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Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von der Stiftung Historisches Kolleg Kolloquien 37 R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1997 Die Kreuzfahrerstaaten als multikulturelle Gesellschaft Einwanderer und Minderheiten im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert Herausgegeben von Hans Eberhard Mayer unter Mitarbeit von Elisabeth Müller-Luckner R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1997 Schriften des Historischen Kollegs im Auftrag der Stiftung Historisches Kolleg im Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft herausgegeben von Horst Fuhrmann in Verbindung mit Manfred Erhardt, Arnold Esch, Lothar Gail, Hilmar Kopper, Jochen Martin, Peter Pulzer, Winfried Schulze, Michael Stolleis, Eberhard Weis und Rüdiger Wolfrum Geschäftsführung: Georg Kalmer Redaktion: Elisabeth Müller-Luckner Organisationsausschuß: Georg Kalmer, Herbert Kießling, Elisabeth Müller-Luckner, Heinz-Rudi Spiegel Die Stiftung Historisches Kolleg hat sich für den Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissen­ schaften die Förderung von Gelehrten, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in For­ schung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben, zur Aufgabe gesetzt. Sie vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und ein Forderstipendium sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leistungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglichkeit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hans Eberhard Mayer (Kiel) war - zusammen mit Professor Dr. Peter Blickle (Bern), Dr. Werner Greiling (Jena) und Professor Dr. Peter Krüger (Marburg) - Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 1993/94. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten ge­ mäß hat Hans Eberhard Mayer aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Die Kreuzfahrerstaaten als multikulturelle Gesellschaft. Die Rolle der Einwanderer in Kirche, Staat, Verwaltung, Wirtschaft und Kultur“ vom 18. bis 21. September 1994 im Historischen Kolleg gehalten. Die Ergebnisse des Kolloquiums werden in diesem Band veröffentlicht. Die Stiftung Historisches Kolleg wird vom Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank zur Förderung der Wissenschaft in Forschung und Lehre und vom Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft getragen. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Einheitsaufnahme Die Kreuzfahrerstaaten als multikulturelle Gesellschaft. Einwanderer und Minderheiten im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert / hrsg. von Hans Eberhard Mayer. Unter Mitarb. von Elisabeth Müller-Luckner. - München: Oldenbourg, 1997 (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs: Kolloquien; 37) ISBN 3-486-56257-6 © 1997 R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH, München Das Werk einschließlich aller Abbildungen ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzu­ lässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikrover­ filmungen und die Einspeicherung und Bearbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Gesamtherstellung: R. Oldenbourg Graphische Betriebe GmbH, München ISBN 3-486-56257-6 Inhalt Zur Einführung ................................................................................................................ VII Hans Eberhard Mayer Verzeichnis der Tagungsteilnehmer ........................................................................... XI Jonathan Riley-Smiths Families, Crusades and Settlement in the Latin East, 1102-1131 ................... 1 Bernard Hamilton King Consorts of Jerusalem and their Entourages from the West from 1186 to 1250 .............................................................................................................. 13 Hans Eberhard M ayer Einwanderer in der Kanzlei und am Hof der Kreuzfahrerkönige von Jerusalem ............................................................................................................................... 25 Rudolf Hiestand Der lateinische Klerus der Kreuzfahrerstaaten: geographische Herkunft und politische R o lle .......................................................................................................... 43 Marie-Luise Favreau-Lilie Durchreisende und Zuwanderer. Zur Rolle der Italiener in den Kreuzfahrerstaaten............................................................................................................ 69 Peter Edbury Famagusta Society ca. 1300 from the Registers of Lamberto di Sambuceto . 87 David Jacoby Italian Migration and Settlement in Latin Greece: The Impact on the E conom y........................................................................................................................ 97 Benjamin Z. Kedar Some New Sources on Palestinian Muslims before and during the Crusades ............................................................................................................................... 129 VI Inhalt Jean Richard Vassaux, tributaires ou alliés? Les chefferies montagnardes et les Ismaïliens dans l’orbite des Etats des C ro isé ................................................................................ 141 Gérard Dédéyan Le rôle politique et militaire des Arméniens dans les Etats croisés pendant la première partie du XIIe s iè c le ....................................................................................... 153 Nurith Kenaan Kedar The Rôle and Meanings of Crusader Architectural Décoration: From Local Romanesque Traditions to Gothic H egem o n y...................................................... 165 Personenregister................................................................................................................ 179 Zur Einführung In diesem Sammelband werden die für den Druck ausgearbeiteten Beiträge des Kolloquiums „Die Kreuzfahrerstaaten als multikulturelle Gesellschaft. Einwan­ derer und Minderheiten im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert“ vorgelegt, das vom 18. bis zum 21. September 1994 in der Kaulbach-Villa des Historischen Kollegs in Mün­ chen stattfand. Die bahnbrechenden Arbeiten von Joshua Prawer (f) und Jean Richard aus der ersten Hälfte der fünfziger Jahre, fortgeführt in den siebziger Jahren durch Jona­ than Riley-Smith, erlösten, wie man geradezu sagen muß, die Verfassungsge­ schichte der Kreuzfahrerstaaten aus der statischen Sicht, in die sie schon durch die großen Feudaljuristen des 13. Jahrhunderts, dann aber auch durch Rechts- und Verfassungshistoriker wie Dodu, La Monte und Mitteis geraten waren. An ihre Stelle trat das Bild einer sehr dynamischen Feudalgesellschaft. Die Sozialge­ schichte blieb demgegenüber eher zurück mit Ausnahme gewisser Phänomene beim Adel. Die Erforschung der Minderheiten, der muslimischen ebenso wie der ostchristlichen, war bis um 1980 geradezu notleidend. Es liegt auf der Hand, daß in einem Eroberungsland, in dem die unterworfene Bevölkerung anderen Glaubens war, die Einwanderung von „Lateinern", also von katholischen Europäern, eine Frage von zentraler Bedeutung war. Hierauf hat Prawer immer wieder insistiert. Wie man die Einwanderung vom Osten aus för­ dern könne, wie stark sie überhaupt war, welche Konsequenzen sich aus ihrem Nachlassen ergaben, wie sich die Einwanderer im Osten verhielten, wie sie siedel­ ten, wie sie mit den schon länger ansässigen Lateinern auskamen, wie ihre Rolle war in der Kirche, im Staat, der Verwaltung, der Wirtschaft und Kultur, inwieweit sie dazu beitrugen, die Kreuzfahrerstaaten nicht zu isolierten Sprach- und Kultur­ inseln werden zu lassen, das alles harrt noch der systematischen Untersuchung. Von den Minderheiten haben nur die Juden, damit aber gerade die zahlenmäßig kleinste Minderheit, von Prawer eine vollständige Darstellung erfahren, während vor allem Kedar zum Schicksal der muslimischen Minderheit wichtige Beiträge geleistet hat. Aber insgesamt ist das Thema der Minderheiten in den Kreuzfahrer­ staaten noch keineswegs erschöpft, vor allem wenn man an die Ostchristen denkt. Dabei gilt es aber, beim Ausdruck „Minderheiten“ sich vor Augen zu führen, daß die Ostchristen und die Muslime wahrscheinlich zahlenmäßig stärker waren als das allein mit politischen Rechten ausgestattete Staatsvolk der Lateiner. Es handelt sich bei Muslimen und Ostchristen also um ein Bevölkerungssegment nicht min­ derer Zahl, sondern minderen Rechts. Das Kolloquium konnte und wollte natürlich keine systematische Behandlung VIII Zur Einführung dieses weiten Themas auch nur versuchen. Wohl aber will dieser Band zu einer solchen Bearbeitung einen Anstoß geben und Bausteine hierzu liefern. Mit den Einwanderern im Adel und in der Kirche haben sich bei dem Kolloquium unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten Jonathan Riley-Smith, Bernard Hamilton und Rudolf Hiestand beschäftigt. Hierbei kommt die Wichtigkeit breitangelegter pro- sopographischer Forschungen zum Ausdruck, wie sie seit längerem Riley-Smith für die frühen Kreuzfahrer und Hiestand für die Kirche der Syria sacra mit gro­ ßem Erfolg betreiben. Im Adel tritt dadurch die Bedeutung von Familienverbän­ den für die Rekrutierung von Einwanderern deutlich hervor. Unter anderem Blickwinkel, nämlich der Entourage der 1186-1250 eingewanderten Könige, geht Hamilton das Problem an. Sie mußten sich, gerade weil sie im Hl. Land keine Wurzeln hatten, eine eigene Klientel aus früheren Haushaltsmitgliedern, Ver­ wandten und Landsleuten vorsätzlich schaffen oder wenigstens Leute aus diesen Schichten begünstigen, wenn diese aus eigenem Antrieb kamen. Dabei war die In­ tensität dieser Politik allerdings von Herrscher zu Herrscher durchaus unter­ schiedlich. In der Kanzlei der Könige von
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