Heather E. McGregor. Inuit Education and Schools in the Eastern Arctic. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010. 220 pp. $85.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-7748-1744-8.

Reviewed by Jon Reyhner

Published on H-Education (August, 2010)

Commissioned by Jonathan Anuik (University of Alberta)

Heather McGregor’s Inuit Education and Teachers recruited from southern Canada to Schools in the Eastern Arctic examines the history staf village schools lacked training in cross-cul‐ of Inuit education in the Far North of Canada. She tural education and usually did not stay long fnds that colonization only occurred there in enough to learn much about the Inuit. Besides the earnest after World War II and she divides the Far language gap these teachers faced, there was a North’s history of education into the pre-1945 tra‐ fundamental contradiction between their values ditional, 1945-70 colonial, 1970-82 territorial, and and those expressed in the teaching materials 1982-99 local periods. Throughout the book the they used, and Inuit values. McGregor quotes author demonstrates a real efort to complement Mary A. Van Meenen’s 1994 doctoral dissertation and contrast the reports of government bureau‐ stating, “The core of the problem was that neither cracies and outside researchers with the voice of the federal nor territorial governments under‐ the Inuit. stood the peoples they were trying to educate” (p. A century ago, missionaries entered the Arctic 87). The resulting culturally assimilationist educa‐ and often stayed long enough to learn the Inuit tion led to a loss of Inuit cultural identity and languages. Around 1900 missionaries developed a “widespread … spousal abuse, alcoholism, and syllabary for Inuktitut and reading and writing it suicide” (p. 81). McGregor quotes Alootook Ipellie spread. During the colonial period after World as to the efect of this colonial education that War II small government schools were estab‐ could be found across the world: “For years, all lished in the new settlements, often built around three generations had diferent goals and values, Hudson Bay Company trading posts, where the and all sufered. The educational system failed Inuit could buy food and rifes, leading to a move Inuit youth. They dropped out in swarms year af‐ away from traditional Inuit ways of life. ter year, creating a society of half-educated young men and women who could not adjust fully to ei‐ H-Net Reviews ther of the cultures they were being brought up and move at the appropriate pace to the new and in. They became sons and daughters without des‐ challenging” (p. 80). And in 1968 a primary-level tiny, without pride in their past and without much Arctic Reading Series was printed. of a future--dropouts, social sores, listless vegeta‐ In the 1970-82 territorial period First Nations bles. Many of them chose the easy way out by in Canada demanded more voice in the education committing suicide” (p. 81). McGregor notes the of their children, and the Canadian government need to bring along adults educationally as well began exhibiting more sensitivity towards cultur‐ as their children to avoid these generational al diferences. In southern Canada this meant splits. more band-operated schools and in 1976 in the McGregor cites various studies and inter‐ North a Linguistics Division was formed in the views that describe traditional Inuit education as Northwest Territories Department of Education to “learner-centered,” “fundamentally experiential,” develop materials in Aboriginal languages. More and based on the need for environmental knowl‐ Inuit teaching assistants were employed, and edge to survive in the harsh northern environ‐ some Inuit received teacher training because of ment. It was family-based and focused on experi‐ the 1968 formation of the Northwest Territory ential knowledge and “ecocentric identity” (p. 39). Teacher Education Program. McGregor notes, “For Family members taught “the ways the Inuit live Inuit to own the education system they had to with, and know about, their environment” (p. 31). frst become familiar with it and involved in its She notes that “children [were] named after a re‐ operation” (p. 97). There was a call for more Inuit spected Elder who had recently passed” and that studies in the 1970s, but curriculum materials “treating a child with disrespect or imposing one’s were still lacking. McGregor quotes Mi'kmaw edu‐ will was equal to acting in that manner toward cation scholar Marie Battiste to the efect that, the child’s Elder namesake and was therefore un‐ "Through ill-conceived government policies and acceptable” (p. 42). McGregor quotes Taqtu from plans, Aboriginal youths were subjected to a com‐ Susan Cowans's edited book, We Don’t Live in bination of powerful but profoundly distracting Snowhouses Now: Refections of Arctic Bay (1976): forces of cognitive imperialism and colonization. “Later on the children had to go to school, which Various boarding schools, industrial schools, day was all right too: they had to learn if they were schools, and Eurocentric educational practices ig‐ not going to be staying in camp. They had to take nored or rejected the world-views, languages, and jobs, which was also all right. There was really no values of Aboriginal parents in the education of choice, and I accepted it gladly because our chil‐ their children. The outcome was the gradual loss dren had to learn. I wanted them to learn English of these world-views, languages and cultures and so they can have good jobs when they grow up” the creation of widespread social and psychologi‐ (p. 70). Inuit parents saw that the greatest beneft cal upheaval in Aboriginal communities" (p. 23). of education was learning English because this However, despite all the problems, this education could lead to jobs, which the loss of the traditional helped develop an Inuit leadership that could re‐ nomadic hunting life made increasingly neces‐ sist federal paternalism and work for self-deter‐ sary. mination. Some teachers, but not nearly enough, re‐ At the start of McGregor’s local period, in sponded to the meaninglessness for Inuit children 1982, three regional boards of education were es‐ of southern textbooks used in northern class‐ tablished and culturally appropriate teaching re‐ rooms. In 1960 R. A. J. Phillips noted in the journal sources were developed. There was a call for cul‐ North, “teaching should begin with the familiar ture-based and bilingual schooling so that educa‐

2 H-Net Reviews tion would “be community-based, culturally rele‐ lish as the instructional medium has been prob‐ vant, student-centred, activity-oriented, balanced, lematic from the beginning of colonial education. integrated, collaborative, and process-oriented” As the 1972 Northwest Territories Department of (p. 134). Despite this educational progress, McGre‐ Education’s survey noted, “Language is such a vi‐ gor fnds that educational issues were largely ig‐ tal aspect of the culture of any people that its loss nored in the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement ne‐ frequently constitutes a seriously traumatic expe‐ gotiations, leading to the establishment of the rience for those involved and constitutes an auto‐ Nunavut Territory in 1999, with the result that the matic denigration of their whole culture” (p. 91). three regional school boards were dissolved. To‐ McGregor cites the passage of a 2009 Inuit Lan‐ day, there is more local governmental control but guage Protection Act in her afterword as giving less local educational control and there are fewer some hope for the acknowledgement of the cul‐ educated local people to qualify for government tural needs of the Inuit but, overall, McGregor’s jobs. McGregor fnds that, “Inuit are living with book does not end on an optimistic note. very low standards in one of the richest countries Inuit Education and Schools in the Eastern in the world” (p. 161). Arctic is a valuable contribution to the history of McGregor notes that there is a danger of trivi‐ colonial education worldwide and in Canada. It alizing Inuit culture when bringing it into the complements Anne Vick-Westgate’s book, entitled classroom and that tradition is not static. In an ap‐ Nunavik: Inuit-controlled Education in Arctic pendix, she lists the eight guiding principles of Quebec (2002). What is particularly interesting Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit agreed on by consensus about Inuit education is how compressed in time of Inuit elders to be included in Inuit classrooms. the changes that have taken place are. In south‐ They include “respecting others,” “being open, ern Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and welcoming,” “developing collaborative relation‐ many other places, governments got involved in ships," “environmental stewardship,” “knowledge indigenous education in the nineteenth century; and skills acquisition,” being “resourceful,” “con‐ the colonial and territorial periods of indigenous sensus decision-making,” and “contributing to the education lasted more than a century; and, in common good” (pp. 173-174). She fnds there is some contexts, those periods are likely still ongo‐ more culture-based education today, but schools ing. still rely on Alberta standardized tests to deter‐ mine graduation, leading to an increased dropout describes rate. McGregor concludes that, “The evidence thus far is that schools continue to rely on the methods and structure of schooling established by Qallu‐ naat [white] education, whereas learning oppor‐ tunities that refect traditional Inuit methods are exceptional,” which helps foster a 70 to 75 percent dropout rate and the highest recorded levels of suicide among the approximately 35,000 Inuit to‐ day (p. 166). Because of the current re-centraliza‐ tion of school administration, “parents … are in‐ creasingly disengaged from involvement in edu‐ cational decision making” (p. 168). The use of Eng‐

3 H-Net Reviews

If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at https://networks.h-net.org/h-education

Citation: Jon Reyhner. Review of McGregor, Heather E. Inuit Education and Schools in the Eastern Arctic. H-Education, H-Net Reviews. August, 2010.

URL: https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=30893

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.

4