DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydraulic Chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean Highlands of Colombia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydraulic Chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean Highlands of Colombia heritage Article Hydraulic Chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean Highlands of Colombia Michael P. Smyth The Foundation for Americas Research Inc., Winter Springs, FL 32719-5553, USA; [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 16 May 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 11 July 2018 Abstract: The natural and cultural heritage of the Valley of Leiva in the Eastern Colombian Andes is closely tied to the Colonial town of Villa de Leyva. The popular tourist destination with rapid economic development and agricultural expansion contrasts sharply with an environment of limited water resources and landscape erosion. The recent discovery of Prehispanic hydraulic systems underscore ancient responses to water shortages conditioned by climate change. In an environment where effective rainfall and erosion are problematic, irrigation was vital to human settlement in this semi-arid highland valley. A chiefly elite responded to unpredictable precipitation by engineering a hydraulic landscape sanctioned by religious cosmology and the monolithic observatory at El Infiernito, the Stonehenge of Colombia. Early Colonial water works, however, transformed Villa de Leyva into a wheat breadbasket, though climatic downturns and poor management strategies contributed to an early 17th century crash in wheat production. Today, housing construction, intensive agriculture, and environmental instability combine to recreate conditions for acute water shortages. The heritage of a relatively dry valley with a long history of hydraulic chiefdoms, of which modern planners seem unaware, raises concerns for conservation and vulnerability to climate extremes and the need for understanding the prehistoric context and the magnitude of water availability today. This paper examines human ecodynamic factors related to the legacy of Muisca chiefdoms in the Leiva Valley and relevant issues of heritage in an Andean region undergoing rapid socio-economic change. Keywords: archaeology; chiefdom ecodynamics; climate change 1. Introduction In the Valley of Leiva of the Eastern Andes of Colombia, natural and cultural heritage is integrally tied to the Colonial town of Villa de Leyva. A popular tourist destination and place where housing development is growing by leaps and bounds, the valley is also undergoing intensive agricultural expansion. These factors compound pressures on already limited water resources and serve to highlight recent research into the discovery of Prehispanic hydraulic systems; ancient responses to water shortages conditioned by rapid climate change. In an environment where effective rainfall is often insufficient or inconveniently timed for farming and alluvial landscapes subject to intense erosion caused by periodic drought and flooding, irrigation was and still is vital to human settlement in the semi-arid portions of this highland valley. Chiefly elites tried to mitigate the effects of limited water supplies by engineering a hydraulic landscape sanctioned by religious cosmology embodied in the central stone monuments of the monolithic observatory at El Infiernito, the Stonehenge of Colombia. Understanding the prehistoric context and magnitude of factors conditioning unpredictable water availability is vital to modern planners to achieve sustainable economic development under challenging environmental constraints. Heritage 2018, 1, 100–121; doi:10.3390/heritage1010008 www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage Heritage 2018, 1 101 Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 26 In Early Colonial times, hydraulic systems transformed Villa de Leyva and its environs into a wheat breadbasketIn Early Colonial for the times, Viceroyalty hydraulic of Nueva systems Grenada, transformed while Villa traditional de Leyva maize and its production environs into remained a relativelywheat constant.breadbasket Climatic for the downturns Viceroyalty and of poor Nueva management Grenada, while strategies traditional such as maize over-farming production caused by reducingremained ancientrelatively systems constant. of landClimatic rotation downturns and introduction and poor management of European stra domesticatestegies such as contributed over- to afarming severe plague,caused leadingby reducing to an ancient ecological systems disaster of land culminating rotation inand a crashintroduction in wheat of productionEuropean by the earlydomesticates 17th century contributed [1]. Today, to a severe the construction plague, leading of luxuryto an ecological homes anddisaster hotels culminating with swimming in a crash pools combinedin wheat with production irrigation by the agriculture early 17th century and greenhouse [1]. Today, truckthe construction farms that of now luxury blanket homes theand valleyhotels are leadingwith toswimming acute water pools shortages, combined promotingwith irrigation social agriculture tensions and between greenhouse town truck and farms country that residents. now Theblanket complexities the valley of heritage are leading in ato relatively acute water dry shorta valleyges, with promoting a long social history tensions of hydraulic between chiefdoms town and and agriculturalcountry residents. intensification The complexities provide insight of heritage into how in moderna relatively development dry valley iswith increasing a long history vulnerability of hydraulic chiefdoms and agricultural intensification provide insight into how modern development to the environmental extremes. This paper examines human ecodynamic factors (socio-ecological is increasing vulnerability to the environmental extremes. This paper examines human ecodynamic dynamics of coupled human and natural systems) related to the legacy of Muisca chiefdoms in the factors (socio-ecological dynamics of coupled human and natural systems) related to the legacy of LeivaMuisca Valley. chiefdoms Issues of in heritage the Leiva are Valley. reviewed Issues with of he regardritage are to reviewed risk assessment with regard and to mitigation risk assessment of natural andand cultural mitigation resources of natural in an and Andean cultural highland resources region in an Andean undergoing highland profound region socio-economicundergoing profound change. socio-economic change. 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. A Hydraulic Landscape and Cosmology 2.1.Recent A Hydraulic climate Landscape change and and Cosmology human ecodynamic research in the Leiva Valley identified an engineeredRecent hydraulic climate landscapechange and consistinghuman ecodynamic of irrigation research canals, in the check Leiva dams, Valley drainage identified conduits, an as wellengineered as potential hydraulic raised-fields landscape (artificially consisting of elevated irrigation planting canals, surfaces)check dams, along drainage river conduits, alluviums as near the archaeologicalwell as potential siteraised-fields of El Infiernito (artificially (Figure elevated1; see planting below) surfaces) [ 2]. Prehispanic along river canals alluviums and raised-fieldsnear the in thearchaeological valley were site reported of El Infiernito to be still (Figure in use 1; see in below) the 16th [2]. century Prehispanic [3]. canals In Colonial and raised-fields times, canals in the were re-engineeredvalley were forreported processing to be wheatstill in grainuse in atthe strategic 16th century upland [3]. streamIn Colonial channels times, near canals Villa were de re- Leyva, someengineered originally for built processing by the Muisca,wheat grain where at strategic water-powered upland stream grist millschannels were near constructed Villa de Leyva, for producing some originally built by the Muisca, where water-powered grist mills were constructed for producing bread flour [1,4]. Over the years, levees have been constructed along the Rio Leyva to control flooding bread flour [1,4]. Over the years, levees have been constructed along the Rio Leyva to control flooding along with canals, channels, and reservoirs excavated throughout the valley for irrigation agriculture along with canals, channels, and reservoirs excavated throughout the valley for irrigation agriculture andand pump-based pump-based sprinkler sprinkler systems systems for for growing growing cash crops. Figure 1. Map of Colombia, South America, and the Department of Boyacá with an inset showing the Figure 1. Map of Colombia, South America, and the Department of Boyacá with an inset showing locations of Valley of Leiva, the site of El Infiernito, Villa de Leyva, as well as other towns/sites the locations of Valley of Leiva, the site of El Infiernito, Villa de Leyva, as well as other towns/sites throughout valley. throughout valley. Heritage 2018, 1 102 The mysterious monoliths of El Infiernito have been the subject of speculation and questionable Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 26 interpretation for over four centuries (see below; Figure2a). Not until recently, however, has systematic archaeologicalThe investigation mysterious monoliths identified of El ElInfiernito Infiernito have asbeen an the astronomical-meteorological subject of speculation and questionable observatory of the ancientinterpretation Muisca culture for over [5]. four Modern centuries surveys (see belo havew; begunFigure to2a). reconstruct Not until recently, the settlement however, historyhas of the systematic archaeological investigation identified El Infiernito as an astronomical-meteorological Leiva Valley,observatory but little of isthe known ancient about Muisca the culture actual [5]. chiefdom Modern surveys community have (rankedbegun to kinshipreconstruct society) the for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RETORNANDO POR EL CAMINO DE LOS ANTIGUOS El Sendero Para Reorganizar La Vida
    RETORNANDO POR EL CAMINO DE LOS ANTIGUOS El Sendero para Reorganizar la Vida. Documento elaborado en el maco del Convenio No. 169 de 2012 suscrito entre el Cabildo Indigena Muisca de Bosa y el Instituto Distrital de Turismo Convenio interadministrativo N° 169 de 2012 entre el IDT - Cabildo Indigena Mhuysqa de Bosa. ALCALDIA MAYOR DE BOGOTÁ Agradecimientos especiales a: Alcalde Mayor de Bogotá Pueblo Wiwa Gustavo Petro Urrego Hade Ramón Gil Instituto Distrital de Turismo de Bogota (IDT) Hade Antonio Pinto Gil Director General Pueblo Arhuaco Luis Fernando Rosas Londoño Mamo Lorenzo Izquierdo Subdirectora de Gestión de Destino Pueblo Huitoto Tatiana Plazas Contreras Cacique Victor Martinez Taicom Cabildo Mhuysqa de Bosa Líderes espirituales: Cabildo Gobernador Comunidad Mhuysqa de Chia Sandra Milena Cobos Manuel Socha Coordinacion General Comunidad Mhuysqa de Cota Henry Mauricio Neuta Zabala Ramiro Romero Romero Asistencia Coordinación Comunidad Mhuysqa de Bosa Edward Arevalo Neuta John Orobajo Profesionales de apoyo Comunidad Mhuysqa de Bosa Autoridades 2013 Arquitecto Roberto Santos Curvelo Consejo de Mayores Antropólogo Antonio Daza Hate Kulchavita Abuela Cecilia Chiguasuque Grupo Gestores Miryam Tiviño Tatiana Silva Medicina Ancestral Yilena Rico Autoridades Tradicionales 2013 Deysy Contreras Jimmy Corredor Chiguasuque Ficha Técnica Grupo Relator Planos Arquitectonicos y Arqueoastronomicos Territorio Yeismith Armenta Arquitecto Roberto Santos Curvelo Efrigerio Neuta Tunjo Mapas Arqueoastronómicos Bacatá Antropólogo Juan David Morales
    [Show full text]
  • Prehispanic and Colonial Settlement Patterns of the Sogamoso Valley
    PREHISPANIC AND COLONIAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF THE SOGAMOSO VALLEY by Sebastian Fajardo Bernal B.A. (Anthropology), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2006 M.A. (Anthropology), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Sebastian Fajardo Bernal It was defended on April 12, 2016 and approved by Dr. Marc Bermann, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Olivier de Montmollin, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Robert D. Drennan, Distinguished Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Sebastian Fajardo Bernal 2016 iii PREHISPANIC AND COLONIAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF THE SOGAMOSO VALLEY Sebastian Fajardo Bernal, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This research documents the social trajectory developed in the Sogamoso valley with the aim of comparing its nature with other trajectories in the Colombian high plain and exploring whether economic and non-economic attractors produced similarities or dissimilarities in their social outputs. The initial sedentary occupation (400 BC to 800 AD) consisted of few small hamlets as well as a small number of widely dispersed farmsteads. There was no indication that these communities were integrated under any regional-scale sociopolitical authority. The population increased dramatically after 800 AD and it was organized in three supra-local communities. The largest of these regional polities was focused on a central place at Sogamoso that likely included a major temple described in Spanish accounts.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Barremian - Lower Albian Stratigraphy of Colombia
    On the Barremian - lower Albian stratigraphy of Colombia Philip J. Hoedemaeker Hoedemaeker, Ph.J. 2004. On the Barremian-lower Albian stratigraphy of Colombia. Scripta Geologica, 128: 3-15, 3 figs., Leiden, December 2004. Ph.J. Hoedemaeker, Department of Palaeontology, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]). Key words – stratigraphy, Barremian, Aptian, depositional sequences, Colombia. The biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Barremian deposits, and the biostratigraphy of the Aptian deposits in the Villa de Leyva area in Colombia are briefly described. Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Barremian ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Barremian sequence stratigraphy ............................................................................................................ 6 Aptian ................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Lowermost Albian ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • University of Pittsburgh
    University of Pittsburgh CAMPUS: OAKLAND (PITTSBURGH) 2021-22 Factsheet for Incoming Exchange Students CONTACT INFORMATION General Office Information Study Abroad Office, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh 802 William Pitt Union, 3959 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA ☏ +1 412-648-7413 +1 412-383-1766 [email protected] internationalexchanges.pitt.edu Contact for Incoming & Shawn ALFONSO WELLS (Ms.) Exchange and Panther Program Manager Outgoing Students ☏ +1 412-648-7413 [email protected] Academic Calendar & Fall 2021 Semester Spring 2022 Semester International Student Aug. 15 – 16, 2021 (Tentative) Jan. 11 – 5, 2022 (Tentative) Deadlines Check-in Courses duration Aug. 24 – Dec. 4, 2021 Jan. 11 – Apr. 23, 2022 Final Exams Dec. 7 – 12, 2021 Apr. 26 – May 1, 2022 Nomination Deadlines Application Deadlines Year (Fall & Spring) March 1 March 25 Fall (Semester 1) March 1 March 25 Spring (Semester 2) October 1 October 15 See details: http://internationalexchanges.pitt.edu/deadlines-calendar Application Materials & • Online application. • Passport. Requirements • English Language Requirements. Non-native English speakers must meet one of the minimum requirements: IELTS Band Score 6.5, Duolingo 105 or TOELF iBT 80. Students who score less than 100 on the TOEFL iBT or Band 7.0 on the IELTS must take an additional proficiency test upon arrival. • Transcripts. See details: http://internationalexchanges.pitt.edu/eligibility Tuition Costs & Fees Tuition: No tuition costs. Special Fees: For select courses that require special equipment, such the physical education courses or studio art courses, fees maybe charged. For a list of the courses, please see the “Special Course Related Fees” for the following website here: http://www.registrar.pitt.edu/courseclass.html.
    [Show full text]
  • LA RUTA DE LA TEJEDURÍA “… Iraca Y Ramiriquí, Que Se Convertían
    LA RUTA DE LA TEJEDURÍA “… Iraca y Ramiriquí, que se convertían respectivamente en el sol y la luna después de haber fabricado el primer hombre de tierra amarilla y la primera mujer de una hierba alta, que no es otra cosa que el junco que crece a orillas de las lagunas, ese mismo junco que entrelazado, formaba las esteras y fue el origen de la industria textil entre los indígenas.” (Chavéz Mendoza, 1994) PUNTO 1: ABRIGO ROCOSO – PICTOGRAMAS DE SÁCHICA (Hurtado Pedraza, 2020) Sáchica prehispánica El abrigo rocos de Sáchica donde se encuentran las pictografías, es tal vez uno de los más antiguos asentamientos humanos en el actual territorio de la región cundiboyacense. Un abrigo rocoso es un lugar constituido por cuevas o formaciones pétreas que le permiten a los hombres refugiarse cuando van de caza. Este abrigo rocoso localizado en Sáchica es muy importante debido a que en su entorno se han encontrado restos de mastodontes, con lo que se constituye en prueba de los primeros asentamientos humanos en el Valle. Los mastodontes tenían una relación directa con nuestros antepasados, pues estos los cazaban para alimentarse lanzándoles objetos cortopunzantes, por lo que la muerte del animal tardaba varios días. Se estima que el mastodonte vivió entre el año 21.000 a. C y el año 6.000 a. C. época en que en la actual Colombia se calcula que vivían 5.000 habitantes. Los primeros pobladores que llegaron lo hicieron hacia el año 12.000 a. C cuando la Sabana de Bogotá era una planicie helada y los cerros de Monserrate y Guadalupe eran nevados que se descongelaron con el tiempo.
    [Show full text]
  • Heinz Memorial Chapel University of Pittsburgh Public Health Safety Measures
    Heinz Memorial Chapel University of Pittsburgh Public Health Safety Measures In order to ensure the safety of visitors to the University’s Heinz Memorial Chapel (the “Chapel”) and to comply with applicable rules, regulations and guidance (including those from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”), the Pennsylvania Governor, Pennsylvania Department of Health, and the University of Pittsburgh), the following public health safety measures for weddings at the Chapel are enacted until further notice and may change from time to time: 1. Refund and Rescheduling. Weddings at the Chapel in 2021 may be cancelled by either the University or the wedding couple due to COVID-19. The University shall provide as much advance notice as is reasonable and possible for any cancellation. Wedding couples should understand that given the nature of and risk of a COVID-19 outbreak, a cancellation by the University may occur and may occur without much notice. For any cancellation due to COVID- 19, the wedding couple shall have the option to either: (i) receive a full refund; or (ii) reschedule the wedding to a future available date and time, if any. 2. Safety Requirements. The following measures must be followed at any wedding, memorial or funeral service, baptism, or other event or service at the Chapel until further notice: (i) Rehearsal. Rehearsals will be limited to no more than twenty (20) people (which includes all participants) and will serve as a walkthrough of the ceremony or event with a Chapel coordinator. Masks and six (6)-feet of physical distancing are required. The organist will not be present.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legend of Bogota S N O M M O C
    The Legend of Bogota s n o m m o C a i d e m i k i W a i v ) k r o w n w O ( ) z i t r O n á r u D o t r e b o R o i r a M ( o d r o i r a M y B A golden Muisca raft The Muisca people of Colombia had an unusual line of succession for its zipas, or rulers. The zipa’s oldest sister’s oldest son always became the next zipa. Tisquesusa became zipa of the southern Muisca Confederation in 1514 after his uncle died. The Muisca Confederation was one nation of people that was ruled by different people in the north and south. Tisquesusa was as ready as he’d ever be. His family had just come out of mourning for his uncle. They had mummified him and buried him only a few short days before. Beside him in his royal tomb, they placed pottery, food, golden ornaments, and other necessities for the afterlife. Tisquesusa had spent the last days fasting and felt weak but purified. The ceremony was about to start. Tisquesusa solemnly boarded the raft with his attendants and the village holy men by the shores of Lake Guatavita. 1 © 2018 Reading Is Fundamental • Content created by Simone Ribke The Legend of Bogota When the water was about chest-deep, Tisquesusa dropped his ceremonial robe. He let the priests cover his body in a sticky sap. Then they covered him from head to toe in gold dust until he shone and sparkled like the Sun god himself.
    [Show full text]
  • MUNICIPIO DE TÓPAGA (Boyacá) PLAN MUNICIPAL DE GESTION
    MUNICIPIO DE TÓPAGA CMGRD TÓPAGA MUNICIPIO DE TÓPAGA (Boyacá) Consejo Municipal de Gestión Del Riesgo de Desastres (CMGRD – TÓPAGA) Templo de Tópaga. PLAN MUNICIPAL DE GESTION DEL RIESGO DE DESASTRES JOSÉ OSWALDO CASTRO TEJEDOR Alcalde Municipal 2012 – 2015 Noviembre de 2015 “Unidos Ampliaremos el Camino” MUNICIPIO DE TÓPAGA CMGRD TÓPAGA CONCEJO MUNICIPAL DE GESTION DEL RIESGO DE DESASTRES (CMGRD – TÓPAGA, BOYACA) JOSÉ OSWALDO CASTRO TEJEDOR Alcalde Municipal / Presidente CMGRD Secretaria de Gobierno, Coordinador del CMGRD Gerente de la E.S.E. Secretario de Planeación, Coordinador del Representante de CORPOBOYACA. CMDGR Comandante de Policía Estación TÓPAGA Gerente de la Oficina de Servicios Públicos INTEGRANTES PERMANENTES Un representante del Concejo Municipal Personero Municipal Comisario de Familia Cogestor Social Red Unidos Un representante del CDGRD Cura Párroco. Fecha de elaboración: Fecha de actualización: Elaborado por el CMGRD de TÓPAGA Agosto de 2012 Diciembre de 2012 2 Plan Municipal de Gestión del Riesgo de Municipio de Tópaga Boyacá Desastres PLAN MUNICIPAL DE GESTION DEL RIESGO DE DESASTRES (CMGRD - TÓPAGA) CONTENIDO INTEGRANTES DEL CMGRD INTRODUCCION TITULO 1. CARACTERIZACIÓN GENERAL DE ESCENARIOS DE RIESGO CAPITULO 1. IDENTIFICACIÓN Y PRIORIZACIÓN DE ESCENARIOS DE RIESGO 1.1. Marco Constitucional y legal 1.2. Marco teórico conceptual 1.3. La gestión del riesgo en el Plan de Desarrollo Municipal. 1.4. Descripción del Municipio y su entorno 1.5. Identificación de escenarios de riesgo 1.6. Priorización de escenarios de riesgo CAPITULO 2. CARACTERIZACIÓN GENERAL DEL ESCENARIO DE RIESGO POR INUNDACION Y AVALANCHA 2.1. Descripción de situaciones de desastre o emergencia antecedentes 2.2. Descripción del escenario de riesgo por Inundación 2.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspectos Socio - Económicos Fotografía: Archivo - Corpoboyacá Reforestación - Corpoboyacá Figura 15.- Densidad Poblacional Por Municipio
    Fotografía: Archivo Corpoboyacá Aislamiento y reforestación. Páramo de Cortadera. Toca - Boyacá Capítulo V Aspectos Socio - Económicos Fotografía: Archivo - Corpoboyacá Reforestación - Corpoboyacá Figura 15.- Densidad poblacional por municipio. 5. Dinámica Demográfica La población de la jurisdicción de Corpoboyacá según proyecciones del DANE, para el año 2015 (con base al censo 2005) 159 (Tabla 41) corresponde a 1.002.561 habitantes, de los cuales, 603.486 habitantes que corresponden al 60,20% habitan en el sector urbano y el 39,80 % o sea 399.075 en el sector rural, evidenciándose una disminución del 10,18% en la población rural de la jurisdicción con relación a la existente en 2005, la cual era de 439.731 habitantes en el sector rural, y comparativamente con la población rural del año 1985, se evidencia una disminución del 28,31% siendo la población rural de ese año 512.076 habitantes. Tabla 41. Población por provincias proyectada para Corpoboyacá 2015. Gráfica 7. Población Provincial de Corpoboyacá 2015. POBLACIÓN PROVINCIAS / MUNICIPIOS AÑO 2015 CENTRO: Chíquiza, Chivatá, Cómbita, Cucaíta, Motavita, Oicatá, Sa- 295.071 macá, Siachoque, Sora, Sotaquirá, Toca, Tunja y Tuta. GUTIÉRREZ: Chiscas, El Cocuy, El Espino, Guacamayas, Güicán y Pan- 23.816 queba LENGUPÁ: Berbeo, Miraflores, Páez, San Eduardo y Zetaquirá. 21.041 NORTE: Boavita, Covarachía, La Uvita, San Mateo, Sativanorte, Sativa- 33.150 sur, Soatá, Susacón y Tipacoque. OCCIDENTE: Briceño, Coper, La Victoria, Maripí, Muzo, Otanche, Pau- 121.403 na, Puerto Boyacá, Quípama, San Pablo de Borbur y Tununguá. RICAURTE: Arcabuco, Chitaraque, Gachantivá, Moniquirá, Ráquira, Sá- chica, San José de Pare, Santana, Santa Sofía, Sutamarchán, Tinjacá, 84.786 Togüí y Villa de Leyva.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Muiscas En Los Textos Escolares. Su Enseñanza En El Grado Sexto
    LOS MUISCAS EN LOS TEXTOS ESCOLARES. SU ENSEÑANZA EN EL GRADO SEXTO LUZ ÁNGELA ALONSO MALAVER UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS MAESTRÍA EN EDUCACIÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y EDUCACIÓN BOGOTÁ - OCTUBRE DE 2018 LOS MUISCAS EN LOS TEXTOS ESCOLARES. SU ENSEÑANZA EN EL GRADO SEXTO LUZ ÁNGELA ALONSO MALAVER Trabajo de grado para obtener el título de magíster en Educación Asesor: CARLOS JILMAR DÍAZ SOLER UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS MAESTRÍA EN EDUCACIÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y EDUCACIÓN BOGOTÁ - OCTUBRE DE 2018 AGRADECIMIENTOS Mis más sinceros agradecimientos a los maestros de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, quienes desde su labor me aportaron herramientas valiosas en mi crecimiento personal e intelectual durante el desarrollo de la maestría de Educación. En especial a mi asesor, el doctor Carlos Jilmar Díaz Soler, por su paciencia, dedicación y colaboración en la realización del presente trabajo de grado. A mi familia, por su apoyo y comprensión, pero principalmente a mi madre, doña María Delfina y a mi esposo Luis Ángel, que con su amor me han dado la fuerza necesaria para crecer en mi carrera. A Dios por ser un padre amoroso, un compañero fiel y un amigo incondicional. CONTENIDO Pág. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 JUSTIFICACIÓN 5 OBJETIVOS 8 OBJETIVO GENERAL 8 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 8 METODOLOGÍA 9 ANTECEDENTES 12 Sobre los Muiscas, sobre los manuales y sobre la enseñanza de los Muiscas en el currículo colombiano Capítulo 1. LOS PUEBLOS ORIGINARIOS. EL CASO DE LOS MUISCAS 18 1.1. Los pueblos originarios a la llegada de los europeos. Su situación 18 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Sogamoso, Tunja, Boyacá
    Resultados Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018 Sogamoso, Tunja, Boyacá Julio 26 de 2019 Colombia. Distribución de la población por sexo y edad en los Población censada por sexo y edad censos históricos Avance en el proceso de transición demográfica asociado con el marcado cambio en la fecundidad, el descenso de la mortalidad, la acelerada urbanización y el crecimiento económico. 80 a 84 80 a 84 70 a 74 70 a 74 60 a 64 60 a 64 50 a 54 50 a 54 40 a 44 40 a 44 30 a 34 30 a 34 20 a 24 20 a 24 10 a 14 10 a 14 0 a 4 0 a 4 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 1964 1973 80 a 84 80 a 84 70 a 74 70 a 74 60 a 64 60 a 64 50 a 54 50 a 54 40 a 44 40 a 44 30 a 34 30 a 34 20 a 24 20 a 24 10 a 14 10 a 14 0 a 4 0 a 4 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 1985 1993 Fuente: DANE – CNPV 2018, I N F O R M A C I Ó N P A R A T O D O S Nacional. Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018 Nacional. Proyecciones de población 2018 derivadas del Censo 99 General 2005 96 93 mujeres mujeres 90 87 84 81 ? 78 78 75 75 72 72 69 69 66 66 63 63 60 60 57 57 54 54 51 51 48 48 45 45 42 42 39 39 36 36 33 33 30 30 27 27 24 24 21 21 18 18 15 15 12 12 9 09 6 06 3 03 0 00 1,0% 0,8% 0,6% 0,4% 0,2% 0,0% 0,2% 0,4% 0,6% 0,8% 1,0% 1,0% 0,8% 0,6% 0,4% 0,2% 0,0% 0,2% 0,4% 0,6% 0,8% 1,0% CNPV Proyecciones Fuente: DANE 44.164.417 = personas efectivamente censadas 43.835.324 personas censadas Estimación provisional de en hogares particulares + = 48.258.494 + personas 329.093 4.094.077 Total personas en personas omitidas Lugares Especiales 8,5% del total de personas de Alojamiento (LEA) 8,5% en hogares particulares 13.480.729 14.243.223 viviendas hogares con hogares particulares particulares Fuente: DANE – CNPV 2018, I N F O R M A C I Ó N P A R A T O D O S Colombia.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia
    This is an extract from: Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Jeffrey Quilter and John W. Hoopes, Editors published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2003 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html The Political Economy of Pre-Colombian Goldwork: Four Examples from Northern South America Carl Henrik Langebaek Universidad de los Andes Introduction: The Problem ome twenty years ago, Alicia Dussán de Reichel (1979: 41) complained that studies that “set out to place the prehistoric metallurgy of Colombia within a wider context Sof cultural development” were not very numerous. Despite a great deal of research on Pre-Columbian goldwork since, the same observation remains true today. One source of frustration comes from the fact that most archaeologists focus on the study of metallurgy as a goal in itself. Although researchers have produced detailed descriptions about the techno- logical characteristics of Pre-Columbian goldwork (Scott 1981), timelines, definitions of “styles” and “traditions,” as well as correlations among styles across Colombia, Lower Central America, and Ecuador (Bray 1981; 1992a; 1997; Plazas and Falchetti 1983), and identifica- tions of plant and animal species represented in ornaments (Legast 1987), they have rarely placed goldwork within a social context (Looper 1996) or incorporated it in models related to social change. Whatever improvement in the research on Pre-Columbian metal objects there has been, further progress will be limited if it is not aimed at understanding the way societies function and change (Lechtman 1984).
    [Show full text]