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Eastern Mediterranean and Containerisation the New Sea Route of the Silk Road Trade

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Eastern Mediterranean and Containerisation the New Sea Route of the Silk Road Trade ENVER YETKİLİ EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND CONTAINERISATION THE NEW SEA ROUTE OF THE SILK ROAD TRADE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN THE NEW SEATHE SILK ROUTE OF THE NEW ROAD TRADE THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF KYRENIA AND By CONTAINERISATION ENVER YETKİLİ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Maritime Transportation and Management Engineering 2015 GU KYRENIA, 2015 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND CONTAINERISATION THE NEW SEA ROUTE OF THE SILK ROAD TRADE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF KYRENIA By ENVER YETKİLİ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Maritime Transportation and Management Engineering KYRENIA, 2015 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Enver Yetkili Signature:.................................... Date:........................................... ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the help, support and patience of my principal supervisor, my deepest gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Ertuğrul Doğan, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of my thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instructions, this thesis could not have reached its present form. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. İlkay Salihoğlu and Assist. Prof. Dr. Serdar Kum for encouraging me to chose my subject. I would also like to thank to my daughter Münevver Yetkili and Mr. Akın Cengizer for the English language corrections they did to this thesis. Finally I would also like to thank to my wife Şengül Yetkili for her support and great patience she show me during my long studies. i ABSTRACT Increases realized in world trade after the years of 1950’s; has led to the development and change of seaborne transportation. The most important development took place with the transition to the containerisation. Globalization could not have taken its current form without containerisation. Without the efficiencies and economies brought by containerisation; the development of the global manufacturing system and international trade expansion would not be possible. Suez Canal has important implications to the Eastern Mediterranean seaborne transportation. Although Suez Canal causes a performance bottleneck for tankers and bulk carriers, it offers significant opportunities in the transportation of containers between Far East and Europe trade areas. Container based transportation has facilitated and enabled transhipment operations. Eastern Mediterranean ports; provides significant gains due to the container transhipment operations from the container transportation between Far East and Europe. Cyprus is a natural transhipment centre for Far East-Europe trade. The various markets situated along the coasts of the Eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea and Balkan countries can easily access from Cyprus. Cyprus is at a location with minimum diversion from the main arterial route. Northern Cyprus ports are also searching for grabbing a share from the container transhipment operations. The proposed container terminal at the Port of Gemikonağı is offering ideal conditions for grabbing a share from these activities. Turkey is the motherland for Northern Cyprus community, so hinterland container port traffic of Turkey, may count on behalf of the proposed Port of Gemikonağı. The Port of Gemikonağı may become a base for Turkey at container transhipment. Northern Cyprus should take all necessary measures and initiatives for developing its ports in this direction. Keywords: Suez Canal; container transhipment operations; Turkey; Northern Cyprus; Port of Gemikonağı ii ÖZET 1950'li yıllardan sonra dünya ticaretinde gerçekleşen artışlar; deniz yolu ulaşımının gelişim ve değişimine yol açmıştır. En önemli gelişme konteynerciliğe geçiş ile gerçekleşmiştir. Konteynercilik olmadan, küreselleşme günümüzdeki biçimiyle yer almamış olurdu. Konteynerciliğin sağladığı etkinlik ve verimlilik olmadan; küresel üretim sisteminin geliştirilmesi ve uluslararası ticaretin genişlemesi mümkün olmazdı. Doğu Akdeniz deniz yolu ulaşımında, Süveyş Kanalının önemli sonuçları vardır. Süveyş Kanalı; tankerler ve dökme yük gemilerinde bir performans sorununa neden olsa da, Uzak Doğu ile Avrupa ticaret bölgeleri arasında yapılmakta olan konteyner taşımacılığına önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Konteyner Taşımacılığı; transit taşımacılığına imkân sağlamış ve kolaylaştırmıştır. Doğu Akdeniz limanları; Uzak Doğu ve Avrupa arasında yapılmakta olan konteyner taşımacılığında, konteyner transit operasyonları nedeniyle önemli kazanımlar sağlamaktadırlar. Balkan ülkelerinin de dâhil olduğu, Doğu Akdeniz, Karadeniz, Adriyatik Denizi kıyıları boyunca yer alan birçok pazara Kıbrıs üzerinden kolayca ulaşılabilmektedir. Kıbrıs; Uzak Doğu-Avrupa konteyner taşımacılığı ana rotasından fazla bir sapma yapmadan ulaşılabilen bir konumdadır. Bu da; Uzak Doğu-Avrupa konteyner taşımacılığında, Kıbrıs’a transit merkezi olma yönünde önemli imkânlar sunmaktadır. Kuzey Kıbrıs da; konteyner taşımacılığı aktarma (transit) hizmetlerinden, bir pay kapmak için araştırmalarını sürdürmektedir. Gemikonağı Limanı’nda tasarlanan konteyner terminali konteyner taşımacılığı aktarma (transit) hizmetlerinden, pay kapma için ideal koşullar sunmaktadır. Konteyner taşımacılığı aktarma hizmetleri merkezi olabilmenin şartlarından bir tanesi de limanların hinterland’dıdır. Kıbrıs’ın bu yönden avantajı bulunmamaktadır ancak; Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın anavatanı olan Türkiye’nin hinterland’ı, Gemikonağı Limanı adına varsayılabilinir. Böylece Gemikonağı Limanı, Türkiye için, konteyner aktarma merkezi haline gelmiş olur. Kuzey Kıbrıs; limanlarını bu yönde geliştirmek için gerekli tüm planlamaları yapmalı ve Türkiye nezdinde girişimlerini sürdürmelidir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Süveyş Kanalı; konteyner aktarma (transit) hizmetleri, Türkiye; Kuzey Kıbrıs; Gemikonağı Limanı iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................... i ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... ii ÖZET................................................................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2: WORLD SEABORNE TRANSPORTATION 2.1 World Merchandise Trade..................................................................................... 3 2.2 Comparison of Transportation Modes................................................................... 4 2.3 World Seaborne Trade........................................................................................... 4 2.4 World Maritime Fleet............................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER 3: PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS OF SEABORNE TRANSPORTATION AT EASTER MEDITERRANEAN 3.1 Definition of Productivity...................................................................................... 7 3.2 Seaborne productivity 7 3.3 Factors Affecting Productivity at Seaborne Transportation................................... 7 3.4 Factors Affecting Productivity at Ships................................................................. 8 3.5 Factors Affecting Productivity at Ports.................................................................. 9 3.6 Suez Canal and the Mediterranean Seaborne Transportation........ 10 3.7 Mediterranean Seaborne Transportation............................................................... 10 3.8 Factors Affecting Productivity in Eastern Mediterranean Seaborne Transportation in Negative way............................................................................. 12 3.9 Factors Affecting Productivity at Eastern Mediterranean Seaborne Transportation in Positive way............................................................................... 12 3.10 The Mediterranean Sea and the Silk Road Trade 12 iv 3.11 Silk Road Trade and Cyprus: The Historical Perspective..................................... 13 3.12 The Modern Silk Road Trade: Containerisation.................................................... 13 CHAPTER 4: CONTAINERISATION 4.1 Definitions of Containerisation.............................................................................. 15 4.2 History of Containerisation.................................................................................... 15 4.3 Containerisation Activities Worldwide....................................................................... 15 4.4 Effects of the Container Revolution on World Trade............................................ 16 4.5 Comparison of World
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