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Resistance and Change Manoj Kumar Paudel

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Resistance and Change Manoj Kumar Paudel Center for Sami Studies Faculty of Humanities, Social Science and Education Resistance and Change A Case Study of Economic Changes and Its Effect on Language, Food Habits and Dress of the Nomadic Hunting-Gathering Raute of Nepal Manoj Kumar Paudel Master of Philosophy In Indigenous Studies May 2016 RESISTANCE AND CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF ECONOMIC CHANGES AND ITS EFFECT ON LANGUAGE, FOOD HABITS AND DRESS OF THE NOMADIC HUNTING-GATHERING RAUTE OF NEPAL By Manoj Kumar Paudel Master of Philosophy in ‘Indigenous Studies’ SESAM | UiT The Arctic University of Norway May 2016 Thesis Supervisor Professor: Ragnar Elias Nilsen i ‘DEDICATED TO THE NOMADIC HUNTING-GATHERING RAUTE OF NEPAL’ ‘BACHNAKA LAGI ARU NI KHAINCHHA PAYE RAUTELAI BANDARNAI CHAHINCHHA’ WE EAT AVAILABLE EDIBLE FOODS FOR SURVIVAL. HOWEVER, THE RAUTE ALWAYS LOVE TO HAVE MONKEY. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the support, encouragement, co-operation and guidance of different individuals and organizations, this ethnographic research would have never been accomplished. Since the inspiration of my research is Raute people and I have dedicated this thesis to them, I, first and foremost, would like to extend my sincere thanks to Raute chieftains Surya Narayan, Bir Bahadur, Dil Bahadur and Ain Bahadur who wholeheartedly cooperated with me during my field stay sharing the information of their livelihood patterns, and all other members of the group for their kind support and hospitality. Similarly, my hearty thanks go to the Center for Sami Studies for providing an amazing study ambience from classroom teaching-learning programs to various educational excursions. The counseling service and the guidance provided by the center to international students like me have been a significant psychological strength to acclimatize to the new environment, and pursue academic goals. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my esteemed supervisor Professor Ragnar Elias Nilsen for his valuable time, intellectual support, critical comments, and concrete suggestions to accomplish this thesis. I have highly benefitted from the ideas he shared with me for conducting field work on nomadic hunting-gathering group. Likewise, I owe my thanks to Professor Bjorg Ejven, Associate Professor Torjer Olsen, Associate Professor Camilla Brattland, and Rachel Issa Djesa for their guidance for making this paper more constructive and reliable and valid. I shall be thankful to my father, Mr. Chintamani Paudel, whom I idolize as the true mentor of my life, for his never ending love, encouragement and careful guidance for my all academic achievements. Additionally, my mother Kala, sister Manju, wife Bidhya, brother Kamal and, daughter Marvee Priyadarshani deserve special thanks for their love, care and encouragement. Finally, but immensely, I am very grateful to NEFDIN, Mr. Nagendra for helping me to establish rapport with Raute and to all my classmates who always provide genuinely critical comments at various seminars of ‘draft chapter presentation’ for making this thesis more valuable. Manoj Kumar Paudel i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. i Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ v Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. vi Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1: Research Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Research Interest .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Background of the Research Subject ............................................................................................. 2 1.3. Research Question ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.4. Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Methodological Reflection ............................................................................................................ 5 1.5.1 The Approach .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.5.2 Nature and Sources of Data with Tools and Techniques of Data Collection .............................. 6 1.5.3 Universe, Population and Field Work Schedule ........................................................................ 7 1.6. Research Challenges and My Role ................................................................................................. 7 1.7. Organization of the Study ............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Theoretical Discussion .......................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11 2.2. Culture and Cultural Change for Adaptation ................................................................................ 11 2.3. Cross Cultural Adaptation ........................................................................................................... 12 2.4. Cultural Ecology .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.5. Conclusion: Use of ‘Cross Cultural’ and ‘Cultural Ecological’ theories .......................................... 15 Chapter 3: Introducing the Raute........................................................................................................... 17 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 17 3.2. A Glimpse of Nepal: the Motherland of Raute ............................................................................. 17 3.3. Raute: The Forest Kings ............................................................................................................... 18 3.3.1 Raute Territory and the Story of Their Origin ......................................................................... 18 3.3.2 The History of Raute Sedentarization .................................................................................... 19 3.3.3 Nomadic Raute and Rejection of Settlement Program ........................................................... 20 3.3.4 Social Composition, Language, Politics and Work Division in Nomadic Raute ............... 21 3.3.5 Economy ............................................................................................................................... 23 3.3.6 Religion ................................................................................................................................. 24 ii 3.3.7 Lifecycle Rituals ..................................................................................................................... 25 3.4. National Politics and Raute ......................................................................................................... 26 3.5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 4: Traditional Economic Practices of Raute and Strategies for Cultural Autonomy .................... 29 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 29 4.2. Traditional Economic Practices of Raute...................................................................................... 29 4.3. Verbal Arts for Resistance and Adaptation .................................................................................. 30 4.4. Ukhan-tukka for Topic Deviation and Barter ............................................................................... 31 4.5. Self-Esteem of Raute and the Ephemeral Relationship with Outsiders ......................................... 34 4.6. Dual Social Status for Accommodation and Barter....................................................................... 35 4.7. Tricky Negotiation ....................................................................................................................... 37 4.8. Petty Theft .................................................................................................................................. 39 4.9. Pre-Mature Migration: a Strategy for Resisting Assimilation and Maintaining Relationship ......... 40 4.10. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 41 Chapter 5: Socio-Political and Environmental Changes and Livelihood Practices of Raute ...................... 43 5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 43 5.2. Political Changes in Nepal
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