than to the the area was knownto, and probablycollected presence of similar economic and social con- by, people who made potteryof the Tlamimi- ditionsbeyond the city causing a parallel but lolpa, Xolalpan, Mazapan, and Aztec phases.

This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Mon, 10 Mar 2014 17:33:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SPENCE] TEOTIHUACAN OBSIDIAN 513

Anothernodule sourcefor the citymight have found under the bottomfloor of Room 16 at been, as Holmes suggests,the Rio San Juan the Tlamimilolpa site (Linne 1942: 178, Figs. withinthe ancientcity (Holmes 1900: 406-07). 328, 329). This level of constructionseems to be The Otumba area revealsnatural grey obsidian datable to Late Tlamimilolpatimes, Teotihua- in a numberof places and seems a likelyloca- can II A-Ill (Millon 1966b). This and other tion forTeotihuacan miningoperations, but as evidence suggeststhat Teotihuacan-Maya con- yetthere is no evidenceof Preclassicor Classic tactsbegan late in the Tlamimilolpaphase and period miningthere. continuedstrongly in the earlypart of theXolal- The city'sobsidian industryseems to have pan phase. It is quite possiblethat duringthis grownquickly. The 10 Tzacualli phase obsidian periodTeotihuacan was the agentsupplying the sites increase to 24 in the Miccaotli phase Mayan area withPachuca greenobsidian. It has (adding areas No. 2, 3, and 4). To date, 62 been suggestedthat the largequantities of green Classic period sites are known, and probably obsidian present in Tikal at this time were over 50 of thesewere in use as obsidian-workingdirectly or indirectlyimported, largely as fin- areas in the Tlamimilolpaphase. No workshops ished objects, from Teotihuacatn(Coe 1965: of the Preclassicor Classic periods have been 36). This could be one factorinvolved in the found elsewherein the Valley of Teotihuacan industry'sexpansion in the Tlamimilolpaphase (W. T. Sanders,personal communication). The and in itscontinued large extent thereafter. The city'sobsidian industry, from the Tzacualli phase increaseduse of greenobsidian in Teotihuacan to the fall of the city,probably had not only workshopsat thistime, as well as the increased Teotihuacan itselfbut also the entireValley of number of workshops,seems to reflectthe Teotihuacan as a marketfor its products. The demands of new markets,Mayan and possibly cityitself, however, would have been the pri- others,and also suggestsan increased control marymarket, because in this timespanmost of over the sources of green obsidian (possibly the Valley's populationwas concentratedin the throughexpanding influence, or even political city (Sanders 1965: 101-02, 120-1). Nodules or economic control,in the Central Mexican and cores,and evenoccasional unfinished knives area). and points,are found on sites that show no In the Tzacualli and Miccaotliphases, work- othersigns of working, suggesting that many peo- shops were situated at the city'sedge. In the ple could, and sometimesdid, produce blades Tlamimilolp'aand later phases, however,large and possiblysome other objectsfor theirown areas of obsidian-workingappear in the center consumption. Most of the implementsused, of the city,one near the Moon Pyramidand however,must have come fromthe city'swork- anothernear the Ciudadela (Fig. 1, Nos. 6, 8). shops. As the city'spopulation expanded, so It is possiblethat these centers of obsidianindus- did the obsidianindustry. trywere producingfor in the city The largenumber of workshopsof Tlamimi- where exchangesdrawing on a wide area took lolpa and later phases,however, seems dis~pro- place (cf. Sanders 1956: 124-5; Sanders 1965: portionateto the needs of the local market. 102). Concentrationsof obsidianwere noted in Available evidence does not suggestthat the one place verynear the Moon Pyramidand in populationincreased this much fromthe Mic- anotherwithin the Great Compound just west caotli to the Tlamimilolpa phases (Millon of the Ciudadela. However, it is not as yet 1966a). It is possiblethat more distant markets known whether these representworkshops, opened, increasingthe demand for,and thus market stalls, or merely structuralfill taken stimulatingthe productionof, obsidian. Heizer fromworkshops elsewhere. obsidian has recentlyidentified Pachuca green Acknowledgments. This paper is an expanded and in Kaminaljuyu (Esperanza phase), Uaxactuln, somewhat altered version of a paper presented at the Zacualpa, and in the cenote of Chichen Itza Eleventh Mesa Redonda of the Sociedad Mexicana de The (personalcommunication to Rene Millon). This Antropologia,held in in August, 1966. data presentedhere were gatheredand studied as part of suggestsa wide time rangefor the Mayan use the TeotihuacAnMapping Project,directed by Rene Mil of Pachuca green obsidian, beginningin the Ion and supportedby the National Science Foundation. Early Classic period. Teotihuacan contactsare The writerwishes to thankRene Millon, JamesA. Benny, inter- evident with Esperanza phase Kami- hoff,and Bruce Drewitt,all of the Project,for their strongly est and help. Arql. FlorenciaMuller, of the InstitutoNa- naljuyu (Kidder, Jennings,and Shook 1946: cional de Antropologiae Historia,also has been of great 250, 253, 255-6). A Tzakol phase sherd was assistance,both throughher personal help and through

This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Mon, 10 Mar 2014 17:33:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 514 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [ VOL. 32, No. 4, 1967 her unpublishedmanuscript on TeotihuacAnlithic mater 1966b Cronologia y periodificacion:datos estratigrA- ials. Finally,the writeris gratefulto Dr. Paul Tolstoy, of ficos sobre periodos cerAmicosy sus relaciones Queen's College, New York,for a copy of his manuscript con la pintunamural. MS, paper presentedat the on the bone and lithic materialof the Valley of Mexico, Eleventh Mesa Redonda of the Sociedad Mexi- which is to be published in the Handbook of Middle cana de Antropologia,held in Mexico City in August, 1966. American Indians. MILLON, RENE', BRUCE DREWITT, AND JAMESA. BENNYHOFF BORBOLLA,DANIEL F. RUBiN DE LA 1965 The Pyramidof the Sun at TeotihuacAn: 1959 1947 TeotihuacAn: Ofrendas de los Templos de Investigations.Transactions of the American Quetzalc6atl. Anales del InstitutoNacional de PhilosophicalSociety, n. s., Vol. 55, Pt. 6. Phila- Antropologiae Historia,Vol. 2, pp. 61-72. Mex- delphia. ico City. MOLLER, E. F. JACOBS COE, WILLIAM R. 1957 El valle de Tulancingo. Revista Mexicana de 1965 Tikal: Ten Years of Study of a Maya Ruin in Estudios Antropologicos,Vol. 14, Pt. 2, pp. 129- the Lowlands of . Expedition,Vol. 8, 37. Mexico City. No. 1, pp. 5-56. Philadelphia. 1965 El material litico de Teotihuacan. MS, to be published by the InstitutoNacional de Antro- HEIZER, ROBERT F., HOWEL WILLIAMS, AND JOHN GRAHAM pologia e Historia,Mexico City. 1965 Notes on Mesoamerican and Their Significancein Archaeological Studies. Contri- NOGUERA,EDUARDO butions of the Universityof Archae- 1935 Antecedentes y relaciones de la cultura teoti- ological Research Facility, No. 1, pp. 94-103. huacana. El Mexico Antiguo,Vol. 3, Pts. 5-8, pp. Berkeley. 3-90. Mexico City.

HOLMES, W. H. SANDERS,WILLIAM T. 1900 The Obsidian Mines of Hidalgo, Mexico. Amer- 1956 The Central Mexican Symbiotic Region: A ican Anthropologist,n.s., Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 405- Study in PrehistoricSettlement Patterns. In 16. New York, "Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World," edited by Gordon R. Willey,pp. 115-27. KIDDER, ALFRED V., JESSED. JENNINGS,AND Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology,No. EDWIN M. SHOOK 23. New York. 1946 Excavations at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala. Car- 1965 The Cultural Ecology of the Tcotihuacan Val- negie Institutionof Washington,Publication 561. ley. Departmentof Sociologyand Anthropology, Washington. The PennsylvaniaState University. State Col- lege. LINNt, S. 1942 Mexican Highland Cultures. The Ethnograph- TOLSTOY, PAUL ical Museum of Sweden, n.s., No. 7. Stockholm. 1961 Stone, Bone and Antler Tools of Central Mex- ico fromPreclassic to Aztec Times. MS, to be LORENZO,JOSE' LuIs publishedin the Handbook of Middle American Indians, edited by RobertWauchope. Austin. 1965 Tlatilco, los artefactos. InstitutoNacional de Antropologia e Historia Investigaciones,No. 7. VAILLANT, GEORGE C. Mexico City. 1931 Excavations at Ticoman. AnthropologicalPap- ers of the AmericanMuseum of Natural History, RENt MILLON, Vol. 32, Pt. 2, pp. 199-439. New York. 1966a Extensi6n y poblacion de la ciudad de Teoti- huacAn en sus diferentesperiodos: un caiculo SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Eleventh provisional.MS, paper presentedat the Carbondale,Illinois Mesa Redonda of the Sociedad Mexicana de An- tropologia,held in Mexico City in August, 1966. January,1967

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