Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in relation to Fisheries Management Challenges and Experiences from Developing Countries Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in relation to Fisheries Management Challenges and Experiences from Developing Countries Book title Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in relation to Fisheries Management Challenges and Experiences from Developing Countries Editors Bryceson, Ian & Francis, Julius Designer: Marco Nunes Correia Cover Photographs: Background Photograph Small blue-green damselfishes (Chromis viridis) over acroporid corals. © Ian Bryceson. Small Photographs (left to right) 1. Mashua sailing boat off Kilindoni, Mafia Island. © Ian Bryceson. 2. Women fishers at Bwejuu, Zanzibar. © Ian Bryce son. 3. Sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) feeding at low tide, Msasani, Dar es Salaam. © Ian Bryceson. Book citation Bryceson, Ian & Francis, Julius (eds.) 2014. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in relation to Fisheries Management: Challenges and Experiences from Developing Countries. 225 pages. ISBN: 978-9987-9559-8-5, Zanzibar, Tanzania Chapter citation example Sanders, Jessica S. &. Cochrane, Kevern L. 2014. The “Rise” of Marine Protected Areas as a Tool in an Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Environment. In: Bryceson, Ian & Francis, Julius (eds.) Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in relation to Fisheries Management: Challenges and Experiences from Developing Countries. Pages 17-42. ISBN: 978-9987-9559-8-5, Zanzibar, Tanzania ISBN: 978-9987-9559-8-5 © WIOMSA Website: www.wiomsa.org Email: secretary@wiom sa.org All rights of publication of this book are reserved to WIOMSA, the editors and authors of the respective chapters. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the editors and WIOMSA. Any material of this book can be used for scientific, educational and information purposes with prior permission of the editors and WIOMSA. Foreword A seminar was held on 24th-25th October 2006 on board the Norwegian coastal steamer ”Trollfjord” while sailing from Trondheim to Bergen. The topic was “Marine Protected Areas (MPA) – a useful tool in fisheries management? Challenges and experiences from developing countries”. The seminar was arranged by the Norwegian Fishery Forum for De- velopment Cooperation and funded by Norad. The purpose for the seminar was to debate different views and raise awareness about the role of MPAs in relation to fisheries management, as elaborated in the Foreword by the editors of this book. Following this event, the organising committee requested Ian Bryceson and Julius Francis to produce a book based upon the papers presented from, and relevant to, developing countries. The presenters from the seminar subsequently rewrote their contributions to fit a publishable format. Funding was provided by Norad. The publication of this book has been delayed for multiple and complex reasons. However, I am very pleased to see these interesting articles published and believe they will be of good use in fisheries management in many countries. A sincere thank you to the editors for their good work. Brit Fisknes Senior Adviser, Department for Climate, Energy and Environment, Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (Norad), Oslo, Norway. III Dedication to Chandrika Sharma We wish to dedicate this book to Chandri- ka Sharma who participated in the seminar that gave rise to it. Chandrika’s presenta- tion at the seminar was most inspiring, as she highlighted the rights of small-scale fishers and fishworkers in relation to ma- rine and coastal conservation. Her valuable contribution is included as a chapter in this book, and is based upon her longstanding work as Executive Secretary of the Interna- tional Collective in Support of Fishworkers. Chandrika was one among the two hun- dred and thirty-nine passengers and crew of Malaysian Airlines flight 370 who all went missing on 8th March 2014, and are still un- accounted for. Until now, no plausible ex- planation has been provided regarding the disappearance of all these persons and the huge aircraft in which they were travelling. This tragic event left thousands of family members and friends grieving deeply, and with many unanswered questions in their minds. Among the families and friends are Chandri- ka’s daughter, husband, mother, her wider family and very many friends who all miss her profoundly. We express our sincere sympathies to them, and join them in sadness at the loss of Chandrika. Simultaneously, we offer our solidarity to them, as we continue to draw much inspiration and joy from memories of Chandrika’s wonderful personality, outstand- ing intellect, exemplary work, compassionate spirit and tireless enthusiasm. We also warmly remember Chandrika’s participation in a workshop with fishers, fisheries officials and scientists in Dar es Salaam and in Zanzibar, as well as the seminar in Norway, and in other meetings and correspondence with her over many years. Chandrika’s contributions in support of the struggles of small-scale fishers and fishworkers all over the world towards securing their rights, are and always will be, deeply appreciated and cherished. Her exceptionally strong, yet soft-spoken, personality continues to inspire many of us, and her ideas will continue to be deeply respected in international fisheries forums. In sadness and in solidarity, Ian and Julius. V Table of Contents Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in relation to Fisheries Management: Challenges and Experiences from Developing Countries. Foreword III Brit Fisknes, Norad Dedication to Chandrika Sharma V Ian Bryceson and Julius Francis Introduction 3 Ian Bryceson and Julius Francis The “Rise” of Marine Protected Areas as a Tool in an Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Environment 7 Jessica S. Sanders and Kevern L. Cochrane MPAs in relation to fisheries – what are the biological and fish stock implications? 35 Jeppe Kolding MPAs: A Governance System Analysis 57 Svein Jentoft, Thijs C. van Son and Maiken Bjørkan MPAs and Impact on Small-scale Fisheries: Who decides, Why, What and Where? 81 Chandrika Sharma MPAs in relation to fisheries – what are the biological and fish stock implications? Quirimbas National Park, Mozambique 89 Adaoma Wosu Marine Protected Areas in Mozambique: Impacts, Concerns and Perspectives 103 Simeão Lopes Social-Ecological Resilience of Pete and Maruhubi Mangrove Ecosystems in Zanzibar, Tanzania 125 Wahira Jaffar Othman Challenges and Experiences from Developing Countries VII Table of Contents Can ecotourism fulfil its promises? The case of Chumbe Island Coral Park, Zanzibar 139 Kjersti Thorkildsen Marine Protected Areas on mainland Tanzania: what is their future? 153 J. Francis and Machumu, E.M. Marine Protected Areas in developing countries: do they contribute to, or detract from social-ecological resilience? 181 Ian Bryceson VIII Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in relation to Fisheries Management 2 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in relation to Fisheries Management Introduction By Ian Bryceson and Julius Francis A seminar was held on 24th-25th October 2006 on board the Norwegian coastal steamer “Trollfjord” while sailing from Trondheim to Bergen. The topic was “Marine Protected Areas (MPA) – a useful tool in fisheries management? Challenges and experiences from developing countries”. The seminar was arranged by the Norwegian Fishery Forum for Development Cooperation and funded by Norad. The purpose for the seminar was to debate different views and raise awareness about the role of MPAs in relation to fisheries management. After the seminar, the organising committee held a meeting and requested Ian Bryceson and Julius Francis to produce a book based upon the papers presented from and relevant to devel- oping countries (although presentations were also made about Norwegian experiences with MPAs, it was decided to focus the book upon developing countries only). Later additional funding for this purpose was applied for and granted by Norad, and the respective authors were requested to revise their presentations into papers in a publishable format for the book. Most of the persons who made presentations agreed to prepare chapters, and these chapters now appear in the same logical sequence as they did orally at the seminar itself. However, aspects of Razack Lokina’s presentation are included in the chapter by Julius Francis (now co-authored by Milali Machumu), and contributions by Maria Pinto and Paula Afonso are included in the chapter by Simeão Lopes. However, two presenters, namely Carl-Gustav Lun- din (IUCN) and Svein Erik Hårklau (WWF) declined the invitation to write chapters for this book. Following this Introduction, an overview and historical perspective on MPAs is provided by Jessica Sanders and Kevern Cochrane to set the scene for subsequent chapters. In the next chapter, Jeppe Kolding insightfully analyses the biological evidence for MPA’s effects and he convincingly shows that while there may be increase in fish biomass within MPAs, evidence is lacking for any “spill-over” or other effect that would increase fish productivity in areas ad- jacent to MPAs, in fact overall fish catches are probably reduced: artisanal small-scale fishers appear to generally utilise fish resources optimally with little evidence to support claims by managers and conservationists about “overfishing” (in contrast to clear problems of overfish- ing by industrial fisheries occurring in some parts of the world). Opposit