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The Solar Cruiser Mission: Demonstrating Large Solar Sails for Deep Space Missions
The Solar Cruiser Mission: Demonstrating Large Solar Sails for Deep Space Missions Les Johnson*, Frank M. Curran**, Richard W. Dissly***, and Andrew F. Heaton* * NASA Marshall Space Flight Center ** MZBlue Aerospace NASA Image *** Ball Aerospace Solar Sails Derive Propulsion By Reflecting Photons Solar sails use photon “pressure” or force on thin, lightweight, reflective sheets to produce thrust. NASA Image 2 Solar Sail Missions Flown (as of October 2019) NanoSail-D (2010) IKAROS (2010) LightSail-1 (2015) CanX-7 (2016) InflateSail (2017) NASA JAXA The Planetary Society Canada EU/Univ. of Surrey Earth Orbit Interplanetary Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Deployment Only Full Flight Deployment Only Deployment Only Deployment Only 3U CubeSat 315 kg Smallsat 3U CubeSat 3U CubeSat 3U CubeSat 10 m2 196 m2 32 m2 <10 m2 10 m2 3 Current and Planned Solar Sail Missions CU Aerospace (2018) LightSail-2 (2019) Near Earth Asteroid Solar Cruiser (2024) Univ. Illinois / NASA The Planetary Society Scout (2020) NASA NASA Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Interplanetary L-1 Full Flight Full Flight Full Flight Full Flight In Orbit; Not yet In Orbit; Successful deployed 6U CubeSat 90 Kg Spacecraft 3U CubeSat 86 m2 >1200 m2 3U CubeSat 32 m2 20 m2 4 Near Earth Asteroid Scout The Near Earth Asteroid Scout Will • Image/characterize a NEA during a slow flyby • Demonstrate a low cost asteroid reconnaissance capability Key Spacecraft & Mission Parameters • 6U cubesat (20cm X 10cm X 30 cm) • ~86 m2 solar sail propulsion system • Manifested for launch on the Space Launch System (Artemis 1 / 2020) • 1 AU maximum distance from Earth Leverages: combined experiences of MSFC and JPL Close Proximity Imaging Local scale morphology, with support from GSFC, JSC, & LaRC terrain properties, landing site survey Target Reconnaissance with medium field imaging Shape, spin, and local environment NEA Scout Full Scale EDU Sail Deployment 6 Solar Cruiser Mission Concept Mission Profile Solar Cruiser may launch as a secondary payload on the NASA IMAP mission in October, 2024. -
Materials Challenges for the Starshot Lightsail
PERSPECTIVE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0075-8 Materials challenges for the Starshot lightsail Harry A. Atwater 1*, Artur R. Davoyan1, Ognjen Ilic1, Deep Jariwala1, Michelle C. Sherrott 1, Cora M. Went2, William S. Whitney2 and Joeson Wong 1 The Starshot Breakthrough Initiative established in 2016 sets an audacious goal of sending a spacecraft beyond our Solar System to a neighbouring star within the next half-century. Its vision for an ultralight spacecraft that can be accelerated by laser radiation pressure from an Earth-based source to ~20% of the speed of light demands the use of materials with extreme properties. Here we examine stringent criteria for the lightsail design and discuss fundamental materials challenges. We pre- dict that major research advances in photonic design and materials science will enable us to define the pathways needed to realize laser-driven lightsails. he Starshot Breakthrough Initiative has challenged a broad nanocraft, we reveal a balance between the high reflectivity of the and interdisciplinary community of scientists and engineers sail, required for efficient photon momentum transfer; large band- Tto design an ultralight spacecraft or ‘nanocraft’ that can reach width, accounting for the Doppler shift; and the low mass necessary Proxima Centauri b — an exoplanet within the habitable zone of for the spacecraft to accelerate to near-relativistic speeds. We show Proxima Centauri and 4.2 light years away from Earth — in approxi- that nanophotonic structures may be well-suited to meeting such mately -
Lightsail 2 Set to Launch in June “We Are Go for Launch!” Said Planetary Society CEO Bill Nye
Lightsail 2 set to launch in June “We are go for launch!” said Planetary Society CEO Bill Nye. Funded by space enthusiasts, LightSail 2 aims to accomplish the 1st-ever, controlled solar sail flight in Earth orbit next month. Writing at the Planetary Society’s blog, Jason Davis this week (May 13, 2019) described the upcoming challenge of the launch of LightSail 2, a little spacecraft literally powered by sunbeams and dear to the hearts of many. He wrote: Weighing just 5 kilograms, the loaf-of-bread-sized spacecraft, known as a CubeSat, is scheduled to lift A one-unit CubeSat measures 10 centimeters per side. off on June 22, 2019, aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy LightSail is a three-unit CubeSat measuring 10 by 10 by 30 rocket from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Once in centimetres. Here, an early LightSail model sits next to a space, LightSail 2 will deploy a boxing ring-sized solar loaf of bread for size comparison. sail and attempt to raise its orbit using the gentle push from solar photons. It’s the culmination of a 10-year project with an origin story linked to the three scientist-engineers who founded The Planetary Society in 1980. Indeed, although the Lightsail 2 project itself is 10 years old, the idea for lightsail or solar sail spacecraft goes back decades, at least. Carl Sagan – who was one of those Planetary Society founders -- popularized the idea for our time. Now the mantle for popularizing lightsails, and helping to bring the dream many steps closer to reality, has been passed to Bill Nye, the current CEO of the Planetary Society. -
Espinsights the Global Space Activity Monitor
ESPInsights The Global Space Activity Monitor Issue 2 May–June 2019 CONTENTS FOCUS ..................................................................................................................... 1 European industrial leadership at stake ............................................................................ 1 SPACE POLICY AND PROGRAMMES .................................................................................... 2 EUROPE ................................................................................................................. 2 9th EU-ESA Space Council .......................................................................................... 2 Europe’s Martian ambitions take shape ......................................................................... 2 ESA’s advancements on Planetary Defence Systems ........................................................... 2 ESA prepares for rescuing Humans on Moon .................................................................... 3 ESA’s private partnerships ......................................................................................... 3 ESA’s international cooperation with Japan .................................................................... 3 New EU Parliament, new EU European Space Policy? ......................................................... 3 France reflects on its competitiveness and defence posture in space ...................................... 3 Germany joins consortium to support a European reusable rocket......................................... -
The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017
Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 January 2017 Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 i Contents About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2017) Publication produced for FAA AST by The Tauri Group under contract. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 GENERAL CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 5 Launch Vehicles 9 Launch and Reentry Sites 21 Payloads 35 2016 Launch Events 39 2017 Annual Commercial Space Transportation Forecast 45 Space Transportation Law and Policy 83 Appendices 89 Orbital Launch Vehicle Fact Sheets 100 iii Contents DETAILED CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . -
The Dynamics and Control of the Cubesail Mission — a Solar Sailing
© 2010 Andrzej Pukniel. THE DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF THE CUBESAIL MISSION—A SOLAR SAILING DEMONSTRATION BY ANDRZEJ PUKNIEL DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Aerospace Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Victoria Coverstone, Chair Professor John Prussing Professor Rodney Burton Professor Gary Swenson ABSTRACT The proposed study addresses two issues related to the slow emergence of solar sailing as a viable space propulsion method. The low technology readiness level and complications related to stowage, deployment, and support of the sail structure are both addressed by combining the CU Aerospace and University of Illinois-developed UltraSail and CubeSat expertise to design a small-scale solar sail deployment and propulsion experiment in low Earth orbit. The study analyzes multiple aspects of the problem from initial sizing and packaging of the solar sail film into two CubeSat-class spacecraft, through on-orbit deployment dynamics, attitude control of large and flexible space structure, and predictions of performance and orbital maneuvering capability. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following work would have not been possible without the continuous support and encouragement of my advisor, Professor Coverstone. Her patience, scientific insight, and enthusiasm are a rare combination that fosters a unique research environment. It allows the students to develop both as highly competent engineers as well as young individuals. Few advisors sincerely care for their students’ personal development as much as Professor Coverstone and I consider myself privileged to be part of her research group. I would also like to thank Professors Rod Burton and Gary Swenson as well as Dr. -
Bulletin D'actualité Espace N°19-28
Bulletin d’actualité Espace n°19-28 Bulletin d’actualité Espace précédentBulletin d’actualité Espace suivant Bulletin d’actualité rédigé par le Bureau du CNES à Washington D.C. (Amaury Carbonnaux, Edouard Lallouette, Norbert Paluch) Liens utiles Pour consulter le présent bulletin d’actualité sous format PDF, cliquez ici. Pour consulter le présent bulletin d’actualité en ligne, cliquez ici. Pour consulter tous les bulletins d’actualité, toutes les notes, toutes les actualités et l’agenda du Service Spatial aux Etats-Unis, cliquez ici. Personalia L’Administrateur de la NASA nomme George Morrow Directeur du Goddard Space Flight Center Space Policy Online, 31 juillet 2019 Space Flight Insider, 1er août 2019 George Morrow remplace Chris Scolese, dont la nomination à la tête duNational Reconnaissance Office a été confirmée par le Sénat le 27 juin. Politique Le Sénateur Mike Enzi (républicain, Wyoming) inquiet des dérives budgétaires et calendaires de plusieurs programmes de la NASA Space News, 3 août 2019 S’appuyant sur plusieurs rapports du GAO (Government Accountability Office) et de l’OIG (Office of Inspector General de la NASA), le Président de la commission budgétaire du Sénat a adressé le 1er août un courrier à l’Administrateur de la NASA dans lequel il l’interroge sur les perspectives calendaires et budgétaires de JSWT, de la mission Artemis 2, d’Orion, du SLS et du segment sol associé, ainsi que sur les procédures d’acquisition et de contrôle de la bonne exécution des contrats passés par l’agence (réponse écrite demandée pour le 14 août). International Les Etats-Unis et le Japon ont tenu le 24 juin à Washington leur sixième dialogue global sur l’espace Communiqué de presse conjoint, 24 juillet 2019 L’ESA s’intéresse aux données fournies par Planet et Spire Cf. -
Outer Space: How Shall the World's Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests?
Washington International Law Journal Volume 29 Number 1 12-23-2019 Outer Space: How Shall the World's Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests? Paul B. Larsen Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj Part of the Air and Space Law Commons Recommended Citation Paul B. Larsen, Outer Space: How Shall the World's Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests?, 29 Wash. L. Rev. 1 (2019). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol29/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington International Law Journal by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright © 2019 Washington International Law Journal Association OUTER SPACE: HOW SHALL THE WORLD’S GOVERNMENTS ESTABLISH ORDER AMONG COMPETING INTERESTS? Paul B. Larsen† Abstract: We are in a period of transition in outer space; it is becoming increasingly congested. As one example, small satellites are beginning to interfere with astronomical observations. The objective of this article is to examine and evaluate how the various outer space interests interact, coordinate or conflict with each other. This article examines legal order options and the consequences of choosing among those options. Cite as: Paul B. Larsen, Outer Space: How Shall the World’s Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests?, 29 WASH. INT’L L.J. 1 (2019). I. INTRODUCTION: WHY ORDER IN OUTER SPACE? Outer space seems unlimited; at least it so appeared in 1957 when Sputnik was launched. -
Space Propulsion Technology for Small Spacecraft
Space Propulsion Technology for Small Spacecraft The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Krejci, David, and Paulo Lozano. “Space Propulsion Technology for Small Spacecraft.” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 106, no. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 362–78. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2017.2778747 Publisher Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114401 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ PROCC. OF THE IEEE, VOL. 106, NO. 3, MARCH 2018 362 Space Propulsion Technology for Small Spacecraft David Krejci and Paulo Lozano Abstract—As small satellites become more popular and capa- While designations for different satellite classes have been ble, strategies to provide in-space propulsion increase in impor- somehow ambiguous, a system mass based characterization tance. Applications range from orbital changes and maintenance, approach will be used in this work, in which the term ’Small attitude control and desaturation of reaction wheels to drag com- satellites’ will refer to satellites with total masses below pensation and de-orbit at spacecraft end-of-life. Space propulsion 500kg, with ’Nanosatellites’ for systems ranging from 1- can be enabled by chemical or electric means, each having 10kg, ’Picosatellites’ with masses between 0.1-1kg and ’Fem- different performance and scalability properties. The purpose tosatellites’ for spacecrafts below 0.1kg. In this category, the of this review is to describe the working principles of space popular Cubesat standard [13] will therefore be characterized propulsion technologies proposed so far for small spacecraft. -
Lightsail Program Status: One Down, One to Go
SSC15-V-3 LightSail Program Status: One Down, One to Go Rex Ridenoure, Riki Munakata, Alex Diaz, Stephanie Wong Ecliptic Enterprises Corporation Pasadena, CA; (626) 278-0435 [email protected] Barbara Plante Boreal Space Hayward, CA; (510) 915-4717 [email protected] Doug Stetson Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group Pasadena, CA, (818) 854-8921 [email protected] Dave Spencer Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, (770) 331-2340 [email protected] Justin Foley California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo, CA, (805) 756-5074 [email protected] ABSTRACT The LightSail program involves two 3U CubeSats designed to advance solar sailing technology state of the art. The entire program is privately funded by members and supporters of The Planetary Society, the world’s largest non- profit space advocacy organization. Spacecraft design started in 2009; by the end of 2011 both spacecraft had largely been built but not fully tested, and neither had a firm launch commitment. Following an 18-month program pause during 2012-2013, the effort was resumed after launch opportunities had been secured for each spacecraft. The first LightSail spacecraft—dedicated primarily to demonstrating the solar sail deployment process—was launched into Earth orbit on 2015 May 20 as a secondary payload aboard an Atlas 5 rocket, and on June 9 mission success was declared. The mission plan for the second LightSail includes demonstration of solar sailing in Earth orbit, among other objectives. It is on track for a launch in 2016 aboard a Falcon Heavy rocket as a key element of the Prox-1 mission. -
Space Activities 2019
Space Activities in 2019 Jonathan McDowell [email protected] 2020 Jan 12 Rev 1.3 Contents Preface 3 1 Orbital Launch Attempts 3 1.1 Launch statistics by country . 3 1.2 Launch failures . 4 1.3 Commercial Launches . 4 2 Satellite Launch Statistics 6 2.1 Satellites of the major space powers, past 8 years . 6 2.2 Satellite ownership by country . 7 2.3 Satellite manufacture by country . 11 3 Scientific Space Programs 11 4 Military Space Activities 12 4.1 Military R&D . 12 4.2 Space surveillance . 12 4.3 Reconnaissance and Signals Intelligence . 13 4.4 Space Weapons . 13 5 Special Topics 13 5.1 The Indian antisatellite test and its implications . 13 5.2 Starlink . 19 5.3 Lightsail-2 . 24 5.4 Kosmos-2535/2536 . 25 5.5 Kosmos-2542/2543 . 29 5.6 Starliner . 29 5.7 OTV-5 and its illegal secret deployments . 32 5.8 TJS-3 . 33 6 Orbital Debris and Orbital Decay 35 6.1 Disposal of launch vehicle upper stages . 36 6.2 Orbituaries . 39 6.3 Retirements in the GEO belt . 42 6.4 Debris events . 43 7 Acknowledgements 43 Appendix 1: 2019 Orbital Launch Attempts 44 1 Appendix 2a: Satellite payloads launched in 2018 (Status end 2019) 46 Appendix 2b: Satellite payloads deployed in 2018 (Revised; Status end 2019) 55 Appendix 2c: Satellite payloads launched in 2019 63 Appendix 2d: Satellite payloads deployed in 2019 72 Rev 1.0 - Jan 02 Initial version Rev 1.1 - Jan 02 Fixed two incorrect values in tables 4a/4b Rev 1.2 - Jan 02 Minor typos fixed Rev 1.3 - Jan 12 Corrected RL10 variant, added K2491 debris event, more typos 2 Preface In this paper I present some statistics characterizing astronautical activity in calendar year 2019. -
Interplanetary Cubesats: Opening the Solar System to a Broad Community at Lower Cost
Interplanetary CubeSats: Opening the Solar System to a Broad Community at Lower Cost Robert L. Staehle,1 Brian Anderson,2 Bruce Betts,3 Diana Blaney,1 Channing Chow,2 Louis Friedman,3 Hamid Hemmati,1 Dayton Jones,1 Andrew Klesh,1 Paulett Liewer,1 Joseph Lazio,1 Martin Wen-Yu Lo,1 Pantazis Mouroulis,1 Neil Murphy,1 Paula J. Pingree,1 Jordi Puig-Suari,4 Tomas Svitek,5 Austin Williams,4 Thor Wilson1 Final Report on Phase 1 to NASA Office of the Chief Technologist 2012 December 8 Interplanetary CubeSats could enable small, low-cost missions beyond low Earth orbit. This class is defined by mass < ~ 10 kg, cost < $30 M, and durations up to 5 years. Over the coming decade, a stretch of each of six distinct technology areas, creating one overarching architecture, could enable comparatively low-cost Solar System exploration missions with capabilities far beyond those demonstrated in small satellites to date. The six technology areas are: (1) CubeSat electronics and subsystems extended to operate in the interplanetary environment, especially radiation and duration of operation; (2) Optical telecommunications to enable very small, low-power uplink/downlink over interplanetary distances; (3) Solar sail propulsion to enable high !V maneuvering using no propellant; (4) Navigation of the Interplanetary Superhighway to enable multiple destinations over reasonable mission durations using achievable !V; (5) Small, highly capable instrumentation enabling acquisition of high-quality scientific and exploration information; and (6) Onboard storage and processing of raw instrument data and navigation information to enable maximum utility of uplink and downlink telecom capacity, and minimal operations staffing.