ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURES AND MAPS illustrations 1. Kneeling crusader with his horse behind him, from the Westminster Psalter, c. 1250. xxii © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 2. Eichstätt model of the Edicule, twelfth century. Bildarchiv Monheim GmbH / xxiv Alamy Stock Photo. 3. Aerial view of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. Photo © Zev Radovan / xxv Bridgeman Images. 4. Croix de chevalier from the First Crusade. Photo Josse / Scala, Florence. 4 5. Giving the cross, from J. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustraded History of 7 the Crusades (Oxford 1995). 6. Women at a siege, from Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César, late thirteenth century. 11 © The British Library Board (MS 15268, fol. 101v). 7. Stone carving of Roland (right) on the exterior of the royal palace at Navarre, 13 twelfth century. Granger / Bridgeman Images. 8. ‘The Rider on the white horse and his followers’, from Apocalypse (‘The Queen 16 Mary Apocalypse’), early fourteenth century. © The British Library Board (Royal 19 B. XV, fol. 37r). All rights reserved / Bridgeman Images. 9. Godfrey of Bouillon and his train setting out on horseback, from William of Tyre, 22 Histoire d’Outremer, 1232–61. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 10. Richard I jousts with Saladin during the crusade of 1191. Encaustic tiles from 29 Chertsey Abbey, c. 1250. Universal History Archive/UIG / Bridgeman Images. 11. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. Lori Epstein / National Geographic 32 Image Collection / Bridgeman Images. 12. Ivory casket with figural and ornamental decoration including hunting scenes, southern 33 Italy or Sicily, eleventh–twelfth centuries. bpk Bildagentur / Museum für Islamische Kunst, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Jürgen Liepe. 13. Horseman drawing his bow, fifteenth century. Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, 42 Turkey / Bridgeman Images 14. The walls of Constantinople, built 412–22. Bridgeman Images. 49 15. Alexius I, Empress Irene and the future John II, from Psalterium Barberini, eleventh 50 century. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images. 16. Mosaic depicting Jesus on Palm Sunday in the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem. 51 © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images. – x – illustrations, figures and maps 17. William of Normandy giving arms to Harold of Wessex as a sign of honour, from the 53 Bayeux Tapestry. Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France. With special authorisation of the city of Bayeux / Bridgeman Images. 18. Arab or Turkish envoys, with an old merchant on crutches acting as interpreter, 59 discussing ransoms with Christian knights taken prisoner during a crusade, woodcut after a miniature in Credo de Joinville, late thirteenth century. Ann Ronan Picture Library / Heritage Images. 19. Cope of St Alboinus, Brixen. Photo Scala, Florence. 61 20. Amalfitan coin with cufic epigraphy, eleventh century. Fitzwilliam Museum, 63 University of Cambridge, UK / Bridgeman Images. 21. The consecration of the church at Cluny by Pope Urban II in October 1095, 67 twelfth century. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 22. Peter the Hermit giving out crosses, from Book Nine of Robert’s The History of 73 Jerusalem from 1095 to its capture by the Christians. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 23. Tombstone of a Jewish victim of crusader violence, Mainz 1146, from Shlomo Eidelberg 81 (trans. and ed.), Jews and the Crusades: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (Madison 1977). 24. Antioch in the 1830s. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 85 25. Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives by Edward Lear, 1859. Private Collection / 90 Photo © Christie’s Images / Bridgeman Images. 26. Reliquary of the True Cross (Staurotheke) in gold, enamel and precious stones made by 92 the Royal Workshops. Donated by Emperor Frederick II to the Cathedral of Cosenza, twelfth century. De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images. 27. The Shroud of St Josse, from the abbey of St Josse, originally from Khurasan, 94 Persia, 961. Louvre, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 28. The Four Horses of St Mark’s, taken from the Hippodrome, Constantinople, 95 second–third century. Museo Marciano, Basilica di San Marco, Venice, Italy / Cameraphoto Arte Venezia / Bridgeman Images. 29. Vellum map of crusader Jerusalem, 1170. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 98 Israel / Photo © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images. 30. Combat between crusaders and Saracens, illustration after a window formerly in the 100 church of St Denis, mid- twelfth century, from An Cyclopaedia of Costume, or Dictionary of Dress by James Robinson Planche Esq., 1876. Lebrecht History / Bridgeman Images. 31. The Shroud of Cadouin. © travelfranceonline.com. 101 32. Crosses carved on the walls of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. © Zev Radovan / 103 Bridgeman Images. 33. Statue commemorating the return of Hugh of Vaudemont from the Second Crusade. 103 Church of Cordeliers, Nancy, Meurthe et Moselle, Lorraine, France / De Agostini Picture Library / G. Dagli Orti / Bridgeman Images. 34. The tomb effigy of John of Alluye, c. 1248. © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / 104 Art Resource / Scala, Florence. 35. Farming in the Nile valley. Granger / Bridgeman Images. 107 36. William of Tyre writing at his desk, from Estoire d’Outremer, c. 1130–85. Bibliothèque 109 nationale, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 37. Map of thirteenth- century Acre, from Marino Sanudo, Secreta fidelium Crucis, c. 1321–4. 112 Bodleian Library (MS Tanner 190 fol. 207r). 38. Entrance to the Cenacle, Mount Sion, Jerusalem. De Agostini Picture Library / 113 S. Vannini / Bridgeman Images. 39. Tripoli imitation of a Fatimid bezant. Ashmolean Museum. 120 40. Denier of King Amalric of Jerusalem. Ashmolean Museum. 121 41. North side of Ateret Fortress. Biblewalks.com. 129 42. A horse killed on 30 August 1179 during the Ayyubid attack, from Adrian J. Boas, Crusader Archaeology (London 1999) 129 43. Gold and enamel bishop’s crozier found at the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, 136 twelfth century. Private Collection / Photo © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images. – xi – illustrations, figures and maps 44. The Church of St Anne’s, Jerusalem, from an 1856 engraving. Private Collection / 137 Look and Learn Illustrated Papers Collection / Bridgeman Images. 45. Ivory and turquoise cover of the Melisende Psalter, c. 1131–40. © British Library 139 Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 46. Qal’at Sanjil, from a late nineteenth- century engraving. Bildagentur- online / UIG / 141 Bridgeman Images. 47. Crac des Chevaliers, Qal’at al- Hisn, Syria. © Julian Chichester / Bridgeman Images. 143 48. Belvoir fortress, Naphtali Plateau, Israel. © Zev Radovan / Bridgeman Images. 144 49. Sybil of Flanders’s cross. Musée de Louvre / @Photo RMN / Jean-Gilles Berizzi. 150 50. Bohemund’s tomb, Canossa, Puglia, Italy. Alinari / Bridgeman Images. 152 51. Templar seal. Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, Paris, France / 153 Bridgeman Images. 52. The al- Aqsa mosque. De Agostini Picture Library / S. Vannini / Bridgeman Images. 153 53. Templar round church, Tomar, Portugal, twelfth century. De Agostini Picture 155 Library / W. Buss / Bridgeman Images. 54. Relics of St Isidore carried aboard a Venetian ship, fourteenth-century mosaic, 159 St Mark’s, Venice. Cameraphoto Arte Venezia / Bridgeman Images. 55. Portrait of Saladin. Private Collection / Bridgeman Images. 162 56. Teaching in a mosque, from Les Makamat de Hariri, 1236–7. Bibliothèque nationale, 164 Paris, France (MS Arabe 5847, fol. 18v). 57. Nur al- Din’s minbar in the al- Aqsa mosque, mid- twentieth century. Granger / 166 Bridgeman Images. 58. Bernard preaching. Bibliothèque intercommunale d’Epinal- Golbey (Epinal MS 45, 171 fol. 140r). 59. ‘Election du roi de Jérusalem’, from William of Tyre’s Historia, twelfth century. 177 Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France (MS Français 9084, fol. 101r). 60. De expugnatione Lyxbonensi. The Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, 183 Cambridge MS 470, fol. 125r. 61. Louis VII’s seal. Centre historique des archives nationales, Paris, France / 184 Bridgeman Images. 62. The Horns of Hattin, Lower Galilee, Israel. © Jonathan Kahn / Bridgeman Images. 186 63. An Arab slave market, from Al Maqamat, thirteenth century. Bibliothèque nationale, 190 Paris, France / Bridgeman Images. 64. The St Martin window, panel depicting the saint preaching, thirteenth century. 193 Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France / Bridgeman Images. 65. ‘Raid of the Mansur of Cordoba’, illustration from the Chroniques de France ou de 196 Saint Denis, fourteenth century. Museo de Mallorca, Palma, Mallorca, Spain. Mithra-Index / Bridgeman Images 66. Frederick Barbarossa receiving a codex from an abbott, twelfth century. Tarker / 198 Bridgeman Images. 67. Contract of Robert Tibetot and Payn de Chaworth to accompany the Lord Edward on 203 crusade, 1270. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 68. Acre, engraving by Louis Haghe from The Holy Land, 1843. Private Collection / 206 The Stapleton Collection / Bridgeman Images. 69. Norman servants prepare a banquet for William and Bishop Odo of Bayeux blesses the 213 meal, Bayeux Tapestry, c. 1070. Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France / Bridgeman Images. 70. ‘Joshua Defeated at Ai’, illumination from the Crusader Bible, 1240s. Morgan Library 219 and Museum (MS M.638, fol. 10r). 71. Hubert Walter’s sandals, buskin and amice, buried 1205. Society of Antiquaries of 223 London, UK /