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Community Based Conservation Experience in Tanzania: an Assessment of Lessons Learned

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Community Based Conservation Experience in Tanzania: an Assessment of Lessons Learned Community Based Conservation Experience in Tanzania: An Assessment of Lessons Learned August 2000 Task Order No. 12 Contract No. PCE-I-00-96-00002-00 Community Based Conservation Experience in Tanzania: An Assessment of Lessons Learned Prepared by: International Resources Group, Ltd. 1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20036 USA Tel: (202) 289-0100 Fax: (202) 289-7601 Prepared for: USAID/Tanzania August 2000 Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract (EPIQ) Partners: International Resources Group; Winrock International; and Harvard Institute for International Development Subcontractors: PADCO; Management Systems International; and Development Alternatives, Inc. Collaborating Institutions: Center for Naval Analysis Corporation; Conservation International; KNB Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc.; Keller-Bliesner Engineering; Resource Management International, Inc.; Tellus Institute; Urban Institute; and World Resources Institute. Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. iii Executive Summary................................................................................................................ iv 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. An Overview of the CBC Approach.................................................................................... 3 2.1 History of CBC in Tanzania ...................................................................................... 6 2.2 Size ........................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Number of Communities ........................................................................................... 7 3. Socio-Economic Issues........................................................................................................ 8 3.1 Literature Review of CBC in Tanzania ..................................................................... 9 4. Analysis of Main Findings................................................................................................. 10 4.1 Management of CBC initiatives and the Participatory Process ............................... 10 4.2 Planning for CBC Initiatives and Consensus Building Process............................... 11 4.2.1 Linkages with other programs and local participation in CBC..................... 13 4.2.2 Activities and linkages with private sector, government and NGOs ............ 13 4.2.3 Activities related to marketing or increasing access to markets and value- added processing .......................................................................................... 14 4.2.4 Collaboration of Different CBC initiatives................................................... 14 4.3 Institutional and Legal Aspects of CBC .................................................................. 14 4.3.1 Land tenure – a delicate but important matter .............................................. 14 4.3.2 Management Institutions Established for CBC............................................. 16 4.3.3 Composition and Mandates of Management Team and Linkages with village and District Council...................................................................................... 17 4.3.4 Regulations and by-laws for the Natural Resource Use ............................... 17 4.3.5 Individual Membership, and Eligibility to CBC........................................... 18 4.3.6 Rights and Responsibilities of Communities, Village government, District and Central government................................................................................ 18 4.3.7 Roles of Central Government directly(MNRT (WD, FBD, FD) or through its agent (e.g. TANAPA and NCAA)................................................................ 19 4.3.8 Binding Policy Issues ................................................................................... 20 4.3.9 Mechanisms for Conflict Resolution............................................................ 20 i 4.4 Facilitation for the CBC .......................................................................................... 21 4.4.1 Sources of funds for the CBC....................................................................... 21 4.4.2 Capacity Building Processes......................................................................... 21 4.4.3 Private Sector Involvement........................................................................... 22 4.5 Economic and Environmental Impact – Benefit Sharing......................................... 23 4.5.1 Categories, type and value of benefits.......................................................... 24 4.5.2 Mechanisms of Benefit Sharing.................................................................... 25 4.5.3 Winners and Losers...................................................................................... 26 4.5.4 Mechanisms addressing Age, Gender and Equity issues.............................. 26 5. The Way Forward – Constraints and Solutions ................................................................. 28 Some Important Points to Note........................................................................................ 29 References ............................................................................................................................. 34 ii Acronyms and Abbreviations AWF African Wildlife Foundation CA Conservation Area CBC Community Based Conservation CBNRM Community Based Natural Resources Management CBFM Community Based Forest Management DC District Council DED District Executive Director EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPIQ Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening IQC (USAID contract) FBD Forestry and Beekeeping Division FD Fisheries Division FZS Frankfurt Zoological Society CCS Community Conservation Services GoT Government of Tanzania GTZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Aid Agency) ICWMA Ikona Community Wildlife Management Area LUP Land Use Plans NGO Non-Governmental Organization NP National Park NRM Natural Resources Management NRs Natural Resources NTFPs Non-timber Forest Products PA(s) Protected Area(s) SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats TANAPA Tanzania National Parks Authority VA Village Assembly VC Village Council VFG(s) Village Forestry Guard(s) VGS(s) Village Game Scout(s) VNRC Village Natural Resources Committee WD Wildlife Division iii Executive Summary The objective of this assessment was to study and report on CBNRM/CBC experiences in Tanzania by focusing on: the nature of CBC interventions, the impact of the interventions in terms of level and sustainability of resource use, the impact of the interventions in terms of creating conditions which are expected to change patterns of resource use in a desirable way ("enabling conditions"), the level and incidence of economic benefits and costs attributable to the interventions, any institutional, economic, social, legal, and cultural constraints to successful CBC interventions, and promising approaches to addressing them, and the nature, extent and effectiveness of participatory processes in the development and implementation of CBC interventions. This assessment summarizes the status of the Community Based Conservation (CBC)1 process in Tanzania based on a review of a selection of case studies researched with EPIQ assistance during 1999. There are four case studies that were prepared with EPIQ assistance. See Appendices 1 through 4. They are Appendix 1: Mbomipa Ptroject Idodi and Pawaga Divisions Iringa Region, Tanzania and Selous Conservation Program Songea and Morogoro Districts Ruvuma and Morogoro Regions Tanzania. Appendix 2: The Case of Duru- Haitemba Community-Based Forest Management Project Babati District, Arusha Region, Tanzania. Appendix 3: The Case of the Serengeti Regional Conservqation Strategy Serengeti 1 The term Community Based Conservation (CBC) as used here has broadly the same meaning as Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM). Often, the CBC often is assumed to also involve the utilization of larger species of wild animals, while the CBNRM is associated with the utilization/management of all natural resources within an area. iv District, Arusha Region, Tanzania. And Appendix 4: The Case of Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ngorongoro District, Arusha Region, Tanzania. v 1. Introduction This report follows a CBNRM Policy Study Tour of Southern Africa during May of 1999, which was supported by USAID-funded E/NRM Strategic Objective #2 (SO2). The study tour included representatives of the Government of Tanzania (GoT), USPVO, CBO and USG partner agencies collaborating in SO2. The group visited the Southern African Region for a Community Based Conservation (CBC) policy and practice study tour to obtain an overview of the CBC or Community Based Natural Resources Management Models (CBNRM) in Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia. The aim of that study tour was also to generate knowledge that would help formulate a vision as to how Tanzania’s Wildlife Policy could be to achieve sustainable CBC. Findings from the study tour was also to inform the preparation of the WMA guidelines. See Draft Report, USAID/T SO2 CBNRM Policy Study, Tour of Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia, 15-29 May, 1999, prepared with the assistance of EPIQ/Tanzania, June 3-4, 1999, Dar es
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