Virginia Outstanding Scientist of 2004

February/March 2004

THOMAS JEFFERSON NATIONAL ACCELERATOR FACILITY • A DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FACILITY

Virginia Outstanding Scientist of 2004 From the Director Physics Division’s Anatoly Radyushkin 12 GeV Upgrade offers challenge, reason to celebrate wins honor with GPDs work natoly Radyushkin, a jointly In recognition of his work, the Aappointed Jefferson Lab senior sci- Science Museum of Virginia and the entist and physics professor at Old Office of the Governor named Information Resources Dominion University, has been named Radyushkin one of the recipients of offers three new online services a Virginia Outstanding Scientist of Virginia's 2004 Outstanding Scientist 2004. and Industrialist Awards. The award recognizes scientists Radyushkin’s work falls in the field who have made a recent contribution to of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). basic scientific research that extends QCD is a fundamental theory that In their own words the boundaries of a field of science. addresses the underlying structure of with mechanical engineer Radyushkin is an internationally nucleons — the protons and neutrons Celia Whitlatch recognized nuclear theorist and a pio- that makeup the nucleus of the atom — neer in the development of generalized in terms of their more elementary con- parton distributions or GPDs. GPDs are stituents. Nucleons are made up of a set of mathematical functions that are quarks and gluons, elementary particles allowing physicists to, for the first referred to as partons. Generalized par- In their own words time, obtain a 3-dimensional snapshot ton distributions are functions that with FEL electro-optical engineer of the inner structure of the particles physicists can use to map the location Chris Behre that make up the nucleus of the atom. and momentum of the quarks and glu- This work is giving scientists a glimpse ons inside a nucleon. of the structure and dynamics of the The functions are being developed basic building blocks of matter. with information obtained from elec- Science Education calls Continued on page 2 for volunteers to help with Middle School Science Bowl; shares highlights from Feb. 7 event

The man behind the Dalitz plot: a career retrospective with Oxford’s Richard Dalitz

Take our Children to Work Day set for April 15 Joint JLab/ODU Continued from page 1 physicist wins tron-nucleon collisions. In this process, Leemann described the award as “a physicists use an accelerator to propel great honor,” and he commended a beam of electrons to speeds Radyushkin’s work on generalized par- Virginia’s top approaching the speed of light. When ton distributions. “Your theories are these electrons strike a target, many contributing to the continued scientific scientist award... collide with particles in the nuclei of excellence of Jefferson Lab and atoms. Each collision results in an extending Old Dominion University array of scattered particles. GPDs can and JLab's reputation. On Jefferson be applied to those collisions that Lab’s behalf, I thank you for your result in a scattered electron, proton efforts and applaud your work.” and a photon, an effect called “deeply Radyushkin completed his pre-doc- virtual Compton scattering.” Applying toral work at Moscow State University GPDs to this scattering pattern reveals in the Russian Federation, and information about the structure of the received his Ph.D. in physics there in nucleon before the collision. The result 1978. He is a permanent staff member is an essentially holographic picture of of the Laboratory of Theoretical the inner structure of the nucleon. Physics in Dubna, Russia. He joined “GPDs allow scientists to use an JLab’s Theory Group in 1991 as a vis- accelerator to get the effective resolu- iting senior scientist. Since 1992, he tion power of an electron microscope has split his time between JLab and and an X-ray installation,” Radyushkin Old Dominion University in Norfolk, says. He says this work has opened a Va., as a full professor of physics. new field of scientific investigation Radyushkin is an author or co-author that allows the measurement of the on 90 journal papers in his field, properties of protons and the compari- papers that have been referenced in son of these measurements with theo- more than 4,400 other publications. He retical predictions. Experiments mea- is a member of the American Physical suring and testing GPDs are conducted Society and was elected a Fellow of at Jefferson Lab, and the testing of the Society in 1996. these methods are an essential part of Radyushkin and the six other 2004 JLab’s present and future physics pro- Outstanding Scientists and gram. Industrialists were introduced to the In a letter to Radyushkin, JLab Virginia Commonwealth General Director Christoph Leemann congratu- Assembly on March 2. The honorees lated him on being recognized as a will receive their award medallions at Virginia Outstanding Scientist of 2004 a black-tie banquet hosted by by the Science Museum of Virginia Governor Mark R. Warner at the and the Office of the Governor. Science Museum of Virginia in Richmond, on March 30.

2 ON TARGET • Feb./March 2004 Dear Colleagues: I expect that the DOE will make these choices, based on the best approve within the next few weeks the external and internal input, advice, and 12 GeV Upgrade “Critical Decision 0” guidance, and will translate them into (CD0, Statement of Mission Need). To specific goals for every unit at JLab. arrive at this point many of us have My expectation from you is that you been working hard for a long time, will put all your professional pride and and at many different levels. With the energy into meeting our established 12 GeV Upgrade, Jefferson Lab has a goals. bright scientific future into the third Focus, priorities, and goals are decade of this century. Achieving this great, but their achievement is possible milestone is reason to celebrate, it is only when our performance is “best in also a challenge: funding will be tight class”, when we do not compromise and competition fierce. Therefore, our ourselves by safety and security slips, focus must be sharper than ever and and when each of us delivers on com- we must rekindle the can-do spirit and mitments. It is vital that we successful- commitment to excellence that made ly complete SNS cryomodule produc- the creation of JLab possible in the tion, make good on the promise of first place. CEBAF operation at 6 GeV, and that A sharp focus means a short list of all work units sign up for full adher- well understood priorities and specific ence to their safety commitments. goals that mark the way to achieving “Best in class”, “world class”, and Christoph Leemann these priorities. I will not digress into “outstanding” are words that we use Jefferson Lab Director all the meanings of words such as pri- often and casually. To retain “world ority and goal, but you must under- class” standing we must know the stand the essentials. First, when yardstick by which we will be mea- resource conflicts arise, a priority sured and the competition and honestly trumps a non-priority anytime and assess our place in the world commu- 12 GeV Upgrade without debate. Second, goals are not nity. You know the concept from just dreams but management tools: sports: you qualify for a certain event milestone offers when you embark on any work activi- or you don’t, and after the event you ty, ask yourself if it will advance your know the ranking. We have to measure challenge, reason goals; if yes, proceed vigorously, if ourselves in that hardnosed way and not, drop it on the spot. In short, to learn the lessons. I am happy in this to celebrate succeed we must become, again, rigor- context, that the JLab SRF Institute has ously focused. completed such a benchmarking exer- To run the best physics program cise and has come up with a quantita- possible and to build and commission tive comparison with the world’s the 12 GeV Upgrade are our highest leader, DESY. priorities, the irreducible, absolute, There is the famous choice to call essential core of JLab. They must be the glass half empty or half full. The accomplished concurrently, and in a national funding priorities may not be From world of tight resources that may to our liking and budgets for science entail compromises. “The best physics leaner than we hoped. Still, at the level program possible” doesn’t necessarily of the FY05 Budget Request, JLab the mean the most running hours but their spending over the next five years will wisest allocation to the best experi- approach half a billion dollars. If we Director ments, and within the 12 GeV scope are smart, determined, and dedicated choices and prioritizations may be we ought to be able to turn those necessary. That means selection, resources into a magnificent outcome. choice, and risk. JLab leadership will

Feb./March 2004 • ON TARGET 3

Flanked by shelves of bound periodicals, by Judi Tull the Information Resources group pauses for a photo: (left to right) Carol James, f Elois Morgan, Jefferson Lab’s Johnson, who assists with cataloging library researcher; Dana Cochran, sys- IInformation Resources manager, had and serials. tems librarian; Kim Kindrew, publications; her way, there would be a big sign over The library currently holds about (foreground) Elois Morgan, IR manager; the library door that says “START 28,000 volumes, and has another Tiffany Johnson, student intern; and HERE.” 8,000 administrative titles in various Deborah Patton, assistant librarian. IR is locations across the JLab campus. part of the Chief Information Office. That’s the message Morgan and her Information Resources group want to New materials are purchased with get out to Jefferson Lab employees, Department of Energy money and users and students. Although many tracked by the IR Group. That record employees and users have on-line links keeping not only meets regulatory that they frequently use, the IR group requirements but also prevents dupli- can help individuals and even work cation and saves money. “Why buy a ‘Start Here’ groups expand and personalize their book if someone already has it?” electronic information resource capabil- Morgan points out. ities. The hard-copy collection is not “There are new resources popping expanding much these days, Morgan Information up every day,” Morgan says. “It’s our adds, and that’s good news because it job to know what they are and to make means that the move toward electron- Resources group them available.” ic access is successful. The Lab’s Morgan, who has been with JLab employees and users can now access works to meet for 17 years, remembers when she and thousands of books and periodicals one assistant ran the library out of a right from their desktop. “Less physi- small room in the VARC. Everything cal space is required,” she notes, “and clients’ needs was done manually with old-fashioned best of all, our customers don’t waste card catalogues and only hard-copy time on a trip to the library. They can books and periodicals were available. have fingertip access to their own personalized digital library.” In 1998, the library moved to its current location on the first floor of the Electronic access may be easier ARC (Applied Research Center), a for employees and users, Morgan move that interrupted library service says, but in some cases, it costs more for just two days. The staff has expand- to purchase the services of vendors ed as well and now includes three full- who package electronic research doc- time professionals and two part-time uments. About half of the group’s staff. Full-timers includes Morgan; Kim annual budget goes into those pur- Kindrew, Publications and Records chases. But Morgan keeps a tight rein manager and Dana Cochran, Systems on the dollars. librarian. Part-time employees include “We carefully determine what our Carol James, circulation and document scientists need,” she comments. “And delivery; Deborah Patton, assistant I’m a tough negotiator. I’ll persist librarian; and student intern Tiffany until the vendor makes us a good deal.” Continued on page 13 4 ON TARGET • Feb./March 2004 IR offers three new online services Starting this year, Information Resources is bringing three new electronic ser- Check it vices online. The IR staff encourages all Jefferson Lab users, employees and students to discover what these services (Knovel, Safari and Elsevier) can provide, by visiting the IR web page at www.jlab.org/IR/. out! “Our goal is to become a fully digital library,” says Elois Morgan, IR manager, “to meet the needs of our scientists, engineers, technicians and students for immediate, easy-to-access information. We are a resource for everyone on campus.” Knovel (over 800 titles) is the only online scientific and technical reference book source that contains fully interac- tive tables, graphs and equations. Someone accessing it may search electronic versions of a broad range of technical reference books from publishers such as CRC, Wiley, McGraw-Hill, etc. These services are currently active from the IR web page. Morgan plans to bring a Knovel representative on site to provide training on Knovel services and capabilities. Safari Online Tech Books is an electronic reference library for programmers and IT (information technology) professionals. Safari provides web-based access to more than 1400 reference books from major publishers such as SUN, Addison-Wesley, O'Reilly, QUE', Macromedia Press, SAMS, and PeachPit Press. “We haven’t purchased IT books up to this point because they become outdated so quickly,” Morgan points out, “but now we have a full range of IT books available on-line. Bookmark your favorites and keep them at your fingertips. It is a great way to keep up with software and other IT materials.” Elsevier's “SciServer” access and Physics Collection are the latest electronic services we have added, says Morgan. “It provides the Lab with an online, comprehensive collection of These graphs show the physics and astronomy titles, and growth and use of IR increases by 100 the nuclear physics electronic services at titles we can access. JLab has also JLab over the last few gained access to the vendor’s archive, years. which reaches back to the very beginning of many of these publications.” The server platform for Elsevier is based at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Anyone with a JLab computer account is able to access this service from his or her desktop, according to Morgan. “You can bookmark the information you use regularly and access it from your desktop with near instant availability,” she explains. “No more lost or misplaced journals or wasted time. I’m pleased and excited to have made this service available to the Lab. This can be a great resource and time saver for people here.” “Purchasing these package deals can save money in the long run,” she adds, “but bottom line, to keep these services, they need to be used. We need our scientists, engineers and technicians to check out these services and give us feedback on their usefulness.”

Feb./March 2004 • ON TARGET 5 as told to Judi Tull ’m originally from Chicago, but we propose to me. So I came to Newport Imoved to the Phoenix area in News and we were married in 1994. In their Arizona when I was 10. I always liked I first took a job with JJMA, doing math, and was good at it, but the path pipe design at the shipyard on nuclear to my job here [at Jefferson Lab] as a submarines. I came to the Lab the fol- own mechanical engineer in the Facilities lowing year as a casual employee Management group sure wasn’t a working about 20 hours a week, doing words straight one. mechanical design work, and I contin- My parents were very strict about ued to do that until two years ago school, and education was important when I was hired full time. Tim came to them. My father wanted me to be a to work here in the Accelerator pediatrician so in my first year at Division three years ago. Arizona State University I was pre- We bought a piece of property at med, on a full scholarship. But when I York Point with not much more than a hit advanced chemistry, I decided shack on it. We cleaned it out and lived medicine wasn’t for me. I switched in it while we built our own new my major a couple of times, and tried home. He designed the house; I did the engineering but wasn’t sure I wanted heating and air conditioning. We did to focus only on that. A counselor sug- everything ourselves except the floors gested I go into a course of study that and dry wall, which we contracted out. would combine engineering and law, Unfortunately, Hurricane Isabel flood- but studying law wore me out. I just ed the original house and the county couldn’t take reading case after case says we have to raise it to meet current after case. standards. So our next project is to So I decided to focus on mechani- demolish it, re-build and attach it to cal engineering; at first I wasn’t even our new home. sure what it was, but I grew to really I love my work. During my years love it. here I’ve done projects from one end As the mother of a 6-year-old, I of the site to the other. I do pipe design think a key to maintaining interest in for low conductivity water (cooling) the engineering field is to introduce systems as well as heat, ventilation and youngsters to this sector at an early air conditioning (HVAC) for new con- age. struction. I’ve done projects on the My first job was part-time, during accelerator site. I redid all the mechan- my last year of school, at McDonnell- ical systems in VARC and served as Douglas working with helicopters. the project manager overseeing the Then in 1990 I took a job with Boeing contractors. I also designed the LCW in Seattle, where I worked on 737s supply system for the Spallation and 757s, which was really neat. I was Neutron Source Test Stand in the Test only there about a year when my Lab. And, I am currently the owner’s with mother developed cancer for the sec- representative for the mechanical engi- ond time and I returned to Arizona, neering portion of the CEBAF Center mechanical first on a leave of absence, but then I Addition. decided to stay there. It was good to I enjoy designing — do a lot of engineer, be able to spend time with my mother my own designs — and manage the before she passed away. implementation of those designs Celia Whitlatch I took a job at the Palo Verde throughout the construction process. I Nuclear Generating Station in do a design and it gets implemented. I Wintersberg, about 34 miles from get to see my projects through — from Phoenix. While I was working there, I drawings to completions. hooked up with my former The guys in my group — Carroll McDonnell-Douglas co-workers. We’d Jones, Dave Kausch, Paul Powers and always done a lot of hiking and back- our boss Bill Rust — the Facilities packing together — one of my pas- Systems and Operations Section, are sions. On one of our trips, I met Tim terrific. We’ve worked together for Whitlatch, who’s now my husband. nine years. We make a point of all Tim left Arizona to come to Newport going to lunch together once a week. News for a job with Advanced That kind of working relationship is Technologies, and then came back to rare. 6 ON TARGET • Feb./March 2004

as told to Laurina Ramsey Baggett CNU Public Affairs shadow was born in Charleston, South people need help, it is very hard not to ICarolina. My father was in the Navy do something whether it is through for 23 years, retiring as a Commander, donations or time. Volunteering for the In their so we moved around quite a bit. I’ve Red Cross is a way for me to give lived in Australia, Rhode Island, back to the community and is worth Virginia, South Carolina and the time given. own California. When I was 14, we moved I am a Red Cross Logistics chair, to Chesapeake and I have remained in which is a support function in a disas- words this area except for my own travels ter relief operation. During Hurricane with the Navy. Isabel I was the Logistics Site manag- I became interested in the technical er and also filled in as the field while watching my father as I Communication chairperson for the grew up. He was always fixing things South Side (Virginia Beach, in and around the house, including the Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth and cars. As a youngster I was always try- some support to Suffolk). ing to help him. In high school I took During a disaster like Hurricane my first electronics course and Isabel you build a strong sense of enjoyed it quite a bit. That’s when I community with the people you work knew I wanted to pursue a career in with. The bond I have with the volun- engineering. My German teacher, Herr teers I work with is almost parallel to Bothfeld, was a great influence. He the friendships I have with the men saw my potential and expected more and women I served with in the Navy. out of me. Wednesday morning prior to land- When I graduated from high fall, I moved my wife and newborn school, I joined the Navy. I was an son to my parent’s house and then electrician in the Nuclear Naval Power went to the Emergency Operations Program. My courses in the Navy Center (EOC) to set up camp. A num- really taught me how to study. ber of us (volunteers) spent the entire When I got out of the Navy, my day setting up the command center. wife was working for the American (The EOC provides a central location Red Cross as a manager for the for the Red Cross staff and volunteers Disaster Services Department. This to weather the storm and begin was when I began taking classes at Disaster Relief immediately after the Old Dominion University and volun- weather breaks.) That was when ABC teering for the Red Cross. I also News got footage of us putting out the worked part-time as a laboratory cots; quite a few people who know me mechanic for Old Dominion saw the footage and asked me about it. University’s Physics Department During Isabel my job consisted of where I maintained the undergraduate solving problems when they arose. For lab equipment and demonstrations. the first few days it seemed like I was with I originally got involved in the Red presented with an emergency request Cross because it meant so much to my every time I turned around. This electro-optical wife. My thinking at the time was that included everything from getting if there ever were a disaster, my wife diesel fuel to the Southern Baptist engineer, would certainly be there. So, if I want- Disaster Relief Kitchen, which can roll ed to be with her, I would have to get out 10,000 meals a day, to setting up involved. Of course things worked out legal agreements for shelters. Chris Behre differently this time around. She was I spent 11 days straight helping at my parent’s house with our new- with hurricane relief, from Sept. born son for Hurricane Isabel. 17–27. The first two days were around Once I became involved, it was the clock. I went to my parents’ house clear to me that this organization was around 11 p.m. Friday night, and was filling a need in the community. The back to my Red Cross duties by 7:30 people we help have no other way to the next morning. My days steadily get the basic resources the Red Cross decreased in length over the week. I provides: food, shelter and clothing. missed eight days of work due to Once you realize how badly these Isabel. Continued on page 16 Feb./March 2004 • ON TARGET 7 Lab hosts 22 teams for Feb. 7 Science Bowl

First place at the Virginia Regional Science Bowl on Feb. 7 went to the team from Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia. Thomas Jefferson Team members include (left to right) Kay Aull, Michael Zhang, Paul Yang, Samuel Lederer (behind), Team Coach Sharon Baker, and Lisa Marrone. High School for Science & he intensity was palpable. marked the third consecutive time Technology TFourteen rounds of multiple choice TJHSST has taken the regional com- and short answer science and math petition at Jefferson Lab, and ensures wins top award questions conducted over seven hours the team a berth at the Science Bowl culminated in an academic face off Nationals to be held in Washington, between the reigning champs, Thomas D.C., April 29–May 3. The Nationals Jefferson High School for Science and have been sponsored annually since Technology, and Charlottesville High 1991 by the U.S. Department of School at the Saturday, Feb. 7, Energy. Virginia Regional Science Bowl. Placing third in the event and tak- Twenty-two teams — 109 stu- ing home a trophy and check for $500 dents, with their 26 teachers (coaches) was St. Stephen’s & St. Agnes School — converged on Jefferson Lab to par- from Alexandria. For their second ticipate in the daylong regional acade- place finish, Charlottesville High mic competition. Many teams from School from Charlottesville received a outside the area started arriving the trophy and a $750 check. First place evening before to avoid wintry weath- honors for TJHSST came with a ban- er forecast overnight for northern and ner, individual medals, the team tro- western parts of the state. phy and $1,000 to be spent on the Charlottesville entered the Finals school’s math and science programs. with one loss while TJHSST was Pulling in a strong fourth was the undefeated. Just over 20 minutes later, New Horizons Governor’s School TJHSST fell to Charlottesville, 22 to based in Hampton. In addition to the 48, marking the team’s first loss of the academic competition, the event day, and effectively causing a tie included Stay-All-Day Activities for between the two teams, which the teams that didn’t make it to the required a 2nd Finals Round. afternoon’s double-elimination rounds. After their shaky performance in The brain-teaser activities included the previous round, the TJHSST team building a structure out of spaghetti, from Alexandria seemed to get a sec- assembling a model airplane and fly- ond wind and trounced Charlottesville, ing it, and encasing an egg and drop- 76 to 8 in the last round. The win ping it from a distance to see which Continued on next page

8 ON TARGET • Feb./March 2004

efferson Lab will host its inaugural choice and short-answer questions on Volunteers JVirginia Regional Middle School a variety of scientific topics (life sci- Science Bowl on Friday, April 23. ence, physical science, mathematics, According to Jan Tyler, Science space science and earth science). Each needed for Education program manager and sci- team is made up of five students, and ence bowl coordinator, eight teams are a teacher who serves as advisor and currently registered to compete; and coach. April 23 event 20 volunteers are needed to help with The volunteers will perform as the daylong academic event. moderators, rules judges, timekeepers “This will be a much smaller and scorekeepers during the round- event that the high school science robin sessions, Tyler says. She’ll also bowl hosted here Feb. 7,” Tyler need several volunteers to act as the explains. “By 4 p.m. we’ll be down to on-site scientific team, to be called one team. The top three teams will when a student challenges a question earn cash prizes for their respective or answer during the competition. schools; and the top team wins a trip The moderators, rules judges, JLab prepares for to Golden, Colo., to compete in the timekeepers and scorekeepers each National Middle School Science Bowl have specific roles during the compe- its first Middle in June.” tition. Detailed descriptions of each “Middle school is a great time to position’s responsibilities have been excite students about math and sci- posted on the Science Education web School Science ence. This event is a great way to pro- page at http//education.jlab.org/sci- mote education, academic excellence encebowl/. Bowl and an interest in math and science,” All participants, including volun- Tyler points out. “Competing with teers, will receive a “Zoom into their peers is a great confidence Science” T-shirt. Volunteers are need- builder and a fantastic way to motivate ed from 9:30 a.m.– 4 p.m. Individuals young minds.” interested in more information or in The Science Bowl is an academic volunteering may contact Tyler, e-mail competition among teams of middle [email protected] or call ext. 7164. school students who answer multiple-

Thomas Jefferson High School wins Feb 7 event... Continued from previous page team could prevent the dropped egg and users. Many were at the Lab by 6 from breaking. The overall winner of a.m. and several were still hard at the Stay-All-Day Activities was work at 5 p.m.” Walsingham Academy from “Supporting this annual event Williamsburg. gives us the opportunity to encourage “The event was a huge success,” and motivate young minds,” Tyler noted Jan Tyler, Jefferson Lab Science added. “By hosting the Regional Education manager and Virginia Science Bowl, Jefferson Lab is able to Regional Science Bowl coordinator, show support for science education in “and we couldn’t have done it without Virginia and to encourage our youth to the hard work of so many JLab volun- pursue a higher education and careers teers — 55 staff, their family members in science and math.”

Feb./March 2004 • ON TARGET 9 he man behind the Dalitz plot: What led you to Cambridge? TAustralian-born physicist Emeritus In 1946, I was awarded the Professor Richard Dalitz of Oxford Aitchison Travelling Scholarship of In their University began his research career as Melbourne University. I married at a fluid dynamicist, then shifted to the age 21 and took my wife with me [to own study of elementary particles, the Cambridge]. My supervisor there was quark model and quantum chromody- [Nicholas] Kemmer and my first aim namics (QCD). Now retired, Dalitz was to learn how to use quantum words continues his work in nuclear physics, mechanics. There wasn't much knowl- particularly in particle and hypernu- edge of that in Melbourne, in those clear physics. He spoke with Jefferson days. Lab science writer Melanie O'Byrne What sparked your interest in quan- during the 8th International tum mechanics? Conference on Hypernuclear and Quantum mechanics was essential Strange Particle Physics held at JLab for research in physics. [Paul] Dirac's in October 2003. "The Principles of Quantum Professor Dalitz, welcome to Mechanics" was the book to study. Its Jefferson Lab. What brought you first edition (1930) was sparse in here? words and very difficult to read. The I wanted to see this new kind of second edition, much more readable, accelerator you have. This is my first was rewritten in 1935 but was unob- visit, to attend the hypernuclear con- tainable after the war. Dirac lectured ference (HYP2003). A hypernucleus from third-edition proofs in 1946 and results when one or more nucleons in a I attended a second time in 1947, with nucleus are replaced by heavier my own copy. Mrs. [Lady Bertha baryons called hyperons. There are Swirles] Jeffreys also gave very intel- many physicists interested in this sub- ligible and useful lectures. Lectures ject. were not required for postgraduate I'm long retired, but I still follow students; we went along out of inter- nuclear and particle physics, and I est. have contributed quite a lot to hyper- What was your Ph.D. thesis work? nuclear physics in the distant past. Its title was "Zero-zero transitions Let's start at the beginning. Where in nuclei." Primarily it was a study of were you born? the transitions from the first level of I was born in Dimboola, in the oxygen, which has spin-parity 0+, to State of Victoria, Australia. Back then, the ground state, which also has 0+, it was a town of about 2000 people, together with a number of other topics but more like 1000 today. It is sited on added as appendices. the Wimmera River, which carries to Was your thesis entirely theoretical? With the north, rainwater falling inside the Yes, it was but it stemmed from Great Dividing Range of Australia, experiments by [Samuel] Devons at Richard Dalitz until it sinks into the sands. My moth- the Cavendish Laboratory. After two er, a schoolteacher, was very keen that years at Cambridge, I ran out of her children should have an education money. We had a young child at that Emeritus in Melbourne. We moved there when I time, so I took up a one-year post at was two years old; all of my schooling the University of Bristol. Professor of was in Melbourne. At Melbourne University, I took a Bachelor of Arts What came next? Oxford (Honours Mathematics) and a Bachelor I was a student assistant to of Science (Physics) and then I took Professor [Sir Nevill] Mott. He began my Ph.D. in Cambridge. in nuclear physics in the early 1930s University but many students at the Cavendish How did you become interested in sci- Laboratory consulted him (himself a ence? student) about their solid-state physics I was always interested in mathe- research. He did this so well that he matics. Physics was a later interest, became quickly known as a solid- since it involved the use of mathemat- state physics expert. He never found ics. time to take a Ph.D. himself. Continued on next page 10 ON TARGET • Feb./March 2004 Continued from previous page However, he recognized the high qual- work, and so he had an amount of time ity of the research being done by the to talk with me now and then. His Cosmic Ray Group on the fourth floor presence, and my contact with him, of the Physics Department at Bristol was considerable and important for University. He wished to know more me. about this work and perhaps even to I did my work then [in 1951] on take part in it. This was the group of the neutral pion decay, to a photon and C.F. [Cecil Frank] Powell, who not an electron-positron pair [the “Dalitz long before had identified the pion as pair”]. Before moving on to the tau- Yukawa's nuclear-force meson. It was meson decay, for which I devised a there that I learned about elementary convenient representation… particles first-hand, because they were …The so-called "Dalitz plot." How the people finding them. Mott was in did you come up with that? such demand in solid-state problems The Dalitz plot is a kind of map, that I never managed to help him summarizing all of the possible final make the transition back to nuclear configurations, each dot representing physics. one event. I came at it from a geomet- At Bristol I got involved in prob- rical perspective because I visualize lems of cosmic-ray particles. I took a geometry better than numbers. The particular interest in the "tau meson," + idea was convenient then for all sys- which we call the K meson today. tems decaying into three particles. That tau meson decayed into three Tau-meson decay to three pions is par- pions. I started collecting evidence ticularly simple. With parity conserva- about them and their decay configura- tion (P), I used the plot to show that if tions. Although I thought a lot about the tau meson was also capable of them, I did not do any work on them decay to two pions, then the three-pion until I had completed my thesis in plot should show special features, 1960, more than a year later. which are absent in the data; and also This year at Bristol was vital for to show that the tau meson had zero my development in many ways, a very spin. If the K+ meson can decay to important year for me, in my opinion. three-pion and two-pion states, then I was invited to join the department of these two final states must have oppo- Professor [Rudolf] Peierls at site parity. These facts were the first Birmingham University. My first year intimation that P might fail for weak there was mainly occupied with com- decay interactions. pleting my thesis work. I was also learning how to use the quantum-elec- When did you visit Cornell trodynamical methods of [Richard] University, from Birmingham? Feynman, which I used to generate a I was at Birmingham University number of appendices to my thesis. from 1949 to 1953. Then I was given two years leave to work in America, Did you stay at Birmingham after primarily at Cornell University in completing your thesis? Ithaca, New York, in the group of Yes, I wrote the thesis in the first Professor [Hans] Bethe, at his invita- year, then I was a research fellow and tion. He was a tremendous stimulation. later a lecturer. It was a strong group, Our names appear together on one centered on Peierls. This was his style; paper, but our contributions were made Peierls supervised all of the students. at different places and different times. He had a wide range of understanding My work was mostly on pion-nucleon in physics and in life. scattering and the production of pions. I was very lucky. [Freeman] I was also very fortunate to be able to Dyson, who had worked in America work at a number of places for short showing that the theoretical for- periods. I spent one summer at malisms of Feynman and of [Julian] Stanford University, another at Schwinger were equivalent, did so on Brookhaven National Laboratory and a UK Fellowship that required him to one semester at the Institute for return to England after his work there. Advanced Studies at Princeton. He chose to work at Birmingham. He was in a fairly relaxed state then, And when did you go to the because he'd done his most important University of Chicago? Continued on next page Feb./March 2004 • ON TARGET 11 Continued from previous page I joined the faculty of the hypernuclear physics, much of it with University of Chicago and its Enrico Avraham Gal of Jerusalem. Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies in Life became increasingly busy as 1956. After Fermi died in 1954, a the years went by. I was attached to number of senior theoretical physicists the Rutherford High-Energy In their left Chicago — [Murray] Gell-Mann Laboratory, as it was called in those own words went to CalTech, [Marvin] Goldberger days. They had their own accelerator went to Princeton University, and there and I was their adviser on theoretical with were others. Those appointed to senior matters. That was quite a happy the man behind the posts at the University of Chicago then arrangement, also. had a tremendous opportunity — to Dalitz plot... build up groups again and get things I believe you taught Frank Close, going, with the junior faculty still to be who visits JLab from Oxford regu- appointed. There were quite a number larly. How was Frank as a student? of good students there, too, many from [Laughs] Well, we didn't always other countries. agree on things … but I think we're My interest in hypernuclear events getting closer now! developed particularly well in Chicago I've heard scientists call you the because a young emulsion experi- "father of QCD." Do you think menter, Riccardo Levi-Setti, whose that's fair to say? work I had known from his hypernu- Oh, no. I wouldn't claim that. I clear studies at Milan came to the first heard quark colours mentioned in Institute for Nuclear Studies at this a seminar by Gell-Mann. I just picked time. We each benefited from the up the ball very quickly since this other, I think, and we got quite a lot concept immediately resolved some done. deep difficulties with the quark model Did all of this happen over just two that we had adopted in 1965. Of years in Chicago? course, many people wouldn't give No, I was connected to the any credence for the quark theory at University of Chicago for 10 years in that early stage but I was always all. I enjoyed Chicago. I thought it a interested in it, and others came to very interesting place and a very fine Oxford to join in the work. Nathan university. I approved of the way the Isgur and Frank Close, were also university did things, although the interested in it. place wasn't very fashionable with As time passed, heavier quarks, American physicists. At that time, they charm (c) and bottom (b), became tended to go to the East Coast or the established and we became interested West Coast. Relatively few of them in the spin correlations between the were interested in being in the middle quark and antiquark jets from elec- of the country; perhaps more do these tron-positron annihilation events. days. Finally we came to the top quarks, for which these effects would probably be After Chicago, you went to Oxford quite different. University… Peierls became the Wykeham pro- What was your involvement in the fessor of theoretical physics in Oxford, discovery of the top quark? where there had not really been any Two groups at the Tevatron central department for this. There were (Fermilab) were doing experiments at some individual theoretical physicists, sufficiently high energies to find the but only a small number. Peierls top (t) quark but little was known brought all that together, and he was about their progress. We — myself very keen for me to go back with him and Gary Goldstein (at Tufts to Oxford. University) — thought about the I became a research professor of problems of how one might identify the Royal Society. They have no build- tops and antitops from the decay ings for research, but they had funds processes that seemed most natural and could appoint some researchers to for them, and worked out a geometri- be in various universities. I was cal method by which experimental responsible for organising particle- data could be used to deduce the top physics theory in Oxford. Besides quark mass. Continued on next page 12 ON TARGET • Feb./March 2004 quark-model work, I still did work on IR group works to meet your needs... Continued from page 4 One of the newest innovations is a accessible whenever you want them. web-based professional paper clear- Dana is a Management Information ance procedure. With this system, pub- System (MIS) member who works on lications can be tracked and reviewed IR systems as a major part of her by staff from the department level up responsibilities,” Morgan explains. to the division level, ensuring that all A library committee of 12 people papers meet the proper submission representing all the divisions, and requirements before being sent to the including Morgan, oversees all library publisher and then to the Department operations. The committee’s recom- of Energy for distribution to the world mendations have been influential in scientific community. increasing the availability of scientific “In this way, we can be sure that publications. In the past, supervisors nothing is distributed to the physics appointed employees to the committee community without proper review,” for the standard two-year term. Now, Morgan says. Morgan seeks out people who are The IR group is also tasked with interested in the library’s work and keeping track of many of the records invites them to join. The committee that must be maintained across the meets quarterly. Lab. Documents are inventoried and During National Library Week, scheduled for their appropriate reten- April 18-24, 2004, the IR group’s push tion period. “When a file cabinet over- to get the word out about what they flows, you can’t just throw it out,” offer will intensify. Morgan says Morgan explains. they’ll be beating the drum to educate IR group member Carol James pro- their customer base. “Our biggest vides another valuable service to assist challenge is always marketing our ser- employees. She is the library vices,” she says. “We want to let peo- researcher in charge of document ple know we’re here, what we can do delivery and can find just about any for them, and that they don’t have to type of information a scientist may walk over here.” need from external services. If you do want to walk over, the IR’s newest staff member is Dana library is open 24 hours a day with the Cochran, Systems Librarian. “You simple swipe of your JLab ID card. can't have an electronic library without And if you have any overdue books, a Systems Librarian. She makes sure don’t worry about a fine. You can just our digital library and electronic drop that book you’ve borrowed in the resources are functioning correctly and drop slot when nobody’s looking! The man behind the Dalitz plot... Continued from previous page It was known that there was one our method, with the conclusion that, event that seemed to have the features if this event were top-antitop produc- needed — this had been shown at a tion and decay, the top quark mass conference by the Collider Detector must be greater than about 130 GeV, Facility (CDF) group at Fermilab — an unexpectedly large value. But of but which the CDF experimenters course this one event might not have would not accept as a possible top- been a top-antitop event. This could antitop production and decay event. only be decided on the basis of a large Since they wished to determine number of observed events, all of the top pair-production cross-section, them being consistent with a unique they had laid down fiducial limits for mass, and this was the case when the such events. However, these limits two experimental groups came to con- were not always relevant for determin- clude later that the top mass was about ing the existence and mass of the top 180 GeV. quark. Knowledge of this one event You've had a lot of good fortune and made us think very hard about devis- hard work along the way! ing this method — empirical data dri- Yes, I know … I'm very aware of that. ves the theoretical mind! We tried out I have been lucky. Feb./March 2004 • ON TARGET 13 Briefs

totaling more that 10 hours — that the best interest of her co-workers she MilestonesMilestones covered engineering and management would take early retirement. During aspects of safety, applied sciences, her reception, senior Lab leadership, for Jan. – Feb. 2004 legal and regulatory matters, profes- friends, supervisors and co-workers sional affairs and ethics, and other past and present honored her many Hello safety-related topics. CSP status is accomplishments and years of commit- awarded by the Board of Certified ment and hard work at the Lab. They Venkata Jagannath, Programmer, Safety Professionals, headquartered in also shared the many special qualities Chief Information Office Savoy, Ill. Hanson has been with JLab and characteristics that make Sylvia Edvard Pozdeyev, Staff Scientist, for nearly 16 years. He joined JLab’s Smith the indomitable woman she is. Accelerator Division Environmental, Health and Safety On the lighter side, they mentioned Alexandre Deur, Hall B Staff team in 1995, started the CSP process her love of impossibly high-heeled Scientist, Physics Div. in 1996 and is now one of only three shoes, her move to sensible shoes JLab employees holding the certifica- when she joined Finance, the recogniz- Julian Gordon, Technical Facilities tion. Coordinator, Accel. Div. able sashay of her walk as she went Late in 2003, Theory visitor down the hall, her love of Blue Sheets, Kandice Carter, Science Writer, Pervez Hoodbhoy, of Quaid-e-Azam her rubber stamp and the Redskins, Director’s Office University in Islamabad, was awarded and her readiness to volunteer at any Thomas Briggs, Property Manager, UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for 2003 for JLab event. popularizing science in Pakistan with Administration Div. Cake was served, gifts bestowed TV serials; and his film "The Bell and Pam Turk, Chief Finance Office, Tolls for Planet Earth" won honorable Goodbye waxed poetic in honor of Sylvia. mention at the Paris Film Festival. He Vicki Barnett, Administrative Support, received the Kalinga award including “Her hard work helped to put JLab Admin. Div. an Albert Einstein Silver Medal at the on the map,” noted former supervisor annual World Science Day celebration Julie Leverenz, Business Services, Curtis Thomas, Staff Engineer, Accel. in Budapest, Hungary, Nov. 10. “and she left her mark on JLab in ever Div. so many ways, including her initials in Sylvia Smith, Administrative Support, the concrete under CEBAF Center Chief Financial Office (Retired) Sylvia Smith, long-time Wing A. She is very much loved and Sridevi Konduri, Staff Computer will be missed along with her feisti- Scientist, Accel. Div. employee retires ness.” Oh goll! Jacek Sekutowicz, Senior Staff Dozens of JLab employees gath- Scientist, Accel. Div. ered in the VARC on Feb. 17 to celebrate the career and contributions of One Science Series Congratulations long-time staff member, Sylvia Smith. She retires from her current position, event left this season Eric P. Hanson, Accelerator administrative JLab has one Science Series event Division’s EH&S Associate support, in the remaining on the calendar. Coordinator and Industrial Safety Chief The final event of the season will Group Leader, Financial be Tuesday, April 20, (please note completed all Office with change of date from Apr. 6) and fea- requirements to more than 19 tures William Hammack, of the become a years of ser- University of Illinois and National Certified Safety vice to the Public Radio host of the “Engineering Professional Lab. She was Guy” program, discussing “The during 2003. among the Hidden World of Technology.” From Hanson met first group of the moment the clock radio comes on specific acade- employees to reach 15 years employ- in the morning to the time we shut off mic standards ment at the Lab. the last light at night, a hidden web of and professional After being beset with illness that technology supports and sustains us. safety experience requirements as part she has fought with incredible spunk, Hammack takes the first half hour of of the certification process. He also she reluctantly decided recently that in his day to show his audience the com- passed two rigorous examinations — Continued on next page

14 ON TARGET • Feb./March 2004

Briefs

Continued from previous page plex web of technology underlying it. posters or flyers on doors, walls, or Get current JLab open- In addition to the technical aspect, he window surfaces. If you see an area explores the social, political, economic needing magnets, contact Debbie ing info during, after and cultural context of the material Magaldi, [email protected], ext. 5102. severe weather things surrounding us. Any group needing new or additional In the event of severe weather in Science Series presentations begin bulletin boards in CEBAF Center may this area, the following methods pro- at 7 p.m. in the CEBAF Center audito- also contact Magaldi. vide the most current information on rium. The events are free and open to Jefferson Lab’s work/operations sched- anyone interested in learning more ule: about science. For security purposes • Visit the JLab website during Science Series events, enter at JLab plans annual Take (www.jlab.org/) for work delay JLab’s main entrance (Onnes Dr.). Our Children to Work or closing announcements. Everyone over 16 is asked to carry a photo ID and security guards may per- Day; seeks volunteers • Call JLab’s new Status form ID and vehicle checks. For more Jefferson Lab's Take Our Children Information Line (757) 232- information, visit http://education.jlab.org/ to Work Day is set for Thursday, April 2000 for a recorded message of scienceseries/currentseries.html. 15, from 8:30 a.m.– 4:45 p.m. The day the most current information. will include career exploration and This line can receive up to 20 hands-on science activities based on calls at a time. the theme “Discover Engineering.” • If for any reason you don’t get Flyer posting guidance Children and grandchildren of an update from 232-2000, dial for CEBAF Center Jefferson Lab employees, contractors JLab’s main switchboard num- To preserve the newly painted/re- and users who are in grades 1 through ber, (757) 269-7100. Severe papered hallway walls, public areas 6 may attend. “All children must be weather update messages will and doorways in CEBAF Center, registered by 5 p.m. April 9 in order to also be placed on this line, guidelines have been set for poster and participate,” notes Dawn Manning, which can handle up to 16 calls flyer posting in CEBAF Center. Science Education administrator. The simultaneously. Excessive use of tape and thumbtacks electronic registration form and the on walls and doors caused extensive day’s itinerary can be found at: http://education.jlab.org/children/. surface marring and holes. Plan now to be a part of All posters and flyers developed The cafeteria plans to serve special and/or printed by any office or activity kids' meals that day. “The time QNP2004 Conference at JLab should include: between 11:45 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. will The International Conference on • An obvious event date (or an be set aside for parents to have lunch Quarks & Nuclear Physics (QNP2004) expiration date annotated in the with their child(ren),” Manning says. will take place May 23–28, 2004, in lower right-hand corner of the The day will begin in the VARC Bloomington, Indiana. poster/flyer) lobby. Parents are reminded that they According to Alex Dzierba, • The last name or office name must promptly pick up their children University of Indiana and JLab’s Hall and telephone extension of the from the VARC lobby for lunch (11:45 D Glue-X spokesperson, the confer- person responsible for generat- a.m.) and at the end of the day (4:45 ence will cover topics that lie at the ing the flyer also printed in the p.m.). intersection of particle and nuclear lower right-hand corner. “Volunteers make this event a suc- physics, including, among others, quark confinement and non-perturba- All posters and flyers posted in cess,” she says. “All types of engi- tive QCD (quantum chromodynamics), CEBAF Center may: neers are needed in the morning to provide career exploration (office or structure and spectroscopy of hadrons, • Be posted on bulletin boards, work area visits). Additional volun- lattice QCD, effective theories of and teers are needed to escort groups in the hadron structure, in-medium effects, • Be posted, using magnets only, morning and to help with afternoon and hadron dynamics under extreme on metal bathroom and exit group activities. conditions. For more information visit the doors. Contact Manning, ext. 7633, conference website at www.qnp2004.org/. Items posted otherwise may be [email protected], for more infor- The event is being co-sponsored by taken down. Please don’t tack or tape mation or to volunteer to help. the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, Indiana University and JLab.

Feb./March 2004 • ON TARGET 15

In their own words with Chris Behre... Continued from page 7 The most memorable experience Other than volunteering for the back system. Currently I am working for me happened Saturday night after American Red Cross, I enjoy sailing. in the FEL Optics Group as an the storm. Five other volunteers and I I even lived on my sailboat for two Electro-Optical Engineer. I am contin- delivered ice and bottled water to a years while in the Navy. Then I got uing my work on the development of trailer park and an apartment complex. married and had to move off. the Optical Cavity Mirror Metrology Without power, people had been beg- In 2002 I received my degree in system (OCMMs). ging for ice. Earlier that day we had Electrical Engineering from Old I have been very fortunate to work received an 18-wheeler of ice from Dominion University. I was first for Michelle Shinn, Optics Group BB&T. It was already 9 p.m. and very introduced to JLab in 1999 when my Leader. She is a very positive person dark, but what damage I could see was wife and I took a tour of the facility. and always excited about her work. horrific. I saw a trailer that had the This was when I found out about the Her enthusiasm and optimistic outlook entire backside, ripped off by a tree, FEL (Free-Electron Laser) program. are contagious and make work excit- with a family of 4 or 5 still living in In the summer of 2000 I received a ing! Just meeting her made me want to the structure. They asked about avail- Department of Energy Undergraduate be a part of the FEL program. Next able shelters and other assistance. I Research Fellowship. I was hired as fall I hope to pursue my Master’s of told them about the Red Cross shelter an intern in the FEL Optics Group in Science in Engineering Physics with near by. It felt great to be able to help 2001, and I supported outside experi- the University of Virginia. these people and to see our efforts pro- ments and worked on the active feed- vide them with some relief.

Jefferson Lab/MS 12C 12000 Jefferson Avenue Newport News, VA 23606

On Target is published by the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, a national nuclear physics research laboratory in Newport News, VA, operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science. News items are published on a space-available basis and are subject to editing. Submit news items to the Jefferson Lab Public Affairs Office, MS12C, 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News, VA 23606. Editors Linda Ware Debbie Magaldi Contributing Writers Melanie O’Byrne James Schultz Judi Tull Photographer Greg Adams

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16 ON TARGET • Feb./March 2004