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The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits: Regulation of the Montreux Convention and Its Importance on the International Relations After the Conflict of Ukraine

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The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits: Regulation of the Montreux Convention and Its Importance on the International Relations After the Conflict of Ukraine Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits: Regulation of the Montreux Convention and its Importance on the International Relations after the Conflict of Ukraine Dissertation at the Institute for Public Law in order to obtain the academic degree of Ph.D. from the Faculty of Law at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main Submitted by Kurtuluş Yücel Supervisor Prof. Dr. Stefan Kadelbach Frankfurt am Main, 2019 First Evaluator: Prof. Dr. Stefan Kadelbach Second Evaluator: Prof. Dr. Dr. Rainer Hofmann 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.The Importance of the Straits ................................................................................................ 6 2.Major Research Question ....................................................................................................... 8 3.Thesis Overview ..................................................................................................................... 9 PART I: Historical Background of the Turkish Straits and State Practice on the Passage Regime ......................................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 General Observations on the Turkish Straits ..................................................... 12 1.Geographical Description ..................................................................................................... 12 2. Navigation in the Straits ...................................................................................................... 18 3.The Straits in Antiquity ......................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 2 A Historical Overview of the Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits ....................... 25 1.Historical Evolution of the Straits in the Ottoman Era ......................................................... 25 2. The Ottoman Sovereign Period on the Turkish Straits ........................................................ 29 2.1 The Ancient Rule of the Ottoman Empire ..................................................................... 29 2.2 Tsarist Russia and the Straits ......................................................................................... 34 2.3 The Beginning of the Straits Problem and the Peace of Küçük Kaynarca, 1774 ........... 39 2.4 Passage Rights of Warships during the Napoleonic Period........................................... 46 3. The Mutual Agreements Period on the Turkish Straits ....................................................... 51 The Peace of Hünkar Iskelesi, 1833 ..................................................................................... 54 4.The Multilateral Agreements Period on the Turkish Straits ................................................ 58 4.1 The London Treaties of 1840 and 1841 ......................................................................... 58 4.2 The Paris Treaty of 1856 ................................................................................................ 63 4.3 The London Treaty of 1871 ........................................................................................... 67 4.4 The Berlin Congress, 1878 ............................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 3 The End of the Ancient Rule and the Opening the Straits ................................... 72 1.The Straits during World War I............................................................................................. 72 2.Internationalization of the Straits and the Treaty of Sevres, 1920 ...................................... 81 3.The Lausanne Convention, 1923 .......................................................................................... 85 4.The Legal Regime in the Lausanne Convention ................................................................... 89 4.1 Freedom of Passage and Navigation ............................................................................. 90 4.2 Straits Commission ........................................................................................................ 93 4.3 Demilitarization of the Straits and International Guarantee ........................................ 93 CHAPTER 4 The Montreux Regime of the Turkish Straits ..................................................... 96 1.The Montreux Conference, 1936 ......................................................................................... 96 3 2.The Legal Status of the Turkish Straits under the Montreux Convention .......................... 103 2.1 Freedom of Passage and Navigation ........................................................................... 103 a) Merchant Vessels ...................................................................................................... 105 b) Warships ................................................................................................................... 109 1c) Aircraft ..................................................................................................................... 117 d) General Provisions – Turkish Sovereignty in the Straits ........................................... 118 e) Final Provisions – Ratification, Revision and Denunciation of the Convention ........ 119 2.2 Remilitarization of the Straits...................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 5 Turkish Straits after the World War II ............................................................ 123 1.The Straits Regime Practice from 1936 to 1939 ................................................................ 123 2.Turkey and World War II .................................................................................................... 125 3.The Straits Question at Yalta and Potsdam Conferences................................................... 132 4.Turkish Straits and the Great Debate, 1953-1963 ............................................................. 138 PART II: Legal Status of International Straits and Modification of the Montreux Convention ....................................................................................................................................... 142 CHAPTER 6 The Legal Regime of International Straits ....................................................... 142 1.The Status of Straits in International Law .......................................................................... 142 1.1. Evolution of the International Law on the Sea until the Montreux Convention ....... 143 1.1.1 Mare Liberum and Mare Clausum ....................................................................... 143 1.1.2 Territorial Sea in Customary Law and Codifications ............................................ 145 1.1.3 Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea ................................................................ 149 1.2 Evolution of International Law on Straits until the Montreux Convention and States Practices ............................................................................................................................ 151 1.3 Development of International Law on Straits after the Montreux Convention ......... 156 1.3.1 Corfu Channel Case, 1949 .................................................................................... 157 1.3.2 Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1958 ................................................ 159 1.3.3 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (UNCLOS III) ........ 163 2.The Legal Regime of International Straits .......................................................................... 169 2.1 The Legal Regime of Straits used for International Navigation ................................... 169 2.2 The Legal Regime of Straits Regulated by International Agreements ........................ 170 a) The Danish Straits ...................................................................................................... 170 b) The Strait of Magellan ............................................................................................... 174 c) The Strait of Gibraltar ................................................................................................ 177 d) The Åland Strait ......................................................................................................... 180 e) The Turkish Straits ..................................................................................................... 181 4 3. Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits and the Montreux Convention ....... 185 3.1 The Maritime Traffic Regulations of 1994 and 1998 ................................................... 188 3.2 Turkey’s Rights to Regulate the Passage and its Jurisdiction over the Straits ............ 202 CHAPTER 7 Implementation of the Montreux Convention and its Effects in the Last Decade ....................................................................................................................................... 210 1.Implementation of the Montreux Convention and Discussion Topics on the South Ossetian War, 2008 .............................................................................................................................. 210 2.The War in Syria, 2011- ...................................................................................................... 213 3.The Conflict in Ukraine, 2014 ............................................................................................. 214 CHAPTER
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