ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURES AND MAPS

illustrations 1. Kneeling crusader with his horse behind him, from the Westminster , c. 1250. xxii © Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 2. Eichstätt model of the Edicule, twelfth century. Bildarchiv Monheim GmbH / xxiv Alamy Stock Photo. 3. Aerial view of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, . Photo © Zev Radovan / xxv Bridgeman Images. 4. Croix de chevalier from the . Photo Josse / Scala, Florence. 4 5. Giving the cross, from J. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustraded History of 7 the (Oxford 1995). 6. Women at a siege, from Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César, late thirteenth century. 11 © The British Library Board (MS 15268, fol. 101v). 7. Stone carving of Roland (right) on the exterior of the royal at Navarre, 13 twelfth century. Granger / Bridgeman Images. 8. ‘The Rider on the white horse and his followers’, from Apocalypse (‘The Queen 16 Mary Apocalypse’), early fourteenth century. © The British Library Board (Royal 19 B. XV, fol. 37r). All rights reserved / Bridgeman Images. 9. Godfrey of Bouillon and his train setting out on horseback, from William of Tyre, 22 Histoire d’Outremer, 1232–61. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 10. Richard I jousts with during the crusade of 1191. Encaustic tiles from 29 , c. 1250. Universal History Archive/UIG / Bridgeman Images. 11. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. Lori Epstein / National Geographic 32 Image Collection / Bridgeman Images. 12. Ivory casket with figural and ornamental decoration including hunting scenes, southern 33 Italy or Sicily, eleventh–twelfth centuries. bpk Bildagentur / Museum für Islamische Kunst, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Jürgen Liepe. 13. Horseman drawing his bow, fifteenth century. Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, 42 Turkey / Bridgeman Images 14. The walls of Constantinople, built 412–22. Bridgeman Images. 49 15. Alexius I, Empress Irene and the future John II, from Psalterium Barberini, eleventh 50 century. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images. 16. Mosaic depicting on Palm Sunday in the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem. 51 © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images.

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17. William of Normandy giving arms to Harold of Wessex as a sign of honour, from the 53 Bayeux Tapestry. Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France. With special authorisation of the city of Bayeux / Bridgeman Images. 18. Arab or Turkish envoys, with an old merchant on crutches acting as interpreter, 59 discussing ransoms with Christian knights taken prisoner during a crusade, woodcut after a miniature in Credo de Joinville, late thirteenth century. Ann Ronan Picture Library / Heritage Images. 19. Cope of St Alboinus, Brixen. Photo Scala, Florence. 61 20. Amalfitan coin with cufic epigraphy, eleventh century. Fitzwilliam Museum, 63 University of Cambridge, UK / Bridgeman Images. 21. The consecration of the church at Cluny by Pope Urban II in October 1095, 67 twelfth century. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 22. Peter the Hermit giving out crosses, from Book Nine of Robert’s The History of 73 Jerusalem from 1095 to its capture by the Christians. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 23. Tombstone of a Jewish victim of crusader violence, Mainz 1146, from Shlomo Eidelberg 81 (trans. and ed.), Jews and the Crusades: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (Madison 1977). 24. Antioch in the 1830s. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 85 25. Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives by Edward Lear, 1859. Private Collection / 90 Photo © Christie’s Images / Bridgeman Images. 26. Reliquary of the True Cross (Staurotheke) in gold, enamel and precious stones made by 92 the Royal Workshops. Donated by Emperor Frederick II to the Cathedral of Cosenza, twelfth century. De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images. 27. The Shroud of St Josse, from the abbey of St Josse, originally from Khurasan, 94 Persia, 961. Louvre, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 28. The Four Horses of St Mark’s, taken from the Hippodrome, Constantinople, 95 second–third century. Museo Marciano, Basilica di San Marco, Venice, Italy / Cameraphoto Arte Venezia / Bridgeman Images. 29. Vellum map of crusader Jerusalem, 1170. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 98 / Photo © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images. 30. Combat between crusaders and Saracens, illustration after a window formerly in the 100 church of St Denis, mid- twelfth century, from An Cyclopaedia of Costume, or Dictionary of Dress by James Robinson Planche Esq., 1876. Lebrecht History / Bridgeman Images. 31. The Shroud of Cadouin. © travelfranceonline.com. 101 32. Crosses carved on the walls of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. © Zev Radovan / 103 Bridgeman Images. 33. Statue commemorating the return of Hugh of Vaudemont from the . 103 Church of Cordeliers, Nancy, Meurthe et Moselle, Lorraine, France / De Agostini Picture Library / G. Dagli Orti / Bridgeman Images. 34. The tomb effigy of John of Alluye, c. 1248. © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / 104 Art Resource / Scala, Florence. 35. Farming in the Nile valley. Granger / Bridgeman Images. 107 36. William of Tyre writing at his desk, from Estoire d’Outremer, c. 1130–85. Bibliothèque 109 nationale, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 37. Map of thirteenth- century Acre, from Marino Sanudo, Secreta fidelium Crucis, c. 1321–4. 112 Bodleian Library (MS Tanner 190 fol. 207r). 38. Entrance to the Cenacle, Mount Sion, Jerusalem. De Agostini Picture Library / 113 S. Vannini / Bridgeman Images. 39. Tripoli imitation of a Fatimid bezant. Ashmolean Museum. 120 40. Denier of King Amalric of Jerusalem. Ashmolean Museum. 121 41. North side of Ateret Fortress. Biblewalks.com. 129 42. A horse killed on 30 August 1179 during the Ayyubid attack, from Adrian J. Boas, Crusader Archaeology (London 1999) 129 43. Gold and enamel bishop’s crozier found at the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, 136 twelfth century. Private Collection / Photo © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images. – xi – illustrations, figures and maps

44. The Church of St Anne’s, Jerusalem, from an 1856 engraving. Private Collection / 137 Look and Learn Illustrated Papers Collection / Bridgeman Images. 45. Ivory and turquoise cover of the Melisende Psalter, c. 1131–40. © British Library 139 Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 46. Qal’at Sanjil, from a late nineteenth- century engraving. Bildagentur- online / UIG / 141 Bridgeman Images. 47. Crac des Chevaliers, Qal’at al- Hisn, . © Julian Chichester / Bridgeman Images. 143 48. Belvoir fortress, Naphtali Plateau, Israel. © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images. 144 49. Sybil of Flanders’s cross. Musée de Louvre / @Photo RMN / Jean-Gilles Berizzi. 150 50. Bohemund’s tomb, Canossa, Puglia, Italy. Alinari / Bridgeman Images. 152 51. Templar seal. Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, Paris, France / 153 Bridgeman Images. 52. The al- Aqsa mosque. De Agostini Picture Library / S. Vannini / Bridgeman Images. 153 53. Templar round church, Tomar, Portugal, twelfth century. De Agostini Picture 155 Library / W. Buss / Bridgeman Images. 54. Relics of St Isidore carried aboard a Venetian ship, fourteenth-century mosaic, 159 St Mark’s, Venice. Cameraphoto Arte Venezia / Bridgeman Images. 55. Portrait of Saladin. Private Collection / Bridgeman Images. 162 56. Teaching in a mosque, from Les Makamat de Hariri, 1236–7. Bibliothèque nationale, 164 Paris, France (MS Arabe 5847, fol. 18v). 57. Nur al- Din’s minbar in the al- Aqsa mosque, mid- twentieth century. Granger / 166 Bridgeman Images. 58. Bernard preaching. Bibliothèque intercommunale d’Epinal- Golbey (Epinal MS 45, 171 fol. 140r). 59. ‘Election du roi de Jérusalem’, from William of Tyre’s Historia, twelfth century. 177 Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France (MS Français 9084, fol. 101r). 60. De expugnatione Lyxbonensi. The Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, 183 Cambridge MS 470, fol. 125r. 61. Louis VII’s seal. Centre historique des archives nationales, Paris, France / 184 Bridgeman Images. 62. The Horns of Hattin, Lower , Israel. © Jonathan Kahn / Bridgeman Images. 186 63. An Arab slave market, from Al Maqamat, thirteenth century. Bibliothèque nationale, 190 Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 64. The St Martin window, panel depicting the saint preaching, thirteenth century. 193 Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France / Bridgeman Images. 65. ‘Raid of the Mansur of Cordoba’, illustration from the Chroniques de France ou de 196 Saint Denis, fourteenth century. Museo de Mallorca, Palma, Mallorca, Spain. Mithra-Index / Bridgeman Images 66. Frederick Barbarossa receiving a codex from an abbott, twelfth century. Tarker / 198 Bridgeman Images. 67. Contract of Robert Tibetot and Payn de Chaworth to accompany the Lord Edward on 203 crusade, 1270. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 68. Acre, engraving by Louis Haghe from The , 1843. Private Collection / 206 The Stapleton Collection / Bridgeman Images. 69. Norman servants prepare a banquet for William and Bishop Odo of Bayeux blesses the 213 meal, Bayeux Tapestry, c. 1070. Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France / Bridgeman Images. 70. ‘Joshua Defeated at Ai’, illumination from the Crusader Bible, 1240s. Morgan Library 219 and Museum (MS M.638, fol. 10r). 71. Hubert Walter’s sandals, buskin and amice, buried 1205. Society of Antiquaries of 223 London, UK / Bridgeman Images. 72. Warrior in chain mail. Engraved ceramic cup with lead glaze, late twelfth–early 227 thirteenth century. Photo © Musée du Louvre, Dist. RMN- Grand Palais / Martine Beck-Coppola

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73. A watercolour of Beirut by Charles Pierron, nineteenth century. Private Collection / 230 Photo © Christie’s Images / Bridgeman Images. 74. Mosaic of date palm, horses and water, Treasury Dome, , 232 . Pictures from History / Henley / Bridgeman Images. 75. Innocent III, fresco from the Monastero di San Benedetto (Santuario Sacro Spero), 239 Subiaco, , thirteenth century. Bridgeman Images. 76. Venice, from Marco Polo’s Travels, fifteenth century. Mary Evans / Scala, Florence. 241 77. The Münster, Basel. Zoonar GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo. 245 78. Constantinople, from the Routier de l’Archipel by Cristoforo Buondelmonte, c. 1420. 248 Photo Scala Florence / Heritage Images. 79. The Sacro Catino, Cathedral of San Lorenzo, . Sylvain Billet. 253 80. The Archangel Michael, enamel with precious stones, St Mark’s, Venice. Photo Scala, 253 Florence. 81. The Children’s Crusade, illustration by Gustave Doré from J.- F. Michaud’s Bibliotheque 259 des Croisades, 1877. Private Collection / Photo © Ken Welsh / Bridgeman Images. 82. James of Vitry’s mitre. © Guy Focant, The King Badouin Foundation, Belgium. 262 83. The Nile at Damietta. Barry Iverson / Alamy Stock Photo. 263 84. The martyrdom of St Edmund, Cliffe- at- Hoo, Kent, thirteenth century. Alamy Stock Photo. 264 85. Joshua and the fall of Jericho, from a volume commissioned in Outremer, 1250–4, on 271 Louis IX’s crusade. Bibliothèque nationale de France (MS Français 5211, fol. 69). 86. Loading up the boats for the crusade, from the statutes of the Order of the Knot, 1352. 275 Photo Josse / Scala, Florence 87. John of Joinville and Louis IX at the storming of Damietta, miniature from the Histoire 279 de Saint Louis, fourteenth century. De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images. 88. Aerial view of , Israel. © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images. 281 89. Carts for the wounded, from the Crusader Bible, 1240s. Pierpoint Morgan Library 283 (MS M.638, fol. 12r). 90. Spanish Christian troops, detail from the Cantique de Sainte Marie, thirteenth century. 286 Photo Josse / Scala, Florence. 91. St Jacobus defeats the Moors by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest. 292 92. A Moor and a Christian playing chess, from the altarpiece of SS Nicholas Claire and 293 Anthony Abbot, fifteenth century. Museo de Mallorca, Palma, Mallorca, Spain / Mithra- Index / Bridgeman Images. 93. Archbishop Gelmirez blesses two knights, from Tumbo de Touxos Outos, thirteenth century. 294 94. The Almohad banner captured at Las Navas de Tolosa. Universal History Archive / 298 UIG / Bridgeman Images. 95. A watchtower on the Ebro near Tortosa, Tarragona, twelfth century. 299 Manuel Cohen / Scala, Florence. 96. James the Conqueror besieging Palma, Mallorca, 1229–30. Museo de Arte de 302 Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain / Index / Bridgeman Images. 97. The surrender of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs by Muhammed XII, wood relief, 304 c. 1495. Granger / Bridgeman Images. 98. Alegoria de Franco y la Cruzada by Arturo Reque Meruvia, 1948–9. akg-images / 306 Album / Oronoz. 99. Tree idols in Livonia, twelfth–thirteenth centuries. Museum of the History of Riga 309 and Navigation, Riga, Latvia / Tarker / Bridgeman Images. 100. Danish soldiers under Valdemar I, gilded copper foil, twelfth century. De Agostini 312 Picture Library / A. Dagli Orti / Bridgeman Images. 101. A bronze Christian pendant, thirteenth century. Museum of the History of Riga and 313 Navigation, Riga, Latvia / Tarker / Bridgeman Images. 102. A page of Henry of Livonia’s Chronicle. Estonica. 317 103. Baltic amber. Muzeum Zamkowe, Malbork, Poland / Bridgeman Images. 319 104a. Seal with Hanseatic cog, fifteenth century. Private Collection, Buyenlarge Archive / 320 UIG / Bridgeman Images.

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104b. Riga, Latvia. De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images. 320 105. Turaida Castle, Latvia, begun 1214. De Agostini Picture Library / W. Buss / 321 Bridgeman Images. 106. The Battle on the Ice, 5 April 1242, c. 1568–76. © Leemage / Bridgeman Images. 324 107. Marienburg Castle, Malbork, Poland. Photo © Bednorz Images / Bridgeman Images. 329 108. Königsberg/Kaliningrad Cathedral, Kneiphof. Sputnik / Bridgeman Images 331 109. The Battle of Tannenberg, 15 July 1410, engraving by Marcin Bielski, 1554. 332 Universal History Archive / UIG / Bridgeman Images. 110. Markward of Anweiler, from Liber ad honorem Augusti, fol. 142r. GDK. 337 111. Fragment of a Cathar text, twelfth century. Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon, 342 France / Bridgeman Images. 112. Stone relief showing the siege of Carcassonne in 1209, thirteenth century. Cathedrale 347 Saint- Nazaire, Carcassonne, France / Bridgeman Images. 113. The Tour Cabaret and Tour Regine, near Lastours. © Odile Noel / 348 Bridgeman Images. 114. Torture scene, illumination from the Commentaire des coutumes de Toulouse, 1296. 351 Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France / Archives Charmet / Bridgeman Images. 115. Heretics thrown to the fire, illumination from the Commentaire des coutumes de 351 Toulouse, 1296. Tallandier / Bridgeman Images. 116. A duel between Charles of Anjou and Manfred, thirteenth century. De Agostini 354 Picture Library / G. Dagli Orti / Bridgeman Images. 117. Procession of the True Cross by Gentile Bellini, 1496. Gallerie dell’Academia. 357 118. Hussite war, from Eberhard Windeck, The Life and Times of the Emperor Sigismund, 360 c. 1450. Photo Fine Art Images / Heritage Images / Scala, Florence. 119. Hulagu captures Baghdad in 1258, thirteenth century. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, 365 France / Bridgeman Images. 120. and his court. Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images. 366 121. The in 1289, from Treatise on the Vices, fourteenth century. 371 © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 122. Artillery, archery and assault in the thirteenth century, from the Crusader Bible, 373 1240s. Pierpoint Morgan Library (MS M.638, fol. 23v). 123. Archbishop John of Cilicia wearing a robe decorated with a Chinese dragon in 1287. 378 Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images. 124. The burning of James of Molay, fourteenth century. © British Library Board. 381 All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 125. The destruction of the Templar Order, from Treatise of the Vices by Cocharelli of 382 Genoa, late fourteenth century. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 126. A plan for a crusade siege tower by Guy of Vigevano. 384 127. Hereford Mappa Mundi, c. 1290. Hereford Cathedral, Herefordshire, UK / 387 Bridgeman Images. 128. Pietro Vesconte’s portolan for Marino Sanudo’s 1320s crusade advice. Bodleian 388 Library (MS Tanner 190 fol. 204v–205r). 129. The siege of Jerusalem in 1099, from William of Tyre’s Historia, fourteenth century. 390 Photo 12 / Alamy Stock Photo. 130. Armed galleys and the planned passagium particulare. Bodleian Library 391 (MS Tanner 190 fol. 20). 131. The play of the siege of Jerusalem, Paris 1378. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France 395 (MS Français 2813 fol. 473). 132. Turks defeating Christians, from Sercambi’s Luccan Chronicle, late fourteenth 398 century. White Images / Scala, Florence. 133. A Janissary officer recruiting devsirme for Ottoman service, from the Suleymanname, 400 1558. Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey / Bridgeman Images. 134. The crusade under sail, from Chronicles by Jean Froissart, fourteenth century. 403 Lebrecht History / Bridgeman Images.

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135. Bayezid I routs the infidels at Nicopolis, from the Hunernama, sixteenth century. 404 Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts, USA / Jerome Wheelock Fund / Bridgeman Images. 136. Bessarion’s Epistolae et orationes, 1471. Biblioteca Europea di Informazione e Cultura. 409 137. Moravian fresco showing the siege of Belgrade, Church of the Immaculate Conception 412 of the Virgin Mary, Olomouc, 1468. Photo by Michal Mañas. 138. The Alum Mines at Tolfa by Pietro da Cortona, c. 1630. Musei Capitolini, Rome, 415 Italy / Photo © Stefano Baldini / Bridgeman Images. 139. The Turkish forces preparing for battle outside the walls of Rhodes in 1480, from 416 A History of the by William of Caoursin, 1483. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 140. Suleiman the Magnificent at the battle of Mohacs in 1526, from the Book of Excellence 418 by Lokman, 1588. Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey / Bridgeman Images. 141. The , late sixteenth century. Pictures from History / Bridgeman 419 Images. 142. The siege of Nice in 1545, from the Suleymanname, 1545. Topkapi Palace Museum, 420 Istanbul, Turkey / Dost Yayinlari / Bridgeman Images. 143. Money being assembled to pay for indulgences. Universal History Archive/UIG / 426 Bridgeman Images. 144. A letter of indulgence printed by Gutenberg, 27 February 1455. The University of 426 Manchester Library Incunable (17250.1). 145. The siege of Rhodes, woodcut engraving from Prof. Dr. J. von Pfluck- Harttung’s 428 Weltgeschichte: Mittelalter, 1909. Lebrecht History / Bridgeman Images. 146. Columbus in Hispaniola, after Theodore de Bry, sixteenth century. Private 432 Collection / Bridgeman Images. 147. The badge of Five Wounds of Christ worn during the Pilgrimage of Grace, 434 1536. His Grace The Duke of Norfolk, Arundel Castle / Bridgeman Images. 148. English Ships and the Spanish Armada, August 1588. Universal History Archive/ 435 UIG / Bridgeman Images. 149. An English Knave of Hearts playing card depicting the pope paying for the 435 Spanish Armada. Granger / Bridgeman Images. 150. The Adoration of the Name of Jesus by El Greco, c. 1578. Monasterio de El Escorial, 437 Spain / Bridgeman Images. 151. Rinaldo and Arminda by Nicholas Poussin, 1628–30. Dulwich Picture Gallery, 444 London, UK / Bridgeman Images. 152. King Louis Philippe and family visiting the Salle des Croisades at Versailles, 1844. 448 De Agostini Picture Library / Scala, Florence. 153. Surrender of Ptolemais [Acre] to King Philip II Augustus of France and Richard 449 Lionheart on 13th July 1191 by Merry-Joseph Blondel, 1840. Château de Versailles, France / Bridgeman Images. 154. The army of Louis IX departing from Aigues- Mortes escorted by angels by Gustave 450 Doré, 1888. Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, Italy / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images. 155. Front page of L’Epoque, 10 June 1945. L’Epoque / Photo © Collection Gregoire / 451 Bridgeman Images. 156. The ruins of Königsberg Castle, 1944. © SZ Photo / Scherl / Bridgeman Images. 453 157. The death of Brian de Bois- Gilbert in Scott’s Ivanhoe, by J.A. Atkinson, nineteenth 455 century. Victoria & Albert Museum, London, UK / Bridgeman Images. 158. Statue of Godfrey of Bouillon, Brussels. De Agostini Picture Library / W. Buss / 457 Bridgeman Images. 159. ‘Pershings Crusaders’, poster for an official US First World War film. Private 458 Collection / Peter Newark Pictures / Bridgeman Images. 160. Equestrian statue of Saladin, Damascus. De Agostini Picture Library / Scala, Florence. 462 161. Saladin enters Jerusalem in 1187. De Agostini Picture Library / G. Dagli Orti / 464 Bridgeman Images.

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1. Rulers of Jerusalem, 1099–1192. 124 2. Kings and Queens of Jerusalem, 1192–1291. 233 3. Montferrat Family. 243 maps

1. The Mediterranean powers in the eleventh century. 34 2. The routes of the First Crusade and that of 1101, with Urban II’s preaching tour of 1095–6. 68 3. Crusade attacks on Jews, 1096–1146. 78 4. The siege of Jerusalem, June–July 1099. 91 5. Political map of Outremer in the twelfth century. 114 6. Jacob’s Ford. 132 7. The crusades of 1122–48 and the Second Crusade. 157 8. The . 207 9. The siege of Acre. 209 10. The Palestine campaigns and the . 221 11. Eastern crusades of the thirteenth century. 236 12. The Children’s Crusade. 261 13. The Spanish Reconquista. 295 14. The Baltic crusades. 318 15. Languedoc and the Albigensian Crusade. 343 16. Crusades against Christians in Europe, fourteenth–sixteenth centuries. 355 17. The Ottoman advance in Asia Minor and the Balkans. 417

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