La Manta Muisca Como Objeto De Evocación
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Hydraulic Chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean Highlands of Colombia
heritage Article Hydraulic Chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean Highlands of Colombia Michael P. Smyth The Foundation for Americas Research Inc., Winter Springs, FL 32719-5553, USA; [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 16 May 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 11 July 2018 Abstract: The natural and cultural heritage of the Valley of Leiva in the Eastern Colombian Andes is closely tied to the Colonial town of Villa de Leyva. The popular tourist destination with rapid economic development and agricultural expansion contrasts sharply with an environment of limited water resources and landscape erosion. The recent discovery of Prehispanic hydraulic systems underscore ancient responses to water shortages conditioned by climate change. In an environment where effective rainfall and erosion are problematic, irrigation was vital to human settlement in this semi-arid highland valley. A chiefly elite responded to unpredictable precipitation by engineering a hydraulic landscape sanctioned by religious cosmology and the monolithic observatory at El Infiernito, the Stonehenge of Colombia. Early Colonial water works, however, transformed Villa de Leyva into a wheat breadbasket, though climatic downturns and poor management strategies contributed to an early 17th century crash in wheat production. Today, housing construction, intensive agriculture, and environmental instability combine to recreate conditions for acute water shortages. The heritage of a relatively dry valley with a long history of hydraulic chiefdoms, of which modern planners seem unaware, raises concerns for conservation and vulnerability to climate extremes and the need for understanding the prehistoric context and the magnitude of water availability today. This paper examines human ecodynamic factors related to the legacy of Muisca chiefdoms in the Leiva Valley and relevant issues of heritage in an Andean region undergoing rapid socio-economic change. -
No Procede Registrar Como Marca Aquella Que Consista En El Nombre
REGISTRO MARCARIO – No procede registrar como marca aquella que consista en el nombre de las comunidades indígenas, afroamericanas o locales / REGISTRO MARCARIO – Análisis respecto del Signo mixto TISQUESUSA / TISQUESUSA Y LA COMUNIDAD INDÍGENA MUISCA – Importancia / REGISTRO MARCARIO – No procede frente al signo mixto TISQUESUSA para identificar servicios de la clase 43 de la Clasificación Internacional de Niza Tisquesusa, quien nació en 1514, recibió el título de Zipa, título dado al gobernante supremo del Zipasgo, principal división político-administrativa del territorio de la Confederación Muisca antes de la llegada de los españoles. Tisquesusa gobernó durante 24 años y fue el último Zipa de la comunidad indígena Muisca. Un soldado español, al servicio de Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada lo asesinó. La comunidad Muisca, a la que perteneció Tisquesusa, aún hoy, existe como comunidad y habita el altiplano cundiboyacense. El Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia, reconoció en 2006, a comunidades habitantes en Cota, Sesquilé y Chía, como comunidades indígenas Muiscas. En consecuencia, el término Tisquesusa, reproducido en la marca registrada no es un nombre común sino que, tiene una relevancia histórica que lo relaciona de manera directa con la comunidad indígena Muisca. Corolario de lo anterior, la marca registrada se encuentra incursa en el primer supuesto de la causal de irregistrabilidad del artículo 136, literal g), por cuanto el público consumidor al que se dirijan los servicios de la Clase 43 de la Clasificación Internacional de Niza identificados con la marca mixta registrada, Tisquesusa, asociarán erróneamente los servicios ofrecidos con la comunidad indígena Muisca lo que afecta la identidad cultural y valores de la comunidad indígena Muisca. -
THE COLOMBIAN ROCK ART SPIRAL- a SHAMANIC TUNNEL? by Harry Andrew Marriner B.A
THE COLOMBIAN ROCK ART SPIRAL- A SHAMANIC TUNNEL? By Harry Andrew Marriner B.A. Pyschology San Diego State University Coordinator Western Cundinamarca Rock Art Investigations GIPRI Colombia February 2003 In the center of any spiral is the calm core through which man passes to eternity. Jill Purce The Mystic Spiral INTRODUCTION Spirals have been found in the form of pictographs or petroglyphs in most countries and cultures throughout the world. A simple design, it’s possibly the most common rock art motif in Colombia, appearing more times in the form of a petroglyph than a pictograph. Colombian petroglyph spirals tend to be curvilinear while pictograph spirals are generally angular and painted in red, however there are many exceptions (Marriner 2002:5). Easy to engrave or paint, they may have been used for both exoteric (for the general public) and esoteric (only for the initiated) purposes in pre-historic Colombian rock art. Identification of the Colombian rock artist and the interpretation of rock art motifs has been the theme of much controversy during the past decade. The computer age and the internet have enabled researchers to disseminate their studies and documentation of rock art sites to a wider audience of interested persons. This has created a much larger and easier-to-access data base of rock art investigations than has been previously possible. As a result, it’s now apparent that more rock art specialists accept the idea that shamans, the religious leaders of most hunter-gatherer societies, were responsible for making most rock art either directly or indirectly. This study examines spirals and their identified uses in different cultures. -
Paying Taxes 29 Progress in the 13 Cities Previously Mea- (Tolima), Manizales (Caldas), Medellín Trading Across Borders 34 Sured
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized COMPARING REGULATION IN 21 CITIES AND 183 ECONOMIES 183 AND CITIES 21 IN REGULATION COMPARING COMPARING REGULATION IN 21 CITIES AND 183 ECONOMIES A PUBLICATION OF THE WORLD BANK AND THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION THE INTERNATIONAL WORLD BANK AND THE OF A PUBLICATION ©2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, D.C. 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved A publication of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copy- right Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. -
EL CAMINO DEL ZAQUE: Márgenes De La Historia, Umbrales De La Memoria
EL CAMINO DEL ZAQUE: Márgenes de la historia, umbrales de la memoria OSCAR AYALA SÁNCHEZ INFORME DE TRABAJO DE GRADO PARA OPTAR POR EL TÍTULO DE MAGISTER EN ESTUDIOS ARTÍSTICOS LÍNEA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: ESTUDIOS CULTURALES DE LAS ARTES NÚCLEO ARTICULADOR: PATRIMONIO ARTÍSTICO Y LUCHAS POR LA MEMORIA DIRECTOR: RAFAEL MÉNDEZ UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE ARTES-ASAB MAESTRÍA EN ESTUDIOS ARTÍSTICOS BOGOTÁ, DICIEMBRE 2016 ii A José David, Gabriel José y demás herederos de este suelo iii AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi director Rafael Mauricio Méndez por su aporte esencial en cada etapa de este trabajo. A todos mis docentes de la Maestría, particularmente a Luisa Piedrahíta, Pedro Morales y Pedro Pablo Gómez. Especial reconocimiento por su indispensable colaboración a: Margoth Castro, Santiago González, Rubén Alarcón, Mauricio Hurtado, Elver Chaparro, Mauricio Toquica, Gabriel Guzmán, Fidel Gómez, José Nayid Raba, Xieguazinsa Ingativa Neusa, Camila Niño y David Aguilar. Gracias, por supuesto, a los vecinos del barrio Los Cojines de Tunja, especialmente a Elizabeth Sánchez, Flor Vanegas, Ana Dolores Molina y Ulises Hernández, quienes con sus relatos trazaron la trayectoria del presente estudio. Amor y gratitud infinita a Pilar, mi esposa, a mis hijos José David y Gabriel José, igualmente a toda mi familia por el apoyo incondicional. iv TABLA DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN .................................................................................................................................. vi PALABRAS CLAVE................................................................................................................. -
The Legend of Bogota by Mariordo (Mario Robertoby Mariordo Durán Ortiz)Via Wikimedia (Own Work) Commons
The Legend of Bogota By Mariordo (Mario RobertoBy Mariordo Durán Ortiz)via Wikimedia (Own work) Commons A golden Muisca raft The Muisca people of Colombia had an unusual line of succession for its zipas, or rulers. The zipa’s oldest sister’s oldest son always became the next zipa. Tisquesusa became zipa of the southern Muisca Confederation in 1514 after his uncle died. The Muisca Confederation was one nation of people that was ruled by different people in the north and south. Tisquesusa was as ready as he’d ever be. His family had just come out of mourning for his uncle. They had mummified him and buried him only a few short days before. Beside him in his royal tomb, they placed pottery, food, golden ornaments, and other necessities for the afterlife. Tisquesusa had spent the last days fasting and felt weak but purified. The ceremony was about to start. Tisquesusa solemnly boarded the raft with his attendants and the village holy men by the shores of Lake Guatavita. 1 © 2018 Reading Is Fundamental • Content created by Simone Ribke The Legend of Bogota When the water was about chest-deep, Tisquesusa dropped his ceremonial robe. He let the priests cover his body in a sticky sap. Then they covered him from head to toe in gold dust until he shone and sparkled like the Sun god himself. Tisquesusa submerged himself in the water, purifying himself for his people, for the quality of his reign, and for the goddess of the lake. The people on the shore and those on the raft began to throw gifts of gold and of emeralds into the lake. -
Primer Simposio Internacional De Historia, Genealogía Y Genética
16:45-17:30 De genes y gentes Primer Simposio Internacional de Jaime E. Bernal Villegas Director, Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. Historia, Genealogía y Genética 17:30-18:00 - Mesa Redonda y Conclusiones Encuentro interdisciplinar en torno al Mariscal fundador Hernán Venegas Carrillo, Marzo 20 de 2014: Tocaima, Cundinamarca en el Nuevo Reino de Granada El 20 de Marzo se celebran los 470 años de la fundación de Tocaima Instituciones participantes: Universidad de Córdoba, España (Cátedra de Historia de América) Universidad de Harvard, Estados Unidos (Anestesia/Bioingeniería) Universidad de Los Andes (Departamento de Antropología) Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Departamento de Antropología - Instituto de Genética) Lugar: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Ed. [95] Manuel Briceño, S.J Auditorio: Jaime Hoyos, S.J. Organiza: Hora: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana 8:00 a.m - 6:00 p.m. Archivo Histórico Javeriano Juan Manuel Pacheco, S.J. – Instituto de Genética Humana Ponencias: 11:45-12:30 8:00-8:15 Tocaima y los Panches en el siglo XVI Introducción Roberto Pineda Alberto Gómez Gutiérrez Antropólogo, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia Profesor Titular, Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. 12:30-14:00 - Almuerzo y José Gabriel Venegas Torres 14:00-15:30 – PANEL 3 Profesor Asociado, Departamento de Anestesia (Bio-ingeniería), Universidad de Harvard y Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, EEUU Genealogías documentales y tradición familiar 14:00-14:45 8:15-9:45 – PANEL 1 Buscando el tronco y las raíces: un viaje transatlántico en el siglo XXI Cordobeses y el Nuevo Reino de Granada José Gabriel Venegas Torres 8:15-9:00 Profesor Asociado, Departamento de Anestesia (Bio-ingeniería), Universidad de Harvard y Sociedad cordobesa en el siglo XVI: familia, infancia y amistades Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, EEUU Antonio García-Abasolo . -
Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes
Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Beatriz Goubert All rights reserved ABSTRACT Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Muiscas figure prominently in Colombian national historical accounts as a worthy and valuable indigenous culture, comparable to the Incas and Aztecs, but without their architectural grandeur. The magnificent goldsmith’s art locates them on a transnational level as part of the legend of El Dorado. Today, though the population is small, Muiscas are committed to cultural revitalization. The 19th century project of constructing the Colombian nation split the official Muisca history in two. A radical division was established between the illustrious indigenous past exemplified through Muisca culture as an advanced, but extinct civilization, and the assimilation politics established for the indigenous survivors, who were considered degraded subjects to be incorporated into the national project as regular citizens (mestizos). More than a century later, and supported in the 1991’s multicultural Colombian Constitution, the nation-state recognized the existence of five Muisca cabildos (indigenous governments) in the Bogotá Plateau, two in the capital city and three in nearby towns. As part of their legal battle for achieving recognition and maintaining it, these Muisca communities started a process of cultural revitalization focused on language, musical traditions, and healing practices. Today’s Muiscas incorporate references from the colonial archive, archeological collections, and scholars’ interpretations of these sources into their contemporary cultural practices. -
South American Archæology; an Introduction to the Archæology Of
••••1 '( !f;i '". ")..<•/«'*'-< »/. ' " l|il'i " l iPi i>i UnwHHft lm 1 "l l W ll(8 . a» m CORNELL , UNIVElt'^'rY^ LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 ' BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Date Due w 'm:T^^m^ nBssrrrmii ^m' Cornell University Library F 2229.J89 South American archaeology; »" i"'™,"!'"?''" 3 1924 020 446 989 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020446989 SOUTH AMERICAN ARCHiE O LOGY TLATE I SOUTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ARCHE- OLOGY OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN CONTINENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EA^LY HISTORY OF PERU. BY THOMAS A^|OYCE, MA. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND A MAP NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS MDCCCCXII F A^>in.r4> PREFACE IT is not without great diffidence that I have ven- tured to compile the following chapters on the archaeology of South America. The subject is one of great magnitude, and the literature dealing with it is vast. Besides this, there exist so many gaps in our knowledge, gaps which can only be filled by years of patient excavation, that the formation of theories is still a precarious task. At the same time it is useful to pass in review the work which has already been completed, with the object both of pointing out the missing links in the chain of evidence, and of stimulat- ing further research by calling attention to the results already achieved. -
Resumen Analítico De Investigación -Rai
RESUMEN ANALÍTICO DE INVESTIGACIÓN -RAI- DISEÑO Y GRABACIÓN DE LA BANDA SONORA DEL CORTOMETRAJE ARGUMENTAL TUNJO DE LA CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA UNITEC DURANTE EL PERIODO 2017 - 2018 _________ MEDELLIN, Danna Catalina; PEREZ, Santiago** DESCRIPCION La investigación tuvo como objetivo la realización diseño de sonido y/o banda sonora es un proceso del diseño y la grabación de la banda sonora del creativo el cual busca complementar la narrativa cortometraje argumental Tunjo, realizado en la sonora de un audiovisual, dándole así una estética segunda parte del año 2017, haciendo un estudio argumentada y complementaria a la imagen, por detallado de las necesidades sonoras del guion se medio de la música y efectos especiales. hizo una selección de elementos sonoros que En el cortometraje Tunjo, la banda sonora complementaran la dramática y apoyaran la busca trasladar al espectador y envolverlo en dos temática del corto. Luego de hacer esto se hizo la atmosferas sonoras, las cuales busca mostrar las respectiva grabación en locaciones aptas épocas (actual y 1890), siendo lo más natural acústicamente en conjunto con las demás áreas posible y así de la mano con la música generar una involucradas e la realización del corto. En la última conexión a las raíces de la etnia indígena Muisca, etapa del área de sonido; la postproducción, se hizo engrandeciendo su cultura y su tradición. una limpieza detallada de los audios grabados, se Esta investigación tiene como finalidad apoyaron con los sonidos seleccionados explicar el proceso creativo de la banda sonora del anteriormente desde la lectura detallada del guion cortometraje Tunjo, pasando por las etapas de y se apoyó específicamente con instrumentos preproducción, producción y postproducción, nativos de los muiscas, dándole así, el toque raizal, describiendo así, un análisis de guion, una resaltando la cultura de esta etnia ante el grabación de sonido directo, creación y grabación espectador. -
The Long-Run E Ects of Encomienda on Development in Colombia
Is Extraction Bad? The Long-Run Eects of Encomienda on Development in Colombia Jean-Paul Faguet Camilo A. Matajira Fabio Sánchez ∗ PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE PLEASE DO NOT CITE WITHOUT PERMISSION March 9, 2017 Abstract This paper evaluates the long term impact of the Encomienda a forced labor institution applied by Spaniards throughout Latin America during the XVI, XVII, and XVIII centuries- in Colombia. Our results show that municipalities that had Encomienda in 1560 are better o today than its neighbors. Despite being an extractive institution, the encomenderos started the colonial local state in those territories. Hence, we provide evidence that the Encomienda had a long term impact on Colombian municipalities through the persistence of the State. Finally, the results are not driven either by precolonial state or population persistence. Keywords: Institutions, Forced labor, Colonialism, Economic Development, History, State Capacity JEL Classication Numbers: N00, N96, O10, H70. ∗Contact information:[email protected] and [email protected]. 1 1 Introduction The seminal contributions of Engerman and Sokolo (henceforth ES; 1997 and Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (henceforth AJR; 2001) sparked a resurgence in attempts to explain the vast discrepancies in contemporary levels of development across the world. This literature developed rapidly, with competing theses proposing geography (Diamond 1997, Gallup, Sachs and Mellinger 1999) vs. factor endowments (ES 1997, 2002; SE 2000) vs. institutions (AJR 2001, 2002, 2005) vs. education (Glaeser et al. 2004) as key causal variables. These contributions are amongst the best-known in a broader body of research; we do not review them again here. Despite their merit in returning researchers' focus to some of the biggest and most impor- tant questions in economics, the empirical and conceptual limitations of such broad-brush approaches have become apparent the more these ideas have been tested with data. -
Bochica O Suamox [Suamoshe] El Moisés Chibcha Bochica Or Suamox [Suamoshe] the Chibcha Moses
BOCHICA O SUAMOX BOCHICA OR SUAMOX [SUAMOSHE] [SUAMOSHE] EL MOISÉS CHIBCHA THE CHIBCHA MOSES "Monumento a Bochica en Cuitiva "Monument to Bochica in Cuitiva (Boyacá), Colombia." (Boyacá), Colombia." (Ver también, por favor: Los Mamos (Please, see also: The Arhuaco Mamos Arhuacos y las Enseñanzas Gnósticas and Our V.M. Samael Aun Weor's de Nuestro V.M. Samael Aun Weor.) Gnostic Teachings .) *** *** "En Bogotá hay también un templo "In Bogotá, there is also an occult oculto en la montaña de Montserrate. temple in Mount Montserrate. Some Allí moran algunos Iniciados Chibcha Initiates dwell there." Chibchas." (Venerable Maestro (Venerable Master Samael Aun Samael Aun Weor). Weor). En leyendas sobre el origen de los Chibchas In legends about the origin of the Chibchas del altiplano cundiboyacense, su guía y of the Cundiboyacense plateau, their leader civilizador Bochica es llamado "Nuevo and civilizer Bochica is called "New Moses" Moisés" y "el Moisés Chibcha". and "the Chibcha Moses". Uno de los nombres de Bochica es "Suamox" One of Bochica's names is "Suamox", whose cuyo significado es "Morada del Sol", de meaning is "Dwelling of the Sun", from "Xua" (Sua o Shua) que es la "Madre "Xua" (Sua or Shua), which is "Mother Tierra" y de "Mox" (Mos o Mosh) que Earth", and "Mox" (Mos or Mosh), which significa "el Padre Sol". means "Father Sun". El nombre de la ciudad "Sogamoso" en The name of "Sogamoso" city in Boyacá, Boyacá, Colombia, proviene de "Suamox", Colombia, comes from "Suamox", the place el lugar escogido por Bochica para la chosen by Bochica for the celebration in celebración del Culto al Dios Sol, el Sol Worship of the Sun God, the Spiritual Sun, Espiritual, el Logos Solar.