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AWARDS Fellowships for US lab directors

Two associate directors of US particle-physics laboratories were among the members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to receive awards as new fellows at the 2006 AAAS Annual Meeting in St Louis, Missouri, on 18 February. They join other leading figures in US and related fields that were elected as new fellows by the AAAS Council during 2005. Swapan Chattopadhyay, associate director for accelerators at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab), was awarded the distinction of fellow for his “fundamental contributions to accelerator science, including phase-space cooling, innovative collider designs and pioneering Swapan Chattopadhyay, left, and Samuel Aronson, received AAAS fellowships in February. femto-sources, and for mentoring accelerator scientists at facilities worldwide, especially in Accelerator Department, the Physics professor at the University of Chicago, was developing countries”. He is responsible for Department, the Superconducting Magnet honoured “for his exceptional research in the all aspects of Jefferson Lab’s accelerator and Division, the Instrumentation Division and the evolution of the earliest universe, explaining Free-Electron Laser (FEL) programmes, Center for Accelerator Physics. its significance to the public, and for including R&D and operations, maintenance Neil V Baggett, advisor for planning and co-founding the interdisciplinary field of and upgrades of the Continuous Electron communication in the high-energy physics particle physics and cosmology”. Beam Accelerator Facility and the FEL. programme of the Office of Science of the US Lastly, C W Francis Everitt, research professor Samuel Aronson, associate laboratory Department of Energy, was also elected as a at the Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory director for high-energy and nuclear physics fellow. He receives the honour “for significant of Stanford University also became a AAAS (HENP) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, achievements in fundamental physics fellow. Everitt is principal investigator for Gravity became a fellow for his “leadership in the research and for important contributions to Probe B, the NASA satellite launched in April science and management of experimental the research and educational programmes of 2004 that uses four ultra-precise gyroscopes to particle physics, especially heavy-ion physics the US Department of Energy”. make precise measurements of the geodetic at Brookhaven National Laboratory”. The HENP In cosmology and astroparticle physics, effect and the frame-dragging effect predicted directorate encompasses the Collider- Michael Turner, astronomy and astrophysics by the general theory of relativity. Honorary degree for CERN’s Fabio Sauli

The celebrations of the 30th anniversary of Sauli’s doctoral student in the 1970s, and the Université de Haute Alsace in Mulhouse in participated in developing high-accuracy drift October 2005 culminated in a ceremony to chambers. The most recent development in award CERN’s Fabio Sauli the title of Doctor the group, the Gas Electron Multiplier, has Honoris Causa. The distinction, presented by been adopted by experiments both at CERN Guy Schultz, university president, honours and worldwide, owing to its exceptional Sauli’s lifelong activity in the development of performance with extreme particle fluxes. advanced detectors for particle physics. Having reached the CERN age limit, Sauli Under Sauli’s direction, CERN’s Gas retires this month, but intends to continue his Detectors Development group – which was scientific work in association with INFN- founded and led for many years by Georges Trieste, contributing to the design of CERN’s Fabio Sauli, left, receiving the title of Charpak – has continued to contribute many experiments making use of novel Doctor Honoris Causa from Guy Schultz, innovations to the field and to the training of a technologies, and lecturing on advanced president of the Université de Haute Alsace. generation of scientists. Schultz himself was instrumentation at various universities. (Courtesy Université de Haute Alsace.)

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CELEBRATION La Sapienza honours Bernardini’s 75 years…

Carlo Bernardini, one of the physicists who built Another testimonial was given by Giuseppe Di the first electron–positron storage ring, AdA in Giugno, who recalled the historic night when 1960, celebrated his 75th birthday at a electrons were first accumulated in AdA. symposium held in his honour at the University The afternoon session on science and society of Rome La Sapienza. A description of the was chaired by Tullio de Mauro, former Minister making of AdA and its first operation was of Education and well known linguistic scholar, reported in Il Nuovo Cimento on 19 December who illustrated Bernardini’s activity as Senator 1960 in an article entitled “The Frascati Storage of the Italian parliament and his tenure as dean Ring”, by Bernardini, Gianfranco Corazza, of science at La Sapienza University. The Giorgio Ghigo and Bruno Touschek. Forty-five session also emphasized Bernardini’s years later, Bernardini retired from teaching and participation in the peace movement, Unione his friends and colleagues paid homage to his Scienziati Italiani per il Disarmo, and his long and multifaceted career. contribution to public awareness of science as The symposium, held on 5 December 2005, Carlo Bernardini, who celebrated his 75th director of the science magazine, Sapere. contained both a physics and technology birthday at a symposium held in his honour. Luciano Maiani, former director-general of session, including talks by Nicola Cabibbo, CERN, chaired the final session, in which further Emilio Picasso and Ugo Amaldi, as well as a latest Belle and BaBar results, mentioning testimonials were given by Bernardini’s students science and society session. Cabibbo also the Large Electron–Positron collider (LEP) and colleagues, among them Michelangelo described the long list of physics results to achievements in precision physics. Picasso de Maria, who noticed the extraordinary have come out of electron–positron storage recalled the early days of LEP construction, capacity of Bernardini to communicate with rings, from the early days of the first paper by including the search for the site and the final friends and antagonists alike. The symposium Cabibbo and Raul Gatto on physics at decision. Amaldi focused on the importance of was closed by Giorgio Salvini, former president electron–positron accelerators, published in accelerators in medicine, noting the existence of the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare and Physical Review Letters in March 1960, to the of nearly 9000 such accelerators in the world. director of Frascati when AdA was built. …and Princeton celebrates Polyakov’s 60th

A special symposium was held at Princeton Zamolodchikov, has classic status; it became University on 5–6 November 2005 to honour a Bible for string theorists. He was awarded the Alexander Polyakov, a leading figure in Dirac Medal in 1986, and the Lorentz Medal in theoretical high-energy physics. Polyakov 1994 for his work in quantum field theory, received his Masters degree from Moscow especially the theory of critical phenomena. Institute of Physics and Technology and his PhD In the past decade Polyakov’s results from the Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics (along with those of Juan Maldacena and in Chernogolovka, where he stayed until 1989, Edward Witten) played a crucial role in the before moving to Princeton University in 1990. emergence of the so-called holographic The first of Polyakov’s papers, “Spontaneous From left to right: Alexander Polyakov, descriptions of quantum chromodynamics. symmetry breaking of strong interaction and Mikhail Shifman and Paul Wiegmann at the Within this approach the theory of and absence of massless particles”, was written symposium held in Polyakov’s honour. gluons is presented as a limiting 4D theory at with Alexander Migdal in early 1964, before the boundary of the 5D bulk, which is Peter Higgs’ famous papers were published. The numerous developments with a profound governed by a certain gravity model (AdS/CFT two theorists, both 19 at the time, had impact on high-energy physics: the Migdal– correspondence and its modifications). This essentially discovered what later became Polyakov conformal bootstrap, ’t Hooft– line of research is currently experiencing an known as the Higgs mechanism. Owing to Polyakov monopoles, Belavin–Polyakov– explosive development. several unfortunate circumstances, this Migdal– Schwarz–Tyupkin instantons, Polyakov’s Polyakov’s other interests include theory of Polyakov paper was published in the Journal of Liouville theory and Polyakov strings. His 1984 turbulence and string cosmology. He has Experimental and Theoretical Physics only in paper “Infinite conformal symmetry in two- been a key contributor to Burgers turbulence, 1966, two years after it had been completed. dimensional quantum field theory”, with which is now a central interest for much of the Polyakov has since been instrumental in Alexander Belavin and Alexander hydrodynamics community.

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OUTREACH Science on Stage ’05 Record webcast unites illuminates physics physicists worldwide

all 12 hours of programming, an Italian channel also provided coverage, and many more people tuned in on satellite television. The event was broadcast live on the Internet from CERN’s Globe of Science and Innovation, and similar locations around the world were connected via Tandberg videoconference – the Telecom Future Centre in Venice, Imperial The opening ceremony included a dazzling College London, Fermilab, the Exploratorium juggling show with dramatic light effects, in San Francisco with scientists from SLAC, augmented by a teachers’ sheet explaining the Bloomfield Science Museum in Jerusalem) some of the scientific concepts of juggling. Gareth Mitchell presents the webcast link and the National Science Education Centre in from Imperial College London. Taipei). From these seven main platforms, The 2005 Science on Stage festival was held viewers were taken on a world tour to other at CERN on 21–25 November, when 500 or On 2 December 2005, towards the end of the physics laboratories and science museums, so participants from 27 countries – mainly World Year of Physics, CERN organized an visiting virtually every time zone. In a particular science teachers but also some university international marathon webcast, Beyond highlight, and one of the most technically lecturers, science-outreach specialists and Einstein, which for 12 hours brought together difficult sections of the show, CERN and students – had the opportunity to share their physics communities from the four corners of Imperial College linked up with the South Pole experience of teaching science. They attended the globe. The event, the first of its kind to discuss the IceCube experiment, neutrino presentations and shows, took part in organized on this scale, attracted 30 000 physics and the search for dark matter. workshops and visited a fair with stands spectators on the web and in participating ● See http://beyond-einstein.web.cern.ch/ offering ideas on how to make school science studios. Pakistani national television broadcast beyond-einstein/. lessons more appealing. The festival, organized by the EIROforum partnership between major European science New particle-physics institutions including CERN, marked the end of two years of projects promoting science in website for the UK is most of Europe; the most exceptional projects from each country were presented at the open to everyone festival. To allow teachers to benefit from the ideas presented, all the demonstrations will 2006 sees the arrival of a new UK website be available on the Science on Stage website that is dedicated to particle physics – Particle at www.scienceonstage.net. Physics UK. This new site is an update of the previous ppUK site and aims to provide a MEETINGS portal to all the best particle-physics The 6th Rencontres de Vietnam will be held in information on the web. The new Partical Physics UK website is Hanoi on 6–12 August. This international As the international entry point to particle aimed at anyone with an interest in the field. conference will focus on Challenges in Particle physics in the UK from Interactions.org and Astrophysics, and topics include ultra-high- other sites for global experiments, the new platform for promoting the Large Hadron energy cosmic rays, dark matter, dark energy, site will include links to all the UK particle- Collider in the UK. neutrinos and gravitational waves. An physics groups, as well as academic The Particle Physics and Astronomy important motivation is to provide a means of databases, seminar dates, pages for the Research Council is funding the new website, contact between the Vietnamese and the general public, resources for teachers and which is hosted at the CCLRC Rutherford Western scientific communities. More news updates from around the UK. In the Appleton Laboratory. detailed information on the conference can future, the site will also provide a strong ● www.particlephysics.ac.uk. be found at http://vietnam.in2p3.fr/2006/.

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WORKSHOP Vertex 2005 is a cascade of information

The annual Vertex meeting is traditionally held and the International Linear Collider (ILC). near water and this year’s meeting was no Other highlights included talks on the use of exception. The 14th International Workshop on silicon detectors at a neutrino factory, and on Vertex Detectors, Vertex 2005, was held on the application of high-energy physics vertex- 7–11 November at Nikko, Japan, at a site detector technology in medicine (the DEAR- Vertex 2005 participants gathered in Nikko. surrounded by lakes, waterfalls, mountains and MAMA project), X-ray crystallography historical monuments, all of which were made (PILATUS), in space (GLAST) and as radiation tolerance, and higher speed/ more spectacular by splendid autumn colours. diagnostic instrumentation for current and performance. These goals must be met at the Forty-eight invited participants came to future tokamak fusion experiments. same time as practical challenges such as Nikko to discuss topics related to vertexing Radiation hardness is already one of the process obsolescence, cost and complexity of and tracking. Major ongoing experiments such important keywords for current detectors. new processes are addressed. as BaBar, Belle, D0, ZEUS, CDF, PHENIX, Future upgrades in luminosity, such as at the In addition to the intensive sessions and ATLAS, ALICE, CMS and LHCb reported on KEKB B-factory and at SLHC, pose major discussions in the corridors, the participants their vertex detectors and upgrade plans. challenges to designers of vertex detectors, enjoyed a tour of the world-famous shrines Many talks reported developments from and it was pointed out that for the ILC “better” and temples of Nikko, a banquet of Japanese ongoing R&D projects across the world aimed detectors are needed, rather than “bigger.” dishes, and refreshing hot-springs. at future large-scale high-energy physics For front-end electronics the “big four” goals ● Proceedings are available online at projects, especially the Super LHC (SLHC) remain lower power, low mass, ever-higher http://www-conf.kek.jp/vertex2005/.

OBITUARIES Carlo de Marzo 1941–2005

Carlo de Marzo died on 24 September 2005 300–600 km. Recently Carlo became after a short fight with cancer. He was interested in neutrino astrophysics and in Professor of Experimental Physics in Bari, underwater neutrino telescopes. He was the where he taught courses in general physics Italian representative in the ANTARES and in nuclear and subnuclear physics. During experiment and was promoting the NEMO his long scientific and academic career he held Project for a second-generation neutrino important positions and was a member of telescope, both in the Mediterranean Sea. several scientific and administrative The results of Carlo’s activities have been committees. He was director of the Istituto published in more than 240 papers in Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Bari section, from international journals and in conference 1982 to 1988 and of the physics department proceedings. He wrote teaching notes and at the University of Bari from 1987 to 1993. textbooks, among which Maxwell e la fisica Carlo was born in Torino, Italy, on 26 May classica (Maxwell and classical physics) was 1941. He graduated in 1967 in physics at the published by Laterza, Bari in 1978. University of Bari, under the supervision of Carlo attached great importance to the G Giannelli. He then joined the group international experiments, in which many popularization of science. He wrote articles coordinated by L Guerriero. Carlo did young researchers from Bari participated under and gave several talks on astroparticle physics experimental research at Brookhaven National his leadership. These included the MACRO and the history of science. He was very active Laboratory and Argonne in the US on experiment at the Gran Sasso Laboratories. in the cultural life of Castellana Grotte, his –nucleon scattering experiments, making One of Carlo’s interests was the search for home town, and in particular in the Circolo important contributions to detector antimatter in space. He became actively Culturale Pivot and in the Gruppo Puglia Grotte development, as well as to the implementation involved in the Wizard experiment, carried out (a speleological society). During his prolific of innovative data-analysis techniques. He by a large international collaboration, including scientific and academic activity, Carlo was a then participated in hadron–nucleon scattering NASA. The experiment used complex detectors guide for many young students in physics, experiments at Fermilab and in deep-inelastic mounted on balloons flown at a height of several of whom now work in research hadron–proton scattering experiments at 40 km. The research was later pursued through institutions and in university education. CERN. Since 1986 his research activity the construction of the PAMELA detector, to be The MACRO, PAMELA, ANTARES and NEMO focused on astroparticle physics. He promoted flown soon on a Russian satellite at heights of collaborations.

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Eugene L Feinberg 1912–2005

Eugene Feinberg, the doyen of the Theory with high transverse momenta (1967). Department of the P N Lebedev Physics Hundreds of physicists are now studying these Institute and one of the patriarchs of Russian effects. He also calculated production cross- science, has passed away. His name is sections for deuterium, tritium and helium associated with an unquenchable and lively antinuclei, which were later confirmed interest in a wide range of physics problems. experimentally, and contributed to the ideas He possessed a harmonious combination of and papers of the last 10 years on clarifying logic and intuition characteristic of the highest the role of constituent quarks in extreme level of intelligence. states of nuclear matter. Feinberg, born in Baku, moved with his Feinberg also made considerable family to Moscow in 1918. He graduated from contributions to cosmic-ray physics and had Moscow University and three years later close ties with experiment. During his last started work in the Theory Department of the years he actively worked with experimentalists Lebedev Physical Institute. In his PhD thesis on automatic pattern recognition in emulsions. in 1939 he formulated the theory of ionization In 1966 he became correspondent of the of atoms in nuclear beta decay. The guiding USSR Academy of Sciences and in 1997 full idea was that the atom is ionized as a result member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. of a “shake-up” of atomic electrons when the He received numerous prestigious prizes. charge of the nucleus changes, and the work In addition to science, Feinberg’s interests led to a series of theoretical and experimental included fiction, music and art. Indeed, his studies. This interest in nuclear and high- late wife, daughter of an old Bolshevik energy physics remained throughout Feinberg in 1998. (Courtesy A Martin.) executed by Stalin upon his return from exile, Feinberg’s life, but it did not set boundaries was a distinguished musicologist. He on his scientific activities. meson–nucleus interaction (1941) and of discussed the problems of interrelationships During the Second World War Feinberg diffraction dissociation of hadrons together of science and art in his book Cybernetics, actively worked on radiophysics problems with Isaak Pomeranchuk (1953). In similar Logic, Art (1981) later translated as Art in the directly tied to his country’s military potential. work Feinberg formulated for the first time, Science Dominated World (1987) and in Two He worked out novel approaches in the theory and solved in principle, the problem of the Cultures (translated as Zwei Kulturen, 1988). of radiowave propagation along the surface of existence and observability of the electron in His essays on great scientists of the 20th the globe, which were drastically different from a non-equilibrium state, when the electron century were collected in The Epoch and the the Sommerfeld–Weyl approach. As a result has partly lost its electromagnetic field. He Personality (1999). Feinberg was also a he solved difficult and important problems. expanded his conclusions to non-equilibrium brilliant lecturer and teacher, presenting (His results were summarized in the 1961 hadrons whose properties can be studied via subjects with ultimate clarity; he taught in monograph Propagation of Radio Waves along their subsequent interactions with nucleons Gorkii and in Moscow. the Earth’s Surface, which was reprinted in inside a nucleus. The solution of this problem The purity of his moral principles, was the 1999). In 1943 he created a new method for is closely connected with the understanding most salient feature of Feinberg’s personality. the objective recognition of an acoustic signal of the important role of interference This dictated his active position as a citizen, in the presence of high-level disturbances, phenomena and of the process formation his engagement in propagating the truly which was verified in practice, and then time when a particle travels through matter. scientific view of the world and in revealing together with S G Gershman, he designed a Feinberg paid special attention to the pseudoscience for what it is. His deep system that was later widely used by the navy. mechanism of inelastic processes in high- involvement in the fate of his fellow citizens Feinberg later worked on the theory of the energy interactions of hadrons. In was shown most vividly in his support of uranium–graphite reactor and neutron 1951–1953 he was already emphasizing the Andrei Sakharov during Sakharov’s exile to deceleration (1944–1949) and discovered importance of peripheral processes in Gorkii and in his defence of the memory of the monochromatization of neutrons as they hadronic interactions. The one-meson Sergei Vavilov against unjustified accusations. slow down. This led to the suggestion, with exchange model later developed by his pupils Feinberg’s enormous charm attracted LELazareva and F L Shapiro of a method of formed the foundation of the multiperipheral numerous people towards him. For this neutron spectrometry based on the scheme of inelastic processes. He later reason, he had many friends in Russia and in deceleration time. predicted the direct generation of leptons and the world, in particular at CERN. They will Notable among Feinberg’s earlier results in photons in a hot hadronic medium always remember him. nuclear and particle physics are his prediction (1959–1961) and –gluon plasma Igor Dremin, Lebedev Institute, and André of coherent inelastic processes in the (1976), as well as the generation of hadrons Martin, CERN.

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Richard Dalitz 1925–2006

The Dalitz plot, Dalitz pairs and collected into families based on a more Castillejo–Dalitz–Dyson poles have made the fundamental trio of “quarks”. What was less name of Dick Dalitz, who died on 13 January, clear was whether these quarks were just a a byword in high-energy physics for half a mathematical convenience or were century. With his death, international physics themselves real particles. has lost a major figure and Britain has lost For Dalitz, quarks were real. In his model, one of its greatest unsung scientists. the laws that determine the rotational states Born in Dimboola, Australia, Dalitz gained that electrons can take up within atoms were degrees in mathematics and physics at applied to the quarks within the proton and Melbourne University, moving to the UK in the resonances. In a remarkable talk in Tokyo 1946 to study for a PhD at Cambridge. He in 1965 he proposed that the quarks could be then worked at Bristol University for a year, raised into different energy states, following before joining in Birmingham the established rules of non-relativistic in 1949. In 1953 he was given leave to visit . This implied the the US for two years, working primarily at existence of many baryon resonance states Cornell. He then joined the faculty at with spins and parities in agreement with the Chicago and its for emerging data. Nuclear Studies in 1956. He returned to the Over the following decades many other UK to work again with Peirels in 1963, this examples of meson and baryon resonances time as Royal Society Research Professor at were discovered, notably by application of Oxford University, a post he held until his Dalitz plots, and the quark model became retirement in 1990. established as the explanation of the Dalitz’s thesis was in nuclear physics and menagerie of particles. dealt with 0+ to 0+ transitions in oxygen; Dalitz was also interested in hypernuclei – forbidden as transitions involving real atomic nuclei in which a nucleon had been photons, due to angular momentum replaced by a strange baryon. He collaborated conservation, they occur by means of e+e– with Avraham Gal in this area for many years. emission. This experience led him to his first He was also intimately involved with the seminal contribution with his work at identification of the top quark. With Gary Birmingham in 1951 on Dalitz pairs, a Richard Dalitz, who died in January, aged 80. Goldstein he worked out a geometrical phenomenon that has been used for example method by which experimental data could be to measure the parity of the π0. TDLee and C N Yang who realized that the law used to deduce the top mass, which they Among the particles found in cosmic rays at of parity had been tested only for the strong applied to an early possible event from this time were two known as the τ and the θ, and electromagnetic interactions. For the Fermilab. The conclusion was that if this event which had the same mass and lifetime; weak interaction at work in the θ/τ decays, it indeed signalled top production, the top however, the τ decayed into three , the was an open question, and it was Lee and quark mass must exceed 130 GeV. θ into two. In 1953 Dalitz began to look at the Yang who earned the Nobel prize when Dalitz brought many scholars to Oxford and decays of the τ into three pions and in doing experiment proved their hypothesis correct trained generations of students, including so introduced into physics what he modestly that the weak interaction violates parity. The τ Chris Llewellyn Smith, a future director- called a “phase-space plot”, but which and θ are indeed the same particle, known general of CERN. Following retirement he everyone now knows as the Dalitz plot. This today as the charged kaon. remained an inspirational figure to students revealed that the τ particle had even spin and By the end of the 1950s Dalitz plots were new and old, continuing to work on theoretical odd parity, eg JP =0–, while the decay θ→2π being made of data coming from bubble physics with undiminished enthusiasm. and conservation of parity implied JP =0+, 1–, chambers at the new high-energy particle Among activities outside of physics, Dalitz 2+… for the θ. Thus was born the τ–θ puzzle: accelerators. Soon the first examples of what researched the origins of the Dalitz name, how could two mesons have the same would eventually turn into scores of short-lived and wrote on the history of the Wendish masses and lifetimes and yet have different resonances were found. people, who survive to this day in a few quantum numbers? It was around the time that Dalitz moved to villages between Cottbus and Berlin. His The puzzle persisted for two years, during Oxford, in 1963, that a path through the maze curiosity led him to cast new light on aspects which Dalitz mused to colleagues that perhaps of particles opened up. Murray Gell-Mann of Wendish history, including a biography of the law of parity was not true, even though all gave the name “Eightfold Way” to the the poet Mato Kosyk. the evidence said otherwise. However it was emerging idea that the particles could be , Oxford.

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