DOCSLIB.ORG

Tibeto-Burman Languages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tibeto-Burman Languages September 3, 2015 5 pm pre-final e-Content Submission to INFLIBNET Subject name: Linguistics Paper number 14 Language Universals and Language & name: Typology Paper Dr Karumuri V Subbarao Coordinator Formerly: Professor, Department of Linguistics name & contact: University of Delhi, Delhi 110007 Postal address: 13/704 East End Apartments, Mayur Vihar Phase I Extension Delhi 110096 Module number Lings_P14_M20 & name Tibeto-Burman: A Syntactic Typology- I Content Writer Karumuri V Subbarao (CW) Name Email id [email protected] Phone +91-11-4309-4675 (land line),+91-98-688- 69904 (mobile) E-Text Self Self Learn Story Learn Assessment More Board 1 Contents 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Word Order Universals in Tibeto-Burman languages 20.3 Evidence in support of the notion ‘India as a Linguistic Area’ 20.4 Parametric Variation in Tibeto-Burman languages 20.5 Specific Features of Tibeto-Burman languages: Agreement in Adjectives 20.6 Summary Module 20: Tibeto-Burman Languages: A Syntactic Typology 20.1 Introduction The purpose of this Unit is to discuss the structure of the languages of the Tibeto-Burman language family. Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in the north-eastern part of India, in Nepal and Myanmar and a few in Bangladesh. There are about 80 languages spoken in India and an equal number spoken in Nepal. This Unit is organized as follows: In Section 2 we discuss the various word order Universals that Tibeto-Burman languages manifest. In Section 3 we present evidence in support of the notion of ‘India as Linguistic Area’ with suitable examples from Tibeto-Burman 2 languages. In Section 4 we show the parametric variation that is found in Tibeto-Burman languages. Sections 5 begins the discussion of some of the syntactic phenomena that Tibeto-Burman languages have which are either different from the other language families of the subcontinent or unique to Tibeto-Burman languages. One feature discussed in this module is Agreement in Adjectives. 20.2 Word Order Universals in Tibeto-Burman languages In this section we discuss some features of the Tibeto-Burman languages which they share with the other verb-final languages such as Japanese, Korean and the Quechua group of languages . The Kokborok (Subject-Object-Verb) 1. akung laisi pai- kha Akung(Subject) book(Direct buy past object) (Verb)- (Auxiliary) ‘Akung bought a book.’ (Subbarao, Malhotra & Barua 2010:2-3) Word order is relatively free, and hence, the constituents of a clause can be scrambled. However, it is not as free as it is in Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages. Mizo (Kuki-Chin) 2a. rini- n tsɔ a- ei 3 Rini- Erg food 3sg- eat “Rini eats food.” 2b. tsɔ rini- n a ei food Rini Erg 3sg eat “Rini eats food.” (Khiangte 2015) 2.2 All Tibeto-Burman languages are postpositional. i.e., NP + Postposition. Mizo 3. lali- hnēnah Lali to (dat) 2.3 The genitive is not overtly present in many Kuki-Chin languages as (4) shows. 4. lala hliam a thi Lala wound 3sg bleed “Lala’s wound is bleeding.” (Khiangte 2015) In those Tibeto-Burman languages that have the genitive, it precedes the head noun, as all are postpositional. Rabha 5. parmai -ni nok 4 Parmai of house ‘Parmai’s house.’ (Subbarao, Rabha & Gogoi-Dutta, ms, to appear) 2.4 The marker of comparison follows the standard of comparison. In (6) below, the marker of comparison is nekin ‘than’ in Hmar. Some languages such as Mizo, Hmar, Paite, Boro, Koborok, Sema have bound comparative and superlative morphemes (comparable to the suffixes –er and -est in English). Hmar 6. lali lala nekin a- in- sāŋ- lem Lali Lala than 3sg- vr- tall- -er ‘Lali is taller than Lala.’ Head Direction parameter: The order of Complement and Head in Tibeto-Burman languages is: Complement-Head. The Direction of case assignment is from left to right. The verb assigns accusative case to its complement (object) as in (1), and so does the postposition from right to left as in (3). 2.5 Indirect Object precedes Direct Object in the unmarked word order in all Tibeto-Burman languages. Hmar (Kuki-Chin) 7. lali- n bɔ:ŋ bu a- pek 5 Lali erg cow food 3sg gave IO DO ‘Lali gave food to the cow.’ Angami (Tenyidie) and some other Tibeto-Burman languages exhibit two distinct patterns in which the Indirect Object (IO) precedes the Direct Object (DO) like in all other verb-final languages as in (8). 8. abunɔ- e a- ki leša puo ketse šə Abuno nom I (IO) dat letter (DO) one send oben ‘Abuno sent a letter to me.’ However, the Direct Object may precede the Indirect Object as (9) illustrates. Direct Object (DO)- Indirect Object (IO) 9. abunɔ- -e lešǝda puo kha- pie mhase tsǝ- šə Abuno - book one give- give(light Mhase give- oben erg verb) ‘Abuno gave a book to Mhase.’ (cf. Kevichüsa 2007 for further details). 2.6 The Auxiliary verb follows the main verb (MV). Thus, the order of occurrence is: MV-Aux in verb-final languages. Mizo (Kuki-Chin) 10. lali sikul- ah a- kal- aŋ Lali school to 3sg- go-Verb future AUX 6 ‘Lali will go to school.’ 2.6 TIM TIME ADVERBS (T) precede PLACE ADVERBS (P). Thus, the order is TP in all Tibeto-Burman languages. LIANGMAI 11. i a ga ei my brother Christmas time PP house come FUT ‘My brother will come home during the Christmas.’ (Mataina 2015) 2.7 Another interesting feature of the word order universals is that time and place adverbs occur in the descending order in contrast to the ascending order found in non-verb-final languages. By descending order, we mean, the superordinate chunk of Place (P) or Time (T) occurs first, then a subordinate chunk and then, a chunk that is subordinate to it follows. (Subbarao 2012). Tenyidie (Angami) 12. ticie 2000 došɨ khrɨ tarik kerepeŋu year 2000 January month date fifteen theva keba thetha ki night time eight time ‘At eight o’clock at night on the fifteenth of January in the year 2000.’ 7 (Kevichüsa, ibid, D. Kuolie, p.c.) Place adverbs – Descending Order Liangmai (13) pro peren kɔnambǝ ki ga riukʰai- jei pro Peren Konambou house at stay - pst ‘(We) stayed at Konambou’s house in Peren,’ (Wicham Mataina 2015) 20.3 Evidence in support of ‘India as a Linguistic Area’ In this section we present evidence from Tibeto-Burman languages that shows Tibeto-Burman languages exhibits many features that contribute to the notion of ‘India as linguistic area’. The evidence includes: compound verbs, conjunct verbs, reduplication, echo words, conjunctive participles and the quotative as a complementizer. 3.1 Compound verbs Compound verbs are a verb 1 and verb 2 combination. Verb 1 is the main verb, and it is called a polar verb, and verb 2 is called the vector verb which adds a shade of aspectual meaning to the main verb. It “contributes to the meaning in terms of perfectivity (Hook 1991), directionality toward/away from the speaker, suddenness, 8 (Masica 1974: 143–144), inception/completion (Butt 1995) or the attitude/feeling of the speaker towards the event.” (Subbarao 2012:23). Mizo (Kuki-Chin) 14. tu emɔ tan- a hna- thɔh sak tsu a trha person some for- Adv job work Oben Def 3sg good “Doing work for somebody is good”. (Khiange 2015) 3.2 Conjunct verbs All Tibeto-Burman languages have conjunct verbs. In (14) above hna ‘work’ is a noun and hɔh ‘work’ is a verb. The noun + verb combination h a hɔ together imparts the interpretation of the verb ‘work’, which is similar to the verb ar ‘to work’ in Hindi-Urdu. 20.3.3 Reduplication Reduplication of adjectives, verbs and participles is found in all Tibeto-Burman languages . 9 In Sema (Tibeto-Burman) the verb stem is reduplicated. Adjectival Reduplication In Mizo” the reduplicated word ɔi ‘nice/beautiful’ , when reduplicated becomes ɔi- ɔi, and thus it intensifies the meaning and it also gives the plurality of the number which shows Lali is buying the nicest ones among the dresses.” (Khiangte 2015). Mizo 15. rini- n kɔr mɔi mɔi a- lei- trhin Rini Erg dress nice nice 3sg- buy- used to “Lali used to buy the nicest dresses.” In Tenyidie (Angami), Naga in compound adjectives which are disyllabic , the second part of the adjective is repeated. Tenyidie 16a v i zivi good ‘beau iful’ 16b. zivi-vi ‘beau iful’ 17a. me.ti ‘hard’ 10 17b. me-ti-ti ‘hard’ An adverb can be reduplicated in the Kuki-Chin languages . When zi –ah ‘morning-in’ is reduplicated as shown below, it gave the meaning that Lali came very early in the morning and the speaker is not very happy about it. Note further that when zi - ah‘morning-in’ is reduplicated, the fist occurrence of the postposition is be dropped, as it is a free form1. Mizo 18. ziŋ ziŋ ah lali a- lo- kal morning morning in Lali 3sg towards go “Lali comes early in the morning.” In Mizo the intensifier which occurs as a verbal particle can be reduplicated which adds to the intensification of the activity. 2.2.3.2 Intensifier reduplication Reduplication of the intensifier increases the intensifier itself. 19. lali tsu a kal tsak em em Lali Def 3sg walk fast Int Int 1 In Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages too this is found. Hindi-Urdu: kar-ke „having done‟. kar kar-ke „having done‟. *kar ke kar ke. 11 “Lali walks very fast.” The word em em used in the above sentence indicates the fast movement of Lali whereas te te of the sentence below indicates the slow movement of Lali.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dept of English Tripura University Faculty Profile Name
    Dept of English Tripura University Faculty Profile Name: Kshetrimayum Premchandra (PhD) Designation: Assistant Professor Academic Qualification: BA (Hindu College, Delhi University), MA, PhD (Manipur University) Subjects Taught: Northeast (Indian) Literatures, Drama (Performance Theory), Folklore Mail: [email protected], [email protected] Landline/Intercom: +91 381237-9445 Fax: 03812374802 Mobile: +91 9436780234 1. List of publications as chapters, proceedings and articles in books and journals S. ISBN/ISSN No Title with page nos. Book/Journal No . Law of the Mother: The Mothers of Maya Spectrum, June, 2014, Vol. 2, ISSN 2319-6076 1 Diip, , pp. 12-18 Issue 1 Blood, Bullet, Bomb, and Voices in the Spectrum, June, 2015, Vol. 3, ISSN 2319-6076 2 The Sound of Khongji, pp. 11-18 Issue 1, The Hanndmaid’s Tale: The Curse of Spectrum, July- Vol. 3, Issue 2, ISSN 2319-6076 3 Being ‘Fertile’, pp. 19-27 Dec., 2015, Transcript, Bodoland 4 Place of Ougri in Meitei Lai Haraoba ISSN 2347-1743 University. Vol III, pp. 81-89 Of Pilgrims and Savages in the Heart of ISSN 2319-6076 5 Spectrum Darkness Journal of Literature and Incest and Gender Bias in the Tripuri Cultural Studies, Mizoram 6 ISSN 2348-1188 Folktale “Chethuang” University. Vol V, Issue II, Dec. 2018. Pp. 87-98. Nationalist Thought and the ISBN 978-93- “Death Journey: The Nigger of the Colonial World, 7 81142-92-9 ‘Narcissus’”, pp. 126-136. Ram Sharma et. al., New Delhi: Mangalam Publications Manipuri Dance and Culture: An Anthology. The Notions of Manipuri Identity, ISBN 978-81- 8 Ed. Adhikarimayum pp. 160-181.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Analyzer for Kokborok
    Morphological Analyzer for Kokborok Khumbar Debbarma1 Braja Gopal Patra2 Dipankar Das3 Sivaji Bandyopadhyay2 (1) TRIPURA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Agartala, India (2) JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY, Kolkata, India (3) NATIONAL INSTITUTE_OF TECHNOLOGY, Meghalaya, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] ABSTRACT Morphological analysis is concerned with retrieving the syntactic and morphological properties or the meaning of a morphologically complex word. Morphological analysis retrieves the grammatical features and properties of an inflected word. However, this paper introduces the design and implementation of a Morphological Analyzer for Kokborok, a resource constrained and less computerized Indian language. A database driven affix stripping algorithm has been used to design the Morphological Analyzer. It analyzes the Kokborok word forms and produces several grammatical information associated with the words. The Morphological Analyzer for Kokborok has been tested on 56732 Kokborok words; thereby an accuracy of 80% has been obtained on a manual check. KEYWORDS : Morphology Analyzer, Kokborok, Dictionary, Stemmer, Prefix, Suffix. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing (SANLP), pages 41–52, COLING 2012, Mumbai, December 2012. 41 1 Introduction Kokborok is the native language of Tripura and is also spoken in the neighboring states like Assam, Manipur, Mizoram as well as the countries like Bangladesh, Myanmar etc., comprising of more than 2.5 millions1 of people. Kokborok belongs to the Tibeto-Burman (TB) language falling under the Sino language family of East Asia and South East Asia2. Kokborok shares the genetic features of TB languages that include phonemic tone, widespread stem homophony, subject- object-verb (SOV) word order, agglutinative verb morphology, verb derivational suffixes originating from the semantic bleaching of verbs, duplication or elaboration.
    [Show full text]
  • The Naga Language Groups Within the Tibeto-Burman Language Family
    TheNaga Language Groups within the Tibeto-Burman Language Family George van Driem The Nagas speak languages of the Tibeto-Burman fami­ Ethnically, many Tibeto-Burman tribes of the northeast ly. Yet, according to our present state of knowledge, the have been called Naga in the past or have been labelled as >Naga languages< do not constitute a single genetic sub­ >Naga< in scholarly literature who are no longer usually group within Tibeto-Burman. What defines the Nagas best covered by the modern more restricted sense of the term is perhaps just the label Naga, which was once applied in­ today. Linguistically, even today's >Naga languages< do discriminately by Indo-Aryan colonists to all scantily clad not represent a single coherent branch of the family, but tribes speaking Tibeto-Burman languages in the northeast constitute several distinct branches of Tibeto-Burman. of the Subcontinent. At any rate, the name Naga, ultimately This essay aims (1) to give an idea of the linguistic position derived from Sanskrit nagna >naked<, originated as a titu­ of these languages within the family to which they belong, lar label, because the term denoted a sect of Shaivite sadhus (2) to provide a relatively comprehensive list of names and whose most salient trait to the eyes of the lay observer was localities as a directory for consultation by scholars and in­ that they went through life unclad. The Tibeto-Burman terested laymen who wish to make their way through the tribes labelled N aga in the northeast, though scantily clad, jungle of names and alternative appellations that confront were of course not Hindu at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems
    Sino-Tibetan numeral systems: prefixes, protoforms and problems Matisoff, J.A. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems. B-114, xii + 147 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1997. DOI:10.15144/PL-B114.cover ©1997 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wunn EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), Thomas E. Dutton, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with re levant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board.
    [Show full text]
  • Classifiers in Kokborok
    International Journal of Linguistics and Literature (IJLL) ISSN(P): 2319-3956; ISSN(E): 2319-3964 Vol. 4, Issue 5, Aug - Sep 2015, 33-42 © IASET CLASSIFIERS IN KOKBOROK S. GANESH BASKARAN Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, Rabindranath Tagore School of Indian Languages and Cultural Studies, Assam University, Silchar, Dorgakona, Silchar, Assam, India ABSTRACT Classifiers are defined as morphemes which occur ‘in surface structures under specific conditions’; denote ‘some salient perceived or imputed characteristics of the entity to which an associated noun refers’ (Allan 1977: 285). The classifiers are primarily divided into sortal and mensural subtypes. Sortal classifiers typically individuate referents in terms of the kind of entity it is, particularly with respect to inherent properties such as shape and animacy while the mensural one distinguishes the referents in terms of quantum or amount (Lyons 1977: 463). Thepresent paper is a humble attempt to describe morphosemantic aspects of Kokborok classifiers in the light of synchronic approaches. The study is confined to the West Tripura district of Tripura State. KEYWORDS: Kokborok, Classifier, Numeral Classifiers, Sortal and Mensural Classifiers INTRODUCTION The word ‘kokborok’ is a compound word. ‘ kok ’ means ‘ language ’ and ‘ borok ’ means ‘ people ’. According to 2001 Census of India, the total population of Kokborok speakers in the State of Tripura was 761964. Robert Shafer (1966-74) has made totally different classification of Sino-Tibetan languages than from other authors. He divides Tibeto- Burman into four main groups: Bodic, Baric, Burmic and Karenic. According to Shafer, Kokborok belongs to the Western Units of the Barish Section within the Baric Subdivision of Sino-Tibetan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Loss of Proto-Tibeto-Burman Final Velars in Standard Jinghpaw
    Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS Vol. 11,1 (2018): 1-12 ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52417 University of Hawaiʼi Press THE LOSS OF PROTO-TIBETO-BURMAN FINAL VELARS IN STANDARD JINGHPAW Keita Kurabe ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies [email protected] Abstract The aim of this paper is two-fold: to show that the standard dialect of Jinghpaw has irregularly lost several final velars of Proto-Tibeto-Burman based on comparative evidence; and to attempt to show that the lost velars are reconstructable for an earlier stage based on both Standard Jinghpaw-internal and external evidence. Standard Jinghpaw has played an important role in Tibeto-Burman historical-comparative linguistics due to its phonological conservativeness. The loss of final velars is one notable exception, and recognizing this phenomenon enables us to identify and establish more cognate sets between Jinghpaw and closely related languages that provide a basis for a more robust reconstruction of proto-languages. The irregular loss of proto- final velars also provides some implications for the internal classification of Jinghpaw. Keywords: historical-comparative linguistics, sound change, velar deletion, Jinghpaw ISO 639-3 codes: kac, sgp, ckh, zkd 1 Introduction Jinghpaw (Jingpho) is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and adjacent areas of China and India. It has played an important role in the reconstruction of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB) due to its phonological conservativeness (Benedict 1972, Matisoff 2003, among others).1 The standard dialect of the language (SJ), spoken in the southern part of the distribution of the language, is one of the most well- described and documented dialects of the language.
    [Show full text]
  • GOO-80-02119 392P
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 228 863 FL 013 634 AUTHOR Hatfield, Deborah H.; And Others TITLE A Survey of Materials for the Study of theUncommonly Taught Languages: Supplement, 1976-1981. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, D.C.Div. of International Education. PUB DATE Jul 82 CONTRACT GOO-79-03415; GOO-80-02119 NOTE 392p.; For related documents, see ED 130 537-538, ED 132 833-835, ED 132 860, and ED 166 949-950. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; Dictionaries; *InStructional Materials; Postsecondary Edtmation; *Second Language Instruction; Textbooks; *Uncommonly Taught Languages ABSTRACT This annotated bibliography is a supplement tothe previous survey published in 1976. It coverslanguages and language groups in the following divisions:(1) Western Europe/Pidgins and Creoles (European-based); (2) Eastern Europeand the Soviet Union; (3) the Middle East and North Africa; (4) SouthAsia;(5) Eastern Asia; (6) Sub-Saharan Africa; (7) SoutheastAsia and the Pacific; and (8) North, Central, and South Anerica. The primaryemphasis of the bibliography is on materials for the use of theadult learner whose native language is English. Under each languageheading, the items are arranged as follows:teaching materials, readers, grammars, and dictionaries. The annotations are descriptive.Whenever possible, each entry contains standardbibliographical information, including notations about reprints and accompanyingtapes/records
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Scientific Study of the Tibeto-Burman Languages of North-East India
    Indian Journal of History of Science, 52.4 (2017) 420-444 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2017/v52i4/49265 History of the Scientific Study of the Tibeto-Burman Languages of North-East India Satarupa Dattamajumdar* (Received 25 April 2017; revised 19 October 2017) Abstract Linguistics or in other words the scientific study of languages in India is a traditional exercise which is about three thousand years old and occupied a central position of the scientific tradition from the very beginning. The tradition of the scientific study of the languages of the Indo-Aryan language family which are mainly spoken in India’s North and North-Western part was brought to light with the emergence of the genealogical study of languages by Sir William Jones in the 18th c. But the linguistic study of the Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in North-Eastern part of India is of a much later origin. According to the 2011 census there are 45486784 people inhabiting in the states of North-East India. They are essentially the speakers of the Tibeto-Burman group of languages along with the Austro-Asiatic and Indo-Aryan groups of languages. Though 1% of the total population of India is the speaker of the Tibeto-Burman group of languages (2001 census) the study of the language and society of this group of people has become essential from the point of view of the socio-political development of the country. But a composite historical account of the scientific enquiries of the Tibeto-Burman group of languages, a prerequisite criterion for the development of the region is yet to be attempted.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender in Kokborok
    LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 13:12 December 2013 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. C. Subburaman, Ph.D. (Economics) Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A. Gender in Kokborok Samir Debbarma, Ph.D. Scholar Kokborok Couple Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 13:12 December 2013 Samir Debbarma, Ph.D. Scholar Gender in Kokborok 54 Abstract Kokborok is a Tibeto-Burman language of Northeast India with a population of about 761,964 (census of India, 2001) spoken mainly in the state of Tripura and in the neighbouring country, Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tract). The goal of present paper is to describe some of the aspects of gender marking system in Kokborok. Like other Tibeto-Burman languages, gender in Kokborok is expressed means of lexical and suffixation. Introduction Kokborok is a Tibeto-Burman language of Bodo-Garo sub-group spoken by 761,964 (census of India, 2001) populations in the North Eastern state of Tripura. It is also spoken in some parts of Chittagong Hill Tracts i.e. in Bangladesh and some parts of Assam. It has also close affinities with other languages of the sub group like Bodo, Garo, Tiwa, Rabha, Dimasa etc. Among these Bodo, Dimasa and Kokborok are more closely related to each other as far as their lexical items is concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • Nominal Morphology in Korbong Language
    ==================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 14:11 November 2014 Nominal Morphology in Korbong Language Biman Debbarma, Ph.D. Scholar ========================================================== Korbong boys Bridge connecting Korbong village ==================================================================== Abstract Korbongs are one of the sub-tribes of Halam community which has been recognized as a scheduled tribe in the state of Tripura. Interestingly, the term ‘Korbong’ is also used to denote the ‘language’ spoken by the same tribe. Therefore the Korbong is the name of the language and the people. Korbongs are found only in two villages having only about 117 speakers in the state of Tripura, particularly in the districts of Khowai and West Tripura. Genetically, Korbong is closely related to Bongcher, Bong, Darlong, Hrangkhal, Kaipeng, Mizo, Moulsom, Pangkhua, Ranglong, etc., except Kalai and Rupini. Therefore Korbong seems to be a Kuki-Chin language Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 14:11 November 2014 Biman Debbarma, Ph.D. Scholar Nominal Morphology in Korbong Language 31 of the Tibeto-Burman family. The main objective of the proposed study is to show the nominal morphology in the areas of person, number, gender and case in Korbong. Key words: Korbong language and people, Kuki-Chin group, nominal morphology, person, number, gender and case 1. Introduction Korbongs are one of the sub-tribes of Halam community which has been recognized as a scheduled tribe in the state of Tripura. Interestingly, the term ‘Korbong’ is also used to denote the ‘language’ spoken by the same tribe. Therefore the Korbong is the name of the language and the people. Korbongs are found only in two villages having a population of about 117 speakers in the state of Tripura, particularly in the districts of Khowai and West Tripura.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of English Among the Kokborok and Tripura Bangla Learners in Tripura
    LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 12 : 3 March 2012 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. Status of English among the Kokborok and Tripura Bangla Learners in Tripura M.Phil. Dissertation Swapan Debnath, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. [email protected] Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12 : 3 March 2012 Swapan Debnath, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Status of English among the Kokborok and Tripura Bangla Learners in Tripura – M.Phil. Dissertation Language in India 12:3 March 2012 Swapan Debnath, Ph.D. Status of English in Tripura M.Phil. Dissertation <633-773> 1 STATUS OF ENGLISH AMONG THE KOKBOROK AND TRIPURA BANGLA LEARNERS IN TRIPURA Swapan Debnath, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D E-mail: [email protected] Language in India 12:3 March 2012 Swapan Debnath, Ph.D. Status of English in Tripura M.Phil. Dissertation <633-773> 2 DECLARATION This is to certify that the M. Phil dissertation titled STATUS OF ENGLISH AMONG THE KOKBOROK AND TRIPURA BANGLA LEARNERS IN TRIPURA submitted for publication in Language in India www.languageinindia.com is an original work by me based on my research, that I have duly acknowledged in the said paper the work or works of others I used in writing this article, that I have duly cited all such works in the text as well as in the list of references, and that I have presented within quotes all the original sentences and phrases, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Distinctiveness*
    RAI – data on language distinctiveness RAI data Language distinctiveness* Country profiles *This document provides data production information for the RAI-Rokkan dataset. Last edited on October 7, 2020 Compiled by Gary Marks with research assistance by Noah Dasanaike Citation: Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks (2016). Community, Scale and Regional Governance: A Postfunctionalist Theory of Governance, Vol. II. Oxford: OUP. Sarah Shair-Rosenfield, Arjan H. Schakel, Sara Niedzwiecki, Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe, Sandra Chapman-Osterkatz (2021). “Language difference and Regional Authority.” Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 31. DOI: 10.1080/13597566.2020.1831476 Introduction ....................................................................................................................6 Albania ............................................................................................................................7 Argentina ...................................................................................................................... 10 Australia ....................................................................................................................... 12 Austria .......................................................................................................................... 14 Bahamas ....................................................................................................................... 16 Bangladesh ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]