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Orbital Debris Quarterly News 22-1
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News Volume 22, Issue 1 February 2018 Inside... Two Anomalous Events in GEO Summer 2017 was marred by two apparently platform. Spacecraft dry mass is estimated to be on Space Debris Sensor anomalous events in the geosynchronous orbit the order of 2000 kg. On-board stored energy sources Launches Aboard (GEO) belt. Both incidents have been observed by include fuel and pressurized components, as well as the commercial space situation awareness providers, but as battery subsystem. SpaceX-13 2 of 26 December 2017 no debris from either event have The Indonesian GEO communications spacecraft entered the public catalog. TELKOM-1 (1999-042A, SSN catalog number 25880) SEM Analysis The GEO communications spacecraft AMC-9 experienced an energetic event on or about 25 August Results of (International Designator 2003-024A, U.S. Strategic 2017, after over 18.1 years on-orbit—3 years past Returned ISS Command [USSTRATCOM] Space Surveillance its nominal operational lifetime. An examination of Network [SSN] catalog number 27820), formerly known the Two Line Element data indicates an observable PMA-2 Cover 4 as GE-12, experienced an energetic event estimated to change in spacecraft orbit between 26 and 29 August. have occurred at approximately 07:10 GMT on 17 June At the beginning of this time interval, approximately CubeSat Study 2017, after approximately 14 years on-orbit. Fig. 1 Project Review 6 depicts the orbital evolution of the spacecraft in 2017. continued on page 2 SES, the spacecraft owner- operator, described this AMC‐9 (SSN 27820, 2003‐024A) 360 36300 Space Debris Sensor event as a “serious anomaly.” Installation 8 Following this event, the 36200 spacecraft began a westward 300 Monthly Object Type drift in the GEO belt. -
The Solar Cruiser Mission: Demonstrating Large Solar Sails for Deep Space Missions
The Solar Cruiser Mission: Demonstrating Large Solar Sails for Deep Space Missions Les Johnson*, Frank M. Curran**, Richard W. Dissly***, and Andrew F. Heaton* * NASA Marshall Space Flight Center ** MZBlue Aerospace NASA Image *** Ball Aerospace Solar Sails Derive Propulsion By Reflecting Photons Solar sails use photon “pressure” or force on thin, lightweight, reflective sheets to produce thrust. NASA Image 2 Solar Sail Missions Flown (as of October 2019) NanoSail-D (2010) IKAROS (2010) LightSail-1 (2015) CanX-7 (2016) InflateSail (2017) NASA JAXA The Planetary Society Canada EU/Univ. of Surrey Earth Orbit Interplanetary Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Deployment Only Full Flight Deployment Only Deployment Only Deployment Only 3U CubeSat 315 kg Smallsat 3U CubeSat 3U CubeSat 3U CubeSat 10 m2 196 m2 32 m2 <10 m2 10 m2 3 Current and Planned Solar Sail Missions CU Aerospace (2018) LightSail-2 (2019) Near Earth Asteroid Solar Cruiser (2024) Univ. Illinois / NASA The Planetary Society Scout (2020) NASA NASA Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Interplanetary L-1 Full Flight Full Flight Full Flight Full Flight In Orbit; Not yet In Orbit; Successful deployed 6U CubeSat 90 Kg Spacecraft 3U CubeSat 86 m2 >1200 m2 3U CubeSat 32 m2 20 m2 4 Near Earth Asteroid Scout The Near Earth Asteroid Scout Will • Image/characterize a NEA during a slow flyby • Demonstrate a low cost asteroid reconnaissance capability Key Spacecraft & Mission Parameters • 6U cubesat (20cm X 10cm X 30 cm) • ~86 m2 solar sail propulsion system • Manifested for launch on the Space Launch System (Artemis 1 / 2020) • 1 AU maximum distance from Earth Leverages: combined experiences of MSFC and JPL Close Proximity Imaging Local scale morphology, with support from GSFC, JSC, & LaRC terrain properties, landing site survey Target Reconnaissance with medium field imaging Shape, spin, and local environment NEA Scout Full Scale EDU Sail Deployment 6 Solar Cruiser Mission Concept Mission Profile Solar Cruiser may launch as a secondary payload on the NASA IMAP mission in October, 2024. -
Materials Challenges for the Starshot Lightsail
PERSPECTIVE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0075-8 Materials challenges for the Starshot lightsail Harry A. Atwater 1*, Artur R. Davoyan1, Ognjen Ilic1, Deep Jariwala1, Michelle C. Sherrott 1, Cora M. Went2, William S. Whitney2 and Joeson Wong 1 The Starshot Breakthrough Initiative established in 2016 sets an audacious goal of sending a spacecraft beyond our Solar System to a neighbouring star within the next half-century. Its vision for an ultralight spacecraft that can be accelerated by laser radiation pressure from an Earth-based source to ~20% of the speed of light demands the use of materials with extreme properties. Here we examine stringent criteria for the lightsail design and discuss fundamental materials challenges. We pre- dict that major research advances in photonic design and materials science will enable us to define the pathways needed to realize laser-driven lightsails. he Starshot Breakthrough Initiative has challenged a broad nanocraft, we reveal a balance between the high reflectivity of the and interdisciplinary community of scientists and engineers sail, required for efficient photon momentum transfer; large band- Tto design an ultralight spacecraft or ‘nanocraft’ that can reach width, accounting for the Doppler shift; and the low mass necessary Proxima Centauri b — an exoplanet within the habitable zone of for the spacecraft to accelerate to near-relativistic speeds. We show Proxima Centauri and 4.2 light years away from Earth — in approxi- that nanophotonic structures may be well-suited to meeting such mately -
Orbital Lifetime Predictions
Orbital LIFETIME PREDICTIONS An ASSESSMENT OF model-based BALLISTIC COEFfiCIENT ESTIMATIONS AND ADJUSTMENT FOR TEMPORAL DRAG co- EFfiCIENT VARIATIONS M.R. HaneVEER MSc Thesis Aerospace Engineering Orbital lifetime predictions An assessment of model-based ballistic coecient estimations and adjustment for temporal drag coecient variations by M.R. Haneveer to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Thursday June 1, 2017 at 14:00 PM. Student number: 4077334 Project duration: September 1, 2016 – June 1, 2017 Thesis committee: Dr. ir. E. N. Doornbos, TU Delft, supervisor Dr. ir. E. J. O. Schrama, TU Delft ir. K. J. Cowan MBA TU Delft An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Summary Objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) experience low levels of drag due to the interaction with the outer layers of Earth’s atmosphere. The atmospheric drag reduces the velocity of the object, resulting in a gradual decrease in altitude. With each decayed kilometer the object enters denser portions of the atmosphere accelerating the orbit decay until eventually the object cannot sustain a stable orbit anymore and either crashes onto Earth’s surface or burns up in its atmosphere. The capability of predicting the time an object stays in orbit, whether that object is space junk or a satellite, allows for an estimate of its orbital lifetime - an estimate satellite op- erators work with to schedule science missions and commercial services, as well as use to prove compliance with international agreements stating no passively controlled object is to orbit in LEO longer than 25 years. -
Research on PSLV-C37 Launcher by ISRO
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296 Research on PSLV-C37 Launcher by ISRO Aisha Nazeer Electronics Engineer, Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engg, D.C.E.T, Telangana, Hyderabad, India Abstract: This research is on PSLV-C37 which was the 39th mission of the Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) program and its 16th mission in the XL configuration. PSLV-C37 successfully carried and deployed a record 104 satellites in sun-synchronous orbits. Launched on 15 February 2017 by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, it broke the earlier record of launching 37 satellites by a Russian Dnepr rocket on 19 June 2014. According to ISRO, the 101 international satellites were launched as part of a commercial arrangement between several firms and its commercial arm Antrix Corporation Limited, run under the auspices of the Indian Government's Department of Space. Keywords: ISRO, PSLV, Launcher, Satellite, earth-mapping, space record, space technology 1. Introduction On February 15 2017, PSLV-C37 carrying the 104 satellites lifted off from the first launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is an Centre in Sriharikota at 09:28 A.M as shown in Fig-2.1. 17 expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed and Minutes later, the rocket started placing the satellites into operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) orbit, one by one with a time-frame of about 11 minutes. as shown in Fig.1.1. -
Cubesat Data Analysis Revision
371-XXXXX Revision - CubeSat Data Analysis Revision - November 2015 Prepared by: GSFC/Code 371 National Aeronautics and Goddard Space Flight Center Space Administration Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 371-XXXXX Revision - Signature Page Prepared by: ___________________ _____ Mark Kaminskiy Date Reliability Engineer ARES Corporation Accepted by: _______________________ _____ Nasir Kashem Date Reliability Lead NASA/GSFC Code 371 1 371-XXXXX Revision - DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD REV DATE DESCRIPTION OF CHANGE LEVEL APPROVED - Baseline Release 2 371-XXXXX Revision - Table of Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Statement of Work 5 3 Database 5 4 Distributions by Satellite Classes, Users, Mass, and Volume 7 4.1 Distribution by satellite classes 7 4.2 Distribution by satellite users 8 4.3 CubeSat Distribution by mass 8 4.4 CubeSat Distribution by volume 8 5 Annual Number of CubeSats Launched 9 6 Reliability Data Analysis 10 6.1 Introducing “Time to Event” variable 10 6.2 Probability of a Successful Launch 10 6.3 Estimation of Probability of Mission Success after Successful Launch. Kaplan-Meier Nonparametric Estimate and Weibull Distribution. 10 6.3.1 Kaplan-Meier Estimate 10 6.3.2 Weibull Distribution Estimation 11 6.4 Estimation of Probability of mission success after successful launch as a function of time and satellite mass using Weibull Regression 13 6.4.1 Weibull Regression 13 6.4.2 Data used for estimation of the model parameters 13 6.4.3 Comparison of the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the Reliability function and the estimates based on the Weibull regression 16 7 Conclusion 17 8 Acknowledgement 18 9 References 18 10 Appendix 19 Table of Figures Figure 4-1 CubeSats distribution by mass .................................................................................................... -
Small Satellite Launchers
SMALL SATELLITE LAUNCHERS NewSpace Index 2020/04/20 Current status and time from development start to the first successful or planned orbital launch NEWSPACE.IM Northrop Grumman Pegasus 1990 Scorpius Space Launch Demi-Sprite ? Makeyev OKB Shtil 1998 Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N1 ? SpaceX Falcon 1e 2008 Interstellar Technologies Zero 2021 MT Aerospace MTA, WARR, Daneo ? Rocket Lab Electron 2017 Nammo North Star 2020 CTA VLM 2020 Acrux Montenegro ? Frontier Astronautics ? ? Earth to Sky ? 2021 Zero 2 Infinity Bloostar ? CASIC / ExPace Kuaizhou-1A (Fei Tian 1) 2017 SpaceLS Prometheus-1 ? MISHAAL Aerospace M-OV ? CONAE Tronador II 2020 TLON Space Aventura I ? Rocketcrafters Intrepid-1 2020 ARCA Space Haas 2CA ? Aerojet Rocketdyne SPARK / Super Strypi 2015 Generation Orbit GoLauncher 2 ? PLD Space Miura 5 (Arion 2) 2021 Swiss Space Systems SOAR 2018 Heliaq ALV-2 ? Gilmour Space Eris-S 2021 Roketsan UFS 2023 Independence-X DNLV 2021 Beyond Earth ? ? Bagaveev Corporation Bagaveev ? Open Space Orbital Neutrino I ? LIA Aerospace Procyon 2026 JAXA SS-520-4 2017 Swedish Space Corporation Rainbow 2021 SpinLaunch ? 2022 Pipeline2Space ? ? Perigee Blue Whale 2020 Link Space New Line 1 2021 Lin Industrial Taymyr-1A ? Leaf Space Primo ? Firefly 2020 Exos Aerospace Jaguar ? Cubecab Cab-3A 2022 Celestia Aerospace Space Arrow CM ? bluShift Aerospace Red Dwarf 2022 Black Arrow Black Arrow 2 ? Tranquility Aerospace Devon Two ? Masterra Space MINSAT-2000 2021 LEO Launcher & Logistics ? ? ISRO SSLV (PSLV Light) 2020 Wagner Industries Konshu ? VSAT ? ? VALT -
March 21–25, 2016
FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk, -
Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commercial Orbital Transportation Services A New Era in Spaceflight NASA/SP-2014-617 Commercial Orbital Transportation Services A New Era in Spaceflight On the cover: Background photo: The terminator—the line separating the sunlit side of Earth from the side in darkness—marks the changeover between day and night on the ground. By establishing government-industry partnerships, the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program marked a change from the traditional way NASA had worked. Inset photos, right: The COTS program supported two U.S. companies in their efforts to design and build transportation systems to carry cargo to low-Earth orbit. (Top photo—Credit: SpaceX) SpaceX launched its Falcon 9 rocket on May 22, 2012, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. (Second photo) Three days later, the company successfully completed the mission that sent its Dragon spacecraft to the Station. (Third photo—Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls) Orbital Sciences Corp. sent its Antares rocket on its test flight on April 21, 2013, from a new launchpad on Virginia’s eastern shore. Later that year, the second Antares lifted off with Orbital’s cargo capsule, (Fourth photo) the Cygnus, that berthed with the ISS on September 29, 2013. Both companies successfully proved the capability to deliver cargo to the International Space Station by U.S. commercial companies and began a new era of spaceflight. ISS photo, center left: Benefiting from the success of the partnerships is the International Space Station, pictured as seen by the last Space Shuttle crew that visited the orbiting laboratory (July 19, 2011). More photos of the ISS are featured on the first pages of each chapter. -
COMPACT) Joe Mrozinski JPL, Michael Saing JPL, Mary Covert Aerospace Corp., Tim Anderson Aerospace Corp
CubeSat Or Microsat Probabilistic + Analogies Cost Tool (COMPACT) Joe Mrozinski JPL, Michael Saing JPL, Mary Covert Aerospace Corp., Tim Anderson Aerospace Corp. Copyright 2016 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. What is a CubeSat? CubeSat = Extremely small (i.e. Nanosat scale 1- 10kg) spacecraft of standard dimensions that hitchhikes to space with a traditional spacecraft. • Standard Form Factors: how many “U’s” is your Cubesat? 1 to 6 U’s: A “1U” A “2U” Cubesat is Cubesat is 3U: roughly twice as big 10x10x10 cm 6U! 11/16/16 COMPACT 2 jpl.nasa.gov What is a Microsat? A Microsat is simply a satellite with mass between 10 kg and 100 kg. Most 1-3U CubeSats are 1 - 10 kg, and fall into the “Nanosat” range. But a 6U Cubesat likely has a mass >10 kg and thus would be a microsat. CubeSat Or Microsat Probabilistic + Analogies Cost Tool (COMPACT) COMPACT is exploring CubeSats first. 11/16/16 COMPACT 3 jpl.nasa.gov NASA does not have a CubeSat Cost Estimating …But NASA Capability… clearly needs one -- ASAP! Graphic from: “CubeSat Most of Technology and Systems,” these Janson, S., Presentation to “Nanosats” USGIF Small Satellite are Working Group, 27 Cubesats May 2015 11/16/16 COMPACT 4 jpl.nasa.gov COMPACT just completed Phase 1 to begin addressing this cost estimating capability gap Phase 1 Requirement: Collect & Normalize Key Cost Driver Data for 10 CubeSats 11/16/16 COMPACT 5 jpl.nasa.gov Phase 1 Delivery: Normalized Data for 18 CubeSats 11/16/16 COMPACT 6 jpl.nasa.gov O_OREOS CINEMA EDSN GRIFEX LMRST KickSat Phase 1 Delivery: Normalized Data for: IPEX Firefly 18 CubeSats M-Cubed 2 PSSC-2 SkyCube SporeSat-1 MarCO NanoSail-D RACE RAX 1 11/16/16 M-Cubed COMPACT PharmaSat 7 jpl.nasa.gov Key Data i.e. -
Space Biology Research and Biosensor Technologies: Past, Present, and Future †
biosensors Perspective Space Biology Research and Biosensor Technologies: Past, Present, and Future † Ada Kanapskyte 1,2, Elizabeth M. Hawkins 1,3,4, Lauren C. Liddell 5,6, Shilpa R. Bhardwaj 5,7, Diana Gentry 5 and Sergio R. Santa Maria 5,8,* 1 Space Life Sciences Training Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (E.M.H.) 2 Biomedical Engineering Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA 3 KBR Wyle, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA 4 Mammoth Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA 5 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; [email protected] (L.C.L.); [email protected] (S.R.B.); [email protected] (D.G.) 6 Logyx, LLC, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA 7 The Bionetics Corporation, Yorktown, VA 23693, USA 8 COSMIAC Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-650-604-1411 † Presented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Biosensors, 2–17 November 2020; Available online: https://iecb2020.sciforum.net/. Abstract: In light of future missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) and the potential establishment of bases on the Moon and Mars, the effects of the deep space environment on biology need to be examined in order to develop protective countermeasures. Although many biological experiments have been performed in space since the 1960s, most have occurred in LEO and for only short periods of time. These LEO missions have studied many biological phenomena in a variety of model organisms, and have utilized a broad range of technologies. -
Britain Back in Space
Spaceflight A British Interplanetary Society Publication Britain back in Space Vol 58 No 1 January 2016 £4.50 www.bis-space.com 1.indd 1 11/26/2015 8:30:59 AM 2.indd 2 11/26/2015 8:31:14 AM CONTENTS Editor: Published by the British Interplanetary Society David Baker, PhD, BSc, FBIS, FRHS Sub-editor: Volume 58 No. 1 January 2016 Ann Page 4-5 Peake on countdown – to the ISS and beyond Production Assistant: As British astronaut Tim Peake gets ready for his ride into space, Ben Jones Spaceflight reviews the build-up to this mission and examines the Spaceflight Promotion: possibilities that may unfold as a result of European contributions to Suszann Parry NASA’s Orion programme. Spaceflight Arthur C. Clarke House, 6-9 Ready to go! 27/29 South Lambeth Road, London, SW8 1SZ, England. What happens when Tim Peake arrives at the International Space Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Station, where can I watch it, listen to it, follow it, and what are the Fax: +44 (0)20 7582 7167 broadcasters doing about special programming? We provide the Email: [email protected] directory to a media frenzy! www.bis-space.com 16-17 BIS Technical Projects ADVERTISING Tel: +44 (0)1424 883401 Robin Brand has been busy gathering the latest information about Email: [email protected] studies, research projects and practical experiments now underway at DISTRIBUTION the BIS, the first in a periodic series of roundups. Spaceflight may be received worldwide by mail through membership of the British 18 Icarus Progress Report Interplanetary Society.