sign in sign up
<<
Home , Eelco van Kleffens, Eleanor Lansing Dulles, First Vienna Award, Leopold III of Belgium, Potsdam, Tannenberg Memorial

APPENDIX .A. Note on the Present Position of the Agreement of 29 September 1938

THE , concluded between , the , and for the cession of the Sudeten German territory by Czecho• , although officially dated 29 September 1938, was in reality signed in the small hours of the morning of 30 September. l To it was annexed a declaration by the British and French Governments guaranteeing the new boundaries of the Czechoslovak state against unprovoked aggression. Germany and Italy also agreed to give a similar guarantee to 'when the question of the Polish and Hungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia had been settled'. It was further declared that the problems of these minorities in Czechoslovakia, if not settled within three months by agreement between the respective Governments, 'shall form the subject of another meeting of the Heads of the Governments of the four Powers here present'. Because of its nature, the Munich Agreement was not subject to the usual forms of ratification, and no provision for such procedure was included in its text. Parliamentary approval was accorded to Mr Chamberlain and to M. Daladier, on 6 and 5 October respectively, by means of votes of confidence but by the time these had been given in the House of Commons and the Chamber of Deputies the terms of the Munich Agreement were already a fait accompli. On 2 November 1938 the German and Italian Foreign Ministers, Ribben• trop and Ciano, handed down the First Award, which, without consultation with, or reference to, the British and French Governments, adjudicated the fate of the Polish and Hungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia, in violation of the annexe to the Munich Agreement.2 The structure set up by the Munich Agreement was destroyed on 15 March 1939 when Hitler proclaimed that 'Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist'. Slovakia and Ruthenia proclaimed their independence on 14 March and the provinces of and were annexed to the German Reich as a Protectorate.3 On the second anniversary of the signing of the Munich Agreement (30 September 1940), in a broadcast to the Czechoslovak people announced that the Agreement had been destroyed by the Germans,4 and on 18 July of the following year the Czechoslovak Provisional Government was officially recognized by the British Government and by General de Gaulle's National Committee.s It was not, however, until 5 August 1942 that this statement was given official form. On that day the British Foreign Secretary, 612 The Semblance of Peace Anthony Eden, announced in the House of Commons that he had sent a Note to the Czechoslovak Ambassador, Jan Masaryk, declaring that 'as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czechoslovakia reached in 1938, in which His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom participated, His Majesty's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect. At the final settlement of the Czechoslovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war, they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938.'6 Of the other two signatories, France and Italy, General de Gaulle declared on 29 September 1942 that France considered the Munich Agreement to be null and void/ and a similar statement was made by the Government of Ivanoe Bonomi, on behalf ofItaly, on 26 September 1944.8 At the conclusion of hostilities in Europe in May 1945 and the consequent resumption by Czechoslovakia of her full sovereignty and independence, the Czechoslovak state reconstituted itself within its pre-Munich frontiers. This act received tacit approval from the British, American, Soviet and French Governments, but the question of the Munich frontiers was not raised at the Conference and therefore finds no mention in the Protocol of 2 August 1945. The reason for this was that three of the four signatory Munich Powers had repudiated the Agreement and that no German Govern• ment existed at that moment. The matter was therefore left over until a final peace treaty with Germany was formally concluded. When it became apparent, however, that the conclusion of such a peace treaty would be long postponed, successive German Federal Chancellors announced their repudiation of the Munich Agreement. Thus, on 15 October 1964, Dr Ludwig Erhard declared that in no circumstances would Western Germany present territorial claims against Czechoslovakia,9 and his successor, Dr Kurt Kiesinger, on 5 July 1968, was even more definite, announcing explicitly that in so far as Germany was concerned 'the Munich Agreement no longer exists'. 10 Thus all the four participants in the Pact of Munich have repudiated their signatures and, as far as Her Majesty's Government is concerned, there has been no basic change in policy since Mr Eden's statement of August 1942. Indeed it has been re-emphasized. Michael Stewart, during his first tenure of office as Foreign Secretary, took the opportunity, during an official visit to in April 1965, to assure Czechoslovak Ministers that 'the Munich Agreement was detestable, unjust and dangerous as events have shown to the peace of Europe'. He added that it was 'completely dead and had been dead for many years .. .'. The mere historical fact that it was once made could not justify any future claims against Czechoslovakia. When the time came for a final determination of Germany's frontiers by a peace treaty, the treaty discussions would start from the basis that Czechoslovak frontiers were not in question.u Explicit though this statement may appear to be, it was not sufficiently definite to satisfy the Czechoslovak Government, who took advantage of the thirtieth anniversary of the signing of the Munich Agreement to make a further demarche. On 27 September 1968 the Czechoslovak Ambassador called at the Foreign Office and made a formal request to the Minister of State, Appendix A 61 3 Goronway Roberts, that Britain should make a formal declaration to the effect that the Pact of Munich was null and void. He was informed that his request would be 'examined'." Though the matter is of purely academic interest - except perhaps to the Czechoslovaks - there might possibly be a good reason to make a formal Four-Power Declaration which should bury the ghost of the Munich Agree• ment once and for all. In view of the powerful initiative taken by the British Government to bring the Agreement into being in 1938, it might well be considered a gracious act on their part to take the initial steps towards its formal repudiation. APPENDIX B The Yoshida Letter

IN the secret agreement reached between and Herbert Morrison, then Foreign Secretary, in June 1951, it was agreed that neither the Nationalist Chinese Government in Taipeh nor the Communist regime in Peking should be invited to the Conference of and, more• over, that 's future attitude towards '' 'must necessarily be for determination by Japan itself in the sovereign and independent status contemplated by the treaty'.' * The agreement was to have some interesting repercussions. It was on Mr Dulles's personal plea that the British Foreign Secretary agreed to the terms of secrecy, this being alien to both his own personal inclination and to the avowed policy of the Labour Party, who were tradition• ally averse to 'secret diplomacy'. However, Mr Dulles had specifically asked that no public statement disclosing the nature of their agreement should be made, as 'it would embarrass me', and Mr l\1.orrison therefore reluctantly assented. 2 For a while all went well. , the Japanese Prime Minister, who knew of the Anglo-American agreement, behaved throughout the San Francisco Conference with impeccable dignity and in conformity with all that Mr Dulles could have desired, and there is good evidence that American influence was even exerted on him to restrain his obvious anti-Communist sympathies. Up to the moment of the signing of the treaty on 8 September 1951, therefore, both sides had remained loyal to the terms of the Morrison-Dulles accord and to the preservation of its secrecy, but almost immediately there• after the situation became complicated and murky. The kindest explanation of what followed is that it was the result of bungling misunderstanding on the part of the State Department, but there do not lack those who interpret the result as one of deliberate sharp practice on the part of John Foster Dulles. The interpretation placed upon the Morrison-Dulles accord by the British Foreign Office was that 'the sovereignty and independent status' of Japan, to which reference was made in the accord, could only exist when the treaty which created it had become effective upon the ratification, and this interpre• tation was known - and presumably understood - by both the and Japanese Governments.3 However, an unforeseen difficulty now arose. The rejection of the by the United States in * See above, p. 524. AppendixB 615 1920 and the consequent mortification of President has had a traumatic and lasting effect upon successive Presidents, Secretaries of State and majority party leaders in the Senate. 'Never again' has become their watchword, and they are determined that no President and Administration shall again be subjected to so humiliating a defeat. Inevitably, therefore, it has become axiomatic that when a major treaty is about to come before the Senate and its powerful Committee on Foreign Relations, every possible precaution is taken so to prepare the ground in advance that the danger of rejection is avoided. It was in accordance with this policy that by mid-September, shortly before the Treaty of San Francisco was to be submitted to the Senate, some fifty-six Senators sympathetic to its ratification wrote warningly to President Truman that 'Prior to the submission of the Japanese Treaty to the Senate, we desire to make it clear that we would consider the recognition of Com• munist China by Japan or the negotiating of a bilateral treaty with the Communist China regime to be adverse to the best interests of the people of both Japan and the United States'. 4 President Truman was no weakling in politics, but he was a very shrewd politician well attuned to the grass roots. The fear of was rife in the land and the United States was heavily committed to the . In this minatory and ominous senatorial warning he sensed the premonitory symptoms of trouble, and he urged Mr Dulles to clear up this matter once and for all. It must also be realized that Mr Yoshida had himself been guilty of confusing the issue. * Doubtless for purposes of his own internal and domestic political policies, he had made statements in the Diet, in the course of the debates on the Japanese ratification of the treaty, of a perplexing and ambiguous nature, leaving the matter of Japan's future attitude towards China rather less than clear. It was these ambivalent utterances which had aroused the senatorial doubts as to where indeed he really did stand, and especially in the breasts of two Senators, Alexander Smith and John Sparkman, who were members of the Far Eastern Committee of the Senate's Committee on Foreign Relations which would give first consideration to the examination of the treaty. Finally it was decided that Mr Dulles, together with Senators Smith and Sparkman, should go to Tokyo to clear up the matter with Mr Yoshida personally. This they did in mid-December 1951. As a result of their dis• cussions and immediately after their return to Washington, the Japanese Prime Minister handed to the American Ambassador in Tokyo on 24 December the famous 'Yoshida Letter', addressed to Dulles, which was to have such far-reaching repercussions. It read as follows :5 Dear Ambassador Dulles: While the Japanese Peace Treaty and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty were being debated in the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors of the Diet, a number of questions were put and statements made relative to Japan's future policy towards China. Some of the * It should be noted that no mention of this whole incident of the letter is made in the Yoshida memoirs. 616 The Semblance of Peace statements, separated from their context and background, gave rise to misapprehensions which I should like to clear up. The Japanese Government desires ultimately to have a full measure of political peace and commercial intercourse with China which is Japan's close neighbor. At the present time it is, we hope, possible to develop that kind of relationship with the National Government of the Republic of China, which has the seat, voice and vote of China in the URited Nations, which exercises actual governmental authority over certain territory, and which maintains diplomatic relations with most of the members of the . To that end my Government on November 17, 1951, established a Japanese Government Overseas Agency in Formosa, with the consent of the National Government of China. This is the highest form of relationship with other countries which is now permitted to Japan, pending the coming into force of the multilateral Treaty of Peace. The Japanese Government Overseas Agency in Formosa is important in its personnel, reflecting the importance which my government attaches to relations with the National Government of the Republic of China. My government is prepared as soon as legally possible to conclude with the National Government of China, if that government so desires, a Treaty which will reestablish normal relations between the two Governments in conformity with the principles set out in the multilateral Treaty of Peace. The terms of such bilateral treaty shall, in respect of the Republic of China, be applicable to all territories which are now, or which may hereafter be, under the control of the National Government of the Republic of China. We will promptly explore this subject with the National Government of China. As regards the Chinese Communist regime, that regime stands actually condemned by the United Nations of being an aggressor and in consequence, the United Nations has recommended certain measures against that regime, in which Japan is now concurring and expects to continue to concur when the multilateral Treaty of Peace comes into force pursuant to the provisions of Article 5(a)(iii), whereby Japan has undertaken 'to give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter and to refrain from giving assistance to any State against which the United Nations may take preventive or enforcement action'. Furthermore, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance concluded in in 1950 is virtually a military alliance aimed against Japan. In fact there are many reasons to believe that the Communist regime in China is backing the Japan Communist Party in its program of seeking violently to overthrow the constitutional system and the present Go"ernment ofJapan. In view of these considerations, I can assure you thatthe Japanese Government has no intention to conclude a bilateral Treaty with the Communist regime of China. Yours sincere Shigeru Yoshida.

It is abundantly clear that the content and tenor of this letter were not in accordance with the British interpretation of the terms of the Morrison-Dulles accord of June 1951, with which both Dulles and Yoshida were familiar. The American interpretation, however, as now developed by Foster Dulles, was that Japan's 'sovereign and independent status contemplated in the treaty' would, as a practical matter, exist when the Allied occupation and the Supreme Appendix B 61 7 Commander's authority over Japanese relations with foreign countries had been terminated. This, Dulles claimed, had already occurred and been recognized by many signatories of the treaty, as shown by their acceptance of negotiations with Japan. It was an argument which regards as 'not answerable but respectable'.6 But however conflicting views may be in this judgement, it was obvious that a situation had arisen among allies which demanded clarification and frank discussion. A fortuitous opportunity for such consultation was immediately forth• coming. In the General Election of October 1951 the British electorate had rejected Mr Attlee and the Labour Party and, as a result, Mr Churchill had formed his third Administration, with Mr Eden back at the Foreign Office. The new Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary paid their 'duty call' on the American President and Secretary of State in January 1952. By this time, according to Dean Acheson, the Yoshida Letter had been shown to the British Ambassador, Sir Oliver Franks, * and it had been assumed by the State Department that he had communicated its contents to Mr Eden. On 10 January, Acheson, Eden, Dulles and Franks met to talk about the need for a public statement by Japan on her China policy. According to Dean Acheson the Yoshida Letter was not mentioned/ but Mr Eden in his memoirs records that the Americans explained their domestic political difficulties arising out of the machinations of the 'China lobby' which, they said, might be able to defeat the ratification of the peace treaty in the Senate if Japan did not give some indication of her intention to recognize and treat with Chiang Kai-shek's regime. Mr Eden was sympathetic t(l their problems but repeated that the views of the British Government had not changed and were still based on the Morrison-Dulles accord. At this point Mr Eden recalls, 'Mr Dulles had mentioned a communication he had received from Mr Yoshida, the Japanese Prime Minister, and hinted that it might be necessary to use this during the Senate's debate on ratification. I was not shown the text, or informed that there was any immediate intention to make it public. I made it clear, however, that I must not be regarded as having acquiesced in the development which had taken place.'8 Thus, by an absurd chance of fate, Mr Eden,had been made aware of the existence and purport of the Yoshida Letter, though not of the background to it nor the intention to make it public. He had not been consulted as to its procurement nor shown the text of it. In view of the fact that he could not prevent its use by the State Department, he had made it clear that neither he personally nor the British Government were a party to the whole business. Still in ignorance of what was afoot, Mr Eden left New York on the late afternoon of 15 January, after an exchange of compliments and felicitations. He arrived next morning in to be greeted with the news of simul• taneous publications in Washington and Tokyo of a letter from the Japanese

• Mr Dulles's semi-official biographer, Louis L. Gerson, states (on p. 93) that Herbert Morrison had also been informed of the tenor of the Yoshida Letter, but this statement must surely belong to the 'Department of Utter Confusion'. Morrison had ceased to be Foreign Secretary some two months before the letter was ever written, and if Mr Eden, as his successor, had nut been informed of it, why should a member, even a leading member, of the Opposition? 618 The Semblance of Peace Prime Minister to Mr Dulles dated 24 December, of the existence of which Mr Eden was totally unaware. * There ensued a period of abrasive bewilderment. Much was at stake, including the amicable continuation of Anglo-American relations. Mr Eden wisely permitted a 'cooling-off' period of two weeks before making a statement in the House of Commons. However, on 30 January, in answer to questions, he said without equivocation that the British Government had frequently made its position clear to the United States Government, namely that, pursuant to the Morrison-Dulles accord, the matter of their attitude towards China should be left to the Japanese to decide after the treaty of peace had come into operation. As for the Yoshida Letter, there had been no previous consultation with the British Embassy and no British participation in the drafting or publishing of the document; the British diplomatic mission in Tokyo had only been made aware of its existence on the morning of its publication.9 Mr Eden had studiously refrained from making any specific charges of chicanery against John Foster Dulles (a fact to which Dean Acheson pays grateful tribute in his memoirs IO), but Herbert Morrison had taken great umbrage. A month later, at the end of February, he emphatically accused Dulles of acting against both the spirit and the letter of their accord ofJune 1951 in bringing pressure to bear on the Japanese Government to state, before the treaty came up for ratification by the Senate, its intention to recognize the Taipeh Government of Chiang Kai-shek.H In view of this breach of contract, he later wrote in his memoirs, 'I may be forgiven if I resolved there and then not fully to trust Dulles again'.1Z The repercussions of the Yoshida Letter incident - which, to put it at its best, was a matter of stupidity on the part of the State Department and, at its worst, a piece of bad faith on the part of John Foster Dullest - were widely dispersed and unfortunate. The letter certainly served its tum in alleviating the apprehensions of certain Senators, and the Japanese Peace Treaty was ratified by the United States on 28 April 1952. The primary objective of Dulles's manreuvre had therefore been successfully achieved. But it had left a trail of suspicion behind it. In Japan the victim was Yoshida himself. The fact that his Government had signed a treaty of peace and recognition with on the same day as the Treaty of San Francisco~ generally came into force was seized upon by his parliamentary opponents, and especially the Japanese Communist Party, for a series of damaging attacks on the Yoshida Government on the ground that its obsequious pursuit of a foreign policy in consonance with that of the United States was evidence that, despite whatever was stated in the peac'!

* In his memoirs (Full Circle, pp. 19-20) and in conversations with Louis Gerson and with Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Lord Avon stated that he had not seen the text of the Yoshida Letter before its publication, and spoke of his surprise at its simultaneous release in Washington and Tokyo. t Mr Acheson, as Secretary of State, had been at pains to declare that in his opinion Mr Dulles had not violated either the letter or the spirit of his agreement with Mr Morrison, and gave Dulles the full support and covering of his high office, though whether from conviction or policy is not entirely clear." t See above, p. 524. AppendixB 619 treaty and the withdrawal of the Allied occupation, Japan's full and unfettered sovereignty and international status had not in actual fact been restored to her. She was, it was alleged, still the vassal of Washington, and the name of Dulles became as obnoxious in Japan as in certain European countries where he was felt to qualify for the label with which C. P. Scott had once tagged Mr Asquith - 'a champion in the arts of chicane'.14 The issue proved severely hurtful to Yoshida's position, hitherto virtually impregnable. Anglo-American relations also suffered from the impact of the Yoshida Letter. By the summer of 1952 it had become highly probable that General Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander at SHAPE, would be the next President of the United States. With the conclusion of President Truman's term of office there came an end to the domination of the American scene by the Democratic Party which had begun twenty years before with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. All the auguries pointed to a Republican victory at the polls in November 1952, and their natural candidate - the very personifi• cation of the father-image dear to the hearts of the American people - was Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was made clear to the General that the Republican nomination was his if he desired it (despite some opposition from the Old Guard supporters of Senator Robert Taft), and he consented to his name being put forward. In June 1952 he laid down his command, forsaking a military career, in which he had distinguished himself pre-eminently, for the field of politics in which he was to prove less than qualified. On his way home to America General Eisenhower took the opportunity of informal discussions with Mr Churchill and Mr Eden, both of whom evinced great interest, in the event of his being elected, as to his appointment of a Secretary of State. According to the General's recollection, Anthony Eden went further than 'great interest': he 'expressed the hope', wrote Eisenhower, 'that I might appoint someone other than Dulles'. If indeed Mr Eden had put the point thus bluntly the General might well have been as amazed as he says he was. 'From anyone else', he wrote, 'I would have resented such a suggestion as an unwarranted intrusion in American affairs. But my long association and friendship with him [Eden] during war and peace, involving the frankest kind of exchanges between us, made such a remark understandable. So, at that moment, I made no reply except to say that I knew of no other American so well qualified as Foster to take over the duties of that particular office.'IS John Foster Dulles's biographer, with perhaps precipitate judgement, states categorically that 'the immediate cause of Eden's extraordinary attempt to influence Eisenhower's decision resulted from Dulles's negotiations for the Japanese Treaty'16 and the violation ofthe Morrison-Dulles accord. This is an easy and plausible assumption but very difficult to substantiate. Though he had not shared in the public manifestation of outraged breast• beating in which Herbert Morrison had indulged, Eden would have been more than justified in developing some elements of mistrust towards Dulles as a result of that statesman's devious behaviour in the matter of the Yoshida Letter; indeed he would have been less than human had he not done so. But that he, a veteran statesman and diplomatist, would have employed so clumsy, 620 The Semblance of Peace tactless and generally 'ham-fisted' a method of approach as a head-on frontal attack on Dulles in conversation is past all belief. Whatever his private views on Dulles may have been, Eden was not the man to disclose them; nor, in fact, did he. 'The foolish tale is now abroad that I had volunteered an opinion against Dulles to Ike. That is not true', Lord Avon later recorded. 'When we were breakfasting together in the British Embassy in , alone and for a confi• dential talk at his suggestion, he asked me what I knew of various possible candidates for Secretary of State. I praised Dewey, and said that I felt sure he would be good. In reply to a question I said that I had not worked with Dulles, * indicating that I therefore had no view myself, but admitting the difficulties which Morrison had reported to me that he had had with Dulles.' 17 Later, during the 'lame-duck' period in American politics (between the Presidential election in November 1952 and the inauguration in January 1953) Eden and Eisenhower met again at luncheon in New York, during one of the former's visits to the United Nations. Eisenhower had already announced the members of his Cabinet, with Dulles as Secretary of State. Now he drew Eden apart after lunch and explained (or justified) this appointment on the grounds of Dulles's long training and experience in foreign affairs and the fact that the Republican Party had regarded him as the foregone nominee for this position. However, the President-elect added that this was not at all important in view of his long-standing personal friendship with Eden. Eden must always feel free to get into touch with him and he looked forward to their two Governments working closely together. IS Alas, so auspicious a beginning was to have the unhappiest of endings. * Mr Eden had, in point of fact, only met Dulles on two previous occasions, first at the Foreign Office towards the end of the war (see The Reckoning, p. 34I) and secondly during his visit to Washington in January I952 retailed above. APPENDIX C

Britain and Europe in 1951

I T has been stated, with some severity, by leading members of the Conserva• tive Party* that had it not been for the mutation and tergiversation, the lack of enthusiasm and the lukewarm support on the part of the British Govern• ment - and notably Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden - E.D.C. would have been saved and the creation of a European Army assured. More specifically, it is said that Mr Eden, at a Press conference in on the evening of28 November 1951, 'torpedoed' a more optimistic statement which Sir David Maxwell Fyfe (later the Earl of Kilmuir) had made that morning at the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europet at Strasbourg. As a result of this conduct, it is alleged, Paul-Henri Spaak resigned the Presidency of the Consultative Assembly to lead a campaign for a 'Little Federation of the Six' , excluding Britain, and the British Conservative delegates to the Assembly sent a formal telegraphic protest to the Prime Minister, to which they received no reply. Finally, there is the ungracious sneer of Sir David Maxwell Fyfe that 'Eden, who bears such a heavy responsibility for this diplomatic catastrophe [the collapse of E.D.C.], was forced to hasten round the capitals of Europe within a few years to guarantee that British forces would remain in Europe, and to accept almost all the implications of the policy he had so brusquely dismissed in 1951'.2 Looking back a decade it seems ludicrous that E.D.C. with its fantastic and impracticable supranational features - with what Harold Macmillan has described as 'its elaborate and almost unworkable machinery' - should have stirred such passions, more especially when it is compared with the workman• like and proficient aspects ofW.E.U., but the spirit of 'Europeanism' was in vogue in the fifties - partly for ideological reasons and partly for reasons of political expediency - and one has to accept the prevailing Zeitgeist. When, however, the acid test of factual accuracy and historical judgement • Notably Lord Kilmuir and Lord Boothby.' t Established by the European Convention of 1949, the Council of Europe consists of eighteen European countries who 'accept the principles of the rule of law and the enjoyment by all persons within [their] jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms'. The Council has two organs, the Committee of Foreign Ministers and the Consultative Assembly, consisting of 147 persons elected or appointed by their national parliaments. The original members were , , France, the Irish Republic, Italy, , the , , and the United Kingdom. Greece and joined in 1949, Iceland in 1950, the Federal Republic of Germany in 1951, in 1956, Cyprus in 1961, Switzerland in 1963 and Malta in 1965. Its headquarters are at Strasbourg. 622 The Semblance of Peace in perspective is applied to the accusations against Churchill and Eden, they wither and decay. It may certainly be true that, in producing his original plan for a European Army, Rene Pleven drew his inspiration from the great speeches which Mr Churchill - then in opposition in the House of Commons - had made at Ziirich in September 1946 and at The Hague in May 1948, in which he had called strongly for European unity. But Mr Churchill had made it abundantly clear on both occasions that, while Britain was anxious - nay, eager - to work closely with Europe, and any European structure, she had neither the desire nor the intention of being 'integrated' with it. Rather did he see Britain and the Commonwealth equated with the United States - and possibly the - as 'friends and sponsors of the new Europe'. * Even before the proposals for E.D.C. Mr Churchill had, in August 1950, declared in favour of 'the immediate creation of a European army under a unified command in which we should bear a worthy and honourable part',3 but when the Pleven Plan was made public, with its federal implications and supranational overtones, Mr Churchill found it quite unacceptable. The French proposals for a European Defence Community were totally different from those of which he had conceived; he had always thought in terms of a Western defence force founded on the principle of a Grand Alliance. 'He was particularly distressed by the plans for a European army', writes Lord Normanbrook, then Secretary to the Cabinet, 'an integrated organization of the kind then envisaged would not in his view provide an effective fighting force'.4 He did not hesitate to dub the projected military formation as 'a sludgy amalgam' and, as we have seen, his final verdict, as expressed to President Eisenhower, was that he did not blame the French for having rejected E.D.C. but for having invented it. t The reception accorded to the Pleven Plan by the British Government of the day had been less than cordial. 'The French Government have now produced a proposal for a European Army ...', Mr Bevin had told the House of Commons on 29 November 1950. 'His Majesty's Government do not favour this proposal.'s All the innate British repugnance to unnecessary surrender of sovereignty was made manifest in their attide towards E.D.C. and only the pressure of the United States and the absence of an adequate alternative mitigated this natural hostility to the extent of permitting Mr Bevin's successor, Herbert Morrison, to join with Dean Acheson and Robert Schuman on 14 September 1951 in a Three-Power declaration of support to * At ZUrich on 19 September 1946 Mr Churchill had said: 'We must create the European family in a regional structure called - it may be - the United States of Europe, and the first practical steps will be to form a Council of Europe.... In all this urgent work France and Germany must take the lead together. Great Britain, the British Commonwealth of Nations, mighty America, and, I trust, Soviet - for then, indeed, all would be well - must be the friends and sponsors of the new Europe and must champion its right to live.' Two years later, at The Hague on 7 May 1948, he said: 'Mutual aid in the economic field and joint military defence must inevitably be accompanied step by step with a parallel policy of closer political unity. It is said with truth that this involves some sacrifice or merger of national sovereignty. But it is also possible to regard it as the gradual assumption by all nations concerned of that larger sovereignty which can alone protect their diverse and distinctive customs and characters and national traditions ... .' t See above, p. 596. Appendix C the effect that 'The Government of the United Kingdom desire to establish the closest possible association with the European Continental Community at all stages of its development'. The implication of this statement is clear. There was, and would be, no pledge of British participation in E.D.C. As The Times made comment: 'The choice of words makes it plain, even if it were not explicitly stated, that Britain will remain outside this European community and will make no direct contribution to the European Army.'6 Such was the policy of the Labour Government and such was the policy which the Conservative Party, the following month, inherited, endorsed and pursued with complete consistency. At no time - either before or after the General Election - did Winston Churchill or Anthony Eden contemplate full British participation in E.D.C., though they did consider the possibility of a limited contribution. From the first, Anthony Eden had his doubts as to the possibility of success for E.D.C. Like Winston Churchill, he supported the concept of a European community of some kind, but the federal, supranational features of M. Pleven's lucubration did not appeal. Both men in their attitude to Europe at this time reflected the opinion of the Conservative Government and, as that keen and candid observer, Sir Winston's Principal Private Secretary, John Colville, has pointed out, 'the strongly held convictions of the House of Commons, the electorate and the Commonwealth'. 7 It seemed correct for the new British Government to make its position clear, and two occasions for doing this were imminent. The Home Secretary, Sir David Maxwell Fyfe, was about to attend a meeting of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe at Strasbourg and Mr Eden was due in Rome for a meeting of the North Atlantic Council. Before leaving London the general tone of the statements which both would make was agreed between them and with their colleagues. Sir David spoke on 28 November. He was legally elusive but it was difficult to misunderstand his meaning: If a new organization emerges, we shall consider how best to associate ourselves with it in a practical way .... I cannot promise you that our eventual association with the European Defence Community will amount to full and unconditional participation, because this, as I have said, is a matter which must, in our view, be left to inter-governmental discussion elsewhere. But I can assure you of our determination that no genuine method shall fail for lack of the thorough examination which one gives to the needs of trusted comrades.8 This statement, though eloquent, promised nothing, save that the British Government would be happy to give a 'thorough examination' to the Pleven Plan. It could under no circumstances be construed as a constructive commit• ment. A few hours later in Rome, Anthony Eden made the position clearer, but he did not change the premise. In a Press conference he said that British units and British formations would not participate in a European Army, but that there might be some other form of association. 'I thought it better', he wrote later, 'to make plain at once what we could not do, so that we might agree on what we could dO.'9 624 The Semblance of Peace The wisdom of this policy bore fruit, as has been seen, within a month when, as a result of conversations with Dean Acheson concerning the common attitude of Britain and America towards E.D.C., Mr Churchill and Mr Eden, in the course of a visit to Paris, issued a joint communique with the French Government to the effect that, in addition to Britain being associated with E.D.C. 'in all stages of its military and political development', 'The United Kingdom forces under the direction of the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe will be linked with those of the European Defence Community for training, supply and operations by land, sea and air' .... In view of these facts, the stand taken later by Lord Kilmuir and Lord Boothby becomes the more inexplicable. There was little but additional clarity on Mr Eden's part to distinguish his statement from that of the Home Secretary at Strasbourg and this was as it should be, since both statements were based on the same agreed governmental policy. Nor is Lord Kilmuir's graceless jibe at Lord Avon remotely deserved. Rather is it true that the wisdom of Anthony Eden's instinctive distrust of E.D.C. preserved Britain from being enmeshed in the federalist fatuity of its framework. Britain's whole-hearted participation was thus reserved for the practical provisions of W.E.U., of which organization he can claim paternity. As for the alleged anger and frustration of Paul-Henri Spaak, whatever that splendid statesman may have felt in 1950, by the time he wrote his memoirs some twenty years later, he viewed events in the light of historical perspective. His tribute to Anthony Eden's great achievement in fashioning W.E.U. from the ruins of E.D.C. has already been noted,t but it is worth while to quote him on the subject of British Conservative consistency of opinion in the matter of the European Defence Community : Soyons juste [he has written], c'est ceue these que Churchill avait expose a Zurich. Sa presence au Congres de /a Haye, ses interventions a I'Assemblee Consultative, sa proposition de creer une armee europeenne avaient entretenu les illusions. Retrouvant les responsabilites du pouvoir, il faisait precise sa position: /a Grande-Bretagne ne s'associerait pas a une Europe integree. EUe ne participerait mime aux tentatives d'integration partielle. lo Thus, in M. Spaak's view, the Conservative leaders, when their party returned to power in October 1951, merely made their position the more clear and more precise; they did not change or modify it in any way. I I * See above, p. 590. t See above, p. 600. CHRONOLOGY

1939 23 August: German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact. 25 August: Anglo-Polish Alliance. I September: German invasion of . 3 September: Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. 4 September: Mr Chamberlain's broadcast to the German people. 17 September: Russian . 1940 9 April: German invasion of Denmark and Norway. 10 May: German invasion of Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg. 10 June: Italy declares war on Britain and France. 22 June: Franco-German Armistice. 24 June: Franco-Italian Armistice. 1941 12 June: United Nations Declaration of St James's Palace against a separate peace. 22 June: German invasion of Russia. Russian adherence to Declaration of St James's Palace. 30 July: Russo-Polish agreement signed. 12 August: agreed between Roosevelt and Churchill. 24 September: United Nations Declaration of St James's Palace ad- hering to Atlantic Charter. 7/8 December: Japanese and Philippines. United States enters the war. I I December: Germany declares war on the United States. 12-20 December: Mr Eden in Moscow. 1942 26 May: Anglo-Russian Treaty of Alliance signed. 12-16 August: First : Stalin-Churchill. 1943 14-24 January: Casablanca Conference: Churchill-Roosevelt (Uncon• ditional Surrender). I February: Unconditional surrender of Field-Marshal Paulus's Sixth Army at Stalingrad. 12-25 May: Washington Conference: Churchill-Roosevelt. 12/13 May: Unconditional surrender of Axis forces in North Mrica. 17-24 August: First Quebec Conference: Churchill-Roosevelt. 8 September: Unconditional surrender ofItaly. 13 October: Italy declares war on Germany. 18-30 October: Second Moscow Conference: Hull-Eden-Molotov (War Criminals, Austria, E.A.C.). 626 The Semblance of Peace 22-6 November: First Cairo Conference: Churchill-Roosevelt• Chiang Kai-shek. 28 November-I December: : Churchill-Roosevelt• Stalin (post-war treatment of Germany). 4-7 December: Second Cairo Conference: Churchill-Roosevelt-InBni.i. 1944 6 June: Allied invasion of France. 21--9 August: Dumbarton Oaks Conference (post-war security and United Nations Organization). I 1-16 September: Second Quebec Conference (Morgenthau Plan). 9-18 October: Third Moscow Conference: Churchill-Eden-Stalin• Molotov-Mikolajczyk. 10 December: Franco-Soviet Treaty of Alliance signed. 1945 20 January: Hungarian Armistice signed. 30 JanuarY-2 February: Malta Conference. 4-11 February: : Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin. 5 April: Denunciation by Russia of her treaty of neutrality and non- aggression with Japan. 12 April: Death of President Roosevelt. 25 April: Russian and American forces meet at Torgau on the . 25 April-26 June: San Francisco Conference on United Nations. 28 April: Mussolini and twelve members of his Cabinet executed by Italian partisans. 29 April-I May: Unconditional surrender of German armies in northern Italy to Field-Marshal Alexander. 30 April: Suicide of in . 2 May: Unconditional surrender of Berlin to Russians. 4 May: Unconditional surrender of German armies in Holland, north• western Germany and Denmark to Field-Marshal Montgomery. 7 May: Unconditional surrender of Germany to Western Allies and Russia at Rheims. 8 May: V-E Day. 9 May: Final Act of Unconditional Surrender in Berlin. 31 MaY-4 June: United Nations War Crimes Commission. Conference in London. 26 June: United Nations Charter signed at San Francisco. 26 June-8 August: Four Power Conference in London on Trial of War Criminals. 16 JUlY-2 August: : Churchill-Attlee-Truman- Stalin. 6 August: First atomic bomb dropped on . 8 August: Russia declares war on Japan. 9 August: Second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki. 14 August: Japan signifies willingness to make unconditional surrender. Sino-Soviet Agreement signed in Moscow. 15 August: V-J Day. 2 September: Unconditional signed in Tokyo Bay. I I September-2 October: First session of Council of Foreign Ministers (Bevin-Byrnes-Molotov-Bidault-Wang Shih-chieh) in London. Chronology 18 October: Conference of the International Military Tribunal in Berlin. 20 November: Trial of major war criminals opened before the Inter• national Military Tribunal in . 16-26 December: Conference of Foreign Ministers in Moscow. 1946 10 January: First session of United Nations General Assembly opened in London. 19 January: Trial of Japanese war criminals opened in Tokyo. 26 April-17 May: Second session of Council of Foreign Ministers in Paris. 29 JulY-15 October: Peace Conference in Paris. Treaties signed with Italy, Rumania, Bulgaria, Finland and . I October: Close of trial of major war criminals in Nuremberg. 1947 4 March: Treaty of between Britain and France. 12 July: Paris Conference called by Bevin and Bidault to respond to Marshall Plan. 5 October: Establishment of Cominform. 1948 25 February: Pro-Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia. 17 March: Pact signed (Britain, France ~d Benelux). 3 April: President Truman signs Marshall Plan legislation. 28 June: Berlin Blockade begins. 12 November: Close of trial ofJapanese war criminals in Tokyo. 1949 4 April: Establishment of NATO. 12 May: Berlin Blockade ends. 23 May: Establishment of German Federal Republic. 7 October: Establishment of German Democratic Republic. 1950 25 June: Korean War begins. 1951 1 September: ANZUS Treaty signed. 8 September: Treaty of Peace with Japan signed (effective 28 February 1952). American-Japanese Security Treaty signed. 1952 26 May: German Contractual AgreemeJit signed in . 1953 5 March: Death of Stalin. 1954 8 September: SEATO Pact signed in Manila. 1955 14 May: Pact signed. 15 May: Austrian State Treaty signed. 1956 19 October: Russo-Japanese Declaration resuming diplomatic re• lations. BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. BOOKS

ACHESON, Hon. DEAN, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (London, 1970). ADUARD, Baron E. J. LEWE VAN, Japan from Surrender to Peace (New York, 1954)· ALDERMAN, SYDNEY, Negotiating with the Russians (New York, 1951). ALEXANDER, CHARLES W., and KEESHAN, ANNE, Justice at Nuremberg (New York,1946). ALEXANDER OF TUNIS, Field-Marshal Earl, Memoirs I94o-I945 (London, 1962). ALPEROWITZ, GAR, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965). ALSOP, JOSEPH, and KINTNER, ROBERT, American White Paper (London, 1940). AMBROSE, STEPHEN, Eisenhower and Berlin: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe (New York, 1967). AMERY, Rt Hon. LEOPOLD, My Political Life, vol. III: The Unforgiving Years, I92 9-I940 (London, 1955). ARMsTRONG, ANNE, Unconditional Surrender. The Impact of the Casablanca Policy upon World War II (New Brunswick, 1961). ARON, RAYMOND, and LERNER, DANIEL (eds), Essais d'analyse sociologiques (Paris, 1956). ATTLEE, Rt Hon. Earl, As It Happened (London, 1954). --, (with (fRANCIS WILLIAMS), A Prime Minister Remembers (London, 1961 ). AVON, Rt Hon. Earl of (ANTHONY EDEN), Full Circle (London, 1960). --, The Reckoning (London, 1965). BALFOUR, MICHAEL, and MAIR, JOHN, Four Power Control in Germany and Austria I945-I946 (London, 1956). BEAL, JOHN ROBINSON,John Foster Dulles: A Biography (New York, 1957). BELL, CORAL, Negotiationsfrom Strength (London, 1965). BELL, W. MACMAHoN,Japan: Enemy or Ally? (New York, 1949). BELOFF, Professor MAX, Soviet Policy in the Far East, I944-I95I (Oxford, 1953)· BENES, President EDUARD, Memoirs, trans. Godfrey Lias (London, 1954). The Semblance of Peace BERNADOTTE, Count FOLKE, The Curtain Falls (New York, 1945). BIDDLE, Hon. FRANCIS, In Brief Authority (New York, 1962). BLOOM, Hon. SOLOMON, Autobiography (New York, 1948). BLUM, JOHN MORTON, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, I94I• I945 (Boston, 1967). BOHLEN, Hon. CHARLES E., The Transformation of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1969). BOOTHBY, Lord, My Yesterday, Your TomorrO'W (London, 1962). BROWN, COURTNEY, Tojo, paperback ed. (London, 1969). BRYANS, J. LONSDALE, Blind Victory (London, 1951). BRYANT, Sir ARTHUR, The Turn of the Tide (London, 1957). --, Triumph in the West (London, 1959). BULLOCK, ALAN, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, paperback ed. (New York, 1964). BULOW, Prince BERNHARD VON, Memoirs, I849-I9I9 (London, 1931-2). BUTCHER, Commander HARRY C., Three Years with EisenhO'Wer (London, 1946). BUTOW, Professor ROBERT J. C., Japan's Decision to Surrender (Stanford, Calif., 1954). BYRNES, Hon. J. F., Speaking Frankly (London, 1948). --, All in one Lifetime (London, 1960). CADOGAN, Sir ALExANDER. The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan I938-I945, ed. David Dilkes (London, 1971). CASEY, Rt Hon. RICHARD G., Friends and Neighbours: , the U.S. and the World (East Lansing, Mich., 1955). CASTELLANO, General GIUSEPPE, La Guerra Continua: la Vera Storia dell' 8 Settembre con documenti inediti (Milan, 1963). CHIANG KAI-SHEK, Generalissimo, Collected War-time Messages, I937-I945 (New York, 1945). CHURCHILL, Rt Hon. Sir WINSTON, The Second World War, vol. III: The Grand Alliance (London, 1950); vol. IV: The Hinge of Fate (London, 1951); vol. v: Closing the Ring (London, 1952); vol. VI: Triumph and Tragedy (London, 1954). --, The Tide of Victory (London, 1954). --, War Speeches, I939-I945, 3 vols, ed. Charles Eade (London, 1952). CIECHANOWSKY, JAN, Defeat in Victory (New York, 1947). CLARK, General MARK, Calculated Risk, paperback ed. (London, 1956). --, From the to the Yalu (New York, 1954). CLAY, General LUCIUS, Decision in Germany (New York, 1950). CLAYTON, WILL. Selected Papers of Wdl Clayton, ed. Fred J. Dobney (Baltimore, Md, 1971). CLEMENS, D. S., Yalta (New York, 1970). COFFEY, THOMAS M., Imperial Tragedy. Japan in World War II (New York, 1970). COHEN, BERNARD c., The Political Process and Foreign Policy: The Making of the Japanese Peace Settlement (Princeton, 1957). COLVILLE, J. R., in Action this Day: Working with Churchill, ed. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett (London, 1968). Bibliography CONN ALLY, Senator THOMAS, My Name is Tom Connally (New York, 1954). COUNSELL, JOHN, Counsell's Opinion (London, 1963). COWLES, VIRGINIA, The Russian Dagger (London, 1969). CROCKER, GEORGE N., Roosevelt's Road to Russia (Chicago, 1959). CROZIER, BRIAN, Franco (London, 1967). DAVIDSON, W. P., The Berlin Blockade (Princeton, 1958). DEAKIN, F. W., The Brutal Friendship (London, 1962). DEANE, Major-General JOHN R., The Strange Alliance (London, 1947). DEDlJER, VLADlMIR,Josip Broz Tito (, 1953). DEUTSCH, HAROLD C., The Conspiracy against Hitler in the Twilight War (Minneapolis, 1968). DICKINSON, G. LOWES, BRAILSFORD, H. N., and BUXTON, C. R., Toward a Lasting Settlement (London, 1917). DIVINE, ROBERT A., Roosevelt and World War II (Baltimore, Md, 1969). DIXON, PIERS (ed.), Double Diploma: The Life of Sir Pierson Dixon (London, 1968). DJILAS, MILOVAN, Conversations with Stalin (London, 1963). DOENITZ, Grand-Admiral KARL, Memoirs (London, 1959). DONOVAN, FRANK, Mr Roosevelt's Four Freedoms (New York, 1966). DRAPER, GERALD I. A. D., The Red Cross Conventions (London, 1958). DRUKS, HERBERT, Harry S. Truman and the Russians, I945-I953 (New York, 1966). DULLES, ELEANOR LANSING, John Foster Dulles: The Last Year (New York, 1963). DUNN, FREDERICK S., Peacemaking and the Settlement with Japan (Princeton, 1963)· EHRMAN, JOHN, Grand Strategy, vols Vand VI (London, 1956). EISENHOWER, General DWIGHT D., Crusade in Europe (London, 1948). --, Mandate for Change, I952-I9S6 (London, 1963). EUBANK, KEITH, The Summit Conferences, I9I9-I960 (Norman, Okla., 1966). FARNSWORTH, BEATRICE, William C. Bulliti and the Soviet Union (Blooming- ton, Ind., 1967). FEAREY, ROBERT A., The : Second Phase, I948-I950 (New York, 1950). FEIS, HERBERT, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin (Princeton, 1957). --, Between War and Peace (Princeton, 1960). --, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Princeton, 1966). --, From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War (New York, 1970). FINLETTER, Hon. THOMAS K., Interim Report on the American Search for a Substitute for Isolation (New York, 1968). FLEMING, D. F., The Cold War and its Origins (New York, 1961). FORRESTAL, Hon. JAMES, Diaries, ed. Walter Millis (London, 1952). GAULLE, General CHARLES DE, Mbnoires de Guerre: Le Salut I944-I946 (Paris, 1959). GERSON, LOUIS L.,John Foster Dulles (New York, 1967). GILDERSLEEVE, VIRGINIA C., Many a Good Crusade (New York, 1954). GRAYSON, Rear-Admiral CARY T., Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York, 1959). The Semblance of Peace GREW, Hon. JOSEPH, Turbulent Era, 2 vols (London, 1953). GRINROD, MURIEL, The Rebuilding of Italy (London, 1955). GROVES, Lieutenant-General LESLIE R., Now It Can Be Told (New York, 1962). GUINGAND, Major-General Sir FRANCIS DE, Operation Victory (London, 1947)· aIALIFAX, Rt Hon. Earl of, Fulness of Days (London, 1957). , LOUIS J., The Cold War as History (London, 1966). HANCOCK, Sir KEITH, Smuts: The Sanguine Years, I87Q-I9I9 (Cambridge, 1962). --, Smuts: The Fields of Force, I9I9-I950 (Cambridge, 1968). HARRIMAN, Hon. AVERELL, America and Russia in a Changing World: A Half-Century of Personal Observation (New York, 1971). HARPER, N., and SISSONS, D. C., Australia and the United Nations (New York,1959). HASSELL, ULRICH VON, Vom andern Deutschland (Ziirich, 1946). HELLMANN, Professor DONALD C., Japanese Domestic Politics and Foreign Policies: The Peace Agreement with the Soviet Union (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969). HIGGINS, Professor TRUMBULL, Winston Churchill and the Second Front (New York, 1957). HILLMAN, WILLIAM (ed.), Mr President: Personal Diaries, Private Letters, Papers, and Revealing Interviews of Harry S. Truman (London, 1952). HITLER, ADOLF, Collected Speeches I922-I939, 2 vols, ed. Norman H. Baynes (London, 1942). HOBSON, J. A., Towards International Government (London, 1918). HOCHHUTH, ROLF, The Soldiers (London, 1967). HOLBORN, Professor HA]O, American Military Government (New Haven, 1947)· HOROWITZ, DAVID, The Free World Colossus (New York, 1965). HOWARD, MICHAEL, The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War (London, 1968). HULL, Hon. CORDELL, Memoirs, 2 vols (New York, 1948). HUNTER, ROBERT, Security in Europe (London, 1969). HYDE, H. MONTGOMERY, Norman Birkett (London, 1962). ICKES, Hon. HAROLD L., Secret Diary, vol. III: The Lowering Clouds, I939- I94I (London, 1955). ISMAY, General Lord, Memoirs (London, 1960). --,NATO: The First Five Years, 1949-I954 (paris, 1954). JACKSON, Hon. ROBERT H., The Nuremberg Case (New York, 1947). --, Report on the International Conference on Military Trials (Washington, 1948). JONES, JOSEPH MARION, The Fifteen Weeks, paperback ed. (New York, 1964)· KANA I, KAzuo,Japan's American Interlude (Chicago, 1960). KASE, TOSHIKAZU, Eclipse of the Rising Sun (London, ~51). KAUFMAN, THEODORE N., Germany Must Perish (Newark, N.J., 1941). KENNAN, Hon. GEORGE, Memoirs, I925-I950 (New York, 1968). Bibliography 633 KENNEY, ELINOR M., The Origin of the Marshall Plan (privately printed at the Bookman Press, Los Angeles, n.d.). KEYNES, JOHN MAYNARD, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1920). KILMUIR, Rt Hon. the Earl of (Sir DAVID MAXWELL FYFE), Political Adventure (London, 1962). KING, Fleet Admiral E. J., and WHITEHILL, W. M., Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record (London, 1953). KLEFFENS, Jonkheer EELKO VAN, The Rape of the Netherlands (London, 1940). KLEIST, PETER, Zwischen Hitler und Stalin (Bonn, 1950). KLUYVERS, C. A., Documents on the (The Hague, 1920). KNAPP, WILFRID, A History of War and Peace, I931)-I965 (Oxford, 1967). KOLKO, G., The Politics of War: Allied Diplomacy and the World Crisis of I943-45 (London, 1968). KORDT, ERICH, Nicht aus den Akten (, 1950). LANGER, WILLIAM L., and GLEASON, S. EVERETT, The Undeclared War (New York, 1953). LEAHY, Admiral WILLIAM D., I Was There (London, 1950). LEONHARD, WOLFGANG, Child of the Revolution (London, 1957). LLOYD GEORGE, Rt Hon. DAVID, The Truth about the Treaties, 2 vols (London, 1938). LOHBECK, DON, PatrickJ. Hurley (Chicago, 1956). L UDDE-NEURATH, W AL TER, Regierung Doenitz (Gottingen, 1964). MACARTHUR, General DOUGLAS, Reminiscences, paperback ed. (New York, 1965). MACARTNEY, C. A., October Fifteenth, 2 vols (, 1957). MCCLOY, Hon. JOHN J., The Atlantic Alliance: Its Origin and Future (New York,I969)· MACCOLL, RENE, Deadline and Dateline (London, 1956). McINTIRE, Vice-Admiral Ross T., Twelve Years with Roosevelt (London, 1964). MACMILLAN, Rt Hon. HAROLD, Winds of Change, I9I4-I939 (London, 1966)· --, The Blast of War, I931)-I945 (London, 1967). --, Tides of Fortune, I945-I955 (London, 1968). McNEILL, WILLIAM HARDY, America, Britain and Russia (Oxford, 1953). MASAO, MARUYAMA, Thought and Behaviour in Modern Japanese Politics (Oxford, 1963). MEINTJES JOHANNES, General Louis Botha (London, 1970). MENZIES, Rt Hon. Sir ROBERT, Afternoon Light (London, 1967). MIKOLAJCZYK, STANISLAS, The Rape of Poland (New York, 1948). MILLER, DAVID HUNTER, The Drafting of the Covenant, 2 vols (New York, 1928). MINEAR, RICHARD H" Victors' Justice. The Tokyo War Crimes Trials (princeton, N.J., 1971). MOEBLHAUSEN, EITEL FRIEDRICH, Die gebrochene Axis (Leine, 1949). The Semblance of Peace MOFFAT, Hon. JAY PIERPOINT, The Moffat Papers, I9I9-I94I (Cambridge, Mass., 1956). MONTGOMERY OF ALAMEIN, Field-Marshal the Viscount, Memoirs (London, 1958). MORAN, Lord, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (London, 1966). MORGENTHAU, Hon. HENRY, Germany is our Problem (New York, 1945). MORISON, ELTING E., Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (Boston, 1960). MORRISON OF LAMBETH, Rt Hon. Lord, Herbert Morrison: An Autobio- graphy (London, 1960). MORTON, H. V., Atlantic Meeting, I94I (London, 1943). MOSELEY, Hon. PHILIP, The Kremlin and World Politics (New York, 1960). MOSLEY, LEONARD, Hirohito, Emperor ofJapan (London, 1966). MULLINS, CLAUD, The Trials (London, 1921). MURPHY, Hon. ROBERT, Diplomat among WamOrs (London, 1964). NEUMANN, WILLIAM L., After Victory (New York, 1967). NICHOLAS, HERBERT G., The United Nations as a Political Institution, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1967). NICOLSON, Hon. Sir HAROLD, Peacemaking, I9I9, rev. (London, 1943). --, Diaries and Letters I937-I962, 3 vols, ed. Nigel Nicolson (London, 1966-8). NORMANBROOK, Rt Hon. Lord, in Action this Day: Working with Churchill, ed. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett (London, 1968). NORTH, ROBERT C., Moscow and the Chinese Communists (Stanford, Calif., 1953)· OPIE, REDVERS, et al., The Search for Peace Settlements (Washington, 1951). OPPEN, B. RUHM VON, Documents on Germany under Occupation I945-I954 (Oxford, 1955). RESEARCH SOCIETY OF TOKYO,Japan's Longest Day (London, 1968). PARKER, R. A. C., EuropeI9I9-I945 (London, 1969). PAWLE, GERALD, The War and Colonel Warden (London, 1963). PICK, F. W., Peacemaking in Perspective (Oxford, 1950). POGUE, FORREST C., George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, I939-I942 (New York, 1966) . .--, The Meaning of Yalta (Baton Rouge, La, 1958). PRATT, JULIUS W., Cordell Hull (New York, 1964). RACZYNSKI, Count EDWARD, In Allied London, introduction by Sir John Wheeler-Bennett (London, 1962). READ, JAMES MORGAN, Atrocity Propaganda (New York, 1941). REESE, TREVOR R., Australia, New Zealand and the United States (Oxford, 1969)· REI SCHAUER, Hon. EDWIN 0., The United States and Japan, paperback ed. (New York, 1966). ROOSEVELT, ELLIOTT, As He Saw It (New York, 1946). --(ed.), The Roosevelt Letters, vol.m: I928-I945 (London, 1952). Bibliography ROOSEVELT, Hon. FRANKLIN DELANO, Public Papers and Addresses: War - and Aid to the Democracies (New York, 1941). ROSENMAN, Judge SAMUEL L., Working 'With Roosevelt (London, 1952). ROZEK, E. J., Allied Wartime DipI011l4CY: A Pattern in Poland (New York, 1958). RUSSELL, RUTH B., A History of the United Nations Charter (Washington, 1958). RUSSELL OF LIVERPOOL, Lord, The Knights of Bushido (London, 1958). SAP IN, BURTON, 'The Role of the Military in Formulating the Japanese Peace Treaty', in A History of Military Affairs in Western Society since the Eighteenth Century, ed. George B. Turner (New York, 1953). SCHUMANN, FRANZ, and SCHELL, ORVILLE (ed.), Communist China (New York,1967)· SCHWARTZ, H. P., Vom Reich zur Bundesrepublik: Deutschland im Widerstreit der aussenpolitischen Konzeptionen in den Jahren der Besatzungsherrschaft I944-I949 (Neuwied and Berlin, 1966). VON KROSIGK, Count LUTZ, Es Geschah in Deutschland (Tiibin• gen, 1951). SEBALD, Hon. WILLIAM J., With MacArthur inJapan (London, 1967). SHAW CROSS, Rt Hon. Lord, et al., Mr Justice Jackson: Four Lectures in his Honour (New York, 1969). SHERWOOD, ROBERT, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948). Published in Britain as: --, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vols. I and II (London, 1948-9). SHIGEMITSU, MAMORu,Japan and her Destiny (London, 1958). SIEGLER, HEINRICH, et al., Austria: Problems and Achievements since I945 (Bonn, 1965). SLESSOR, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir JOHN, The Central Blue (London, 1956). SMITH, DENNYS, America and the Axis War (London, 1942). SMITH, GENE, When the Cheering Stopped (New York, 1964). SNELL, JOHN L., Wartime Origins of the East-West Dilemma O'Ver Germany (New Orleans, 1959). SORLEY, C. H., Marlborough and Other Poems (Cambridge, 1914). SPAAK, PAUL-HENRI, Combat macheves, vol. 1: De l'independance a l'alliance (Paris, 1969); vol.lI: De l'espoir aux deceptions (paris, 1969). Stalin's Correspondence with Churchill, Attlee, Roosevelt and Truman, I94I• I945, 2 vols in one (London, 1958). STEINERT, MARLIS G., Capitulation, I945: The Story of the Doenitz Regime (London, 1969). STETTINIUS, Hon. EDWARD R., Roosevelt and the Russians at Yalta (New York,I949). STILLWELL, Lieutenant-General JOSEPH V., Papers, ed. Theodore H. White (New York, 1948). STIMSON, Hon. HENRY L., and BUNDY, MCGEORGE, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York, 1948). The Semblance of Peace STORRY, RICHARD, A History of Modern Japan, Penguin ed. (Harmonds- worth, 1968). STRANG, Lord, Home and Abroad (London, 1956). --, Britain in World Affairs (London, 1961). STRONG, Major-General Sir KENNETH, Intelligence at the Top: Recollections of an Intelligence Officer (London, 1968). SYKES, CHRISTOPHER, Troubled Loyalty: A Biography of Adam von Trott (London, 1968). TABORSKY, EDUARD, The Czechoslovak Cause in International Law (London, 1944)· TAYLOR, A. J. P., The Origins of the Second World War, with introductory chapter to Penguin ed. (Harmondsworth, 1965). TEMPLEWOOD, Rt Hon. the Viscount (Sir SAMUEL HOARE), Ambassador on Special Mission (London, 1946). TENNANT, KYLlE, Evatt, Politics andJustice (London, 1970). TETLOW, EDWIN, The United Nations (London, 1970). THOMPSON, CARLOS, The Assassination of Winston Churchill (Gerrards Cross, 1969). THUCYDIDES, Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner. TOGO, SHIGENORI, The Cause ofJapan (New York, 1956). TOWNLEY, RALPH, The United Nations (New York, 1968). TREVOR-RoPER, Professor HUGH, The Last Days of Hitler, 2nd ed. (London, 1950). TRUMAN, Hon. HARRY S., Year of Decisions (New York, 1955). --, Years of Trial and Hope (New York, 1956). TUGWELL, Hon. REXFORD, The Democratic Roosevelt (Garden City, N.Y., 1957)· VANDENBERG, Senator ARTHUR, Private Papers (London, 1953). WALKER, RICHARD L., 'E. R. Stettinius, Jr', in The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy, ed. Robert H. Ferrell, vol. XIV (New York, 1965). WALTERS, FRANCIS P., A History of the League of Nations (Oxford, 1967). WARNE, Wing-Commander J. D., NATO and its Prospects (London, 1954). WEBSTER, Sir CHARLES, 'The Making of the Charter of the United Nations', in Art and Practice of Diplomacy (London, 1961). WEINSTEIN, MARTIN E., Japan's Post-war Defence Policy I947-I968 (New York, 1971). WELLES, Hon. SUMNER, The Timefor Decision (New York, 1944). --, Where are we heading? (London, 1947). --, Seven Major Decisions (London, 1951). WHEELER- BENNETT, Sir JOHN, The Problem of Security (London, 1927). --, (with HUGH LA TIMER), The Reparation Settlement, I92C)-I930 (London, 1930). --, Disarmament and Security since Locarno, I925-I93I (London, 1932). --, Disarmament Deadlock (London, 1934). --, Munich: Prologue to Tragedy (London, 1948). --, The Nemesis of Power (London, 1953). --, King George VI: His Life and Reign (London, 1958). --,John Anderson, Viscount Waverley (London, 1962). Bibliography 637 --, Brest-LitO'Osk: The Forgotten Peace, March I9I8, rev. ed. (London, 1966). WILHELMINA, Princess of the Netherlands, Lonely but not Alone (London, 1960). WILMOT, CHESTER, The Strugglefor Europe (London, 1952). WILSON, EDITH BOLLING, My Memoir (New York, 1939). WILSON, FLORENCE, The Origins of the League CO'Oenant (Lonaon, 1928). WILSON, THEODORE A., The First Summit (Boston, 1969). WINDSOR, PHILIP, City on leave: a History of Berlin (London, 1963). WOODWARD, Sir LLEWELLYN, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War (London, 1962). WOOLF, LEONARD, International GO'Oernment (London, 1916). --, The Framework of a Lasting Peace (1917). YOSHIDA, SHIGERU, Memoirs (London, 1961). YOST, Hon. CHARLES, The Insecurity of Nations (New York, 1968). ZACHARIAS, Captain ELLIS M., U.S.N., Secret Missions (New York, 1946).

2. ARTICLES, LECTURES, PAMPHLETS, ETC. ASQUITH OF Y ARNBURY, Baroness, B.B.C. interview with Kenneth Harris, The Listener, I3 Apr 1967. BALFOUR, MICHAEL, 'Another Look at Unconditional Surrender', Inter• national Affairs, Oct 1970. BERNAYS, MURRAY C., 'Legal Basis of the Nuremberg Trial', Survey Graphic (New York), Jan 1946. BRAND, Lord, interview with Kenneth Harris, Observer, 8 Jan 1961. BRUENN, Dr HOWARD G., 'Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt', Annals of Internal Medicine (phila• delphia), Apr 1970. BULLITT, Hon. Wi"LLIAM C., 'How we Won the War and Lost the Peace', Life Magazine, 30 Aug 1948. BUNDY, HARVEY, 'Remembered Words', Atlantic Monthly, Mar 1957. BUNDY, Hon. MCGEORGE, The Americans and Europe: Rhetoric and Reality (Ditchley Foundation Lecture No. VIII) July 1969. CACCIA, Lord, The Roots of British Foreign Policy, I929-I96S (Ditchley Foundation Lecture No. IV), Nov 1965. CRANKSHAW, EDWARD, 'When we Wanted war', Observer,23 Aug 1964. FEIS, HERBERT, 'When Roosevelt Died', Virginia Quarterly Review, autumn 1970. FISHEL, WESLEY R., 'A Japanese Peace Manreuvre in 1944', Far Eastern Quarterly (now theJournalfor Asian Studies) (New York), Aug 1949. FRANKLIN, WILLIAM M., 'Zonal Boundaries and Access Routes to Berlin', World Politics, Oct 1963. FRANKS, Lord, article in The Listener, 14 June 1956. GREEN, L. C., 'Making Peace with Japan', Year Book of World Affairs (1952). HASLUCK, PAWL, 'Australia and the Formation of the United Nations', XL(3), Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. JOLL, JAMES, 'The Decline of Europe', International Affairs, Nov 1970. The Semblance of Peace KANAI, KAZUO, 'Mokusatsu: Japan's Response to the ', Pacific Historical Review, Nov 1950. KINDLEBERGER, CHARLES P., 'The Marshall Plan and the Cold War', InternationalJournal (Canadian Institute ofIntemational Affairs), sunimer 1968. KREISKY, BRUNO, in Osterrich in Geschichte und Literatur, no. 3 (1957). MACKINTOSH, MALCOLM, The Evolution of the Warsaw Pact, Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Papers No. 58 (London, 1969). MENZIES, Rt Hon. Sir ROBERT, 'The Pacific Settlement as seen from Aus• tralia', Foreign Affairs, Jan 1952. MOLTMANN, GUNTER, 'Unconditional Surrender and War Propaganda', Wiener Library Bulletin, Oct 1964. NICHOLAS, HERBERT G., 'From League to United Nations', International Affairs, Nov 1970. NICOLSON, Hon. Sir HAROLD, RRC. Home Service broadcast 'News Talk', II Aug 1946. PICK, Commander CHARLES F., U.S.N.R., 'Torpedo on the Starboard Beam', United States Naval Institute Proceedings, Aug 1970. RENNER, KARL, interview in Wiener Zeitung, 20 Dec 1945. SEABURY, PA UL, 'Cold War Origins I',Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 3, no. 1 (1968). SCHLESINGER, ARTHUR, Jr, 'The Origins of the Cold War', Foreign Affairs, Oct 1967. STIMSON, Hon. HENRY L., 'The Nuremberg Trial: LandInark in Law', Foreign Affairs, Jan 1947. --, 'The Decision to Use the Atom Bomb', Harper's Magazine, Feb 1947. STRANG, Lord, et al., 'Potsdam after Twenty-five Years', International Affairs, July 1970. THOMAS, BRIAN, 'Cold War Origins II',Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 3, no. 1 (1968). THOMAS, General GEORG, 'Gedanken und Ereignisse', Sclrweizmsche Monatshefte, Dece 1945. THOMPSON, Hon. LLEWELLYNN, interview in Carriere della Sera, 15 Oct 1954 WARNER, GEOFFREY, 'The United States and the Origins of the Cold War', International Affairs, July 1970.

3. NEWSPAPERS, PERIODICALS, ETC. Annals of Internal Medicine (philadelphia, Pa.) Atlantic Monthly Carriere della Sera Daily Telegraph DasReich Evening Standard Far Eastern Quarterly Foreign Affairs Harper's Magazine Bibliography 639 International Affairs (Royal Institute ofInternational Affairs) InternationalJournal (Canadian Institute ofInternational Affairs) Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society Life Magazine New York Herald-Tribune New York Times Observer Osterreich in Geschichte und Literatur Pacific Historical Review Pravda Soviet News Sunday Telegraph Sunday Times Survey Graphic The Times U.S. State Department Bulletin V olkischer Beobachter Wall Street Journal Washington Post Wiener Library Bulletin Wiener Zeitung

4, DOCUMENTS, ETC. 1. GOfJernmental Australian GOfJernment United Nations Conference on International Organization held at San Francisco from 23 April-25 June I945: Report by the Australian Delegation, Cmd 24 F43II (Canberra, 1945). Belgian GOfJernment Belgium: The Official Account of What Happened (New York, 1941). British GOfJernment Blue Book, Miscellaneous NO.9, Cmd 6106 (1939). Blue Book, Miscellaneous NO.4, Cmd 6560 (1944). Blue Book, Cmd 6693 (1945). Blue Book, Cmd 7022 (1947). White Paper, Cmd 6285 (1941). White Paper, Cmd 6315 (1941). White Paper, Cmd 6321 (1941). Commentary on the United Nations Charter (London, 1948). The Italian Campaign, I2 December I944-2 May I945: A Report to the Combined Chiefs of Staff by the Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean, Field-Marshal Viscount Alexander of Tunis (London, 1951). House of Commons Debates .. House of Lords Debates. The Semblance of Peace Canadian Government Report of the Royal Commission appointed under in Council P.C. 4II of February 5, I946 (Ottawa, 1946). Report on the United Nations Conference on International Organization held at San Francisco, April 25-June 26, I945, Cmd NO.2 (Ottawa, 1945). Czechoslovak Government Documents diplomatiques relatifs aux Conventions d' Alliance conclues par la Repuhlique Tchichoslovaque avec Ie Royaume des Serbes, Croats et Slovenes et Ie Royaume de Roumanie, decembre I9I9-aout I92I (prague, 1923). Japanese Government Explanatory Study of the Draft Japanese Peace Treaty (Tokyo, 1951). Netherlands Government Orange Book,]une I9I9-April I920 (The Hague, 1920). Nev.o Zealand Government Report on the Conference held at San Francisco, April 25-June 26, I945 (Wellington, 1945). The Conference of Paris: Report of the New Zealand Delegation (Wellington, 1947)· Japanese Peace Settlement: British Commonwealth Conference,-Septem• ber 3, I947 (Wellington" 1947). Japanese Peace Settlement: Report of the Nev.o Zealand Delegation (Wellington, 1951). Rumanian Government Rapport du Ministre des Finances au Conseil des Ministres sur la situation creee Ii la Roumanie par la politique des Reparations et des Dettes Inter-Allies, 4 vols (, 1925). United States Government Department of State Conference on the Limitation of Armament: Verbatim Report, December I92I• February I922 (Washington, 1922). Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, I945, 9 vols. The Conferences at Washington I94I-I942, and Casablanca I943 (Washington, 1968). The Conference at Cairo and Tehran, I943 (Washington, 1961). The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, I945 (Washington, 1956). The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), I945, 2 vols (Washington, 1960). Co-operative War Effort (Washington, 1942). Paris Peace Conference, I946: Selected Documents (Washington, 1946). United States and Italy, I936-I946 (Washington, 1946). Comments and Proposed Amendments concerning the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals (San Francisco, 1945). The United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, April 25-June 26, I945 (Washington, 1946). The Occupation ofJapan: Policy and Progress (Washington, 1946). The Axis in Defeat (Washington, 1946). Bibliography Making the Peace Treaties I94I-I947 (Washington, 1947). Nazi-Soviet Relations (Washington, 1948). Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation I939-I945 (Washington, 1949). A Decade of American Foreign Policy I94I-I949 (Washington, 1950). Laying Foundationsfor Peace in the Paciftc(Washington, 1951). Record of Proceedings of the Conference for the Conclusion and Signature of the Peace Treaty with Japan, San Francisco, California, September 4-8, I95I (Washington, 1951). United States Treaties and Other International Agreements, vol. 3, pt 3, 1952 (Washington, 1955). The Far Eastern Commission: A Study in International Co-operation, I945- I952, by George H. Blakeslee (Washington, 1953). Report by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (Governmental Section): Political Orientation of Japan, September I945-September I948 (Washington, 1959). Department of the Army Official History, European Operations: Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, 1951). Command Decisions (Washington, 1967). Department of Defence The Entry of the Soviet Union into the War against Japan (Washington, 1955)· United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations: Hearings on the Nomination of the Hon. Joseph Grew as Under-Secretary of State (Washington, 1944). Hearings on the Military Situation in the Far East: United States Relations with China (Washington, 1949). Hearings on the Japanese Peace Treaty and other Treaties relating to Security in the Paciftc,January 2I-23, I952 (Washington, 1952). Hearings on the Nomination of the Hon. Charles Bohlen as Ambassador to Moscow (Washington, 1953). Committee on the Judiciary (Subcommittee on Internal Security): Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments (Washington, 1955). Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States (Washington, 1956). Report on the Administration 'of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security laws (The Morgenthau Diaries), 2 vols (Washington, 1967)· The Warsaw Insurrection: The Communist Version versus the Facts (Washington, 1969). U.S.S.R. Government 'Documents: The Crimea and Potsdam Conferences of the Leaders of the Three Great Powers', International Affairs, nos 6-10 (Moscow, June-Oct 1965).

II. International Record of the International Military Tribunal, 42 vols (Nuremberg, 1947). The Semblance of Peace Transcript of the International Tribunal of the Far East, 75 vols (Tokyo, 1948). Report on the International Conference on Military Trials by Mr Justice, Jackson (Washington, 1948). United Nations Verbatim Report of the Sessions of the General Assembly (New York). Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, 22 vols (New York, 1945-55). The Charter and theJudgement: Memorandum by the Secretary-General (Lake Success, N.Y., 1949). International Court ofJustice Advisory Opinion of March 30, I950: Interpretation of the Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania (Leyden, 1950). Order of May 5, I950 (Leyden, 1950). Advisory Opinion ofJuly I8, I950 (Leyden, 1950). III. Miscellaneous Gooderich, L. M., and Carrol, M. J. (eds), Documents on American Foreign Relations, vol. v (Boston, 1944); vol. VI (Boston, 1945); vol. VIII (Boston, 1948). Documents on German Foreign Policy, I9I8-I945, series c, vol. v: The Third Reich: First Phase, March s-October 3I, I936 (London and Washington 1966); series D, vol. XII: The War Years: February I-June22,I94I (London and Washington, 1962). Documents on International Affairs, I938, 3 vols, Royal Institute on Inter- national Affairs (Oxford, 1941-53). Documents on International Affairs, I955 (Oxford, 1958). Cherwell Papers, Nuffield College, Oxford. Wheeler-Bennett Papers, St Antony's College, Oxford. NOTES

Chaprer I: Introducrion: Some Thoughrs on Peace-making I. Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, Bk arguments, see Gene Smith, When the I,chap.cxl. Cheering Sropped (New York, 1964) pp. 2. Prince Bernhard von Billow, 105-6. Memoirs, I849-I9I9 (London, 1931-2) 9. Vice-Admiral Ross T. McIntire, vol. III, pp. 156-65. Twelve Years wirh Roosevelr (London, 3. The Times, 31 July 1946. 1964) pp. 216-17. See also Dr Howard G. 4. H.C.Deb., 3 Oct 1938, col. 32. Bruenn's article, 'Clinical Notes on the 5. Broadcast to the German People, Illness and Death of President Franklin British Blue Book, no. 144, Cmd 6106 D. Roosevelt', Annals of Inrernal Medicine (1939). (American College of Physicians, Phila• 6. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, King delphia) Apr 1970. George VI: His Life and Reign (London, 10. e.g. Sir Winston Churchill, The 1958) pp. 719-3 I. Second World War, vol. VI: Triumph and 7. Rear-Admiral Cary T. Grayson, Tragedy (London, 1954) p. 416; General Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir Lord Ismay, Memoirs (London, 1960) (New York, 1959), p. 85; Edith Bolling P·393· Wilson, My Memoir (New York, 1939) II. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson, p. 85. P·248. 12. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, The 8. For the ex posr facro diagnosis Nemesis of Power (London, 1953) pp. III)- of thrombosis, together with medical 148.

Chaprer 2: From rhe Phoney War to the Atlantic Charter I. Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis of Power, (London, 1940) pp. 85-8; Belgium, the pp. 404-24; Erich Kordt, Nichr aus den Official Accounr of Whar Happened, Akten (Stuttgart, 1950) pp. 279-80. published for the Belgian Ministry of 2. Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis of Power, Foreign Affairs (New York, 1941) pp. 12- pp. 444-5, 453 n.; Kordt, Nicht aus den 14· Akten, pp. 311-19, 377-8. 9. The Times, 13 Nov 1939. 3. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Munich: 10. Belgium, p. IS; for text of docu• Prologue to Tragedy (London, 1948) pp. ments, see International Military Tribunal 429-33· Document T.C. os8a. 4. C. H. SorIey, Marlborough and Other II. Kordt, Nichr aus den Akren, p. 369. Poems (Cambridge, 1914). 12. Ulrich von Hassell, Vom andern 5. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, John Deurschland (ZUrich, 1946) pp. 127-33, Anderson, Viscount Waverley (London, 147-9; J. Lonsdale Brysns, Blind Vicrory 1962) pp. 238-47. (London, 1951). 6. Leopold Amery, My Political Life, 13. An account of Dr Josef MUller's vol. III: The Unforgiving Years, I929- conversations in Rome is to be found in I940 (London, 1955) p. 330. the papers of Lt-Col. Groscurth (vol. II, 7. H.C.Deb., 12 Oct 1939, cols 563-6. section iv) in the Federal Archives at 8. Jonkheer Eelco van Kleffens Coblen2. See also General Georg (Netherlands Foreign Minister, 1939- Thomas's 'Gedanken und Ereignisse', 1945), The Rape of the Netherlands Schweizerische Monatshejre, 1945; Hassell, The Semblance of Peace Vom andern Deutschland, p. 140; and the I940 (Washington, 1945) vol. I, pp. 21- evidence of Dr Mtiller himself at the II7· second Huppenkotten Trial at Munich on 31. Hull, Memoirs, vol. I, p. 740. 14 Oct 1952. 32. The Times, 30 Mar 1940. 14. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, 33. Edward Crankshaw, 'When we P·463· Wanted War', Observer, 23 Aug 1964. 15. Elliott Roosevelt (ed.), The Roose• 34. For documents of the Soviet• velt Letters, vol. III: I928-I945 (London, Germany negotiations and agreements, 1952) p. 280. see Nazi-Soviet Relations (Washington, 16. Dennys Smith, America and the 1948). Axis War (London, 1942) p. 224. 35. The Times, 14 Mar 1940. 17. Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis oj Power, 36. Ibid. 28 May 1941. pp. 487-8; also Christopher Sykes, 37. Ibid., 12 June 1941. Troubled Loyalty: A Biography oj Adam 38. British White Paper, Cmd 6285 von Trott (London, 1968). (1941). 18. Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner, 39. Sir Winston Churchill, The Second American White Paper (London, 1940) World War, vol. III: The Grand Alliance P· 127· (London,1950)PP·331-3,351- 2. 19. Cordell Hull, Memoirs (New York, 40. Ibid., p. 349· 1948) vol. I, p. 7II; Julius W. Pratt, 41. Count Edward Raczynski, In Allied Cordell Hull (New York, 1964) vol. I, London (London, 1962) pp. 96-8. P·336. 42. H.C.Deb., 30 July 1941, col. 1504. 20. Alsop and Kintner, American White 43. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, Paper, p. 126. pp·526-7. 21. Harold L. Ickes Diary, vol. Ill: 44. Robert Sherwood, The White The Lowering Clouds, I939-I94I (London, House Papers oj Harry L. Hopkins, vol. I. 1955) p. 138; Hull, Memoirs, vol. I, p. 737. (London 1948) p. 351. 22. Hull, Memoirs, vol. I, p. 202. 45. Accounts of the Atlantic Meeting 23. Alsop and Kintner, Ameri§an are to be found in Churchill The Grand White Paper, p. 128. Alliance, pp. 385-400; Sumner Welles, 24. Ickes, Secret Diary, vol. III, p. 138. Where are we Heading? (London, 1947) 25. Sumner Welles, The Time Jor pp. 1-16; Sherwood, White House Papers, Decision (New York, 1944) p. 77. vol. I, pp. 350-66. See also H. V. Morton, 26. Rexford Tugwell, The Democratic Atlantic Meeting, I94I (London, 1943) Roosevelt (G!ltden City, N.Y., 1957) and Theodore A. Wilson, The First pp. 516-17; Pratt, Cordell Hull, pp. 339- Summit (Boston, 1969). 340 • 46. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, p. 27. Hull, Memoirs, vol. I, pp. 738-9. 385. 28. Welles, TimeJor Decision, p. 74. 47. Welles, Where are we Heading?, pp. 29. For text of letters, see Roosevelt 5-6. Letters, vol. III, pp. 306-7. 48. Sherwood, White House Papers, 30. For accounts of the Welles Mission, vol. I, p. 312. see Welles, TimeJor Decision, pp. 73-147; 49. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, p. also Jay Pierpoint Moffat, The Moffat 386. Papers, I9I9-I94I (Cambridge, Mass., 50. Sherwood, White House Papers, 1956) pp. 291-304. Pierpoint Moffat also vol. I,p. 368. wrote a second account of the mission of a 51. Welles, Where are we Heading?, p. highly confidential nature; unfortunately, 12. however, no trace of this report has been 52. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 221. found either in his papers or in the 53. British White Paper, Cmd 6321 archives of the State Department. The (1941). text of the Welles Report is printed in 54. British White Paper, Cmd 6315 Foreign Relations oj the United States, (1941). Chapter 3: The Anglo-Russian Treaty I. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. II63. 3. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. II 65-6 ; 2. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, pp. Sumner Welles, Seven Major DecisioPo< 470-3. (London, 1951) p. 129. Notes 645 4. For Lord Avon's own account of his drew up a memorandum'. British Foreign Moscow mission, see The Reckoning Policy in the Second World War (London, (London, 1965) pp. 285-303; also his 1962) p. 192. Lord Avon leaves no doubt dispatch to Mr Churchill quoted in The that he was the author ofthis paper. Grand Alliance, pp. 558-9. 8. Sir Winston Churchill, The Second 5. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 302-3. World War, vol. IV: The Hinge of Fate 6. The Times, 9 Feb 1942. (Londofl, 1951) p. 293. 7. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 318-20. In 9. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. II68-72; his official history Sir Llewellyn Wood• Moffat Papers, p. 380. ward writes that 'the Foreign Office 10. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 325-9.

Chapter 4: Casablanca and Unconditional Surrender I. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 283. 19. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, p. 2. In his diary for 4 Nov 1942. 552. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, p. 553. 20. Cf. ibid., pp. 525-36, 548-9, 560. 3. Sir John Siessor, The Central Blue 21. Ibid., p. 544. (London, 1956) p. 433. 22. Ibid., p. 545. 4. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 583. 23. Ibid., p. 540, citing the unpublished 5. Ibid., p. 584. diary of Sir Ian Jacob, 14 Jan 1943. 6. Ibid., p. 586. 24. Admiral W. D. Leahy, I Was There 7. Sir Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the (London, 1950), p. 145. Tide (London, 1957) pp. 530-5. 25. Foreign Relations of the United 8. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 583. States, Conferences at Washington I94I- See also William Hardy McNeill, Survey I942, and Casablanca, I943. (Washington, of International Affairs, I939-I 946: 1968) pp. 627-37. Hereafter cited as America, Britain and Russia (Oxford, Casablanca. See also Bryant, The Turn of 1953) pp. 263 ff. the Tide, pp. 549-50. 9. Harold Macmillan, The Blast of 26. Leahy, I Was There, p. 145. For War, I939-I9.J5 (London, 1967) p. 221; an entertaining and informative picture of Stalin's Correspondence with Churchill, these negotiations, see Macmillan, The Attlee, Roosevelt and Truman, I9,JI-I9.J5 Blast of War, pp. 248-56. (London, 1958) p. 80. 27. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, 10. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. p. II7· 594· 28. For a harsher view of Elliott's I I. Cf. views expressed on American testimony, see Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, strategy by Lord Attlee in A Prime Stalin, p. IIO Minister Remembers (London, 1961) pp. 29. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 51-3. It was perhaps unfortunate from 613· the British point of view that General 30. Ibid., p. 614. Also Woodward, Marshall had only experienced the last year British Foreign Policy in the Second World of the First World War on the Western War, pp. 436-7. Front, when German resistance to the 31. Casablanca, pp. 836-7; Sherwood, policy of the 'big push' was weakening. White House Papers, vol. II, p. 693. 12. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in 32. Casablanca, p. 635 n, and pp. 833- Europe (London, 1948) p. 213. 6; Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 615. 13. Harry C. Butcher, Three Years See also Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, with Eisenhower (London, 1946) p. 208. pp. III-13· 14. Robert E. Sherwood, The White 33. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, House Papers of Henry L. Hopkins, vol. II p. III. (London, 1949) p. 667. 34. Ibid., p. II3. The statement was 15. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. made to the White House Press Corre• 177· spondents' Association. 16. Herbert Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, 35. H.C.Deb., 21 July 1949, col. 1585. Stalin (Princeton, 1957) pp. 108-13. 36. Ibid. 17. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 285. 37. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 18. Butcher, Three Years with Eisen• 617. hower, p. 205. Cf. Bryant, The Turn of the 38. Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Pri• Tide, pp. 537 ff. vate Papers (London, 1953), p. 56 ff. The Semblance of Peace 39. See GUnter Moltmann, 'Uncondi• 41. H.C.Deb., 18 Jan 1945, cols 423-4. tional Surrender and War Propaganda', 42. For an interesting discussion of this Wiener Library Bulletin, Oct 1964. topic, see Michael Balfour, 'Another Look 40. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, at Unconditional Surrender', International p. II3· Affairs, Oct 1970. Chapter 5: The Unconditional Surrender of Italy I. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. Hoare), Ambassador on Special Mission 614. (London, 1946) pp. 213-16. 2. Winston S. Churchill, War Speeches, 23. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 92- I939-I94S, ed. Charles Eade (London, 94· 1952) vol. II, p. 368. 24. For the minutes of this meeting, 3. Documents on American Foreign see Castellano, La Guerra Continua, pp. Relations, ed. L. M. Goodrich and M. J. 64-6. Also Major-General Sir Kenneth Carroll (Boston, 1944) vol. v, p. 170. Strong, Intelligence at the Top: Recollec• 4. Churchill, War Speeches, vol. II, tions of an Intelligence Officer (London, P·368. 1968) pp. 100-26. 5. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, 25. Castellano, La Guerra Continua, P·561 . pp.201-2. 6. cr. Sir Winston Churchill, The 26. Ibid., pp. 203-4. Cf. Churchill, Second World War, vol. v: Closing the Ring Closing the Ring, pp. 93-4. (London, 1952), p. 48. 27. Castellano, La Guerra Continua, 7. Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. p. 67. The time mentioned by Smith was II,P·740. five or six hours. 8. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 42-3. 28. Ibid., p. 206. 9. Ibid., p. 45. 29. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 10. Ibid., p. 51. Also Sherwood, P·236. White House Papers, pp. 737-8. 30. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 86. II. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 51. 31. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 12. Ibid., p. 52. p. 237; Macmillan, Blast of War, p. 388. 13. F. W. Deakin, The Brutal Friend• Mr Churchill felt that the estimate of ship (London, 1962), pp. 501-2. German divisions he had received was 14. H.C.Deb., 27 July 1943, cols 1397- exaggerated, since it includ~d leading 1402. elements and H.Q.s in several cases, 15. Ibid. rather than whole divisions. Churchill, 16. Robert Murphy, Diplomat among Closing the Ring, p. 86. Warriors (London, 1964) p. 232. Mac• 32. Castellano, La Guerra Continua, millan, Blast of War, pp. 373-4, records PP·78-81. simply that Washington and London 33. Murphy,Diplomatamong Warriors, were consulted and disliked the idea of a P·238. broadcast. 34. Ibid., p. 239. 17. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 35. Ibid. The attack does not seem to pp. 206-7. For Macmillan's account of have taken place. the Italian surrender, see Blast of War, 36. Ibid., pp. 240-4; Macmillan, Blast pp. 371-40 8. of War, p. 391. 18. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 37. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, P·235· p. 237; Macmillan, Blast of War, p. 385. 19. Macmillan, Blast of War, p. 385. 38. Woodward, British Foreign Policy 20. Friedrich-Karl von Plehwe, The in the Second World War, pp. 227 n., 230. End of an Alliance; Rome's Defection From Also Macmillan, Blast of War, p. 384. the Axis in I943 (London 1971) pp. 81 if. 39. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 57. 21. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 40. Woodward, British Foreign Policy P·234· in the Second World War, p. 232. 22. Ibid., p. 234. See also General 41. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, Giuseppe Castellano, La Guerra Continua: p.2.p. La Vera Storia dell' 8 Settembre con 42. General Mark Clark, Calculated documenii inedite (Milan, 1963) p. 57, Risk (paperback ed., London, 1956) p. and Viscount Templewood (Sir Samuel 169· Notes 647 43. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 46. Ibid., p. 123. P·242. 47. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 44. Castellano, La Guerra Continua, P·250. pp.128-9. 48. Castellano, La Guerra Continua, 45. Ibid., p. II9· P·207· Chapter 6: 'Trident', 'Quadrant' and the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers I. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, p. 673. 19. Cairo and Tehran, p. 13. Harriman 2. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 298. to Roosevelt, 5 July 1943. 3. Leahy, I Was There, p. 162. 20. Ibid., p. 10. Churchill to Roosevelt, Roosevelt was only willing to consider an 25 June 1943. assault through Rumania, Bulgaria and 21. Sherwood, White House Papers, Turkey. Ibid., p. 159. vol. II, p. 730: 'he [Churchill] sent off a 4. Ibid., p. 160: 'Field-Marshal Wavell scorching cable to which Roosevelt would explained all the many objections to a never have agreed had he been given a Burma campaign and failed to offer any chance to read it in advance'. helpful advice.' 22. Cairo and Tehran, p. II. Roosevelt 5. Ibid., pp. 162-3· to Churchill, 28 June, 1943. 6. Foreign Relations of the United 23. Ibid., pp. 12-13. Churchill to States: The Conferences at Cairo and Roosevelt, 28 and 29 June 1943. Tehran, I943 (hereafter called Cairo and 24. Foreign Relations of the United Tehran) (Washington, 1961). Message States, I943 (hereafter cited as Foreign from Harriman to Roosevelt, 5 July 1943, Relations), vol. I (Washington, 1963) p. P·15· 484. Hull to U.S. Ambassador in 7. In December 1941, April 1942, Turkey, 13 Mar 1943. November-December 1942. Cairo and 25. Ibid, pp. 486 ff. Aide-memoire Tehran, p. 3. from the British Embassy, Washington, 8. Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. 6 Apr 1943. II. p. 729. Standley, however presented 26. C. A. Macartney, October Fifteenth Davies to Stalin on his arrival. Cairo and (Edinburgh, 1957) vo!. II, p. 169 and n. Tehran, p. 5. 27. On Rumania, see Foreign Relations, 9. Cairo and Tehran, p. 5. The Presi• 1943, vol. I, p. 493. Report from U.S. dent did not want the meeting to be held Minister in , 14 Aug 1943. On in Iceland because 'It ... would make it, Hungary, see McGeorge Macartney, quite frankly, difficult not to invite Prime October Fifteenth, vol. II, p. 176. Minister Churchill at the same time'. 28. Henry Stimson and McGeorge 10. Sherwood, White House Papers, Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and vol. II, pp. 733-4. War (New York, 1948), pp. 223-6. II. Cairo and Tehran, p. II. Roosevelt 29. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide. to Churchill, 28 June 1943. 30. Stimson and Bundy, On Active 12. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 300. Service, p. 228. 13. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 31. Sherwood, White House Papers, 726. vol. II, p. 733. Specific mention of these; 14. Stalin's Correspondence, vol. I, p. two areas was made in a memorandum on 132 . the urgent need for a Second Front given 15. Ibid., p. 135· to the President by Lord Beaverbrook. 16. Cairo and Tehran, p. 9. Roosevelt Roosevelt returned to the idea of an was in Virginia when the message from attack on Rumania at the Tehran Stalin arrived in Washington. By the Conference. Ibid. p. 775. time he returned Churchill had sent him a 32. Stimson and Bundy, On Active copy of his proposed reply and asked the Service, p. 229. President to return the compliment. 33. Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking I9I9 17. Stalin's Correspondence, vol. I, (rev. ed., London, 1943), p. ix. PP·137-8. 34. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. II68. 18. Peter Kleist, Zwischen Hitler und 35. Woodward, British Foreign Policy Stalin (Bonn, 1950) pp. 239-55, 265-80. in the Second World War, p. 434. Memo• See also McNeill, America, Britain and randum by Mr Jebb (early October 1942). Russia, p. 324 n. 36. Ibid., p. 443. The Semblance of Peace 37. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 53. Sherwood, White House Papers, 837. Minute to Sir Alexander Cadogan. vol. II, p. 710. 38. Sherwood, White House Papers, 54. Raczynski, In Allied London, pp. vol. II, pp. 715-16. 130-40. 39. Leahy, I Was There, p. 145. Hull, 55. See inter alia E. J. Rozek, Allied Memoirs, vol. II, p. 961. Wartime Diplomacy: A Pattern in Poland 40. Sherwood, White House Papers, (New York, 1958) pp. 123-33. vol. II, p. 710. 56. Rolf Hochhuth, The Soldiers (Lon• 41. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. don, 1967); Carlos Thompson, The 716. Assassination of Winston Churchill 42. Lord Avon, The Reckoning, p. 399. (Gerrards Cross, 1969). 43. Ibid., p. 398. 57. Benes, Memoirs, pp. 185 .• 193. 44. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 58. Woodward, British Foreign Policy 717. in the Second World War, p. 296 n; 45. The British had repudiated the Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, P 626. Munich Agreement in August 1942. See 59. Raczyrlski, In Allied London, pp. Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the 45-6· Second World War, pp. 296 f. The French 60. Ibid., pp. 86-7. did the same in September 1942. See 61. Sherwood, White House Papers, Memoirs of Dr Eduard Bene!, trans. vol. II, p. 712. Godfrey Lias (London, 1954) p. 232. 62. Ibid., p. 708. On his visit to Washington in the spring 63. Earl of Halifax, Fulness of Days of 1943 Benes claimed that the U.S. (London,1957)PP·249-50. authorities confirmed to him that the 64. Gerald Pawle, The War and United States had never recognized the Colonel Warden (London, 1963) pp. 249- frontiers set out under the Munich 250 • Agreement. Ibid., p. 182. 65. Sherwood, White House Papers, 46. The Polish Government's exploita• vol. II, p. 714. tion of the Munich crisis was embarrass• 66. Ibid., p. 717. ing to at least one of its more sensitive 67. Woodward, British Foreign Policy and perceptive representatives abroad. in the Second World War, p. 441. See Raczyrl.ski, In Allied London, pp. 8-10. 68. Ibid., p. 440 n. 47. Ibid., p. II9· On 5 Aug 1942 Mr 69. Ibid. Eden told a questioner in the House of 70. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1234. Commons that Britain's repudiation of 71. Churchill,Closing the Ring,pp. 62ft'. Munich did not apply to the Polish 72. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, p. acquisition of Teschen. 699. See also U.S. Army Department 48. Ibid., p. 104. On 28 July 1943 History, European Operations, Cross• President Roosevelt told the Polish Channel Attack (Washington, 1951), p. Ambassador in Washington, M. Ciecha• 903· nowsky, that East would belong 73. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, to Poland after the war and that the p.693. Germans there would be forced to leave. 74. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 'No more , Mr Ambassa• 702. dor, no more corridor this time', the 75. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, p. President is supposed to have remarked. 70 3. Jan Ciechanowsky, Defeat in Victory 76. E. J. King and W. M. Whitehill, (New York, 1947) pp. 185-6. In Moscow Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record on 16 Dec 1941 Stalin suggested to (London, 1953) p. 485. Mr Eden that should go to 77. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, Poland, Woodward, British Foreign Policy P·70 6. in the Second World War, p. 191. 78. Ibid., p. 718. 49. Woodward, British Foreign Policy 79. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 83. in the Second World War, p. 191. The report went on to say that 'unani• 50. Ibid. mous agreement has been expressed in a 51. Ibid. masterly report by the Combined Chiefs 52. Ciechanowsky, Defeat in Victory, of Staff, which the President and I both P·78. approved'. Notes 649 80. Lord Avon, The Reckoning, pp. u6. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 412-13. 402-3. lI7. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 81. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1232. 580. 82. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 403. II8. Ibid., pp. 778-81. 83. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1232. II9. Ibid., p. 584. 84. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 403. 120. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 413. 85. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1237. 121. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, pp. 86. Ibid., p. 1238. 62 3-42 • 87. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 402-3. 122. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 88. Ibid. 585. 89. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 123. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 416. 248-50 • 124. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 90. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 621. 543· 125. Ibid., pp. 618-19; Avon, The 91. Woodward, British Foreign Policy Reckoning, p. 414. in the Second World War, p. 251 and n. 126. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 92. Cf. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, 607. pp.630-2 • 127. Ibid., pp. 629, 651, 653. 93. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 128. Ibid., p. 664. 254-5· 129. Ibid., pp. 609-13, 714. 94. Ibid., pp. 251-2. 130. Ibid., p. 761. 95· Ibid., pp. 606-7, 705-8. 131. Ibid., p. 638. 96. Ibid., pp. 645-9, 730-6. 132. Ibid., pp. 639, 762. 97. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 402-3. 133. Ibid., p. 639. 98. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1255. 134. Ibid., p. 652. 99. Ibid., p. 1249. 135. Ibid., p. 651. 100. Sherwood, White House Papers, 136. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 415-16; vol. II, pp. 713-15. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 623. 101. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1257. 137. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1272. 102. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, 138. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, pp. pp. 541-3; also Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 597,668. 1265. 139. Ibid., pp. 602-3. 103. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 140. Ibid., p. 596. 542· 141. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1297. 104. Ibid. 142. Cairo and Tehran, p. 45. 105. Ibid. 143. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 414. 106. Ibid. 144· Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 107. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with 642· Stalin (London, 1962) p. 163. 145. Ibid., p. 654. 108. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 146. Ibid., p. 698. 542 • 147. Ibid., p. 667. 109. Ibid., p. 539. Cable from Hull to 148. Ibid., p. 769. Winant. 149. Ibid. IIO. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1277; ISO. Ibid., pp. 402-5 if. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 410. 151. Ibid., p. 762. III. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. I, p. 152. Ibid., pp. 760-1. 570 • 153. Cf. ibid., p. 685. 112. See, for example, Ismay, Memoirs, 154. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 418. P·32 4· ISS. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. 1, p. II3. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 412- 685; Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1293. 13· 156. Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. 1, pp. II4. Ibid., p. 4II. 764-8. lI5. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1292. 157. Cairo and Tehran, p. 152. Chapter 7: First Cairo and the Road to Tehran I. Roosevelt to Churchill, 22 Oct 1943. the Ring, p. 276. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 37-8. Part of this 2. Churchill to Roosevelt, 23 Oct 1943. message is quoted in Churchill, Closing Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 277. 650 The Semblance of Peace 3. Lord Avon, The Reckoning, p. 415. There, pp. 195 ff.; Sherwood, White House Cf. also Sherwood, White House Papers, Papers, vol. II, pp. 762-5. vol. II, p. 790. 24. This incident is described in the 4. Roosevelt to Stalin, 21 Oct 1943. President's Log, Cairo and Tehran, p. 280, Cairo and Tehran, p. 36. Harriman to in Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. II, Roosevelt, 26 Oct 1943. Ibid., p. 43. pp. 763-4, and in more detail in Com• 5. For the President's views on Soviet mander C. F. Pick, 'Torpedo on the Star• participation in staff talks, see Roosevelt board Beam', in Proceedings of the United to Churchill, 26 Oct 1943. Cairo and States NafJal Institute (Aug 1970) pp. 90- Tehran, p. 42. Also Churchill, Closing the 3· Ring, p. 279. On the possibility of even a 25. Leahy, I Was There, pp. 201,209: flying visit by Stalin to Basra, see 'The British bulldog tenacity did not let President Roosevelt to Cordell Hull, 28 go of a desire to retain a controlling hold Oct 1943. Cairo and Tehran, p. 49. on the MeditelTanean in the Near East', 6. Cordell Hull to Roosevelt, 31 Oct and 'The Prime Minister, devoted to the 1943. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 57-8. preservation of the power of the British 7. Marshall to Leahy, 25 Oct 1943. Empire, apparently gave in, perhaps with Cairo and Tehran, p. 41. reluctance [i.e. to the fixing of the date 8. Churchill to Roosevelt, 27 Oct 1943. for "Overlord" in May 1944 - author], to Cairo and Tehran, pp. 47-8. Churchill, the arguments of his top advisers'. For a Closing the Ring, pp. 279-80. similar view on the Far East, see Sher• 9. Churchill to Roosevelt, 26 Oct 1943. wood, White House Papers, vol. II, p. Cairo and Tehran, p. 41. 767. 10. Churchill to Roosevelt, 26 Oct 26. Letter from Stimson to Hopkins, 1943. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 41-2. 10 Nov 1943: 'The task for our Churchill to Roosevelt, 30 Oct 1943. Commander-in-Chief to hold the situ• Ibid., pp. 54-5. Churchill to Roosevelt, ation firmly to the straight road which has 2 Nov 1942. Ibid., 60-1. been agreed to and which it is now on. He II. Hull to Roosevelt, 30 Oct 1943. should tolerate no departures from the Cairo and Tehran, p. 53. programme. Once we approach within 12. Churchill to Roosevelt, 2 Nov two or three months of the attack, I 1943. Cairo and Tehran, p. 60. anticipate no further efforts to depart and 13. Roosevelt to Churchill, 30 Oct a steady acceleration of British support.' 1943· Ibid., p. 55. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 175-6. See also 14. Roosevelt to Churchill, 5 Nov Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. II, 1943. Ibid., pp. 66-7. P.762. 15. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 281. 27. Sherwood, White House Papers, Also Churchill to Roosevelt, 6 Nov 1943, vol. II, p. 809. and Harriman to Roosevelt, 7 Nov 1943. 28. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 259-60. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 69-70. 29. Sherwood, White House Papers, 16. Harriman to Roosevelt, 4 Nov vol. II, p. 775. See also Feis, Churchill, 1943. Cairo and Tehran, p. 65. Roosevelt, Stalin, p. 260 n. 17. Ibid., p. 71 n. 30. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 18. Memorandum by the First Secre• 269-70. tary of the Embassy in the Soviet Union, 31. Sherwood, White House Papers, 9 Nov 1943. Ibid., pp. 74-5. vol. II, p. 782. 19. Stalin to Roosevelt, 10 Nov 1943. 32. Ibid., pp. 756-7. Ibid., p. 78. Roosevelt to Churchill, II 33. Memoranda of the Joint Chiefs of Nov 1943. Ibid., p. 79. Staff drawn up for the President by the 20. Ibid., p. 79. Also Churchill, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 17 Nov 1943. Cairo Closing the Ring, p. 282. and Tehran, pp. 203-9. 21. Cairo and Tehran, p. 79. Also 34. Minutes of the President's meeting Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 283. with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 19 Nov 22. Harriman to Roosevelt, 12 Nov 1943. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 248-9. 1943. Cairo and Tehran, p. 80. 35. Memorandum by the Department 23. 'The President's Log en route to of State, sentto Roosevelt on II Nov 1943. Cairo, November II-21, 1943', Cairo and Cairo and Tehran, p. 187. Tehran, pp. 273-7. See also Leahy, I Was 36. Minutes of the President's meeting Notes 65 1 with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 19 Nov 60. Cf. Byrnes to Truman, 3 Sept 1945, 1943. Cairo and Tehran, p. 253. and the U.S. Ambassador to China to 37. William M. Franklin, 'Zonal Byrnes, II Aug 1945. Cairo and Tehran, Boundaries and Access Routes to Berlin', p.889· World Politics, Oct 1963. 61. Roosevelt to Hull, 24 Jan 1944. 38. Ibid. Cairo and Tehran, p. 872. 39. Minutes of the President's meeting 62. Communique issued by Roosevelt, with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 15 Nov Chiang and Churchill, I Dec 1943. Cairo 1943. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 194-5. and Tehran,p. 448. 40. Minutes of the President's meeting 63. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 424. with Joint Chiefs of Staff, 19 Nov 1943. 64. Ibid., p. 425· Cairo and Tehran, pp. 254-6. 65. See memorandum by the Assistant 41. Ibid., p. 256. Secretary of War (McCloy) sent to 42. Ibid., p. 256. Hopkins, 25 Nov 1943. Cairo and Tehran, 43. Ibid., p. 260. PP·416-17. 44. President's Log, 22 Nov 1943. 66. Ibid.,PP.416-20. Cairo and Tehran, p. 293. See also Leahy, 67. Ibid.,P.418. I Was There, p. 199. 68. American-British Conversations on 45. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. Civil Affairs, 26 Nov 1943. Cairo and 287-8. Tehran, pp. 351-4. Also Lord Avon, The 46. Ibid., pp. 289-90. Reckoning, p. 425. Major D. J. F. Morton 47. President's Log, Cairo and Tehran, was also present at these talks on the p. 294. Also account of plenary meeting, British side. 23 Nov 1943. Ibid.,p. 311. 69. Cairo and Tehran, p. 352. 48. Meeting of Combined Chiefs of 70. McCloy to Hopkins, 30 Nov 1943. Staff, 24 Nov 1943. Cairo and Tehran, pp. Cairo and Tehran, p. 445. Also draft 342-4. The amount demanded was 10,000 agreement on E.A.C. prepared by the tons per month. American delegation. Ibid., p. 446. 49. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 290. 71. Cairo and Tehran,pp. 189-90. See also Cairo and Tehran, p. 350. 72. Minutes of the meeting of the 50. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, p. Combined Chiefs of Staff, 24 Nov 1943. 250 n. Also John Ehrman, Grand Strategy, Cairo and Tehran, p. 333. Also meeting of vol. v (London, 1956) p. 167, and Cairo Combined Chiefs of Staff, 26 Nov 1943. and Tehran, pp. 358-65. Ibid., pp. 358-65. 51. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 73. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 302; 291-4· Avon, The Reckoning, p. 426. 52. Ibid., p. 289. 74. Roosevelt to Stalin, 22 Nov 1943. 53. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 426. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 373-4. 54. President's Log, Cairo and Tehran, 75. Reilly to Spaman in Cairo, 24 Nov p. 296. For discussion of sources for this 1943. Cairo and Tehran, p. 397. meeting, see ibid., p. 322. We have accep• 76. Hurley to the President, 26 Nov ted Elliott Roosevelt's claim to have been 1943. Cairo and Tehran, p. 440. at the dinner (see Elliott Roosevelt, As he 77. The President's Log at Tehran, saw it, pp. 164-5) since this agrees with Cairo and Tehran, p. 463 and n. the list given in the Log. 78. Mr Churchill, though recording his 55· Chinese Summary Record of own support for "the move, tells how Roosevelt-Chiang meeting, 23 Nov 1943. Molotov 'produced a story that the Soviet Cairo and Tehran, p. 324. Secret Intelligence had unearthed a plot 56. Memorandum by the Co-Chairman to kill one or more of the "Big Three" '. of the AnglO-American Caribbean Com• Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 303. The mission, Washington, 16 . decision to accept Stalin's invitation was Cairo and Tehran, p. 887. See also Leahy certainly criticized in the U.S.A. See to Stettinius, 29 May 1945. Ibid., p. Ciechanowsky, De/eat in Victory, p. 888. 244. The President's Log at Tehran, 57· Ibid., p. 425. Cairo and Tehran, p. 463 n. 58. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 425. 79. Ibid. 59. Ibid., p. 426. 80. Ibid. The Semblance of Peace

Chapter 8: Tehran and Second Cairo I. Roosevelt said 'I am glad to see you, 24. Bryant, Triumph in the West,pp. 90, I have tried for a long time to bring this 92 • about'. Roosevelt-Stalin meeting 28 Nov 25. Ibid., p. 91. 1943,3 p.m. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 482 ff. 26. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 320. For other general accounts of the Tehran Cf. McNeill, America, Britain and Russia, meetings, see Feis, Churchill, Roose'llelt, P·355· Stalin. pp. 254 ff, and McNeill, America, 27. Cairo and Tehran, p. 529. Bohlen Britain and Russia, pp. 348-75. Minutes of Roosevelt-Stalin meeting, 2. Cairo and Tehran, p. 485. 29 Nov 1943, n. I. 3. Churchill,Closing the Ring, p. 307. 28. Ibid., pp. 531-2. Bohlen Minutes 4. Leahy. I Was There, p. 207. of Roosevelt-Stalin meeting, 29 Nov 1943. 5. Lord Moran, Churchill, taken from 29. Cf McNeill, America, Britain and the Diaries of Lord Moran (London, 1966) Russia, pp. 356-7. McNeill points to the PP·146-7. possibility that Stalin did not want all of 6. Bryant, Triumph in the West (Lon• Germany to go Communist because this don,1959)PP·90-1;98-100. might threaten Stalin's own position. It 7. Leahy, I Was There,p.204· seems more likely that he wanted to 8. Cairo and Tehran, 'Bohlen Minutes', exploit the Germans to repair Russia's pp. 487-97, and 'Combined Chiefs of shattered economy, and hoped that his Staff Minutes', pp. 497-508. There are allies would take responsibility for the differences in these texts - especially in harsh measures which this would involve. Marshal Stalin's views. Cf. Churchill, 30. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 533-40. Closing the Ring, p. 307. Bohlen Minutes of the Second Plenary 9. Butcher, Three Years with Eisen• Meeting, 29 Nov 1943. hower, p. 384; Ehrman, Grand Strategy, 31. Ibid. Cf. also Bryant, Triumph in vol.v,PP.156. the West, p. 92. 10. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 492, 502. 32. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 552-5. II. Ibid., p. 496. Bohlen Minutes of Tripartite Dinner 12. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 91. Meeting, 29 Nov 1943. 13. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 509-12. 33. Cairo and Tehran, p. 602. Tripartite Dinner Meeting, 28 Nov 1943 .. 34. Ibid. Also Churchill, Closing the See also Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. Ring, pp. 329-30. 317-20. 35· Ibid., p. 333. 14. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 513-14, 36. Ibid. Bohlen Supplementary Memorandum of 37.. Cairo and Tehran, p. 564. Minutes Stalin's views as expressed during the of Combined Chiefs of Staff Meeting, 30 evening of 28 Nov 1943. Nov 1943. IS. Ibid., p. 510. 38. Ibid., pp. 565-8. Roosevelt-Stalin• 16. Ibid.,P.5I1. Churchill luncheon meeting, 30 Nov 17· Ibid.,P.5I1. 1943· 18. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 319. 39. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 324, 891. 19. Cairo and Tehran, p. 512. The 40. Ibid·,PP.568-76. Ware Minutes on Bohlen minutes of this conversation make Hopkins-Eden-Molotov luncheon. See it clear that Stalin was rather less willing also Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. to accept Mr Churchill's enthusiasm for a II, p. 786. discussion on Poland than the latter's 41. Cairo and Tehran, p. 571. memoirs suggest. Stalin seems to have 42. Sherwood, White House Papers, been very reticent and ironical when vol. II, p. 786; Cairo and Tehran, pp. replying to both Eden and Churchill. 572 -4. 20. Ibid. 43. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 576-8. 21. Lord Avon, The Reckoning, p. Bohlen Minutes of Third Plenary 427· Meeting, 20 Nov 1943. 22. Moran, Churchill, p. 145. 44. Cf. Feis, Churchill, Roose'llelt, 23. Cairo and Tehran, p. 514. Com• Stalin, p. 264. bined Chiefs of Staff Minutes of Tri• 45. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 100. partite Military Meeting,29 Nov 1943. 46. Cairo and Tehran, Boettiger Notes Minutes of Tripartite Dinner Meeting, 53. Cairo and Tehran, p. 596, n. 6, 30 Nov 1943, pp. 582-5. citing Thomas Connally, My Name is Tom 47. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 342; Connally (New York, 1954) p. 265. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 100. 54. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 596-604. 48. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 101. Bohlen Minutes of Tripartite Political 49. Cairo and Tehran, p. 585. Meeting, I Dec 1943,6 p.m. 50. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 585-93. 55. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 427-8. Bohlen Minutes of Tripartite Luncheon 56. Moran, Churchill, p. 150. Meeting, I Dec 1943. Churchill, Closing 57. Cairo and Tehran, p. 883, Memo• the Ring, pp. 334-7. The Bohlen minutes randum by H. D. White, Assistant to the and the account given in Sherwood, White Secretary of the United States Treasury, House Papers, vol. II, pp. 787-8, stress 15 Aug 1944. American opposition to the Turkish 58. Ibid., p. 884. Memorandum by project rather more than Mr Churchill's H. D. White of a conversation at dinner in version. In particular, Hopkins inserted the Citadel, Quebec, on 13 Sep 1944. his views on the impossibility of offering 59. Ibid., pp. 879,881,883. the Turks an assault on Rhodes into the 60. Bryant, Triumph in the West, pp. minutes of the meeting so as to make the 102-9; McNeill, America, Britain and American position absolutely clear on this Russia, pp. 368-75. point. 61. Cairo and Tehran, p. 803. 51. Cairo and Tehran, p. 591. 62. Ibid., p. 722. 52. Ibid., p. 594. Bohlen Minutes of 63. See Byrnes's memorandum to Roosevelt-Stalin Meeting, I Dec 1943, President Truman, 3 Sep 1945. Cairo and 3.20 p.m. The sense of this conversation Tehran, p. 889. On the question of a was glossed over in Sherwood's account Chinese loan, see State Department in the Hopkins Papers as follows: memorandum of 27 Dec 1943. Ibid., p. 'Roosevelt felt it necessary to explain to 861. Stalin that there were six or seven million 64. Ibid., p. 680. Americans of Polish extraction, and others 65. See Churchill's minute to Ismay of Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian of 29 Sep 1943. Churchill, Closing the origin who had the same rights and the Ring, p. 475. same votes as anyone else and whose 66. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 430; opinions must be respected. Stalin said Cairo and Tehran, p. 850. that he understood this, but subsequently 67. Cairo and Tehran, p. 844. suggested that some "propaganda work" 68. Ibid., pp. 833 ff.; see also should be done among these people.' Churchill's message to Roosevelt of 9 Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. II, Mar 1944 claiming that the question had pp. 788-9. From this it might be implied been discussed on 8 Dec 1943. This was that Roosevelt's purpose had been to impossible as Roosevelt left on the 7th. restrain Stalin in Poland. The Bohlen Ibid., pp. 878-9; Churchill, Closing the minutes make it clear that such was not Ring, p. 697. the case. 69. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 846-8. Chapter 9: The Morgenthau Plan andJCS Io67 I. This decision was the subject of a 5. Reports of the U.S. Senate Internal conversation between Anthony Eden and Security Subcommittee, Interlocking Sub• Harry Dexter White, Assistant to the U.S. 'Version in GO'IJernment Departments Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgen• (Washington, 1955) and Scope of SD'Viet thau, Jr, in London on Sunday 13 Aug Activity in the United States (Washington, 1944. Mr White reported accordingly. 1956). See Cairo and Tehran, pp. 881-2. 6. Report on the Morgenthau Diaries 2. Letter to Queen Wilheltnina of the prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Netherlands, 26 Aug 1944. The Roosevelt Committee of the Judiciary appointed to Letters, vol. III, p. 509. in'Vestigate the Administration of the 3. Hull, Memoirs, vol. I, p. 207. Internal Security Act and other Internal 4. John Morton Blum, From the Security Laws (Washington, 1967), vol. Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, I94I• I, p. 81. I945 (Boston, 1967) p. 338. 7. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. 1602- 654 The Semblance of Peace 1603; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, pp. 23. Memorandum for the Secretary of 348 fI. the Treasury by Harry Dexter White of a 8. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, p. 342. meeting at the Senate Department on 9. Stimson and Bundy, On Active 20 September, at which were present Service, pp. 570-5; Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, Secretaries Hull, Stimson and Morgen• pp. 1604-10. thau, together with their advisers. Malta 10. A photographic copy of this 'Top and Yalta, pp. 136-41. Secret' document, entitled 'Program to 24. Moran, Churchill, p. 179. Prevent Germany from starting a World 25. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 475- War III', is printed as a frontispiece to 6. Mr Morgenthau's book Germany is our 26. Dexter White Memorandum of Problem (New York, 1945). meeting on 20 Sep 1944. Malta and II. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Yalta,p.137. Service, p. 575. 27. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 1614. 12. Ibid., p. 575; Moran, Churchill, 28. Ibid., pp. 1616-19. P·179· 29. Stimson's diary for 3 Oct 1944, 13. Memorandum by Harry Dexter quoted by Elting E. Morison in Turmoil White for the Secretary of the Treasury, and Tradition: A Study of the Life and dated 25 Sep 1944, Cairo and Tehran, p. Times of Henry L. Stimson (Boston, 1960) 884; Memorandum by the Deputy p. 609; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Director of the Office of European Service, pp. 577-83. Affairs (H. Freeman Matthews) for the 30. Sherwood, White House Papers, Secretary of State, dated 20 Sep 1944, vol. II, p. 824. in Foreign Relations of the United States: 31. Washington Post, 21 Sep 1944. The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, I945 32. New York Times, 22 Sep 1944, (Washington, 1956) p. 134; Moran, 2 Nov 1944; Wall Street Journal, 23 Sep Churchill, pp. 177-8. 1944· 14. Lord Brand interviewed by 33. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 162a. Kenneth Harris, 'How a Banker Watched 34. Das Reich, 30 June 1944. History Happen', Observer, 8 Jan 1961; 35. Theodore N. Kaufman, Germany letter from the Earl of Birkenhead to Sir Must Perish (Newark, N.J., 1941). John Wheeler-Bennett, 2 June 1966; Cher• 36. Das Reich, 21 Oct 1944. well Papers. Nuffield College, Oxford. 37. Volkischer Beobachter, quoted by IS. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, p. 373. Chester Wilmot in The Struggle for 16. Winston S. Churchill, The Tide of Europe (London, 1952) p. 550. Victory (London, 1954) pp. 138-<); 38. Senate Judicial Subcommittee Re• Matthews Memorandum, Malta and port, p. 41 and nn. Yalta, p. 134. 39. Woodward, British Foreign Policy 17. Stimson and Bundy, On Active in the Second World War, p. II. Service, pp. 576-7; Senate Judiciary 40. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, p. 162; Subcommittee Report, pp. 620-1. Philip E. Moseley, The Kremlin and World 18. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, Politics (New York, 1960) p. 177. p.380n. 41. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, pp. 19. Unsigned memorandum dated 14 383-90; Senate Judiciary Subcommittee Sep, OFF 23.2. Cherwell Papers, Nuffield Report, pp. 43-5. College, Oxford. 42. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 20. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, P·251. P·371. 43. General Lucius C. Clay, Decision in 21. John L. Snell, Wartime Origins of Germany (New York, 1950) p. 18. the East-West Dilemma O'lJer Germany 44. Memorandum from Douglas to (New Orleans, 1959) pp. 87-8. General Clay dated I May 1945 (made 22. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. 1613- available to Sir John Wheeler-Bennett by 1614. Hon. Lewis W. Douglas, Feb 1968).

Chapter IO: The Road to Yalta I. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, which Soviet policy discussions took place p.208. can be obtained from Djilas's account in 2. Some idea of the atmosphere in his Conversations with Stalin. It is known Notes 655 from Soviet military memoirs that President Roosevelt, 14 Oct 1944. This strategic differences on the Russian side volume of documents will henceforth be were as lively as those in London and cited as Yalta. Washington. 13. Woodward, British Foreign Policy 3. On 23 Aug 1944 he visited the Pope, in the Second World War, p. 300. with whom he discussed the danger of 14. Ibid., p. 291. Also Avon, The Communist expansion. Churchill, Tri• Reckoning, p. 439. umph and Tragedy, pp. 102-3. Cf. Moran, IS. Yalta, p. 6.4 Oct 1944. Churchill, p. 185 (U.S. edition), where 16. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 483; Moran remarks on 21 Aug 1944 that Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the 'Winston never talks of Hitler these days: Second World War, pp. 307-8. he is always harping on the dangers of 17. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, Communism'. It is worth pointing out p. 198. As mentioned above, Molotov that Mr Churchill's fears seem to have persistently argued about the size of the been most acute with regard to Greece percentages in negotiations with Mr and Turkey (cf. ibid., p. 174) and that he Eden. Nevertheless, the main feature of became more satisfied with the Russians the agreement - that Russian leadership in the autumn of 1944, when Stalin in Bulgaria and Rumania should be seemed ready to set limits to Soviet accepted in exchange for British pre• ambitions in the Balkans. etninence in Greece - remained un• 4. For Churchill's dismay over the affected. progress of the war in December 1944, 18. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, see his letter to Field-Marshal Smuts of P·4S3· 3 Dec 1944 and his letter to Roosevelt, 6 19. Yalta, pp. 202 ff. Harriman to Dec 1944. Churchill, Triumph and Roosevelt, 14 Oct 1944, and Mikolajczyk Tragedy, pp. 233-6. For the dissatis• to Harriman, 16 Oct 1944. faction with Eisenhower, see Bryant, 20. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 487. Triumph in the West, pp. 322, 334 ff. 21. Yalta,p.207. For the fears at SHAEF that Eisenhower 22. Ibid., p. 209. might be forced to accept a Land Com• 23. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, p. mander, see Strong, Intelligence at the 208. Top, pp. 168-70. 24. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 3 II. S. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 25. George F. Kennan, Memoirs, I92S• p. IZO. I950 (London, 1968) pp. ZI8-19. 6. Slessor, The Central Blue, p. 6IZ, 26. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, cited in Michael Howard, The Mediter• P·296. ranean Strategy in the Second World War 27. Ibid., p. 436. (London, 1968) p. 65. See also a study 28. Stimson and Bundy, On Active entitled The Warsaw Insurrection: The SerfJice, pp. 327-8. Communist Version versus the Facts, 29. Yalta,p.165· prepared for the Subcommittee on 30. Ibid., p. 315. Memorandum from Internal Security of the United States Morgenthau to Roosevelt, 10 Jan 1945. Senate Committee on the Judi.s:iary 31. Stimson and Bundy, On Active (Washington, 1969). SerfJice, p. 341; Woodward, British 7. See his message to the British Prime Foreign Policy in the Second World War, Minister on this subject dated 26 Aug PP·573-4· 1944. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 32. Yalta, pp. 107-8. p. IZ3· 33. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 496. 8. Woodward, British Foreign Policy in 34. Leahy, I Was There, p. 285. the Second World War, p. 299 and n. 35. Ibid., pp. 276-8. 9. Ibid., p. 284. 36. Sherwood, White House Papers, 10. Ibid.,p.287. vol. II. 824. II. Ibid. 37. See, for example, Richard L. IZ. A protnise which did not please Walker, 'E. R. Stettinius, Jr', in The Mr Eden, who was aware how little it was American Secretaries of State and their worth. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 464. See Diplomacy, ed. Robert H. Ferrell, vol. also Malta and Yalta, pp. 202 ff., XiV (New York, 1965) pp. ZI-4. Ambassador Harriman in Moscow to 38. Yalta, pp. 64-6. The Semblance of Peace 39. Yalta, p. 95. Hickerson to Stet- 49. Yalta, p. 29. Hopkins to Roosevelt, tinius, 8 Jan 1945. 24 Jan 1945. 40. Ibid. 50. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 41. Ibid. P·295· 42. Ibid., pp. 97-100. 5 I. Yalta, p. 3 I. Churchill to Roose• 43. Ibid., p. 106. Attachment to velt,8 Jan 1945. Briefing Book Paper 'American Policy 52. Ibid., p. 33. Churchill to Roosevelt, toward Spheres of Influence'. Leahy's 10 Jan 1945. letter was dated 16 May 1944. Leahy was 53. There is little published material writing to Hull. about Hopkins's visit to London, but it 44. Ibid.,p. 102. seems to have satisfied him and to have 45. Stimson and Bundy, On Active pleased the British. Sherwood, White Service, p. 359. Stimson's diary, 23 Apr House Papers, vol. II, p. 839; Avon, The 1945. Mr Bundy was evidently uneasy Reckoning, p. 507; Yalta, p. 39; Churchill, about this passage and a footnote is Triumph and Tragedy, p. 298. The latter appended which claims that 'Stimson simply repeats Sherwood's account with• had no intention of excluding the demo• out comment. cracies of Western Europe, for example, 54. See, for example, Yalta, p. 291. from his list of nations that understand Roosevelt to Churchill, 6 Dec 1944. the free ballot'. 55. General de Gaulle, Memoires de 46. Yalta, pp. 242-3. The document Guerre: Le Salut, T944-T946 (Paris, 1959) read: 'While Hungary must of course p.80. renounce the territorial gains made at the 56. Ibid., p. 8 I expense of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia 57. Yalta, p. 296. French Note to the with German help, the United States British, U.S. and Soviet Governments, would favour for example, an eventual 16 Jan 1945. negotiated settlement which would trans• 58. De Gaulle, Le Salut, p. 88. For a fer to Hungary some of the predominantly record of Hopkins's conversation with de Hungarian-populated districts of Gaulle, see ibid., pp. 389-92. Southern Slovakia.' It then went on to 59. Leahy, for example, retained his refer to the promising prospects facing low opinion of de Gaulle. He records that Maort, a subsidiary of Standard Oil of Roosevelt shrugged off the French refusal New Jersey. Maort had concessions for to come to Algiers with the remark: oil-fields in Hungary. 'Well I just wanted to discuss some of our 47. Sherwood, White House Papers, problems with him. If he doesn't want to, vol. II, pp. 836-7. it doesn't make any difference to me'. 48. Ibid. Leahy, I Was There, p. 327.

Chapter IT: The Yalta Conference 1. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 398. 10. Ibid. p. 500. This did not mean, of course, that many II. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. SIC-II. German troops did not go on fighting 12. Yalta, pp. 502-3. The plan had deperately right until the final surrender. already been communicated to the Foreign 2. Ibid., p. 395. Office in London. The term 'Emergency 3. Yalta, p. 543. Record of Chiefs of High Commission' was preferred to that Staff Meeting with Roosevelt and of 'Provisional Security Council'. Churchill,2 Feb 1945. 13. Ibid., pp. 504 n., 661. 4. Ibid. The quotation is given in 14. Ibid., p. 501. reported speech. Also Churchill, Triumph 15· Ibid., p. 378. and Tragedy, p. 300. 16. Ibid., p. 379. Memorandum of the 5. Yalta, p. 478. Memorandum by the Division of Territorial Studies on the British Chiefs of Staff, 30 Jan 1945. Kuriles. 6. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 510. 17. Leahy, I Was There,p. 288. 7. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 8. Leahy, I Was There, pp. 297-9; 19. Yalta, p. 330. Cordell Hull to Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. II, Ambassador Morris in Tehran, 16 Oct p.842· 1944· 9. Yalta, p. 499 n. ~o. Ibid.,p. 501. Notes 21. Ibid.,PP.505-6. 52. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 22. No attempt has been made to deal p. 306. Memorandum to Eden, 4 Jan exhaustively with the talks at Malta. 1945· Further reference will be made to them 53. Yalta, pp. 655 1£. Meeting of the later in the chapter. Otherwise the reader Foreign Ministers, 6 Feb 1945; also is referred to Yalta,pp. 598-607. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 516. 23. cr. J. F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly 54· Yalta, p. 809. (London, 1948) p. 23. 55. Yalta, p. 920; Sherwood, White 24. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 5I2. House Papers, vol. II, p. 851. 25. Ibid. 56. Yalta, pp. 978-9. 26. Sherwood, White House Papers, 57. Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. II, p. 841. vol. II,p. 851. 27. Moran, Churchill, p. 242. 58. Yalta, pp. 620-9. Second Plenary 28. Ibid., p. 234. Session of the Conference, Bohlen 29. Leahy, I Was There, pp. 290, Minutes. 313· 59. Ibid.,p.634· 30. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 22. 60. Ibid., p. 704. Foreign Ministers' 31. Ibid., p. 23· meeting,7 Feb 1945. 32. At one point on the flight ice 61. Ibid.,P.979. formed on the wings of the President's 62. See Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. aeroplane and his Secret Service agents 29· wanted him to don a Mae West. Leahy, 63. Yalta, pp. 660-3. Third Plenary I Was There, p. 296. Meeting,6 Feb 1945. 33. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 513. 64. Ibid., p. 664· 34. Moran, Churchill, p. 237. 65· Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 37. 35. Yalta, p. 559. The President's 66. Yalta, p. 667. Log. 67. Ibid.,P.77. Third Plenary Meeting 36. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 519. 6 Feb 1945, Matthews Minutes. 37. Yalta,p·567· 68. Ibid., p. 669. Third Plenary Meet• 38. Ibid., p. 570. This is taken from ing, Bohlen Minutes. the His, notes of informal discussions 69. Ibid. among the American delegation. 'Mr B' 70. Ibid., p. 726 and n. Draft letter, is presumably Bohlen. Roosevelt to Stalin. 39. Ibid., p. 566. 71. Ibid., p. 727. Letter, Roosevelt to 40. Ibid., pp. 570-3. Roosevelt-Stalin Stalin, 6 Feb 1945. Also Avon, The meeting,4 Feb 1945, Bohlen Minutes. Reckoning, pp. 516-17. 41. Ibid., p. 400. Churchill to Roose• 72. Yalta, p. 716. Plenary session, 7 velt, 22 Oct 1944. See also Foreign Feb 1945, Bohlen Minutes. Secretaries' discussions at Malta, p. 506. 73. For. British proposals on the 42. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, settlement of the Polish problem at the P·30 5· conference, see Yalta, pp. 869-70, 43. Yalta, p. 575; Bryant, Triumph in 870-1,8 Feb 1945. The British refused to the West, p. 402; Churchill, Triumph and recognize anything other than a repre• Tragedy, p. 304. sentative Polish Government and refused 44· Yalta, p. 590. to accept mention of the Western Neisse 45. Ibid. in any communique. 46. Ibid., p. 590. 74. Leahy, I Was There,p.284. 47. Ibid., pp. 6U-23. Bohlen Minutes 75. Woodward, British Foreign Policy of Second Plenary Meeting, 5 Feb 1945; in the Second World War, p. 349. pp. 624-33, Matthews Minutes. 76. Yalta, p. 781. Fifth Plenary Meet• 48. Ibid., pp. 6u-I2, 624. ing, 8 Feb 1945, Bohlen Minutes. 49. Ibid., pp. 179, 187. Briefing Book 77. Ibid·,P·782. Paper: 'The Treattnent of Germany'. 78. Ibid., p. 849. Sixth Plenary 50. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 516; Meeting,9 Feb 1945,4 p.m. Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the 79. Ibid., p. 820. Memorandum from Second World War, p. 475. the British Delegation to the Soviet 51. Woodward, British Foreign Policy Delegation regarding the Yugoslav in the Second World War, pp. 469-70. Government,6 Feb 1945. The Semblance of Peace 80. Ibid., pp. 900-I. 96. Ibid.,p. 775. Fifth Plenary Session, 8I. Ibid., pp. 712-13. Fourth Ple• 8 Feb 1945, Bohlen Minutes. nary Session, 7 Feb 1945. Bohlen Min• 97. Ibid., p. 84. Memorandum on utes. International Trusteeship submitted to 82. Ibid.; also Sherwood, White House Stettinius, 23 Jan 1945. Papers, vol. II, p. 847. 98. Ibid. 83. Dean Acheson, Present at the 99. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Creation: My Years in the State Depart• Seroice, pp. 350-1. ment (London, 1970), p. 103. 100. Woodward, British Foreign Policy 84. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 517. in the Second World War, p. 53I. 85. Yalta, p. 714; Sherwood, White 10I. Ibid. and n. House Papers, vol. II, p. 852. 102. Yalta, p. 844. 86. Yalta, p. 746. 103. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 514. 87. Ibid., p. 735· 104. Yalta, p. 844. 88. Ibid., p. 794. 105. Ibid., p. 977. Protocol of the 89. Ibid., pp. 738-40. proceedings of the conference. 90. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 515. 106. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 514. 9I. Yalta, p. 767. Roosevelt-Stalin 107. Yalta, pp. 966-7. Exchange of meeting,8 Feb 1945. letters, Io-II Feb 1945. 92. Ibid., p. 768. The text is in reported 108. Ibid., p. 976. speech. 109. Ibid., p. 992. 93. Ibid., p. 984. IIO. Ibid., pp. 898-900. Seventh Ple• 94. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 513. nary Session, 10 Feb 1945,BohlenMinutes. 95. Yalta, pp. 358-6I. Briefing Book I II. Ibid., pp. 849-50. Paper, 'Postwar Status of '. 112. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 522. Chapter I2: Unconditional Surrender of the German Armed Forces I. Yalta, p. 978. housen, Die gebrochene Achse (Leine, 2. Leahy, I Was There, p. 387. 1949). 3. Ibid.; Major-General John R. 13. Wheeler-Bennett, The Nemesis of Deane, The Strange Alliance (London, Power, pp. 577-8. 1947) pp. 63-4. 14. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 4. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 465-6; a somewhat different account, p. 388; Leahy, I Was There, p. 389. though substantially the same, appears in 5. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, Count Bernadotte's book The Curtain P·392. Falls (New York. 1945) pp. 105-29, 6. Leahy, I Was There, pp. 390-2; 136-55. See also Professor Hugh Trevor• Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 394. Roper's The Last Days of Hitler, 2nd ed. 7. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, (London, 1950) pp. 117, 128-9, 139, P·398. and Walter Schellenberg's affidavit sworn 8. Leahy, I Was There, p. 388. at Nuremberg on January 23,1946. 9. Diary entry for 17 Mar 1945; see 15. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 466-7; Harry S. Truman, Year of P· 607· Decisions (New York, 1955) pp. 88-94; 10. Leahy, I Was There, p. 392. Leahy, I Was There, pp. 415-16. II. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 16. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, P·495· pp. 467-8; Stalin's Correspondence, vol. I, 12. Field-Marshal Earl Alexander of pp. 332-5; vol. II, pp. 222-3. Tunis, Memoirs I94o-I945 (London, 17. Field-Marshal the Viscount Mont• 1962) p. 149; The Italian Campaign, I2 gomery of Alamein, K.G., Memoirs (Lon• December I944-2 May I9.J5: A Report don, 1958) pp. 334-40; Major-General Sir to the Combined Chiefs of Staff by the Francis de Guingand, Operation Victory Supreme Allied Commander, Mediter• (London, 1947) pp. 453-4; Eisenhower, ranean, Field-Marshal Viscount Alexander Crusade in Europe, p. 463; Grand-Admiral of Tunis (London, 1951) Appendix E, Karl Doenitz, Memoirs (London, 1959) pp. 'Negotiations for the German Capitu• 45-46; Walter LUdde-Neurath, Regierung lation'. For an entertaining account of Domitz (Gottingen, 1964) pp. 61-7; these events, see Eitel Friedrich Moebl- Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk, Es Notes Geschan in Deutschland (TUbingen, 195 I) (London, 1956) pp. 199-225; Moseley, pp. 367-70; also 'The Beginning and the The Kremlin and World Politics, pp. 142- End', Diary of Count Lutz Schwerin von 154; John Counsell, Counsel's Opinion Krosigk, 5 Nov 1932-5 February 1933 (London, 1963) pp. 148-53; Deane, and 15 Apr-I May 1945 (Wheeler• Strange Alliance, pp. 166-71. Bennett Papers, St Antony's College, 19. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, Oxford); Marlis G. Steinert, Capitulation pp. 464-5; Butcher, Three Years with I945 (London, 1969); Strong, Intelligence Eisenhower, pp. 682-93. at the Top, chap. 9. 20. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 18. Lord Strang, Home and Abroat; 456.

Chapter I3: Germany Divided: the Zones of Occupation I. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 19. Kennan, Memoirs, pp. 168-71; also PP·524-6· Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, p. 362. 2. Ibid. When the Cabinet discussed 20. Franklin, 'Zonal Boundaries', p. 23. the Treasury memorandum on 22 Mar, 21. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, Mr Churchill reiterated his desire to see P·489. Prussia isolated from the rest of Germany. 22. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 3. Yalta,p. 187. p. 469. This was a phrase used to Mr 4. Foreign Relations of the United Eden but it summed up the Prime States: The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) Minister's view. (Washington, 1960) vol. I, p. 460. 23. Mr Churchill sent a message to Hereafter cited as Potsdam. Roosevelt OIr 5 Apr expressing concern 5· Ibid., pp. 439-40,447. about Austria, and urging the furthest 6. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, possible eastward expansion of Anglo• P.465· American forces into Germany. See 7. Ibid., p. 527; Potsdam, vol. I, p. Triumph and Tragedy, p. 446. For his 445· messages to Truman on this subject, see 8. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 50. ibid., pp. 448, 450, 496-7,524,525-6. 9. Ibid. 24. Ibid., p. 448. 10. Ibid., p. 455. 25· Ibid., p. 443. II. H.-P. Schwarz, Vom Reich zur 26. Ibid., p. 525; Eisenhower, Crusade Bundesrepublik. Deutschland im Wider• in Europe, pp. 517-18. streit der aussenpolitischen Konzeptionen in 27. Cf. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. denJahren der Besatzungsherrschaft I945- VI,p.152. I949 (Neuwied and Berlin, 1966) p. 236. 28. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 598-9. Winant Also Wolfgang Leonhard, Child of the to Secretary of State, 7 . Revolution (London, 1957) pp. 280-3; 29. Ibid., pp. 603-4; vol. II, pp. 1001- Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis of Power, 2. pp.614-21,716-23· 30. Cairo and Tehran, p. 254. 12. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 31. Clay, Decision in Germany, p. 26. PP·469-70. See also Murphy, Diplomat among 13. See William M. Franklin, 'Zonal Warriors, pp. 322-3. Boundaries and Access Routes to Berlin', 32. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, World Politics (Oct 1963) pp. 1-31. p.281. 14. Lord Strang, 'Prelude to Potsdam', 33. Potsdam, vol. II, pp, 1483-4· in 'Potsdam after twenty-five years', Inter• 34. Eisenhower,. Crusade in Europe, national Affairs (July 1970) p. 450. p. 478; Clay, Decision in Germany, p. 107. 15. Cairo and Tehran, pp. 255-6; 35. Moran, Churchill, p. 298. Franklin, 'Zonal Boundaries', p. II. 36. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 16. Franklin, 'Zonal Boundaries', p. P·348. 12. 37. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 234· 17. Franklin, 'Zonal Boundaries'. pp. Cf. Lord Strang's conversation with the 18-20. of , Dr Petersen. 18. George F. Kennan, Memoirs I925- 38. Soviet Military Administration I950 (Boston, 1967) p. 168; Franklin, Order NO.2. See B. Ruhm von Oppen, 'Zonal Boundaries', p. 17; Strang, Home Documents on Germany under Occupation, and Abroad, pp. 208, 212-15. I945-I954 (Oxford, 1955) pp. 37-8. Also 660 The Semblance of Peace Philip Windsor, City on Leave: A History republik. pp. 236-7 and n. 50, p. 748. Also of Berlin (London, 1963) pp. 34-5· Oppen, Documents on Germany, pp. 64~. 39. Leonhard, Child of the Revolution, 40. Windsor, City on Leave, p. 14 n. p. 303; Schwarz, Vom Reich zur Bundes- 41. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 1561-2. Chapter I.J: The Road to Potsdam I. Quoted by Virginia Cowles in 20. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. The Russian Dagger (London, 1969) p. 21. 185. 2. Stalin's Correspondence, vol. I, pp. 21. Moran,Churchill,p. 132. 306-8; vol. II,pp. 194-7. 22. Djilas, C01lfJersations with Stalin, 3. Kennan, Memoirs, p. 252. P·73· 4. Stalin's Correspondence, vol. I, pp. 23. Hon. James Forrestal Diaries 309-10, 313-16, 324~, 330-1, 338-44, (London, 1952) p. 53. 346-8; vol. II, pp. 201-4, 2II-13, 215-17, 24. Leahy, I Was There,p. 340. 218-20,225-7, 228-9,231-2; Woodward, 25. Letter from Mrs Paul Hoffman to British Foreign Policy, pp. 502~, 507-14; the Hon. Averell Harriman dated 3 June Raczynski, In Allied London, pp. 284- 1963 (a copy of which has been given to 99· Sir John Wheeler-Bennett). Mrs Hoffman 5. Told to Sir John Wheeler-Bennett adds: 'These were his exact words. I by Harold Macmillan on 9 June 1964. remembered them and verified them with Cf. Winds of Change, I9I4-I939 (London, Mrs Roosevelt shOttly before her death' 1!j66)P.14. (on 7 Nov 1962). The fact that Mrs 6. Lord Strang, Britain in World Hoffman lunched with the President and Affairs (London, 1961) p. 55. Mrs Roosevelt on 24 Mar is recorded by 7. Television interview with Baroness William D. Hassett, one of the Presi• Asquith of Yarnbury by Kenneth Harris dent's assistant private secretaries, in on 13 Apr 1967. See The Listener, 17 Aug Off the Record with F.D.R. I942-I945 1967. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1958) p. 326. 8. John Colville in Action This Day, ed. 26. Stalin's Correspondence, vol. II, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett (London, PP·207-8· 1968) pp. 93,97. 27. Ibid.,p.214· 9. Churchill. Triumph and Tragedy, 28. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 14. p·496. 29. Mr President: Personal Diaries, 10. Das Reich, 25 Feb 1945; The Times, Private Letters, Papers and Revealing 3 May 1945 and II Oct 1966 (letter from Interviews of Harry S. Truman, ed. Lord Conesford). William Hillman (London, 1952) p. 99. I I. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 92. 30. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 529. 12. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 74; 31. Congressional Record - House, 6 Potsdam, vol. II, p. 362. June 1967, p. H.6736. 13. The Novels of Thomas Love Pea• 32. See Minutes of the sixteenth cock, ed. David Garnett (London, 1948) meeting of the United States Delegation p.839. to the San Francisco Conference, 25 Apr 14. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 1945. Foreign Relations of the United pp. 498-9; Potsdam, vol. I, p. 9. States: Diplomatic Papers, I945 (Wash• 15. of Alba's Report No. 502 ington, 1967) vol. I, General: The (30 Oct 1943) on a conversation at United Nations, pp. 389-90. luncheon with Mr Churchill on 22 Oct 33. Congressional Record - House, 6 1943. Quoted by Brian Crozier, Franco June 1967, p. H.6736; Truman, Year of (London, 1967) pp. 378-9. Decisions, pp. 70-2. 16. Viscount Templewood, Ambassador 34. Congressional Record, ibid. on Special Mission (London, 1946), p. 189. 35. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 17. Colville, in Action this Day, pp. pp. 437-9, 496-7; Woodward, British 132-7· Foreign Policy, pp. 518-20; Truman, 18. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. Year of Decisions, pp. 255~. 177. 36. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 265. 19. Hon. William Bullitt, 'How we 37. Hillman (ed.), Mr President, p. 99. Won the War and Lost the Peace', Life 38. Sherwood, White House Papers, Magazine, 30 Aug 1948, p. 94. vol. II, pp. 874-5. Notes 661 39. Hillman (ed.), Mr President, p. 99. There, pp. 441-5; Potsdam, vol. I, 40. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 21-2; Stalin's pp. 64-81; Churchill, Triumph and Correspondence, vol. II, p. 234. Tragedy, pp. 502-5. 41. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 22-3. 47. Hillman (ed.), Mr President, p. 99. 42. Forrestal, Diaries, p. 73; Hillman 48. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 24-60; Sher• (ed.), Mr President, p. 99. wood, White House Papers, vol. II, pp. 43. Hillman (ed.), Mr President, pp. 875-905. 98-9; Potsdam, vol. I, p. 63. 49. Herbert Feis, Between War and 44. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 539. Peace (Princeton, 1960) pp. 97-II6. Diary entry for 29 May 1945. 50. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 61. Telegram to 45. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 260. President Truman, 8 . 46. Ibid., pp. 260-2; Leahy, I Was 51. Kennan, Memoirs, pp. 212-13. Chapter I5: San Francisco and Potsdam I. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 525. happened in Czechoslovakia during May• 2. Ibid., p. 529. July 1945, see ibid., pp. 456-78. 3. For Anglo-American views and 23. Ibid., vol. v, p. 990. consultations on this point, see Woodwaxd, 24. Yalta, p. 313. British Foreign Policy, pp. 506-9; Leahy, 25. See, for example, Foreign Relations, I Was There, p. 353; Truman, Year of I945, vol. v, p. 990. Decisions, p. 78. 26. Ibid., p. 999. 4. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 79. 27. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 145. 5. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy. Also Foreign Relations, I945, vol. v, p. P·428. 1000. 6. Forrestal, Diaries, p. 80. 28. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 146. 7. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 80. 29. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 35. 8. Forrestal, Diaries, p. 66; Truman, 30. For statements of the Soviet and Year of Decisions, pp. 80-2. American points of view on Lend-Lease, 9. Stimson and Bundy, On Active see the discussion between Harriman and Service, p. 358. Mikoyan in Moscow on II June 1945, 10. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. Foreign Relations, I945, vol. v, pp. 1018- 83-5. The quotations have been trans• 1021. posed from reported to direct speech. 31. For Forrestal's fears, see Forrestal, II. For Mr Harriman's strong waxn• Diaries, pp. 72-3. For Harriman's views, ings to the American delegation on the see Foreign Relations, I945, vol. I, pp. situation in Eastern Europe, see Foreign 389-90. Relations of the United States, I945, vol. I, 32. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 155, 242, 295, PP·389-90. 320, 417, 505, 552, 596, 700, 781, 958, 12. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 28. 971,1009, 1052. 13. Ibid., p. 39. 33. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 14. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, p·529· p. 507; Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 34. Ibid., pp. 530-1. PP·384-5· 35. Moran, Churchill, p. 296. 15. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 55. 36. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 290. 16. Foreign Relations, I945, vol. IV, 37. Avon, The Reckoning,pp. 543-4. p. 431. Report of conversation between 38. Kennan, Memoirs, p. 364; also Harriman and Benei, 31 Mar 1945. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 305. 17. Kennan, Memoirs, p. 254. 39. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. VI, 18. Foreign Relations, I945, vol. IV, P·303· P·432. 40. This point is well made in G. 19. Ibid.,p. 445. Repeated in Churchill, Kolko, The Politics of War: Allied Triumph and Tragedy, p. 442; see also Diplomacy and the World Crisis of I943-45 Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 532-3. (London, 1968) p. 539. 20. Foreign Relations, I945, vol. IV, p. 41. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 451. P·553· 21. John Ehnnan, Grand Strategy, vol. 42. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 47, 81-2,378- VI,p.161. 9; Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 346. 22. For American views on what 43. Robert Cecil, 'Potsdam and its 662 The Semblance of Peace Legends', in 'Potsdam after Twenty• 74. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 381 ff. five Years, International Affairs, XLVI, 3 75· Ibid·,P·384. (July 1970) 464-6. 76. Ibid., p. 385. 44. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 77. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 538-9; Potsdam, vol. I,p. 320. P·581 . 45. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 546. 78. Cecil, 'Potsdam and its Legends', 46. Ibid. P·456. 47. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 79. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, P·538. P.566. 48. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 546. 80. Ibid., pp. 548-9. 49. Truman, Year of Decisions. p. 265. 81. Ibid. Also Moran, Churchill, p. 50. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1584. Bohlen's 295· reconstruction of the Truman-Stalin 82. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 545. meeting on 17 July 1945. 83. Leahy, I Was There, p. 412. 51. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 84. Ibid., Truman, Year of Decisions, P·537· p.287· 52. For the draft of this U.S. proposal, 85. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 461. see Potsdam, vol. II, p. 610. 86. Clement Attlee, As It Happened 53. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 67. (London, 1954) p. 149. 54. Ibid., pp. 1478-80. 87. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 55. 55. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 88. Ibid., p. 459; Byrnes, Speaking P·550. Frankly, p. 79. 56. Ibid., pp. 408-9, 538. 89. Leahy, I Was There, p. 420. 57. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 180. 90. See Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1150; for 58. Ibid.,p.207. U.S. proposal to this effect. 59. Ibid., pp. 228-32. 91. Ibid.,PP.471-7. 60. Ibid., p. 230. 92. Ibid., p. 1538. 61. Ibid., p. 380. 93. Ibid., p. 480. 62. Ibid., p. 1494. 94. Ibid·,P·485· 63. Ibid., pp. 1492-3. 95. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 64. Ibid., p. 729. pp. 562-3; Churchill, Triumph and 65. Ibid.,PP.274,297. Tragedy, pp. 573-7. 66. Ibid., pp. 296-7, 863. 96. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 519. 67. Ibid.,P.98. 97. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 68. Ibid., p. 1508. PP·564-5· 69. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 98. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 528-33. 296. 99. Ibid., p. 1500. 70. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 249-52. 100. For Bevin's difficulties with Byrnes 71. Ibid.,pp.250,386. in Moscow in December 1945, see 72. Ibid., pp. 1522-4. Kennan, Memoirs, pp. 286-8. 73. Ibid., p. 356; and Rozek, Allied 101. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. Wartime Diplomacy, pp. 408-9. 33 1•

Chapter I6: The Unconditional Surrender ofJapan I. Documents on German Foreign Policy, Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, I939-I94z I9I8-I945, series D (1937-45), vol. XII, (New York, 1966) p. 239. pp. 376-83. Record of conversation 6. Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. between the Reich Foreign Minister [von II,P.745. Ribbentrop] and the Japanese Foreign 7. Hull,Memoirs, vol. II, 1309-10. Minister, at Berlin, on 27 Mar 1941. 8. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 418. 2. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, pp. 9. Ibid., p. 488. 528, 538-9. 10. Deane, The Strange Alliance, 3. Lieut.-General Joseph V. Stillwell, pp. 247-8. Lord Avon in his account of Stillwell Papers, ed. Theodore H. White the Moscow Conference of 1944 makes no (New York, 1948)P. 106. mention of this scene. 4. Mamoru Shigemitsu,Japan and her II. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, Destiny (London, 1958) p. 214. pp. 388-9. S. Forrest C. Pogue, George C. 12. Yalta, pp. 383-4. Notes 663 13. Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and 31. Butow,Japan's Decision to Surren• the Russians at Yalta (New York, 1949) der, pp. 54-5 ff. pp. 33-4; Military Situation in the Far 32. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, East, Hearing before the Committee on PP·478-9. Anned Services and the Committee on 33. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 207. Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 82nd 34. Ibid., p. 76. Congress, 1st Session, pt 4, p. 3120. 35. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 45-7. 14. Sherwood, White House Papers, 36. Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. II,p. 856; Truman, Year of Decisions, vol. II, pp. 891-3. p.26S· 37. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 61-2. IS. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the 38. Feis, Between War and Peace, pp. Russians, p. 90; Yalta, p. 396. 112-13· 16. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 507-8. 39. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 265. 17. Yalta, pp. 894-7; Churchill, Tri• 40. Ibid., pp. 268-"70; Stalin's Corre• umph and Tragedy, pp. 341-2. spondence vol. II, p. 246. 18. Yalta, p. 984. 41. United States Relations with China 19. Keith Eubank, The Summit Confer• (Washington, 1949) pp. 94-8; Ambassa• ences, I9I9-I960 (Norman, Okla., 1966) dor Hurley's testimony in Hearings on the P·I04· Military Situation in the Far East, before 20. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 513. the U.S. Senate Committee on Anned 21. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Services and Foreign Relations (Washing• Russians, p. 94. ton, 1951) pp. 2827-62; Ambassador 22. Shigeru Yoshida, Memoirs (Lon• Bohlen's testimony in Hearings of the don, 1961) p. 24. Nomination of Charles E. Bohlen, before 23. Robert J. C. Butow, Japan's the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Decision to Surrender (Stanford, Calif., Relations (Washington, 1953) pp. 2-113; 1954) p. 14 and n. IS. Mr Butow's book, Communist China, ed. Franz Schumann based upon meticulous research on and Orville Schell (New York, 1967) documentary sources hitherto untapped, pp. 237-42; A. Doak Barnett, Communist is of the greatest value. China and Asia (New York, 1961) pp. 24. Yoshida, Memoirs, pp. 22-3; 337-51; Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender, p. 182; Robert C. North, Moscow and the pp. 14-15. There is some discrepancy Chinese Communists (Stanford, Calif., here. Butow asserts that the only result 1953) pp. 208-28; Max Beloff, Sooiet of this suggestion by Yoshida was 'a Policy in the Far East, I944-I95I mutual pledge between himself and the (Oxford, 1953) pp. 20-53· Lord Privy Seal [Kido] to work for 42. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 265. peace'. Yoshida, on the other hand, 43. Ibid., p. 417. complains that, when sounded about the 44. Stimson and Bundy, On Active matter, Kido 'refrained from giving me a Service, p. 619; Morison, Turmoil and straight answer', and makes no mention of Tradition, p. 622. any mutual pledge. 45. U.S. Dept of Defence, The Entry 25. Captain Ellis M. Zacharias, U.S.N., of the Sooiet Union into the War against Secret Missions (New York, 1946) p. 321; Japan: Military Plans, I94I-I945 (Wash• Shigemitsu, Japan and her Destiny, p. ington, 1955) pp. 51- 2. 302. 46. Leahy, I Was There, p. 450. 26. Shigemitsu,Japan and her Destiny, 47. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 910. P·302. 48. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 27. Butow, Japan's Decision to Surren• 262-5; Entry of the Sooiet Union into the der, pp. 16-19. War againstJapan, pp. 60-1. 28. Ibid., pp. 19-20, n. 37; Shige• 49. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. mitsu,Japan and her Destiny, pp. 326-7. 314-15, 322-3, 411; Potsdam, vol. I, 29. Wesley R. Fishel, 'A Japanese p.9Q9. Peace Mana:uvre in 1944', Far Eastern So. Conversations between John Quarterly (now the Journal for Asian McCloy and James FOlTestal, 8 Mar 1947. Studies) (New York), Aug 1949. See Forrestal, Diaries, p. 83. 30. Shigemitsu,Japan and her Destiny, 51. Sherwood, White House Papers PP·338-9· vol. II, p. 892. The Semblance of Peace 52. Shigenori Togo, The Cause of 75. For the account of the Churchill• Japan (New York, 1956) pp. 289-90; Truman conversation of 18 July, see ibid., Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender, PP·302-·3· pp.90-2 • 76. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1360. 53. Togo, The Cause of Japan, pp. 77. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 415. 298-303; Shigemitsu, Japan and her 78. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1266. Destiny, pp. 356-7. 79. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 54. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 874-83. PP·551-2. 55. Butow, Japan's Decision to Surren• 80. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 547. der, pp. I03-II. 81. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 56. Leahy, I Was There, p. 449. p. 554. There is no known American 57. Correspondence and personal con• record of this conversation. versations between Sir John Wheeler• 82. Potsdam, vol. II, Document 1305, Bennett and the Hon. , p. 1361. Oct-Nov 1967. 83. Mr Stimson's diary entry for 21 58. Forrestal, Diaries, pp. 86-7. and 22 July 1945; see Potsdam, vol. II, 59. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 893· pp. 203,225. 60. See a memorandum to Secretary of 84. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, State Hull for the consideration of the P.338. State Department Postwar Planning 85. Harvey and Bundy, 'Remembered Committee, dated Apr 1944; Joseph C. Words', Atlantic Monthly (Boston, Mass.) Grew, Turbulent Era (London, 1953) vol. (Mar 1957) p. 57. II, pp. 14°8-15; and also Mr Grew's 86. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, evidence on the occasion of his appoint• pp. 552-3; Truman, Year of Decisions, ment as Under-Secretary of State, 12 p·419· Dec 1944, Hearings before the Committee 87. Leahy, I Was There, pp. 475-7. on Foreign Relations, 78th Congress, 2nd 88. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 547. Session (Washington, 1944) pp. 17-19. 89. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 243. 61. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. 1591-3. 90. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, p. 285. 62. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 91. For a detailed account of the PP·570-1. sequence of events leading to the British 63. Forrestal, Diaries, p. 92; Potsdam, consent to use of the atomic weapon, vol. II, p. 477. see Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. VI, 64. The Marshal reported this conver• pp. 296-8; also Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 941-2, sation with the President in his address to Minutes of a meeting of the Combined the Chinese people on 1 Jan 1944. The Policy Committee in Washington, 4 July Collected War-time Messages of General• 1945· issimo Chiang Kai-shek, I937-I945 (New 92. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, York, 1946) vol. II, p. 779. P·553· 65. Potsdam, vol. I, p. 44. 93. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 416. 66. See Grew, Turbulent Era, vol. II, 94. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, pp. pp. 1421-5; Stimson and Bundy, On 300-1. Active Service, pp. 619-27; Potsdam, vol. 95. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, I, pp. 885-7; ForrestaJ, Diaries, pp. 79, PP·579-80. 81-3· 96. New York Herald Tribune, II Feb 67. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 900-1. 1950. 68. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. 1593-4. 97. Report of the Royal Commission 69. Truman, YearofDecisions,p.417. appointed under Order in Council P.C. 4II 70. Ibid., p. 341. of February 5, I946 (Ottawa, 1946) pp. 71. Ibid., p. 341; HilJman (ed.), Mr 447 fr. President, p. Il3. 98. Lieutenant-General Leslie R. 72. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 205; Groves, Now It Can Be Told (New York, and All in One Lifetime (London, 1960) 1962) p. 184. P·291. 99. Mr Stimson's diary entry for 22 73. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1586. July 1945. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 225. 74. For the account of the Churchill• 100. Herbert Feis, The Atomic Bomb Stalin conversation of 17 July, see and the End of World War II (Princeton, Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol, VI, p. 302. 1966) p. 102, n. 67; confirmed to Sir John Notes 665 Wheeler-Bennett by the Hon. Averell 121. Zacharias, Secret Missions, pp. Harriman, Jan 1968. 370-1. 101. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 122. For text of broadcast, see Zacha• p. 553; Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. VI, rias, Secret Missions, pp. 420-1. P·292. 123. Telegram from Acting Secretary 102. Forrestal's diary entry for 28 of State Grew to Secretary Byrnes, 22 July 1945 with record of conversation July 1945. See Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 1273- with Byrnes. Forrestal, Diaries, p. 90. 1274· 103. Potsdam, vol. II, Document 1213, 124. Ibid., pp. 1260-2. pp.1224-5· 125. Zacharias, Secret Missions, pp. 104. Ibid., Document 1216, p. 1241; 373-4· Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, p. 291. 126. Shigemitsu,Japan and her Destiny, 105. Minutes of Tripattite Meering of P.358. the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 24 July 1945. 127. Togo, The Cause of Japan, pp. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 345. 3II-13· 106. U.S. Department of the Army, 128. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1293. Office of the Chief of Military History, 129. Toshika2u Kase, Eclipse of the Command Decisions (Washington, 1967) Rising Sun (London, 1951) p. 2II. p. 499; Truman, Year of Decisions, p. II. 130. Ka2uo Kanai, 'Mokusatsu: Japan's 107. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, Response to the Potsdam Declaration', p. 645; Leahy, I Was There, pp. 502-3; Pacific Historical Review (Nov 1950) p. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, pp. 263-4. 413· 108. Forrestal, Diaries, p. 90. 131. Togo, The Cause ofJapan, p. 314. 109. Leahy, I Was There, p. 431. 132. Kanai, 'Mokusatsu', p. 412. For a Harriman later expressed similar views considered discussion of this point, see before a United States Congressional Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender, Committee: MacArthur Hearings, 82nd PP·143-9· Congress, 1st Session (Washington, 1951) 133. Togo, The Cause ofJapan, p. 314. pt 5, p. 3341. 134. Stimson, 'The Decision to Use 1I0. General Douglas MacArthur, the Atom Bomb', Harper's Magazine, Reminiscences (New York, 1965, paper• Feb 1947; Stimson and Bundy, On Active back ed.) pp. 301-2. Service, p. 625. III. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. VI, 135. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1375. PP·301-3· 136. Lord Attlee, 'The Hiroshima II2. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 897-9. Choice', Observer, 6 Sep 1959. II3. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 137. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 387. 420-1. 114. For an account of the Anglo• 138. Ibid., pp. 412-13; Whee1er• American exchanges and a comparison Bennett, King George VI, pp. 643-4. of the two drafts, see Potsdam, vol. II, 139. Truman, Year l!fDecisions, p. 421; PP· 1275-7· Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, p. 304. 115. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. VI, 140. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 476. p. 306; Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 1267-78. 14I. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. II6. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1279. 4°1-2. 117. Ibid., p. 1282; Truman, Year of 142. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, pp. Decisions, p. 390. 297-8. 118. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1275, n. I; 143. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 1333-4. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 387; See also Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, Byrnes,Allin One Lifetime,pp. 296-7. pp. 208-9; All in One Lifetime, p. 298; 119. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 1474-6. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 403-4. 120. For a comparison of the Proclam• 144. Leahy, I Was There, pp. 494-5. ation of 26 July 1945 with the policy of 145. Stalin's Correspondence, vol. II, the Department of State see text of a P·258. memorandum prepared in the Office of 146. Feis, The Atomic Bomb and the Far Eastern Affairs for the consideration EndofWorldWarll,p. III. of the meeting of the Secretary of State's 147. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 1297-8; Staff Committee held on 30 July. Potsdam, Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. VI, p. 308. vol. II, pp. 1284-9. 148. Togo, The Cause ofJapan, p. 316. 666 The Semblance of Peace 149. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 425. 163. Pierson Dixon, Double Diploma: ISO. New York Times, 9 Aug 1945. The Life of Sir Pierson Dixon (London, 151. Shigemitsu,Japan and her Destiny, 1968) p. 180. P·359. 164. Ibid.,pp. 180-1. 152. Butow,Japan's Decision to Surren• 165. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. VI, der, p. 151. p. 312; Togo, TheCauseofJapan,p. 324. 153. Shigemitsu,JapanandherDestiny, 166. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. PP·359-00. 430-1; Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, p. 154. Truman, YearofDecisions,P.426. 306. ISS. Togo, The Cause ofJapan, p. 315. 167. Togo, The Cause ofJapan, p. 335; 156. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 264. Shigemitsu, Japan and her Destiny, pp. 157. Togo, The Cause of Japan, pp. 364-6. 316-21; Shigemitsu, Japan and her 168. Togo, The Cause of Japan, pp. Destiny, p. 361; Butow, Japan's Decision 324-34; Shigemitsu, Japan and her to Surrender, pp. 159-76. Destiny, pp. 362-3; Butow, Japan's 158. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 423. Decision to Surrender, pp. 192-209; 159. Ibid·,P·425. and also Japan's Longest Day (London, 160. Stimson and Bundy, On Active 1968), a publication of the Pacific War Service, pp. 628-33; Forrestal, Diaries, Research Society of Tokyo, on the events pp. 94-5; Leaby, 1 Was There, p. 506; of 14-15 August 1945. Grew, Turbulent Era, vol. II, pp. 1438-40. 169. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 311. 161. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 170. For a moving Japanese account 428-9; Byrnes, Allin One Lifetime,p. 305. of the surrender in Tokyo Bay, see Kase, 162. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 430. Eclipse of the Rising Sun, pp. 2-10.

Chapter I7: The Trial and Punishment of the Nazi War Criminals I. New York Times, 22 Aug 1942. Economic Consequences of the Peace 2. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. 1289- (London, 1920) pp. 129-31. 90· II. Princess Wilhelmina of the Nether• 3. Henry L. Stimson, 'The Nurem• lands, Lonely but not alone (London, berg Trial: Landmark in Law', Foreign 1960) p. 107; Dutch Orange Book, June Affairs (New York), Jan 1947. J:9I9-April I9Z0 (The Hague, 1920). 4· Moran, Churchill, p. 141; Bohlen 12. Claud Mullins, The Leipzig Trials Minutes, Cairo and Tehran, pp. 553-4; (London, 1921). Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, pp. 188- 13. The Times, 18 Sep 1927. 189; Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 330 14. The Times, 12 July 1932. andp.62I. 15. Collected Speeches of Adolf Hitler, 5· As quoted by Lord Curzon in a I9zz-I939, ed. Norman H. Baynes report on his negotiations in Paris to the (Oxford, 1942) vol. II, pp. 1335-6. Imperial War Cabinet on 20 Nov 1918; 16. Conference on the Limitation of see David Lloyd George, The Truth about Armament, November n, I9zI-February the Treaties (London, 1938) vol. I, p. 6, I9ZZ: Verbatim Report (Washington, 98. 1922) pp. 1608-9. 6. Statement at the Inter-Allied Con• 17. JudgeSamuelL.Rosenman, Work• ference in London on I Dec 1918. Ibid., ing with Roosevelt (London, 1952) p. 472. P·I42· 18. For text of the American Memo• '7. Ibid.,p. 140. randum, see Mr Justice Robert H. 8. Mr Lansing's Papers and Diaries Jackson's Report on the International have been deposited in the Library of Conference on Military Trials (Washing• Congress at Washington; a careful study ton, 1948) pp. 3-9; also Yalta, pp. 403-8. of them in regard to this subject has been For the early planning which the memo• made by James Morgan Read in Atrocity randum embodies, see Stimson and Propaganda I9I4-I9I9 (New York, Bundy, On Active Service, p. 584; 1941). Murray C. Bemays, 'Legal Basis of the 9· Lloyd George, The Truth about the Nuremberg Trials', Survey Graphic Treaties, vol. I, pp. 178,463. (New York), aan 1946) p. 4, and Robert 10. The Times, 1 Dec and 10 Dec 1918. H. Jackson, The Nuremberg Case (New See also John Maynard Keynes, The York, 1947) p. v. Notes 667 19. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 464; I.M.T. Record, vol. xx, p. 490. 109-10. 44. For text of Soviet dissenting 20. Philip Howard, 'How the head• opinions, see I.M.T. Record, vol. I, pp. long rush of History ended in a cabinet 341-64. quibble', The Times, 1 Jan 1972. 45. Kilmuir, Political Adventure, pp. 21. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 329-39; Biddle, In Brief Authority, pp. P·493· 479-81; Stimson and Bundy, On Active 22. Ibid., p. 495; Woodwaxd, British Service, pp. 588-91; Jackson Report, pp. Foreign Policy, pp. 573-4. 46-51• 23. Jackson Report, p. 21; Truman, 46. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, pp. Year of Decisions, pp. 282-4. 85-6· 24. For text of Judge Rosenman's 47. A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the draft, see Jackson Report, pp. 23-7; for Second World War, introductory chapter British amendments, see ibid., pp. 39-40. to Penguin ed. (Harmondsworth, 1965) 25. For documents of the London pp.22,36. Conference, see Jackson Report. See also, 48. Documents on German Foreign for accounts of the working and achieve• Policy, I9I8-I945 (London and Washing• ments of the Conference, the Earl of ton, 1966) series c, vol. v, pp. 853-62. Kilmuir, Political Adventure (London, This document first appeared at Nurem• 1962) chap. 8, and Sydney Alderman, berg as Defence Exhibit Schacht, 48, Negotiating with the Russians (New York, but for some reason was not included in 1951) chap. iii. the document volumes of Record of the 26. Potsdam, vol. I, pp. 157-9. International Military Tribunal. It was 27. Ibid., p. 198. used subsequently in Case XI of the 28. Ibid.,P.578. Trials of War Criminals before the Military 29. For text of the Soviet proposals, Tribunals under Control Council Law No. see ibid., vol. II, pp. 984-5. IO. (Washington, Oct 1948-Apr 1949) 30. Ibid., p. 987. vol. XII, pp. 43<>-9. 31. Ibid·,P·573. 49. 34th Plenary Meeting, Verbatim 32. Ibid., p. 572. Report o/the General Assembly, p. 684. 33. For text of the British proposal, see 50. U.S. State Department Bulletin, ibid., p. 986, and for agreement on xv (1946) 954-7; Biddle, In Brief Author• Stalin's proposal, ibid., p. 573; Truman, itY,P.478. Year of Decisions, pp. 407-8. 51. The Charter and Judgement of the 34. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 1489-90. Nurnberg Tribunal: Memorandum by the 35. Ibid., p. 1507. Secretary-General of the United Nations 36. For text, see Jackson Report, pp. (Lake Success, N.Y., 1949) p. 12. 42<>-9, and Record of the Trial of the 52. Ibid., pp. 14-15. Major War Criminals before the Inter• 53. U.N•. General Assembly Records 5th national Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, session (1950), supp. 12 (A/1316); General November I4, I945-0ctober I, I946 Assembly Records IX (1953), supp. 12. (Nuremberg, 1947) vol. I, pp. 8-19; (A/2645)· hereafter cited as I.M.T. Record. 54. H. G. Nicholas, The United Nations 37. Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority as a Political Institution, 3rd ed. (Oxford, (New York, 1962) pp. 371-3. 1967) p. 133· 38. H. Montgomery Hyde, Norman 55. See The United Nations and Human Birkett (London, 1962) pp. 494-5. Rights (New York, 1968); Human Rights 39. I.M.T. Record, vol. I, pp. 24-6. I945-'!o (New York, 1970); International 40. Charles W. Alexander and Anne Covenants on Human Rights (New York, Keeshan, Justice at Nuremberg (New 1967). All these documents are published York, 1946) pp. 31,43. under the auspices of the United Nations. 41. Papers placed at .the disposal of See also Evan Luard (ed.), The Inter• Sir John Wheeler-Bennett by the late national Protection of Human Rights Hon. Francis Biddle. (New York, 1967). 42. For text of the Tribunal Judge• 56. G. I. A. D. Draper, The Red Cross ment and sentences, see I.M. T. Record, Conventions (London, 1958) p. I. vol. I, pp. 171-341. 57. For texts of the Conventions, see 43. Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. ibid., pp. 125-216. 668 The Semblance of Peace

Chapter I8: The Paris Peace Conference and the Five Peace Treaties I. Yalta,pp.974-5. 26. Vandenberg, Private Papers, p. 286. 2. Potsdam, vol. II, pp. 1478-80. 27. Dixon, Double Diploma, pp. 213- 3. Ibid.,pp. 1492-3. 214. 4. Ibid., p. 1479· 28. The five draft treaties were 5. Ibid., p. 1480. published in London as Cmds 6892, 6. Ibid., p. 1479. 6894, 6895, 6896 and 6897 (1946). See 7. Accounts of the London meeting of also U.S. Department of State, Paris the Council of Foreign Ministers are to be Peace Conference, 1946: Selected Docu• found in Dixon, Double Diploma, pp. ments (Washington, 1946). 183--94; Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, pp. 29. Harold Nicolson, Diaries and 93-106, and All in One Lifetime, pp. 313- Letters, I945-I962 (London, 1968) p. 70. 317; Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 30. Ibid., p. 69. 516-8. 31. Redvers Opie et al., The Search 8. H.C.Deb.,8 Jan 1942, cols 77-8. for Peace Settlements (Washington, 1951) 9. U.S. Department of State, Making P·91. the Peace Treaties, I94I-1947 (Washing• 32. The Conference of Paris: Report ton, Feb 1947) pp. 16-18; F. W. Pick, of the New Zealand Delegation (Welling• Peacemaking in Perspective (Oxford, ton, 1947) pp. 14-18. 1950) pp. 28-30. 33. For verbatim reports of these 10. Making the Peace Treaties, p. 71. operations, see Paris Peace Conference. II. Dixon, Double Diploma, p. 195. 34. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1492. 12. Kennan, Memoirs, pp. 290-5, 35. Harold Nicolson's 'News Talk', 546-59. B.B.C. Home Service, II Aug 1946. 13. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 36. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, pp. 546-7· 362-3. 14. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, pp. 107- 37. New Zealand, Conference of Paris, 108. PP.4-6. IS. Ibid.,p.I09. 38. Dixon, Double Diploma, pp. 229- 16. Dixon, Double Diploma, p. 199. 230 • 17. Kennan, Memoirs, pp. 286-7. 39. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, pp. 18. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 370-6; Vandenberg, Private Papers, 539-44; Lord Attlee (with Francis pp. 30C>-2; Truman, Year of Decisions, Williams), A Prime Minister Remembers pp·SSS-6o. (London, 1961) pp. 97-101; Wheeler• 40. Sir Pierson Dixon in his diary - Bennett,John Anderson, Viscount Waver• doubtless inadvertently - refers to the ley, pp. 333-6. meeting taking place on the twenty• 19. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. seventh floor of the Waldorf. This is a 547-8; Vandenberg, Private Papers, pp. misstatement. It was on the thirty-seventh 227--9· floor, as confirmed by the management of 20. Kennan, Memoirs, p. 287. the . See Double Diploma, p. 235. 21. Making the Peace Treaties, pp. 19- 41. For details of the New York 20. meeting of the Council of Foreign 22. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 549. Ministers, see Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 23. Ibid., p. 552; Hillman (ed.) pp. 152-5, All in One Lifetime, pp. 381-6; Mr President, pp. 25--9; Byrnes, All in One Dixon, Double Diploma, pp. 235-44; Lifetime, pp. 343-5. .Making the Peace Treaties, pp. 52-62; 24. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, p. 343; Pick, Peacemaking in Perspective, pp. Herbert Druks, Harry S. Truman and the 102-4· Russians, I945-I953 (New York, 1966) 42. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 154. P·90· 43. McNeill, America, Britain and 25. For accounts of the Paris meetings, Russia, pp. 722-3. see Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, pp. 125-37, 44. Cf. Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis of All in Orze Lifetime, pp. 357-60; Vanden• Power, p. 298, n. I. berg, Private Papers, pp. 262--97; Dixon, 45. The texts of these documents ate Double Diploma, pp. 207-25; Pick, to be found in the British Blue Book, Peacemaking in Perspective, pp. 37-76; Documents relating to the Completion of Making the Peace Treaties, pp. 22--9. an Armistice with Italy, September- Notes Nooember I943, Cmd 6693 (194S); U.S. SS. Wheeler-Bennett, The Problem of Department of State, A Decade of Security, pp. 74-6, 86-7; idem, Dis• American Foreign Policy, I94I-I949 armament and Security since Locarno, (WashingtOn, 19S0) pp. 4SS-6, and The I925-I93I (London, 1932) pp. 2S2-4; United States and Italy I936-I946 idem, Disarmament Deadlock (London, (Washington, 1946) pp. SS-6. Excellent 1934) p. IS2; Rapport du Ministre des accounts of the surrender negotiations are Finances au Conseil des Ministres sur la to be found in Macmillan, The Blast of situation creee d la Roumanie par la War, pp. 362-409, and Strong, Intelli- politique des Reparations et des Dettes gence at the Top, pp. 100-23. Inter-Allies, 2 vols (Bucharest, 1925). 46. British Blue Book, Treaties of S6. See Statesman's Year Books for Peace with Italy, Bulgaria, Rumania, 1915, 1922 and 196s-66. Hungary and Finland, Cmd 7022 (1947) . Czechoslovak White Book, Docu• pp. 7-78, hereinafter cited as Peace ments diplomatiques relatifs awe Con• Treaties. ventions d' Alliance conclues par la Repub- 47. A good account of these colonial lique TchechoslofJaque avec Ie Royaume des dispositions is given in Muriel Grinrod, Serbes, Croates et Slooenes et Ie Royaume The Rebuilding of Italy (London, 19S5) de Roumanie decembre I9I9-a0f2t I92I PP.36-7. (Prague, 1923). 48. Ibid., pp. 32-3. S8. Peace Treaties, pp. 79-98. 49. Lord Avon, Full Circle (London, S9. British White Paper, Text of 1960) pp. 177-8; Grinrod, The Rebuilding Munich Agreement, Cmd S848 (1938) No. of Italy, pp. 33-6· 4. So. Yalta, pp. 888-9. 60. Wheeler-Bennett, Munich, pp. 306- SI. Some account of these negotiations 31S. was given by Ambassador Thompson in 61. Peace Treaties, pp. II7-37. an interview with the Corriere della Sera, 62. Wheeler-Bennett, Munich, p. 349, IS Oct 19S4. n. 2. S2. Text of Memorandum of Under- 63. Peace Treaties, pp. 98-II6. standing, Cmd 9288 (19S4). For accounts 64. Ibid., pp. 138-S1. ofthe events leading up to the conclusion 6S. Advisory Opinion of March 30, of the final agreement, see Avon, Full I950: Interpretation of the Peace Treaties Circle, pp. 177-87; Grinrod, The Rebuild- with Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania. ing of Italy, pp. 136-S3. Reports of Judgements. Advisory Opin- S3. Avon, Full Circle, p. 188. ions and Orders of the International S4. British White Paper, Treaty Series Court of Justice 19SO (Leyden, 19S0) pp. No. IS, Cmd 1747 (1922). See also 6S-78. History of the Peace Conference (London, 66. Order of May 5, I950, ibid., pp. 1920-4) vol. IV, pp. 139, 129; vol. v, p. 121-3. 169; J. W. Wheeler-Bennett, The Problem 67. Advisory Opinion of July I8, I950, of Security (London, 1927) pp. 74-S. ibid., pp. 221-230. Chapter I9: The Austrian State Treaty I. Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study 'in 6. Hajo Holbon, American Military Tyranny, paperback ed. (New York, 1964) Gooernment (New Haven, 1947) pp. 78- p.316. 81. 2. Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis of Power, 7. Potsdam, vol. II, p. 1490. p. 489; von Hassell, Yom andern Deutsch- 8. Making the Peace Treaties, pp. 24, land, pp. 127-33. 28-9. 3. Harold C. Deutsch, The Conspiracy 9. Ibid., p. 62. against Hitler in the Twilight War 10. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, (Minneapolis, 1968)p. 297. p. 30S; General Mark W. Clark, From the 4. For text of the Moscow Declaration, Danube to the Yalu (New York, 19S4) see Documents on American Foreign pp. 12-14. See also Opie, The Search for Relations, July I943 to June I944, vol. VI Peace Settlemetlts, pp. 181-3. (Boston, 1945) pp. 229-30. II. Opie, The Search for Peace Settle- S. Heinrich Siegler et al., Austria: ments,p.180. Problems and Achievements since I945 12. Pick, Peacemaking in Perspective, (Bonn, 1965) p. 7. p. II2. The Semblance of Peace 13. Mw:phy, Diplomat among Warriors, Germany NO.4, Cmd 8945 (1953); and P·30 6. Miscellaneous No. I, Cmd 9037 (1954). 14. Siegler, Austria, pp. II-12. 21. For text of the five articles, see IS. For details of the Cherriere Plan, British White Paper, Miscellaneous No. I, see ibid., p. 13; Pick, Peacemaking in Cmd 9037 (1954) Annex D, pp. 167-70. Perspective, pp. 149-50; Opie, The Search 22. Avon, Full Circle, p. 65. for Peace Settlements, p. 189. 23· Cmd 9037 (1954) pp. 138-9. 16. Communique of the Council of 24. Ibid.,p. 143. Foreign Ministers, 20 June 1949, in U.S. 25. Avon, Full Circle, p. 74. Department of State Bulletin, 4 July 1949, 26. Cmd 9037 (1954) p. 165. p. 858; British White Paper, Miscellaneous 27. Avon, Full Circle, p. 289. No. II, Cmd 7729 (1949) pp. 19-22. 28. For text of the Moscow Memo• 17. Cf. Pick,Peacemaking in Perspective, randum, see Siegler, Austria, pp. 169-71. P·230. 29. Harold Macmillan, Tides of For• 18. Karl Renner in the Wiener Zeitung, tune, I945-I955 (London, 1969) p. 594. 20 Dec 1945. 30. For texts of the Vienna Memo• 19. Bruno Kreisky in (jsterreich in randum and the Franco-Austrian Memo• Geschichte und Literatur NO.3 (1957). randum, see Siegler, Austria, pp. 171-5. 20. See British White Papers, Miscell• 31. Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, p. aneous No. I6, Cmd 8979 (1953); 601. Miscellaneous No. 2I, Cmd 9008 (1953); 32. Ibid., pp. 59g-600. Miscellaneous No. 22 Cmd 9022 (1953); 33. Ibid., p. 602. Chapter 20: TheJapanese Peace Treaty 1. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. States and :Japan, paperback ed. (New 427. York, 1966) p. 48. See also Ambassador 2. For text of 'The United States William J. Sebald, With MacArthur in Initial Post-Surrender Policy', see The Japan (London, 1967) pp. 126-50, and Occupation of:Japan: Policy and Progress, W. Macmahon Bell, Japan: Enemy or Department of State Publication 2671, Ally? (New York, 1949) p. 33. Far Eastern Series No. 17 (Washington, 14. Kazuo Kanai, Japan's American 1946) pp. 73-81. Interlude (Chicago, 1960) p. 22. 3. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 326- IS. Courtney Brown, Tojo, paper- 327. back ed. (London, 1969) pp. 239-40. 4. Occupation ofJapan, p. 75. 16. For texts of the Supreme Com- 5. For background of the establish- mander's Proclamation and of the Charter ment of the Far Eastern Advisory of the International Military Tribunal Commission, see George H. Blakeslee, for the Far East, see Occupation ofJapan, The Far Eastern Commission: A Study in pp. 146-53. International Co-operation, I945-I952, 17. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 364. Department of State Publication No. 18. Sebald, With MacArthur in Japan, 5138. Far Eastern Series No. 60 (Wash- pp. 151-76; Kanai, Japan's American ington, 1953) pp. 2-4; for text of the U.S. Interlude, pp. 22-4; Robert A. Fearey, invitation, see Occupation of Japan, pp. The Occupation of Japan: Second Phase, 67-8. I948- I 950 (New York, 1950) pp. 17-21. 6. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 19. Yoshida, Memoirs, p. 50. p. 427; Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, pp. 20. Sebald, With MacArthur in Japan, 214-15. pp. 161-5; Fearey, The Occupation of 7. Blakeslee, The Far Eastern Com- Japan, pp. 18-19· mission, p. 5. 21. Sebald, With MacArthur in Japan, 8. For text, see Occupation of Japan, pp. 168-9. pp.69-73. 22. Fearey, The Occupation of Japan, 9. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 519- pp. 19-20; Kanai, Japan's American 521. Interlude, pp. 22-4. 10. Ibid.,PP.549-50. 23· Richard Storry, A History of II. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 334- Modern Japan, Penguin ed. (Harmonds- 335. worth, 1968) p. 240. 12. Ibid.,P.335. 24. Ibid. 13. Edwin O. Reischauer, The United 25· Occupation of :Japan, pp. 133-5 Notes 'Imperial Rescript Denying the Divinity 46. New York Times, 15 Sep 1949. of the Emperor', I Jan 1946. 47. Dunn, Peacemaking and the Settle• 26. Ibid., p. II8, 'Constitution of ment with Japan, p. 84. Japan', 22 Apr 1946), Chapter I, Article I. 48. Louis L. Gerson, John Foster 27. Reischauer, The United States and Dulles (New York, 1967) p. 55. Japan, p. 224. 49. Vandenberg, PrifJate Papers, pp. 28. Occupation ofJapan, p. 74. 546ff. 29. Yoshida, Memoirs, p. 244; Frede• 50. Kennan, Memoirs, p. 394. rick S. Dunn, Peacemaking and the Settle• 51. Acheson, Present at the Creation, ment with Japan (Princeton, 1963) pp. p. 432; Gerson, John Foster Dulles, pp. 56-7. 57-9; John Robinson Beal, John Foster 30. Supreme Commander for the Dulles: A Biography (New York, 1957) Allied Powers, Repon of the Government pp. II6-1 7. Section, Political Orientation of Japan: 52. Eleanor Lansing Dulles, John September I945 to September I948, 2 vols Foster Dulles: The Last Year (New York, (Washington, 1959) p. 785. 1963) p. 33· 31. Occupation ofJapan, p. II9. 53. For Yoshida's account of these 32. Dunn, Peacemaking and the Settle• preliminary negotiations, see his Memoirs, ment with Japan, p. 55. PP·249-53· 33. For text, see Occupation of Japan, 54. New York Times, 20 Nov 1949. pp.85-8. 55. Gerson, John Foster Dulles, pp. 34. Observer, 13 Aug 1950; The Times, 63-4· 10 Aug 1950. 56. United States Information Service, 35. Sebald, With MacArthur injapan, Summary of EfJents Leading to the P·244· Japanese Peace Treaty Con/erence, p. 4. 36. e.g. Dunn, Peacemaking and the 57. For text of the Seven Points Settlement with Japan, pp. 58-9; Sebald, Memorandum, see New York Times, With MacArthur in Japan, pp. 243-4; 25 Nov 1950 and, for an admirable Fearey, The Occupation of Japan, pp. comment, an anicle by L. C. Green 185-8. entitled 'Making Peace with Japan' in the 37. Forrestal, Diaries, p. 266. Year Book of World Affairs (1952). 38. New Zealand Depanment of 58. Rt Hon. Richard G. Casey, External Affairs, Japanese Peace Settle• Friends and Neighbours: Australia, the ment: British Commonwe(.lth Conference U.S. and the World (East Lansing, [at Canberra], July 26 to September 3, Mich., 1955) p. 58. See also Trevor R. I947 (Wellington, 1947) p. 8. Reese, Australia, New Zealand and the 39. Department of State Bulletin, 27 United States (Oxford, 1969) pp. 101-3; July 1947, p. 182. Dunn, Peacemaking and the Settlement 40. Dunn, Peacemaking and the Settle• with Japan, pp. 128-30. ment with Japan, p. 65; Fearey, The 59. State Depanment Publication Occupation ofJapan, p. 183. 4148, Laying Foundations for Peace in the 41. Dunn, Peacemaking and the Settle• Pacific, an address by John Foster Dulles ment with Japan, p. 65. (Washington, Mar 1951). 42. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 60. Acheson, Present at the Creation, P·429· P·540. 43. Kennan, Memoirs, p. 391. 61. Ibid., pp. 540-1; Lord Morrison 44. Dunn, Peacemaking and the Settle• of Lambeth, Herbert Morrison: An ment with Japan, p. 78, n. 31. Autobiography (London, 1960) p. 280. 45. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 62. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 430; Bunon Sapin, 'The Role of the p. 540; Department of State Bulletin, 28 Military in Formulating the Japanese May 1951. Peace Treaty', in Gordon B. Turner (ed.), 63. British White Paper, Cmd 8300 A History of Military Affairs in Western (1951). Society since the Eighteenth Century 64. Department of State Publication (New York, 1953) pp. 751-62; Bernard C. 4392, Record of Proceedings of Conference Cohen, The Political Process and Foreign for the Conclusion and Signature of the Policy: The Making of the Japanese Peace Peace Treaty with Japan, San Francisco, Settlement (princeton, 1957) p. 12. California, September 4-8, I95I (Wash- The Semblance of Peace ington, Dec 1951) p. 19, hereafter cited as of the joint Nixon-Sato communique Proceedings. issued in Washington, see New York 65. Ibid., p. 75. Times, 22 Nov 1969. 66. Dean Acheson has left a most 73. Casey, Friends and Neighbours, entertaining account of the conference in pp. 60-73; Reese, Australia, New Zealand Present at the Creation, pp. 542-50. and the United States, pp. 126-49; Yoshida has also given his version in his Dunn, Peacemaking and the Settlement Memoirs, pp. 254-62. with Japan, pp. 187-204; Yoshida, 67. James Reston, New York Times, Memoirs, pp. 263-8; Rt Hon. Sir Robert 6 Sep 1951; also Proceedings, pp. 40-5. Menzies, Afternoon Light (London, 1967) 68. Excellent commentaries on the pp. 262-70. treaty and summaries of its contents are 74. Reese, Australia, New Zealand and to be found in Cohen, The Political the United States, pp. 175-83; for texts Process, pp. 17-21; New Zealand Depart- of the SEATO Treaty and the Pacific ment of External Affairs, Publication 106, Charter, see British White Papers, Cmd Japanese Peace Settlement (Wellington, 9282 and 9299 (1954). 1951) pp. 14-16; Japanese Ministry of 75. Proceedings, p. 308. Foreign Affairs, Public Information 76. Ibid., p. 116. Division Publication, Explanatory Study 77. Ibid., pp. 119-22. of Draft Japanese Peace Treaty (Tokyo, 78. For text, see New York Times, 15 4 Aug 1951. See also Hearings before the Feb 1950. Committee on Foreign Relations, United 79. Pravda, 13 Sep 1954. States Senate (82nd Congress, 2nd So. Japanese Ministry of Foreign session) on The Japanese PelUe Treaty Affairs, Press Releases, December I954- and other Treaties relating to Security in December I955 [212] p. 65. the Pacific, January 2I-Z3 and z4, I95z 81. Storry, A History of Modern Japan, (WashingtOn, 1952). pp. 260-3. 69. Proceedings, pp. 279-80. 82. An admirable summary of these 70. Sir Robert Menzies, 'The Pacific Soviet-Japanese discussions is given by Settlement as Seen from Australia', Professor Donald C. Hellmann in his Foreign Affairs aan 1952) p. 191. Japanese Domestic Politics and Foreign 71. Reese, Australia, New Zealand and Policies: The Peace Agreement with the the United States, pp. 107-25. SoWet Union (Berkeley' and Los Angeles, 72. The Times, 26 Feb 1970. For text 1969) pp. 34-9.

Chapter ZI: The Origins of the United Nations Organization I. Leonard Woolf, Internatianal Sanguine Years, I870-I9I9 (Cambridge, GorJernment (London, 1916) and The 1962) pp. 500-3; Miller, The Drafting of Framework of a Lasting Peace (London, the Cooenant, vol. II, pp. 23-60; Wilson, 1917); G. Lowes Dickinson, H. N. The Origins of the League Cooenant, Brailsford, C. R. Buxton, Toward a pp. 184-8. Lasting Senlement (London, 1917); J. A. 6. DavidUoydGeorge,TheTruthabout Hobson, TOfJHJrds International Gooern- the Treaties (London, 1938) vol. II, p. 34. ment (London, 1918). 7. Francis P. Walters, A History of th, 2. For texts of the Reports of the League of Nations (Oxford, 1967) p. 31. Phillimore Committee, see David Hunter 8. Wilson, The Origins of the Leagu, Miller, The Drafting 0/ th, Cooenant Cooenant, p. xi; Walters, A History 0/ the (New York, 1928) vol II, pp. 3-6; Florence League 0/ Nations, p. 32. Wilson, The Origins of th, League Cow- 9. For text of the Italian plan, see nant (London, 1928) pp. 114-72. Miller, The Drafting 0/ the COOBnant, vol. 3. For text, see Wilson, The Origins 0/ II, pp. 539-47; Wilson, The Origins 0/ th, the Leap, COfIenant, pp. 189-98. League Cooenant, pp. 199-210. 4. For texts of Cecil drafts of 1916 and 10. For text of the Scandinavian draft 1918, see Miller, The Drafting 0/ the Convention, see Wilson, The Origins of Cooenant, vol. II, pp. 61-4; Wilson, Th, th, League Cooenant, pp. 211-56. Origins 0/ the League Cooenant, pp. 112- II. C. A. Kluyvers, Documents on the U3,181-3. League 0/ Nations (The Hague, 1920) 5. Sir Keith Hancock, Smuts: Th, pp. 174-82. Notes

12. The Times, 13 June, 1941. Townley (New York, 1968) and Mr 13. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, Rooseuelt's Four Freedoms by Frank pp. 434-40; Welles, Where are we Donovan (New York, 1966). Heading?, pp. 11-14. 31. British White Paper, Miscellaneous 14. Public Papers and Addresses of NO.4: Dumbarton Oaks Conversations on Franklin D. Rooseuelt: War and Aid to World Organization, 2I August-7 October. the Democracies (New York, 1941) p. 672. Statement of Tentative Proposals, Cmd 15. Welles, Where are we Heading?, 6560 (1944). p. II; William L. Langer and S. Everett 32. Russell, A History of the United Gleason, The Undeclared War, I94D-I9.p Nations Charter, pp. 445-54. (New York, 1953) p. 685· 33. Webster, Art and Practice of 16. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, p. Diplomacy, p. 26. 441 • 34. Nicholas, The United Nations as a 17. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Brest• Political Institution, p. 5. LitOfJsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 35. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 517. I9I8, rev. ed. (London, 1966) pp. 68, 36. Russell, A History of the United 376. Nations Charter, pp. 531-7; Yalta, pp. 18. British White Paper, Miscellaneous 710-40; Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, NO.3 Cmd 6315 (1941) pp. 4-6. PP·356-60· 19. Hull,Memoirs,vol.lI,pp. UI4-24; 37. Russell, A History of the United Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. I, Nations Charter, p. 507; Byrnes, Speaking pp. 446-55. Churchill, The Grand Alliance Frankly, p. 40; Sherwood, White House pp. 664-6,682-5· Papers, vol. II, p. 848. 20. U.S. Department of State, Co• 38. Russell, A History of the United operative War Effort (Washington, 1942) Nations Charter, pp. 536-7> Stettinius, p. I. Roosevelt and the Russians at Yalta, pp. 21. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, 196-7; Yalta,pp.772 ,991- 2 • PP·529-30. 39. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 517. 22. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 366-7. 40. Congressional Record, 79th Con• 23. Ruth B. Russell, A History of the gress, vol. 91. pt. 5,P. 1654. United Nations Charter (Washington, 41. For American sources, see 1958) pp. 114-15. Comments and Proposed Amendments 24. Ibid., pp. u8-19. concerning the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals 25. Vandenberg, Private Papers, pp. (San Francisco, 7 May 1945); The United 56-8· NationsConferenceonInternationalOrgani• 26. Congressional Record, vol. 89, Part zation, San Francisco, Cali/orr.fa, April 6 (78th Congtess, 1St Session) pp. 7728-9. 25-June 26, I945: Selected Documents 27. U.S. Senate, Resolution 192 (78th (Washington, 1946); Foreign Relations of Congtess, 1st Session) 5 Nov 1943; the United States, Diplomatic Papers, Connally, My Name is Tom Connally, I945, vol. I, General: The United Nations pp. 263-4; Vandenberg, Private Papers, (Washington, 1967). This volume in• pp. 38-9,44-6· cludes Ininutes of the discussions of the 28. Avon, The Reckoning, pp. 410-II. U.S. delegation. For British and Common• 29. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. 1292- wealth sources, see New Zealand Depart• 1307; U.S. Department of State, TOfJJard ment of External Affairs, Report on the the Peace Documents (Washington, 1945) Conference held at San Francisco, April p.6. 25-June, 26 I945, Publication No. II 30. The best English accounts are to (Wellington, 1945); Canadian Department be found in Mr Nicholas's The United of External Affairs, Report on the United Nations as a Political Institution and in Nations Conjerenceon InternationalOrgani• Sir Charles Webster's chapter entitled zation held at San Francisco, April 25- 'The Making of the Charter of the United June 26, I945, Cmd NO.2 (Ottawa, 1945); Nations' in his Art and Practice of Parliament of the Commonwealth of Diplomacy (London, 1961). The scholarly Australia, United Nations Conjerence on work of Ruth Russell, A History of the International Organization, held at San United Nations Charter, is a very full Francisco/rom 25 April to 25June, I945: history of the subject. More popular Report by the Australian Delegation, Cmd books are The United Nations by Ralph 24.F43II (Canberra, 1945)· 674 The Semblance of Peace See alsc Documents of the United 44. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. Nations Conference on International 284-87; Sherwood, White House Papers, Organization, 15 vols (United Nations vol. II, pp. 900-2. Information Office, New York, 1946). 45. For text of statement, see United For personal accounts see Vandenberg, Nations Conference Documents, vol. XI, Private Papers, pp. 172-98; Connally, PP·7IO- 14· My Name is Tom Connally, pp. 277-86; 46. For an admirable study of the Sol Bloom, Autobiography (New York, problem of the Great Power veto, see 1948) pp. 275-84; Virginia C. Gilder• Russell, A History of the United Nations leeve, Many a Good Crusade (New York, Charter, pp. 713-49. 1954) pp. 315-57. 47. Nicholas, The United Nations as a 42. Nicholas, The United Nations as a Political Institution, pp. 14-40. Political Institution, pp. 7-8. 48. Francis P. Walters, A History of the 43. Text in Documents of the United League of Nations (Oxford, 1967) pp. Nations Conference on International 102-3· Organization, vol. II, pp. 699-709. 49. Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, p. 606.

Chapter 22: The Coming of the Cold War I. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr, 'The Origins 1964) pp. 1-23; Halle, The Cold War as of the Cold War', Foreign Affairs, Oct History, pp. IIO-22. 1967. 17. Congressional Record, House of 2. D. F. Fleming, The Cold War and Representatives, 21 Mar 1947. its Origins (New York, 1961); David 18. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, Horowitz, The Free World Colossus (New p.l08. York, 1965); Coral Bell, Negotiationsfrom 19. For the history of the Delta Strength (London, 1965); Gar Alperowitz, Council speech, see Acheson, Present at Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam the Creation, pp. 227-30; Truman, Years (New York, 1965). of Trial and Hope, pp. II3-14; Jones (one 3. Churchill, The Tide of Victory, of the co-drafters of the speech), The pp.64-5· FIfteen Weeks, pp. 24-30. 4. Ibid., pp. 65-8; Hull, Memoirs, vol. 20. Department of State Bulletin, vol. II, pp. 1451-6. XVI, II May 1947, pp. 919,920,924. 5. Hull, Memoirs, vol. II, pp. 1457-8. 21. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 6. Churchill, The Tide of Victory, pp. 229; Department of State Bulletin, pp. 69-70; Stalin's Correspondence, pp. vol. XVI, 18 May 1947, pp. 991-4. 235-6,238. 22. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 7. Churchill, The Tide of Victory, p. P·230. 198• 23. Ibid., pp. 232-3. For the origins of 8. Avon, The Reckoning, p. 483. this historic episode, the best account is 9. Churchill, The Tide of Victory, p. unfortunately in privately printed form, 617. namely Elinor M. Kenney's The Origin 10. H.C.Deb., 27 Feb 1945, cols. 1283- of the Marshall Plan (the Bookman Press, 4· Los Angeles, n.d.); ·see also Jones, The II. Churchill, The Tide of Victory, p. Fi/teen Weeks, which is excellent; also 369. George Kennan's Memoirs, pp. 325-53, 12. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. and Acheson, Present at the Creation, 227-8. pp. 230-3. It will doubtless be treated at 13· Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial length in a later volume of Dr Forrest and Hope (New York, 1956) p. 103. Pogue's life of General Marshall. 14. Louis J. Halle, The Cold War as 24. The authors of this book are greatly History (London, 1966) p. IIO, n. I. obligated to Leonard Miall for making 15. Ibid. pp. 109-10. his records of these events available to 16. For the account of the origins of them. He himself has written on this the Truman Doctrine, see Truman, subject in The Listener for 4 May 1961, Years of Trial and Hope, pp. 99-109; and also treated of it in a speech before Acheson, Present at the Creation, pp. the British-American Associates on 30 217-25; Joseph Manon Jones, The March 1954. Mr MacColl's account is Fi/teen Weeks, paperback ed. (New York, given in pp. 171-5 of his book Deadline Notes and Dateline (London, 1956), and both he berg, Private Papers, pp. 474-501; and Mr Muggeridge have confirmed the Kennan, Memoirs, pp. 397-414. incident in letters to Sir John Wheeler• 50. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, Bennett, dated II July and 22 July 1970 P·248. respectively. 51. Ibid., p. 249. 25· Department of State Bulletin, 15 52. Text in The Axis in Defeat, U.S. June 1947, vol. XVI, pp. II5~. Depattment of State Publication 2423 26. Ibid. (Washington, 1946) pp. 7-81. 27. Sir Oliver Franks, in The Listener, 53. e.g. OMGUS Law No. 154, 14 June 1956. Elimination and Prohibition of Military 28. Acheson, Present at the r;reation, Training, 14 July 1945; Control Council P·234· Order NO.4, Confiscation of Literature 29. New York Herald Tribune, 6 June and Material of a Nazi and Militant 1949· Nature, 13 May 1946; Control Council 30. Charles P. Kindleberger, 'The Law No.8, Elimination and Prohibition of Marshall Plan and the Cold War', Military Training, 30 Nov 1946; Control International Journal (Ottawa) summer Council Law No. 23, Prohibition of 1968, pp. 376-7. Military Construction in Germany, 10 Apr 31. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, 1946; Control Council Directive No. 18, pp. II6-19. Disbandment and Di.

Epilogue: 'By Manifold Illusion' I. Johannes Meintjes, General Louis trans. Anon. Botha (London, 1970) p. :Z95. 5. The Rt Hon. Lester Pearson in :z. The Times,:z:z Oct 1970. Westminster Hall on the occasion of the 3. Lord Caccia, The Roots of British twenty-fifth anniversary of the signing of Foreign Policy, I929-I965, Ditchley the United Nations Charter, Friday, :z6 Foundation Lecture No. IV (Nov 1965) June 1970. p. 12. 6. Bundy, The Americans and Europe, 4. Euripides, The Trojan Women, p.6.

Appendix A: The Munich Agreement I. British White Paper, Cmd 5S4S Cause in International Law (London, (I93S). 1944) pp. :z6-7. :z. For text of Vienna Award, see 6. H.C.Deb.,5 Aug 1942, cols 1004-5; R.I.I.A., Documents on International British White Paper, Cmd 6379 (1942). Affairs (193S) p. 351. 7. Taborsky, The CzechoslO'lJak Cause, 3. Nonnan H. Baynes (ed.), Hitler's p.89· Speeches, I922-I939 (Oxford, 1942) vol. 8. Manchester Guardian, :Z7 Sep 1944. II,P·I5S5. 9. The Times, 16 Oct 1964. 4. The Times, I Oct 1940. 10. Ibid.,5 July 1968. 5. Eduard Taborsky, The CzechoslO'lJak II. Ibid.,24Aprr965. 12. New York Times,:z8 Sep 1968.

Appendix B: The Yoshida Letter I. Acheson, Present at the Creation, II. H.C.Deb.,:z6Feb 195:z,cols94S-60 PP·540-1. 12. Morrison, Autobiography, p. :z80. :z. Lord Morrison, Herbert Morrison: 13. Acheson, Present at the Creation, An Autobiography, p. :z80. p·605· 3. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 14. The Political Diaries of C. P. Scott, p·603. I9II-I9.!8, ed. Trevor Wilson (London, 4. Congressional Record, 8:znd Congress, 1970) p. 166. :znd Session,p. :Z331. 15. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 5. Department of State Bulletin, vol. P·I42· xxvI,:zSJan 195:Z,P. 120. 16. Gerson,John Foster Dulles, p. 93. 6. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 17. Letter from Lord Avon to Sir p·604. John Wheeler-Bennett, dated :z:z July 7· Ibid.,pp.603-4. 1970, giving extract quoted which was S. Avon,FulICircle,p. 19. dictated in 1965; also conversations of 9. H.C.Deb., 30 Jan 195:Z, cols 165-S; :Z9-30 June 1970. Permission given to use Avon, Full Circle, p. :zoo this material was generously granted by 10. Acheson, Present at the Creation, Lord Avon in a letterdated:zS July 1970. p·603. IS. Ibid.

Appendix C: Britain and Europe in I95I I. Kiimuir, Political Adventure, pp. 4. Lord Normanbrook, in Action this IS6-9; Lord Boothby, My Yesterday, Day,p.41. Your To-morrow (London, 196:z) pp. SI- 5. H.C.Deb.,:Z9 Nov 19S0, col. II73. SS. 6. The Times, IS Sep I9SI. :z. Kilmuir,PoliticalAdventures,p. ISS. 7. John Colville, in Action this Day, 3. Avon, Full Circle, p. 30. p. 127. Notes 8. Council of Europe Consultative II. An admirable paper, as yet un• Assembly, 3rd Ordinary Session (General published, has been written on this Pan), 0jJU:ia1 Report of Debates, vol. IV, subject by Mr B. J. Pimlott, of Worcester 28 Nov I9SI, 21st sitting. College, Oxford, entitled 'E.D.C., W.E.U. 9. Avon, Full Circle, p. 33· and Mr Eden'. The authors of this book 10. Paul-Henri Spaak. Combat mach• have been permitted to consult this eves, vol. II: De I'espoir aux deceptions memorandum by favour of its writer and (Paris, 1969) p. 47. of Lord Avon. INDEX

Acheson, Dean, 369 n, 427, 448, 564, 565, America, Latin, 151 n, 242, 313. See also 573 and n, 574 and n, 590, 597, 599; ; ; ; ; Council of Foreign Ministers (1947), ; ; 475; Japanese Peace Treaty, 488, 5°8-9, 510,512,514 and n, 515, 516, 517, 522 Amery, Leopold (1873-1955),16 n and n; speech at Delta Council, 567--70, Anami, General Koreihika, 379 n, 380, 571; and German rearmament, 586, 385, 389 and n 587; Truman's tribute, 596 Anatolia, 440, 441 Adenauer, Dr Konrad (1876-1967), 588, Andaman Is., 149, 168 592,595,600 Anglo-Polish Treaty of Alliance (1939), Admiralty Is., 353 49 Adriatic Is., 445, 446 Anglo-Russian Treaty (1942), 44-50, 603 Aduard, Baron Lewe van, 498 n , 85 Aegean Sea, 46, 169,286,435,441,459, d'Annunzio, Gabriele, 441 n 557 Antarctic, 517 Mrica, North: Allied campaigns in, 51, Anti-Comintem Pact (1936), 442, 454-5 52, 53, 55, 58 and n, 59, 65, 66, 70, 79, Antonescu, Marshal Ion (1882-1946), 80,82,83,33°,346,442 454-5 Airey, Major-General Sir Terrence, 253, Antonescu, Mihai, 85 256 Antonov, General A. 1.,317,374 Alamogordo, see atomic bomb Antwerp, 323, 366 n Aland Is., 462 ANZUS Treaty (1951), 520, 521, 522; Alba Iulia,453 text, 720-2 Albania, 46, 275, 287, 440, 441; attack by ApPolnattox, River, 61 n Italy (1939), 442; reparations from Araki, General Sadao, 494 Italy, 444 and n; Warsaw Pact (1955), Archangel,34 603 Arciszewski, TOlnasz, 236 and n Aleutian Is., 353 ArcticconvoYS,34,111 Alexander,A. V.,433 andn Ardahan,29 Alexander, Field-Marshal Sir Harold, 73- Ardennes, 214,349 74,75,253 and n, 256, 257, 346,443 Argentia,36 Alexander of Yugoslavia, King (1888- Argentina,312- 13,422 1934),453 n Arminius the Cheruscan, 439 Algeciras Conference (1906), 4 Amim, General Sixt von, 251 n Algeria,51,52 Arnold, General Milton, 127 n Algiers, 53, 70, 106, 110, 113, 213; Aron, Raymond: quoted, 593 n Algiers Radio, 77 Ascension Is., 109 Alison, John, 507 n Ascona,76 Alpenvorland,445 Asia, Council of: proposed by Churchill, Alps, 147 and n 90 Alsace,I09 Asquith, Herbert (1852-1928), 619 A1sace-Lorraine, 16 , 170, 239, 609; American Em• Alto Adige, 445 bassy, 565 Ambrosio, General VittOrio, 68 Atlantic, Battle of the, 22, 32, 52 680 Index Atlantic Charter (I94I), 7, 36-43,44, 45, Bucharest Treaty (I9I8), 452; fleet, 47, 49, 66, I82, 208, 351, 378 n, 379, 457; Socialist Party, 465 415, 534, 536-7, 538 and n; first draft Austrian State Treaty (1955), 465-86, (Cadogan), 38 and n; second draft 602 n; text, 789-94 (Welles), 39; third draft (Welles), 39- Azores, I34 and n 40; fourth draft (Welles and Cadogan), 41-2 , 328, 370 , 294 Baden, 13 I, 166 n, 278 atomic bomb ('Tube Alloys'), 101 and n, Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 68 n, 71, 73, 74, 327,348 and n, 361, 369, 370, 371 and 75 and n, 76-7, 251, 420,443, 516 n n, 372 n, 373, 374 and n, 380-1 and n, Bagge, Widor, 355-6 386; Hiroshima, 381, 384, 526; Baldwin, Hanson, 204 Nagasaki, 385, 387, 526. See also Balfour, Arthur (1848-193°), 393, 529 n nuclear deterrent Balfour, Sir John, 393,569-7°,573,574 n Attlee, Clement (later Earl) (1883-1967), Balfour Formula (1926), 7 n 181, 562; Paris Peace Conference Balkan Federation: projected by Foreign (1946),4 n,433 ; Atlantic Charter (1941), Office, 96-7 41; and Unconditional Surrender, 60; Balkan Wars: First, 459; Second, 450, 459 and German occupation-zones, 132, Balkans: possibility of Allied activity in, 27I, 276 n; becomes Prime Minister 52,58,69,79,80,87,105,I28,131,133, (1945), 339, 401; Japanese Peace I36, I46, I69, 2I5; resistance to Axis Treaty, 368 and n, 509; and atomic in, 60, 86, II3, I29; Russian influence bomb, 381 n,426;and Nuremberg trials, in, 120, 196, 293, 333, 556, 558; 'Per• 4°2,4°4. See also Paris Peace Confer• centage Agreement', 559-61 ence (I946); Potsdam Conference Baltic Sea, 155, 162,286,338 Attu, 353 Baltic States: annexed by Russia (I939), Augusta, 36-43, 86-7, 323, 324, 366, 374 n, 30, 45, 4II; Russian claims to, 46, 47, 381 48,49,93, I08-9, I48,162-3,207,286, Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince, 326n 460n Baltic Straits, 109, 148, I55, I60, 326,350, Auschwitz, 4°7, 493 425 Australia, 95 n, I02; St James's Palace Banat,450 Declaration (1941), 32-3; Army, 355, Bandung, 493 489; and Japan, 390,490, 496, 505, 510, 'Barbarossa' (German attack on Russia, 512-I3, 514, 5I8, 5I9; Paris Peace Con• I941), 31.33,48,49 ference (I946), 433 n; Austrian State Barnes, George (1859-I940), 393 n Treaty (1955), 483 n; ANZUS Treaty Barry, Gerald, 569-70 (I951), 520; and League of Nations, 532 Barthou, Louis (1862-I934), 29 Austria, 7, 9,14,19 and n, 24, 29, 46, 96, Baruch, Bernard, 24 166, 215, 256, 276, 278, 3°5,425, 431, Basra, II8, 123 n 437 n,438 n,440, 589; Amchluss (193 8), Bataan, 355, 390; Death-March, 492, 510 II4,465 n,466,467, 468,471,472,480; Batum,29 Provisional Government, 424; Treaty , 46,131, I66 n, 406,579 of St Germain-en-Laye (1919), 445, Bavarian Palatinate, 278 458; Communists, 466, 468 n; Jews, Beaverbrook, Lord, 38 n, 84 466; National Socialism, 466; Social Beck, Ludwig (I880-1944), 412 Democrats, 466; Constitution (1920), Belgium, 46,109,132, I56, 176, 186, 27I, 468; Corporative Constitution (I934), 313, 342 n, 441, 453; German attack 468; Declaration of Austrian Indepen• (1914), 4; German occupation (1940), dence (1945), 468; Allied Control 17-18; St James's Palace Declaration Council, 469; Federal Assembly, 469, (I941), 32-3; adheres to Atlantic 483; Federal Council, 469; National Charter (1941), 43; Paris Peace Confer• Council, 469, 483; People's Party, 469; ence (I946), 433 and n; Paris Confer• Socialist Party, 478; prisoners of war, ence (I947), 575 and n; Brussels Pact 482; Paris Conference (1947),575 and (1948), 576; n. See also Austrian State Treaty (1949), 583 and n; European Defence Austria-Hungary, 7, 450; Empire, 6, 104, Community (I952), 591; London Con• I66, 465; , 439, 440; ference (1954), 597 and n Index 681 Belgrade, 446, 576; British Embassy, 449 Bliss, Roben, 543 Belluno,445 Blum, Leon (1872-1950), 29 Be1sen,407 Boettiger, Mrs Anna, 221 n Belvedere, Palace ofthe, 483 Boettiger, Lieutenant-Colonel John, 185 n Benes, President Eduard (1884-1948), 29, Bohlen, Charles ('Chip'), 150 n, 172 n, 95-6,104,210,292 n, 314-18, 457 223,228 n, 303 n,305 and n, 392 n, 569 Bengal,l68 Bolivia, 538 n Bengal, Bay of, 135, 154n Bolzano, 445 Berezhkov, M., 159 n Bonham-Carter, Lady Violet (Baroness Berie, Adolf A., 66 Asquith of Yambury), 290 and n Berlin, 131, 132, 133,258,260,272,274> Bonin Is., 513, 515, 518 275,276,278-<),321,486; airlift (1948- Bonn,585,591,595,597 49), 3, 488, 507, 580-1; Wall, 3; Bonomi, Ivanoe (1873-1951), 612 Belgian Legation, 18 Boothby, Lord, 621 n Berlin, Congress of(1878), 450, 459 Boris III of Bulgaria, King (1894-1943), Berlin Conference (1954), 479, 481 460 and n Bermuda Conference (1953), 594 n, 601, Bor-Komorowski, General Tadeusz, 289 602 Bormann, Martin, 405, 409 n Bernadotte, Count Folke (1895-1948), Borodin, 362 n 257,258 Borton, Dr Hugh, 503 Berne: German Legation, 19; O.S.S. Borton Drafts (1947), 503 and n, 504, 505, oftice, 252, 2'3, 254, 256, 365, 388; 507 and n, 509 Japanese Legation, 386 Botha,Louis(1862-1919):quoted,605 Betthelot, M., 474 n Bougainville, 353 Bessarabia: ceded to Rumania, 29, 30, Bourgeois, Leon (1851-1925), 529 and n, 450-2, 454, 455; Russian designs on, 531 n, 532 46,207,286 Bourgeois Committee (1918), 529 n, 531 Bevin, Ernest (1881-1951): and Un• Bowmann, Dr Isaiah, 25 conditional Surrender, 62; becomes Brailsford, H. N., 528 Foreign Secretary (1945),339,401; and Brand,Lord,179,182 Japan, 368 and n, 382, 490, 509, 514; Brazil,433 n, 483 n, 538 n and Nuremberg trials, 402 n, 404; and , 155,274,278 East-West detente, 424; relations with ,274,278 Bymes, 426, 427-8; and Cherriere Plan, Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 9, 29, 473; Council of Foreign Ministers 286,350,607 (1947), 474-5; resignation, 476 and n, Briand, Aristide (1862-1932), 394 589; and Molotov, 556; and Marshall Brindisi, 77 Plan, 572-4 and n, 576; and NATO, Britain,Battle of (1940), 16,21,31,32 582; and German rearmament, 586 British Commonwealth, 7 and n, 32, 491, Bialystock, 164 n 504-5, 509, 514, 516, 521, 536, 546, Biarritz, 324 587 n Bidault, Georges, 249, 283 n, 399, 420, Ottawa Agreements (1932), 39 421,433 n,437 n, 438, 475, 572 n, 574 Prime Ministers' Conferences: (1949), Biddle, Francis, 224, 397, 403, 409 n, 7 n, 505, 509; (1950), 509; (1951), 410 n, 415 513,514 Bierut, Boleslaw, 195 and n, 288, 307, 314, See also British Empire 335,340 British Empire,7 and n, 47 n,97, 10Z, 128, Binyon, Laurence (1869-1943): quoted, 145, 151 n, 153, 17Z n, Z35, 241, %42, 15 248, 295 n, 330. See also British Com• Birkett,Mr Justice (Sir Norman),404,405 monwealth Biscay,Bayof,135 British League of Nations Society, 5Z9 n llismarck, Count Otto von (1815-<)8), 466, British Somaliland Protectorate, 444 588; quoted, 502 Broad Chaike, 595 Bizerta,98, 156 Brockdorff-Rantzow, Count Ulrich von Bizonia, 577-8, 579, 5So (1869-1928), z8 Black Forest, 16 n Brooke, General Sir Alan, 57, 58, 79-80, 1Iiack Sea, 113 n, 222, 326, 338, 429, 459 99-100,101,146,150, 15z, 154n, 158- Bliss, Mildred, 543 59 and n, zoo, 214, 265 682 Index Brooke, Rupen (1887-19IS): quoted, IS 381-3,387-8; and atomic bomb, 370-1, B~0,~0,449 373 and n; on Nuremberg trials, 413; Brown, Admiral Wilson, 136 n visitto Moscow (194S),436-9,493, SS4; BrQ~,I>rlleUnich,33,38 signs five peace treaties, 438. See also Brussels, 18, 197,366 n, S89, S94 Council of Foreign Ministers,~Moscow Brussels Pact (1948), S76, S77, S83, S84, Conference of Foreign Ministers S86,S89,S96,S98,603;text,713-16 (I94S); Paris Peace Conference (1946); Bryans, J. Lonsdale, 19 Potsdam Conference; Yalta Confer• Bryce, Lord (1838-19:Z:Z), S39 n ence 'Buccaneer' (assault on Andaman Is.), 167-8 Caccia, Lord, 608-9 Bucharest, 331 n, 433, 4S3, 4SS, S48 n; Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 19,46,88,89'-90, British Mission, 394 n 183, 34S, 333 and n, 339, 383, 393 n, Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 4S3, 4S9 399, S43. Se, also Atlantic Charter BuchenvnUd,407,493 Cairo Conference, First (1943), 134-43, ,8s, 169,467 161,319,333,333, 3S I , 3S3, 3S4 n, 377, Bug, River, U9 n, 164 n s87n Bukovina: ceded to Rumania, 30, 4So, Cairo Conference, Second (1943), 167-'73, 4S3, 4S4, 4SS; Russian designs on, 46, 176 386 Cambridge (Mass.), S69 Bu1ganin, Nikolai, S36, 603, 603 n Campbell, Sir Ronald, 73 Buigaria,46,16o,166,167,169,196,198, , 10, 33; I>epartment of External 301, 3iti, 387, 30S, 33S, 330, 331, 43S, Affairs, 33j St James's Palace I>ec• 439, 4So, 463-4, 47S, S74; collapse laration (1943), 33-3j Army, ZIS, 393; (1917), 80; contact with Allies (1943), atomic energy, 437; Paris Peace Con• 8S; and projected Eastern European ference (1946), 433 and n; Austrian Federation, 96-7; Russian invasion State Treaty (19SS), 483 nj and Japan, (1944),197; pact with Yugoslavia, 3S0; 490, 496 n, SU nj and League of Allied Control Commission, 337, 333, Nations, S33; House of Commons, S83; 438; peace settlement (1946), 419, 4S9- and NATO, S83-3, S89; London Con• 60; Bucharest Treaty (1918), 4S3; ference (19S4), S97 and n regains I>obrudja, 4S4; air force, 460; Cape Bon, 68, 443 army, 460; navy, 460; Agrarian Union, Cape Matapan, 31 463; Fatherland Front, 463; National Cape Town, 60S Assembly, 463; 'Percentage Agree• Carinthia, 446, 470, 473, 474 ment' (1944), SS9-6I; Warsaw Pact Carol I of Rumania, King (1839-1914), (19SS),603 4S0-3 Bu11in, William C., 33 n, 49, 396 n, S64 n Carol II of Rumania, King (1893-19S3), Bullock,Alan: quoted,466 4S3 n, 4S4 and n Bulolo,S7 Casablanca Conference (1943), 6, SI-64, BUlow, Prince von (1849-1939), 439, 440; 6S, 70 n, 79, 80, 81,99, U3,33S,3SI,3S3 quoted,4 Caserta,3S3,3S6,3S7 Bundy, lIarvey, 371 Casey,Rtllon. Richard, Baron, S13-14 Bundy,McGeorge,S7s,609 n Caspian Sea, SS3 n Burgenstock,478 Cassibile, 73, 74 and n, 7S Burke,Edmund(1739-97),179 Castellano, General Giuseppe, 71-8 and n Burma, 80, 99 n, 100, 13S, 168, 346, 339, Catochin, 333 346, SI3 n; Army, 99 n Cecil, Lord Robert, S39 and n, S31 and n, Busch, Field-Marshal Ernst (188S-194S), S3 3 360 Central Organization for a I>urable Peace, Butcher, Captain lIarry C., SS S39n Butler, Sir Nevile, S70 , S73 Ceylon,sun Buxton, C. R., S38 Chakravarty, I>r, 498 n Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Chamberlain, Neville (186!)-194O), 36, 37, 433 n,s46 38,31, 6:Z--3, 304, 4S7; radio broadcast Byrnes, James F., 186, 383 n, 303 and n, (1939), 6, 13, 14, IS, 33, 61; reply to 309, 333, 373, 430 and n, 434-6,433 n, lIitier's peace-terms, 17, 18-19,33. See 469, S46 n, S63; and Japan, 364,374, also Munich Agreement Index

Changi Jail,493 with Americans, 53, 83, 84-5, 109, III, Charles, Emperor (1887-1922), 465 122-3, 125, 126, 205, 212, 254-5, 297, Chartwell,594 303-5; radio broadcast (1942), 65-6; Chequers, 304, 398,399 n and Italian surrender, 67, 68-9, 71, 73, Cherriere, General, 473 and n, 474 and n 75 n; 'Overlord', 79, 80, 83, 86, 132, 'Cherriere Plan', 473, 474 201; 'Torch', 82; proposes Council of Cherwell, Lord (d. 1957),38 n, 178 n, 179 Europe and Council of Asia, 90; and andn, l80, 182 revival of France, 91-2; and death of Chesapeake Bay, 127 Sikorski, 95 n; and British Empire, Chile, 538 n 97-8; instructions for Eden at Moscow China: American plans for, 97, 98, 108, Conference (1943),105; and China, 108, 117, 124, 129, 144, 151, 156, 163, 234, 124, 362; and war-crimes, Il9, 392, 248, 322, 330 n, 348, 358, 429, 535; 398, 399 n; and 'Rankin', 132; and British attitude towards, 105, 108,218, post-war treatment of Germany, 174, 330 n, 514; Communists, 107-8, 137, 176; Pacific War, 190; and Poland, 191, 218, 223, 246, 358, 360, 362 n, 505 n, 192,193,194-5,199-200,288,309-10; 507,514; Russian attitude towards, 107, and Unconditional Surrender, 251; 118,144,151,246,306,329,330 n, 348, and German surrender, 258-9, 263, 358,359,362 n, 370, 374, 383; Army, 264 n; and German occupation-zones, 137, 154, 167, 168, 190; 266,267,272,273,274,275,276 and n; Party, 137, 168-9,223,246,352,354 n, telegram to Truman (1945), 293-5, 302; 358,359,360; and Japan, 190,353,354 speech at Fulton (1946), 294 n, 296, and n, 355,376-8,390,491,495,496 n, 576; Hopkins Mission (1945), 303; and 502, 503, 526; and Hong Kong, 233, Czechoslovakia, 317; Guildhall Ban• 244, 245, 322 ; railways, 348, 351; quet speech (1941), 345-6; and atomic Nationalist Government, 351, 354 n, bomb,348,371 andn,372 andn,373-4, 361,362n,368,507,514,522,524,526; 380, 381 n; horror of war, 349-50; and Yalta Agreement, 358, 360, 370; radio broadcast (1945), 356; and treaty with Russia (1945), 382, 384; Japanese surrender, 368 and n, 369, Paris Peace Conference (1946), 433 n; 370,375, 376-8; election defeat (1945), Treaty of Versailles (1919), 504; 401; returns to office (1951), 476 n; People's Republic, 514, 515, 516, 522, retires (1955), 481; United Nations, 524 n, 601, 606; American Memor• 537, 545,547; and Greece, 557-61; on andum of Seven Points (1950), 512-13; Marshall Plan, 575; visits Paris (1951), treaty with Russia (1950), 524. See also 590; proposes summit conference Cairo Conference, First; Council of (1953), 593; visits Washington (1954), Foreign Ministers; Far Eastern Ad• 595; on John Foster Dulles, 597 n; visory Commission; Far Eastern Com• ZUrich speech (1946), 600. See also mission,· Taiwan Atlantic Charter; Bermuda Conference; Chinda, Viscount, 531 n Cairo Conference, First; Cairo Confer• 'Chindits' , 99 n ence, Second; Casablanca Conference; Ching-wei, Wang, 354 n Malta Conference; Moscow Conference Chotek, Sophie (Duchess of Hohenberg), (1944); Paris Peace Conference (1946); 483 Potsdam Conference; 'Quadrant' Con• Chungking, 124, 125, 127, 347 n, ference; Quebec Conference, Second; 354 n, 370, 376 and n Tehran Conference; 'Trident' Confer• Churchill, Sir Winston (1874-1965): on ence; Yalta Conference aggression and tyranny, 10; taking Ciano, Galeazzo (1903-44), 611-13 first things first, 10, 30 n; and Com• Clark, General Mark, 53, 76, 78, 442, munism, 33, 81, 196,295; on , 470n 33; radio broadcast (1941), 33-4, 295; Clauss, Edgar, 83 n first meeting with Roosevelt, 36; Clay, General Lucius, 186-7,278-9,280, relations with Russians, 44, 45, 48, 81, 577,580,581 82, 83, 113 n, 124, 129, 194-5, 254-5, Clayton, William L., 320, 566, 569 256, 287 n, 289-96, 297, 299, 300 n, Clemenceau, Georges (1841-1929), 8, 351, 486, 541; and Allied activity in 174,225,236,393,432,433 n,533 Mediterranean, 52, 65, 80, 86,112,130; Cleveland (Miss.), 567, 569, 570, 571 relations with de Gaulle, 53; relations Cohen, Benjamin, 382 Index Coke, Sir Edward (1552-1634),413 Czech-Soviet Pact proposed by BeneS Cold War, 3, 430, 471,480,504,507,524, (1943), 95-6, 104; United States and, 554-604,608 305; Communist Party, 316 and n, 317; Colombia, 538 n Paris Peace Conference (1946), 433 and Colville, John, 292 and n n; Hungary and, 435, 457, 458; repar• Cominform (Communist Information ations from Hungary, 458-9; Austrian Bureau), 475,576 State Treaty (1955), 483 n; Prague coup Comintern (Communist International), (1948), 576, 577; Warsaw Pact (1955), 108,576 603 n. See also Munich Agreement Commission of Deputies, 473, 477-8 Connally, Tom, 163 n, 427, 431, 436 n, Dachau,407 54 1 Dacians,455 Connally Resolution, 541,542 Daily Express, 570, 573 Considine, Colonel William S.,348 n Daily Telegraph, 570, 573 Constantinople, 7, 9 Dairen, 155 and n, 218 n, 223, 244, 286, Consultative Assembly of the Council of 348,350,351,361 n Europe, 621 and n Dakar, 98,109,147,152 n, 156 Conwell-Evans, Philip, 19 Daladier, Edouard, 16,457,611-13 Coolidge, Calvin (1872-1933), 386 Dalmatia, 441 Cooper, Alfred Duff(189D-1954): quoted, Dalny, Pon of, see Dairen 4 Damaskinos,Archbishop (1891-1949),560 Cooper, John Sherman, 511 n Danube, River, 150,286 n, 429 Corfu, 294, 394, 442 Danube Basin, 80, 92, 120, 129 n, 186, 'Coronet' (assault on Japan), 349 196,197,198,200,226,314 Corregidor, 251 n, 344, 355, 390 Danube Plains, 87 Corsica, 69 Danube Shipping Company, 475, 482 , 538 n Danubian Confederation, 96 n, 97,166 Council of Foreign Ministers, 329, 419- Danzig, 283 n 24,428,430,431-2,433-4,435,436-8, Dardanelles, 155, 157, 160,286 445,470,474-6,478,490,506,509,515, Darlan, Admiral Fran~ois (1881-1942), 556,576,579 53 and n, 59, 66, 67, 70 Counsell, Lieutenant-Colonel John, 262 Davies, Joseph E., 81, 82, 84, 303 n, 304, andn,264 n 305 andn Cox, James, 535 Davis, Elmer, 378 n Crankshaw, Edward: quoted, 30 n Davis, Norman, 24, 56 Crimea, 200, 211, 221 D-Day (6 June 1944), 184, 6CJ9 n Crimean War, 556 Dean, Patrick, 408 n Cripps, Sir Stafford (1889-1952), 48, Deane, General John R., 112, 113, 253, 81 n 264 n, 363 Croatia, 97, 441 Dedijer, Vladimir, 362 n Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658), 290 and n Delta Council, 567 Crowley, Leo T.,320 Dening, Sir Esler, 509 Cuba, 538 n; missile crisis (1962), 3 De~k, 28, 46; 258, 260, 261, 532, Curzon, Lord (1859-1925), 46 n, 155, 538 n, 575, 582, 583 219,236,500 Diarnandy, Constantine, 531 n 'Curzon Line': origin, 46 n, 92 and n, Dickinson, G. Lowes (1862-1932), 528 164; Russia and, 46, 49, 164, 167,236, Dietrich, Dr Ono, 23 238; Poland and, 46 n, 192, 193, 194, Dill, Field-Marshal Sir John (1881-1944), 199-2oo,236,238,313;lUnericansand, 57,58,130 109 n, 195, 199-200,207 Ditchley, 608 Cyrenaica, 444 Dixon, Pierson, 388 n, 423-4, 43 1,437 Czechoslovakia, 6, 19 and n, 24, 29, 94 Djilas, Milovan, 297, 362 and n, 209-10, 314-18, 406, 442; Rape Dobrudja, 450, 452, 454, 455, 459, 460 (1939), 13, 30, 92; St James's Palace Documents on German Foreign Policy, 414 Declaration (1941), 32-3; adheres to Dodecanese, 46,423,440,445 Atlantic Charter (1941), 43 n; Russia Dodge, Joseph, 473 n and, 46, 104, 313, 325, 463, 484, 485 Da:nitz, Grand-Admiral Karl, 259-60, and n, 486 n, 516-17, 524, 575, 581; 262,264,265,294 n, 405, 409 n Index 685 Doihara, Colonel Kenji, 494, 498 and China, 98; and British colonies, 98, Dollfuss, Chancellor Engelbert (1892- 102; Quebec meeting with Hull (1944), 1934),465,468 101-3; First Cairo Conference (1943), Dominican Republic, 538 n 137; and Russians, 146, 149 and n, 295, Domowski, Paul, 53 I n 328, 331, 338, 350; Tehran meeting Dorpat, Treaty of (1920),461 with Molotov and Hopkins (1943), Douglas, Lewis, 186-7 and n 155-8; 'Buccaneer', 168; and Greece, Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 606 n 170-1, 557-8; Morgenthau Plan, 182, 'Drake' (air assault on Japan), 168 and n 183 and n; Moscow Conference (1944), Drummond, Sir Eric (later Earl of Pert!}), 197-200, 348, 559-61; and German 55 1 occupation-zones, 267, 268 n, 271, du Parcq, Lord Justice, 404 274-5; and Joe Davies, 304; on British Duino, 447 foreign policy, 308; on Stettinius, Dulles, Allen, 252-3, 257, 365-6 309 n; and Czechoslovakia, 317; de• Dulles, John Foster: Council of Foreign feat in general election (1945), 324, Ministers, 420 n; relations with Eden, 401; illness, 325; death of son, 329; 448, 596 n, 597, 598, 600, 619-20; on Roosevelt's health, 351; and Japan• becomes Secretary of State (1952), 481; ese surrender, 368 n; and atomic bomb, Austrian State Treaty (1955), 483; 371 n, 372 n; and war-crimes, 391,398, Japanese Peace Treaty (1951), 51O-II, 399; pledge to Senussi tribes, 421 and 512,514 and n, 516 and n, 519, 522 and n; relations with Dulles, 448, 596 n, n, 526; relations with Morrison, 515, 597, 598, 600, 619-20; and , 614-20; European Defence Com• 448-50, 476; Austrian State Treaty munity, 594 n, 595, 597, 598, 600; (1955),477-8,479.480; becomes Prime Churchill on, 597 n; Yoshida Letter, Minister (1955), 481; and United 614-20 Nations Organization, 538-9, 547; and Dumbartf)n Oaks Conference (1944), 202, Rumania, 557-8; returned to office 233,234,235, 242, 415, 542, 543, 544, (1951), 617; Yoshida Letter, 617, 618 546,548,549 and n. See also Anglo-Russian Treaty,. Dunkirk, 16,86 Council of Foreign Ministers,. Euro• Dunkirk, Treaty of (1947), 586, 593; pean Advisory Commission,. European text, 709-12 Defence Community,. Moscow Confer• Dunn, Professor Frederick, 505 n ence of Foreign Ministers (1943),. Dunn, James, 430 and n Moscow Conference of Foreign Mini• Dunn, Joseph, 323 and n sters (1945),. Tehran Conference,. Durevyanko, General Kusma, 489, 497 Western European Union,. Yalta Con• Dutch East Indies, 109 ference Dyson, Will (1880-1938): cartoon by, 4 Eder dam, 99 n andn, 5 Edinburgh, 1st Duke of (1844-1900),452 Egypt, 125,212,233-4,328,538 n Eastern European Federation: projected Ehrman, John, 376 n by Foreign Office, 96 and n Eisenach,275,294 Eastern Front, 47, 158,2Io, 2II,258, 259, Eisenhower, General Dwight D. (189Q- 260,455,460,540 1969), 374-5, 486, 487; campaign in Eastern Neisse river, 340, 341 North Africa, 52-3, II3, 251 n; anti• , 538 n Fascism, 53 n; and Italian surrender, Eden, Sir Anthony (later Earl of Avon): 70-1,74,75 and n, 76-7;' command of Russo-Polish Agreement (1941), 34-5; Western Mediterranean, 130 n; West• relations with de Gaulle, 59, 91, 102; ern assault, 189-90, 197,201,215; and rejects possibility of negotiation with German surrender, 253 n, 258, 260, Hitler, 61; and Italian surrender, 75 n; 262, 263, 264; advance into Eastern and Allied activity in Mediterranean, Europe, 275, 317-18; and German 86,157; post-war planning, 88, 90; and occupation-zones, 276, 356; relations Poland, 94 n, 149 and n, 157, 164, 192, with Zhukov, 279-80; elected President 195,196, 199-200,288,309,312; visits (1952), 481, 594 and n; and resistance Washington, 94n, 98; and proposed to Communism, 566-7; NATO, 589; Czech-Soviet Pact, 96; and projected European Defence Community, 590; Eastern European Federation, 96-7; Bermuda Conference (1953), 594 no 686 Index Eisenhower-(contd.) Ferdinand of Rumania, King (1865- 601, 602; discussions with Churchill 1927),452,453,454 n (1954),595 Fierlinger, Zdenek, 316 EI Alamein, Battle Of(1942), 51, 68 Figl, Dr Leopold, 469, 479, 480, 482, 483 EI Salvador, 538 n Finland, 154,209,332,450; Russia and, Elbe, River, 274, 275, 286 and n, 287, 9, 46-7, 49, 93, 161-2, 207, 286, 325, 294 331; attacked by Russia (1939), 31; and Elizabeth of England, Princess (now proposed Balkan Federation, 97; Allied Elizabeth II), 390 n Control Commission, 327; elections, Elizabeth of Greece, Queen, 453 n 332 n; peace treaty, 419, 435, 437 n, Emergency High Commission for Liber• 438 n, 460-3; and Declaration of ated Europe, 208-9, 217, 223 Human Rights, 423; civil war (1917- Enckell, Carl, 435 18), 460; air force, 462; army, 462; English Channel, 32, 52, 54, 79, 80, 81, navy, 462. See also Moscow, Treaty of 82,86,87,91,99,130,146 Finland, Gulf of, 463 En-lai, Chou, 359 First World War (1914-18), 4; diplomacy Emeli, 552 n during, 7, 51, 55, 88, 161,352; feeling , 275 in Britain about, 15; war-crimes, 397, Erhard, Dr Ludwig, 612 412. See also Marne, Battle of; Paris Eritrea, 444, 445 Peace Conference (1919); Versailles, , 16 n Treaty of Estonia, 28-9,162,305 Fiume, 441 and n Etheridge, Mark, 425, 426; Report, 426 Flanders, 350 Ethiopia,99 n, 422, 433 n,444 and n, 445, Flensburg, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 538n 294n Etorofu Is., 526 Florence, 222 Eugene of Savoy, Prince (1663-1736), 483 Fo, Sun, 355 n Euphrates, River, 286 n Formosa, see Taiwan Euripides: quoted, 609 Forrestal, James (1892-1949), 303, 310 European Advisory Commission, I 15 and and n, 322 n, 366 n, 368 and n, 376, n, 167, 185, 216, 223, 252; American 387,504 attitude towards, 133-4, 138-9; and Four-Power Declaration (1943), 102, German surrender, 174, 252, 261, 262 107-8, II7-18, 120 and n, 263, 264 and n, 279; Morgenthau France: collapse, 3, 21, 28, 442; 'Maginot Plan, 182; and German occupation• mentality', 16; treaty with Russia, 29; zones, 216, 228 and n, 268 n, 272-3, fear of Russia, 29-30; Vichy, 52-3, 59, 274, 275, 276, 278, 326; demise, 330; 90,91,144; Free French, 53, 90, 91, 92, and Austria, 469 101, 105-6, II5, 140 n, 204, 208, 212- European Defence Community, 450 481, 13, 467 n; Allied assault on ('Over• 584, 589-91, 595, 601; Italy refuses to lord'), 54, 80, 82, 86,100,112,132,169, ratify, 592; France refuses to ratify, 191, 201; Italian invasion of Riviera, 592-3, 594 and n, 597, 599, 600; 66; Italian garrisons in, 69; Paris Peace collapse, 595, 596; United States and, Conference (1919), 89, 440, 441; 598; Russia and, 602 revival, 90, 120, 140, 144; American Evatt, Dr Herbert, 434, 549, 550 attitude towards, 98, 101-2, 152 n, 212-13,224,225.272; Russia and, 104, Fabian Society, 529 n 156, 167, 224, 225, 237, 330; and Falco, Judge Roland, 404 , 140 n, 328 n; Empire, 147, Far Eastern Advisory Commission, 489- 213; Morgenthau Plan, 180 n, 186; 90 occupation-zone in Germany, 216, 230, Far Eastern Commission, 491, 492, 498 241,249,250,261,274-5,276- 8,282-3 and n, 503, 504, 505, 509, 512 and n; liberation of, 271; Churchill on, Faure, Edgar, 481 293,294; and Japanese surrender, 390, Feary, Robert, 505 n 490,502 and n, 506, 512-13; and war• Feis, Dr Herbert, 305 n, 360, 373 n,383 crimes, 393, 496; Paris Peace Confer• Feodorovna, Grand-Duchess Maria, 452 ence (1946), 433 n, 438; territorial Ferdinand of Bulgaria, King (1861-1948), gains from Italy, 445; Allied Declar• 460n ation on Trieste (1948), 448; recog- Index nition of Austrian Provisional Govern• with Russia (1944), 213 n, 603; and ment, 468, 469; Founh Republic, 481; German occupation-zones, 278, 282-3 Memorandum on Austria, 483 n; Geddes, Sir Eric (1875-1937), 393 n South-east Asia Collective Defence General Motors Export Corporation, 24 Treaty (1954), 521; League of Nations, , 551, 552 533 n; and United Nations Organ• Geneva Conference (1954), 593, 594,602 n ization, 538 n, 539; Paris Conference Geneva Convention (1929), 396 n, 412, (1947),575 and n; Brussels Pact (1948), 416,498n 576; Communists, 579; North Atlantic Geneva Conventions (1949),416 n Treaty (1949), 583 and n; and German Geneva Protocol (1925), 396 n rearmament, 585-6, 588; National George II of Greece, King (1890--1947), Assembly, 588, 589, 593, 594, 599; 169-'71,560 Army, 589; European Defence Com• George VI of England, King (1895-1952), munity, 591, 592, 593, 594 and n, 595, 36,51,158,200,381; replies to appeal 599, 600, 602; London CoI1ference from Leopold III and Wilhelmina, 18; (1954), 597-600; Western European replies to Gustav's peace-proposals, 21; Union, 599. See also Council of Foreign on Italy, 66; on atoInic bomb, 374 n; on Ministers Atlantic Charter, 538 n Francis-Joseph (1830--1916), 465 Georgiev, Kimon, 332-3 Franck, Hans (1900--46),405,409 n Germany: unconditional surrender (1945), Franco, General Francisco, 339 n 3, 6, 60--1, 62, 63 and n, 198, 251-65, Franco-Rumanian Treaty of Alliance 298, 312, 356, 358, 379, 400, 420, 472, (1926),453 and n 487,495, 591, 595, 604, 607, 608; no Franco-Soviet Treaty (1944), 213 n,603 peace treaty signed, 3, 7, 342, 506, 607; Franconia, 222 and Belgium, 4, 17, 27; West German , 187 Federal Republic, 6, 7, 10, 238, 270, Franks, Sir Oliver (later Lord), 522 n, 573 271,278,282,342 and n, 580, 581, 584, Franz-Ferdinand, Archduke, 483 585,588,591,592,597 and n, 599, 602, (1712-86), 321 603,607; Empire, 6, 321; Bonn Con• Frederick William, Elector (1620--88), 321 tractual Agreement (1952), 7, 592, 595, French Indo-China, 97,144,153,245-6 747-60; Inilitarism, 9; Allied Control French North Mrica, 59 ComInission, 9-10, 241, 249, 276, 279, Frick, Wilhelm (1877-1946),405,409 n 280,281,282,404, 487, 495, 580; re• Friedeburg, Admiral Hans von, 260--1, armament, 10, 509, 593, 595, 599, 606; 263,264-5 , 10,23,42, 51, 74n, 77, 84, Friesland,261 100, 143, 188, 214, 224, 270, 287, 414, Fritsche, Hans, 405, 408, 409 442,454; occupation of Rhineland, 12; Fuchs, Professor Klaus, 373 National Socialism, 12-13, 15,28,30 n, Fulbright, William, 438 n, 540; Ful- 280, 395, 405, 406,453; and Czecho• bright Resolution, 540--1 slovakia, 13, 17,30,96,457; and Poland, Fulton, 294 n, 296, 561, 576 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 93, 105, 164, 191, Funk,40 5 192, 193, 195, 238, 315; Opposition, Fyfe, Sir David Maxwell (later Earl of 13-14,16,18-19,23,63;refUgees~, Kilmuir), 397 and n, 398, 399 n, 400 13, 15-16, 23, 25, 294; General Staff, and n, 407-8 and n 14, 20--1, 392, 405 n, 587; Reichstag, 16,395; occupation of Netherlands, 17, Galen,362 n 20,27; Luftwaffe, 18,32,83; Western Ganges, River, 286 n offensive, 18 and n, 31; Centre Party, Gasperi, Alcide de (1881-1954),434,443, 20; Foreign Ministry, 26; attack on 445,448 Denmark (1940), 28, 96; attack on Gaulle, General Charles de (1890--1970), Norway (1940), 28, 96; Third Reich, 31, 140 and n; St James's Palace 28, 46, 257, 258, 259, 268, 279, 407, Declaration (1941), 32-3; adheres to 412, 413, 453, 466; U-boats, 32, 57, Atlantic Charter (1941), 43 and n, 536; 58, 83, 396 n; Russia and, 46, 47,48,83 American views on, 53, 55, 90, 91, and n, 95 n, 104, 141-2, 147-8, 152, 153, 101-2,204,212-13,225,249; meeting 174, 229, 230--1, 326, 600, 601, 602; with Giraud, 59, 60, 61 n; Russian proposed post-war of, 46, 47, views on, 144, 237; Treaty of Alliance l31, 132, 133, 166, 167, 172, 174,228; 688 Index Germany-(contd.) , 82, 95,124,153 invades Vichy France, 53; Allied air• Gibson, Wing-Commander Guy Penrose attacks on, 58, 101, 112, 130, 151,292; (1918-44),99 and n contempt for Italy, 65; S.S. (Schutz• Gilbert Is., 99 staffel), 73, 397, 405 n; Italy declares Giovanna of Savoy, Princess, 460 n war on (1943), 77, 445; influence in Giraud, General Henri-Honore (1879- Danube Basin, 92; exposes Karyn 1949),53,55,59,60,61 n, 70 massacres, 94 and n; United States and, Gloggnitz, 466, 467 108, 141, 156-7, 229, 345 and n, 591; Goebbels, Josef (1897-1945), 59, 63 n, Yugoslavia and, 113, 459; Austria and, 184,259,294 n, 305, 399, 405 114, 465-86; war criminals, 119, 249- Goering, Hermann (1893-1946), 53, 94 n, 50, 391-416; post-war zones of occu• 259,4°5,4°7-8,409and n pation, 132, 133, 216, 225, 230, 250, Golden Horn, 130 266-84, 293, 307, 326, 333, 334, 340, Gorizia, 446 341, 342, 394, 485, 488, 577-81, 601, Grabski, Stanislas, 236, 238, 289, 314 602, 603; Greece and, 169-70, 459; Gran Sasso, 68 n Ministry of Propaganda, 184-5, 405; Grant, General Ulysses S. (1822-85),61 n Intelligence, 211; Gestapo, 232, 397, Great Depression, 608 405 n; S.A. (Sturmabteilung), 232, 397, Grebnitz, Lake, 328 405 n, 406; , 232, Greece: Russia and, 9, 46, 197, 201,250, 413; and, 242; Generals' 293, 332, 557, 558, 563; adheres to Conspiracy (1944), 257; O.K.W. (Ober• Atlantic Charter (1941), 43 n; United kommando de Wehrmacht), 260 and n, States and, 80, 86, 190, 204, 205, 208, 262, 264, 318, 405 n; Free German 330, 471, 506-7, 566, 572; domestic Committee, 270; League of German political strife, 169-71; Communists, Officers, 270; Communist Patty, 281-2, 170,204; EDES, 170; ELAS, 170, 197, 578 and n; Allied prisoners of, 287 n; 558, 559, 560; Army, 171; United Navy, 327, 337, 338; reparations, 333, Kingdom and, 190, 196, 197, 198,204, 334,342,435; and Japan, 345 and n,354; 205, 239, 240, 250, 337, 557, 564; Revolution (1933), 395; Nazi Labour Bulgaria and, 198; gains Dodecanese, Front, 405; R.H.S.A. (Reichssicher• 423, 445; gains Smyrna, 441; attack by heitshauptamt), 405; Reich Cabinet, Italy (1940), 442; reparations from 405 n; S.D. (Sicherheitdienst), 405 and Italy, 444 and n; gains Rhodes, 445; n, 406; Jugend, 406; Lebensraum, 406; territorial gains from Bulgaria, 459; Triple Alliance (1882), 439; Treaty of reparations from Bulgaria, 460; 'Per• Bucharest (1918), 452; and Rumania, centage Agreement' (1944), 559-61; 454, 455; and Bulgaria, 459; and E.A.M., 559; Paris Conference (1947), Finland, 462; disarmament, 502 n; and 575 and n; and NATO, 583 United Nations Organization, 527; and Grew, Joseph C., 303 n, 320, 361,364 n, League of Nations, 533 n; Socialist 367,368,369,376,387,400,488 Unity Patty (S.E.D.), 578 and n; post• Griffith-Jones, Mervyn, 408 n war domestic politics, 578-9; Social Grodno, 164 n Democratic Patty (S.P.D.), 578, 579; Gromyko, Andrei, 332, 517, 524, 526, 542, Christian Democratic Union (C.D.U.), 546,550,558 579; Free Democratic Patty (F.D.P.), Grotewohl, OttO, 578 579; Economic Council, 579; German Groves, Major-General Leslie R., 348 n Democratic Republic, 585-601; Groves Report (1944), 348 n, 371, 373 Brussels Pact (1948), 596, 598-9. See Gruber, Dr Karl, 445, 473, 474, 478, 479 also Anti-Comintern Pact; 'Barbarossa'; Guadalcanal,353 Council of Foreign Ministers; Mor• Guam,355 genthau Plan; Munich Agreement; , 538 n Nazi-Soviet Pact; Paris Peace Confer• Gusev,Fedor, III and n,430 and n,470n, ence (19 19); Paris Peace Conference 557 (1946); Versailles, Treaty of Gustav V of Sweden, King (1858-195°): Gerson, Louis L., 617 n peace proposals, 2I Ghurkas, 99 n Gyongyosi, M., 435 'Giant II' (Allied airborne attack on Rome), 76, 78 and n Habomai, 526 Index Habsburg, Archduke Otto von, 96 n 366,367,368,369,370,378 and n, 385, Habsburg , 6, 286, 314, 440, 455 388,389-90,497,499 Hague, The, 18 Hiroshima, 361 n, 381, 384, 386, 387, 6o9n Hague Conference (1899), 396 n, 529 Hirota, Koki, 364, 494, 498 and n Hague Conference (1907),396 n,4U,416, Hiss,Alger, 217,242,247,508 52 9 Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945): Chamberlain's Hague Conference (1929), 592 n attitude towards, 6, u, 14, 15, 23, 61, Haiti, 242, 538 n 296; 'shackles of Veraailles', u, 395; Halifax (Nova Scotia), 99 plots against, 13-14, 16, 21, 23, 389 n; Halifax, Lord, 19, 20, 182, 300 n, 302, proposals for peace (1940), 16-17, 18; 400,467 n, 557 generals' growing respect for, 20-1; Hall, Glenvil, 433 and n and Bolshevism, 30 and n; and HallC, Professor Louis, 563 n Russia, 31, 83-4, 462; Churchill on, Hamburg, 155 63; strategy, 235; war-crimes, 249, 391, Hango (HankO), 461 397,402; refusal to accept defeat, 252, , 166 n 258; suicide, 257, 259, 262, 399; Harmon, Major-General Ernest N. ('Hell• declares war on United States (1941), on-wheels'),318 345; Hossbach Protocol (1937), 414; Harriman, Averell: Atlantic Charter contempt for Italians, W. See also (1941), 38 n; Caaablanca Conference Germany; Munich Agreement; Nazi• (1943),55; and Russia, 81, UI, 125-6, Soviet Pact u8, 162, 198, 199, :Z02, :zo6-7, 253-4, Hoare, Sir Samuel, 71,295 n 255,297, 298, 300-1, 305-6, 308, 3U, Hobson,J. A. (1858-1940), 528 3u , 318, 322 n, 359, 373 n, 375, 388, Hochhuth, Rolf: Soldiers,95 n 425; relations with Churchill, 81, 84, Hohen:zollem (Hohen:zollern-Sigmarin- 150; Yalta Conference (1945), 223, 358; gen), House of, 450 and Poland, 239, 289, 309, 310, 314; Hohen:zollem dynasty, 6, 286, 321,440 Hopkins Mission (1945), 303 and n, Hokkaido Is., 377,489, 517 305-6, 307, 360 n; and supplies for Holland: German occupation, 17, 261; Russia, 319; Moscow Conference St James's Palace Declaration (1941), (1944), 348; and Byrnes, 429 n; Sochi 32-3; adheres to Atlantic Charter converaations with Stalin (1945),490 (1941),43; Russia and, 46, 109 n, :Z01; Harris, Sir Arthur, 292, 406 America and, 109, 156, 176, 186; Harris,~ilson,62 colonies, 246; reparations, 342 n; and Harrison, Geoffrey, 449 Japanese surrender, 390; Paris Peace Hashimoto, Colonel Kingoro, 494 Conference (1946), 433 n; Far Eastern Hassell, Ulrich von, 19-:ZO, 467 n Advisory Commission, 490, 5u n; Hata, Field-Marshal Shunroku,494, 498 n Japanese war-crimes, 496 n; League of Hatoyama, Ichiro, 525, 526 Nations, 532 n; Paris Conference Helen of Greece, Princess, 453 n (1947); 575 n; Brussels Pact (1948), Heligoland,261 576; North Atlantic Treaty (1949), 583; Henderson, Loy, 564 London Conference (1954), 597 n Henri Quatre (1553-1610), 432 Homma, General, 493 n Hentsch, Colonel, 76 , 528 n Hernot, adouard, 395 Hong Kong, 137, 245, 322; American Hess, Rudolf, 250, 402 n, 405 and n, 409 plans for, 97, 98, 109,136,244; British andn views on, 136 n, 153, 233; Japanese Hess, Wolf-Rudiger, 409 n attack on, 251 n, 344, 346, 353, 493 -, 166 n Honshu Is., 377 Hesse-, 166 n Hood, Viscount, 470 n Hickerson, John D., 207-8 Hoover, President, 403 Higashikuni, Prince, 353, 354 n, 390 Hopkins, Harry (18900-1946): Atlantic Himmler, Heinrich (11)00-45), 252, 256, Charter (1941), 36, 37, 38 n; and 257-8,259,397,405 Russian frontiets, 49; Caaablanca Con• Hindenburg, President von (1847-1934), ference (1943), 55; and Italian sur• 394 render, 67; on relations between Hull Hiranuma, Baron Kiichiro,494 and ~elles, 107; Tehran Conference Hirohito, Emperor, 353, 354, 357, 364-5, (1943), U7-9, 146 and n, 155-8,297 n; Index Hopkins-{contd.) Huns,455 First Cairo Conference (1943),136; and Hurley, General Patrick, 141, 218, 246, European Advisory Commission, 138- 362andn 139; and Poland, 149 n, 157; and Hurst, Sir Cecil, 531 Turkey, 157, 160; and 'Buccaneer', Husak, Gustav, 316 and n 168; and post-war treatment of Ger• 'Husky' (capture of Sicily), 80 many, 176; Morgenthau Plan (1943), Hymans, Paul (1865-1941), 531 n 184; influence on Roosevelt, 203, 230; prejudi"es, 204-5; Yalta Conference Iceland, 575, 582, 583 (1945), 210-II, 231, 242, 247; and de Ickes, Harold (1874-1952), 25 Gaulle, 212-13, 249; illness, 216, 297; Ikeda,Hayato, 522 and war-crimes, 232; Mission to Inchon, 587 n Moscow (1945), 268-9, 300 and n, , 135, 167, 219, 346, 556; American 301 and n, 302, 303-7, 313-14, 322, views on, 97-8 and n, 108, 144-5; Paris 358,359,360 and n, 363, 368, 550; and Peace Conference (1946), 433 n; Artny, suspension of Lend-Lease for Russia, 489; and Japan, 496 n, 512 n, 590; and 320-1; 'Quadrant' Conference (1943), United Nations, 546; and League of 347 Nations, 546 n Hopper, Professor Bruce, 257 Indo-China,97,109,137,144,223,245-6, Horthy de Nagybanya, Admiral Nicholas, 592,593,594,602 n 457 and n, 458 , 512 n, 518 Hossbach Protocol (1937), 414 Initial Post-Surrender Policy Directive House, Colonel Edward (1858-1938), 24, for Japan, 501 393,531 and n, 532 InonU, President Ismet, 160-1, 169 Hull, Cordell (1871-1955): opposes Inouye, Professor Kiyoshi, 378 n American peace-initiative, 24; relations Insterburg, 164 with Welles, 25 and n, 26 and n, 106-7 Institute of International Problems and n; and AnglO-Russian relations, 45, (Shanghai), 354 n 49, 557-8; and de Gaulle, 55, 101-2; Institute of Pacific Relations (Virginia and post-war planning, 88-9, 131, ISO, Beach), 23 202-3; and projected Eastern Euro• International Business Machines, 24 pean Federation, 97; and colonies, 98, International Court (The Hague), 105, 128; Tehran discussions with Eden 464,513,543 (1943), 109-10; First Cairo Conference" International Law Commission, 415 (1943), 124-5 and n; relations with International Military Tribunal for the Morgenthau, 175; Morgenthau Plan, Far East (1946-8), 413 n, 495, 496-9, 176, 178, 182, 183, 184; and Russia, 606 196, 202, 347; replaced by Stettinius, International Military Tribunal of 205; and partition of Gertnany, 267; Nuremberg (1945-6), 391-416, 495, Hopkins Mission (1945), 303 and n; and 496 and n, 498, 499, 584, 606; Charter Japan, 367, 369; and war-crimes, 391; of (1945),398,403 United Nations, 539-40, 542. See also Inverchapel, Lord, see Kerr, Sir Archi• Four-Power Declaration; Moscow Con• bald Clark ference of Foreign Ministers (1943) Iowa, 127 and n, 128, 129 n, 130, 131, 132, Hungary, 169, 332, 450; Russia and, 44, 272,273 166, 198,201,209,219, 287, 325, 331, Iran, 206, 223, 242-3, 429, 538 n, 552 437 n, 475, 485, 574; anti-Nazi activity andn in, 85; Socialist Party, 85; and pro• Iraq, 538 n jected Eastern European Federation, Ireland, 575, 582 96 and n; United States and, 209, 210, 'Iron Curtain', 7, 294 and n, 485 n, 575, 244, 327, 424, 425; peace treaty, 419, 576,585 455-9, 464 and n; and Rumania, 453, Ismay, Lieutenant-General Sir Hastings 454; Air Force, 459; Artny, 459; (later Lord), 51, 57, 1I2 Communists, 463, 569; Patriotic Isonzo Valley, 440 People's Front, 463; 'People's Republic' Israel,607 (1946), 463; 'Percentage Agreement' Istrian Peninsula, 446 (1944), 559-61; Warsaw Pact (1955), Itagaki, General Seishino, 494, 498 603 andn Italian Somaliland, 444 Index Italy: enters war, 32 n; defeat in North 250,286,298,306,322,327,340,420; Mrica, 32, 442; Artny, 32 and n, 73, 74 Artny, 80, 100,354,365,384; post-war and n, 75, 78, 443; Russia and, 46,104, treatment of, 90, 152, 153, 156, 246, II4, 120, 147, 150, 167, 201, 286, 331, 247; China and, 137; Imperial House, 332, 437 n, 444; unconditional sur• 137, 488 and n; Russo-Japanese War render, 60-1, 63, 65-78,100, II3, 251, (1904-5), 245, 286, 350, 352; Hong 262,443,487; Gertnan contempt for, Kong, 251 n, 344, 346, 353, 493; 65, 439; Grand Council, 68 n, 443; Singapore, 251 n; Corregidor, 251 n; Allied prisoners in, 69, 72; Navy, 69, Italy declares war on (1944), 330, 434 n, 77, II4, 163, 443; Cabinet, 74; 443 n; Sino-Japanese War (1894-5), declares war on Gertnany (1943), 77, 352; Navy, 354, 365; Papal Delegate 443; Allied campaign in, 101, 131, 135, in, 355; Air Force, 364; Constitution, 137, 140, 147, 150, 196, 346, 442; 365; Supreme War Council, 365, 384, Allied Control Commission, 104, 120; 388, 494 n; Foreign Ministry, 366; post-war treatment of, 246; surrender Cabinet, 379, 384, 386, 388; General of Gertnan troops in, 258, 287, 365; Staff, 390; and Gertnan war-crimes Peace Treaty (1947), 328, 419, 422, 423, (1919), 393; war criminals, 413 n, 428,434,436,438 n, 439-50, 657-709; 492-9; Peace Treaty (1951), 487-527, and United Nations, 330, 443; declares 607, 724-41; Constitution (1946), war on United States (1941), 345 and n; 488 n, 502, 503 and n, 504, 507, 519, and war-crimes, 393; France and, 420, 525; Soviet Military Mission, 489; 442; colonies, 421, 444; Potsdam Allied Council for Japan, 491, 492; Protocol (1945), 434 n; Communists, War Ministry, 498 n; National Police 437 n, 447, 448, 576; Triple Alliance Reserve, 503 n; (1882), 439, 440; for Inspection, 504; Council of Ambas• (1915), 440; Paris Peace Conference sadors, 504; joins United Nations (1919), 440-1; (1956), 527; and League of Nations, (1920), 441 n; attacks Corfu (1923), 533 n; colonies, 543; and Korea, 587 n; 442; attacks Ethiopia (1935), 442; disartnament, 606. See also Anti• attacks Albania (1939), 442; Anti• Comintern Pact; Far Eastern Advisory Comintern Pact (1936), 442; Pact of Commission,· Far Eastern Commission; Steel (1939), 442; declares her neutral• International Military Tribunal for ity (1939), 442; attacks Greece (1940), the Far East; Pearl Harbor 442; Air Force, 443; reparations, 444; JCS 1067, 185-7, 280n territorial losses, 444-5; retains Alto Jebb, Gladwyn (later Lord Gladwyn), Adige, 445; Treaty of St Germain-en• 88 and n, 139, 247, 430 and n, 542 n, Laye (1919), 445; and Austria, 445; 552 Venezia Giulia, 446; Trieste, 447-50; Jews, 175 Christian Democratic Party, 448; Joan of Arc, 225 declares war on Japan (1944), 516 n; Jodi, General Alfred (189Q-1946), 264-5, and League of Nations, 533 n; Paris 405,409 n,412 Conference (1947), 575; North Atlantic Johnson, Hon. Herschel V., 258 and n, Treaty (1949), 583 n; and European 259 Defence Community, 591, 592; Brus• Johnson, Colonel Louis A., 508 sels Pact (1948), 596, 598-9; London Johnson, Lyndon B., 607 Conference (1954), 597 n. See also Jones, Elwyn, 408 n Munich Agreement Jordan, Philip, 574 n /Z'Vestia, 560 Jordan, Dr William, 434 Jordana, General Count, 295 n Jackson, Supreme Court Justice Robert Jowitt, Viscount, 400 n, 403-4 H., 399, 401, 402 and n, 407 Juin, General Alphonse, 264 n Jacobsson, Per, 365-6 James I of England, King (1566-1625), Kaas, Monsignor Ludwig, 20 413 Kai-shek, Generalissimo Chiang: Amer• Japan: unconditional surrender, 3, 7, 60- ican relations with, 124, 125, 127, 129, 61, 252, 344-90, 493, 496, 522, 607, 144,224,322; and Dairen, 155 and n, 608; Russia and, 47,59,107, 144, 147, 244; British attitude towards, 167; and 149, 167, 190,208, 2II, 218, 243, 244, American aid, 168-9; and Japan, 190, Index Kai-shek, Chiang-(contd.) Kleist, Peter, 83 n 368, 376-8, 388, 505, 514, 515 n; and Kodama, General Count, 352 Communists, 218, 514; retreat to Koiso, General Kuniaki, 355, 356, 494 Taiwan, 245, 514, 515 n; Russia and, Kokmotov, M., 474 and n 246, 347 n, 359, 360; and Yalta Kokura, 381 Agreement, 360-2, 370 n. See also Koniev,Marshallvan,467,468,603 Cairo Conference, First; Far Eastern KOnigsberg, 164, 167, 195, 207, 283 n, Advisory Commission; Far Eastern 326n,334 Commission Kono, Ichiro, 526 Kai-shek, Mme Chiang, 135-42 passim, Konoye, Prince Fuminaro, 353, 354 and 360n n, 365, 375, 383, 494 n Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 405, 409 n Konoye Mission (1945), 366, 378, 379 Kanabe, General Toroshiro, 384, 390 Koo, Dr Wellington, 420 n, 531 n, 542, Kaneko, Count, 352 548 Karelian Isthmus, 461 Kordt, Theodor, 19 Karl, Emperor, 455-7 Korea, 137, 245, 365, 517; Russia and, Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad), 317 286,359,507; War in (1950), 387, 587 Kars,29 and n, 589, 607; United States and, 429, Katyn massacres, 94 and n, 195 513,514,566,587 n; People's Republic Kaufman, Dr, 184n (1948), 507, 5I1, 587 n, 607; South, Kaunitz, 352 5II,607 Kaya, Olanari, 494 Korosten, 143 Keenan, Mr, 326 n Ko§ice,316 Keenan, Joseph,497 Kot, Professor Stanislaw, 194 and n Keitel, Field-Marshal Wilhelm (1882- Kota Baru, 353 1946),260,261,405,409 n,412 KrBmAr, Dr Karel, 531 n Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 396 n, 412, Krasnodewski, see Bierut, Boleslaw 438,453,461,591,606 Kreisky, Bruno, 479 Kennan, George, 201 n, 202, 272-3, Krock, Arthur, 184, 185 n 287-8, 306 n, 316, 362 n, 424, 507 n, Krosigk, Count Lutz Schwerin van, 260, 510 n, 569 294n Kennedy,J. F., 607-8, 609 n Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Alfred, Kennedy, Joseph, 26 405 Kerr, Sir Archibald aark (later Lord Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav, Inverchapel) (1882-1951), IIO, 239, 405 253-4,289,384 n, 392 n, 564, 570 Krushchev,~ildta,485-6,525,526,602 Kesselring, Field-Marshal Albrecht Kubek, Dr Anthony: quoted, 175 n (1885-1960), 252, 253 and n, 254, 256, Kukiel, General Marian, 194 and n 264 Kulichev, M., 435 Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946), Kunashiri Is., 526 547n Kung, Mme H. H., 360 n Khan,Genghis, 292 Kurasov, General, 472 Kido, Marquess Koichi, 353, 354, 389 Kurile Is., 218 and n, 223, 244, 351, 513, and n, 493, 494 517 ,259 Kwajalein,355 KieICanal,155,166,178,429 Kwisa (Queiss), 341 Kiesinger, Dr Kurt, 612 Kyushu Is., 377, 517 Kimura, General Heitaro, 494, 498 Kindelberger, Professor P., 574 n Ladoga, Lake, 461 King, Admiral Ernest, 54, 58, 99, 100, Lanaude, Ferdinand, 531 n 127n, 129,220,310,349,363 Landsberg, 215 King, Mackenzie (1874-1950), 426, 538 n Langbehn, Carl, 257 Kinzel, General, 260 and n Laniel, Joseph, 593, 594 n, 601 Kipling, Rudyard (1865-1936), 584 n, Lansing, Robert (1864-1928), 393 606 Latvia,28-9, 162,305 Kirk, Alexander C., 134 , Treaty of (1923), 7 and n Kitchener, Lord (1850-1916), 500 Lausanne Conference (1923), 169 Kleffens, Elko van, 552 Lausanne Conference (1932), 395 Index Lausitzer Neisse river, 335 Little Entente (1921), 96 n, 453, 455, 458 Laval, Pierre (1883-1945), 156 Litvinov, Maxim (1876-1951), 29, 30, 49, Lawrence, Lord Justice Sir Geoffrey 346-7,452 n, 461 (later Baron Oaksey and Trevethin), Gap, 196 n, 201 404 and n, 405 and n, 407, 409 n, 410 Lloyd George, David (1863-1945), 8, andn 174, 393 and n, 432, 433 and n, 529, League of Nations: Covenant, 7 and n, 533 8, 438, 529, 530, 53 I, 532, 533, 534, Locarno Pact (1925), 28, 394, 396, 591, 535, 540, 542, 546 n, 547, 548, 551; 592 n, 596, 608 United States and, 40, 540; and Lodge, Henry Cabot, 530, 533 Mussolini, 66; Britain and, 105, 228, London: German Embassy, 19; Blitz 542 n; and Russia, 234; trusteeships, (1940),32; Soviet Ambassador in, 197, 246,248;andGennanY,394,591,592; 268; American Embassy, 216, 268 n, and Finland, 461; origins, 528-33, 534, 565 55 I; India and, 546 n. See also Paris London, Treaty of (1915), 44, 440, 441, Peace Conference (1919),. United 445,446 Nations Organization London ComInission, see European Leahy, Admiral William: Casablanca Advisory ComInission Conference (1943), 58 and n; and London Conference (1942), 391 France, 59; and Allied activity in London Conference (1954),597-600 Mediterranean, 128, 130; European London Conference of Jurists (1945), 400, Advisory Commission, 134; Tehran 401,402,406 Conference (1943), 145; and Russia, Lorraine, 109 146,297,310,335,363; relations with Louett, Robert, 186 Roosevelt, 203-5, 254 n; opposed to Louisville Courier-Journal, 425 American involvement in European Lozovsky, Vice-Commissar S. A., 379 n, politics, 204, 208, 216, 223, 225; on 383 Roosevelt's health, 221; and United LUbeck,155,258,275, 287,294 Nations, 248; and atoInic bomb, 327, ,478 372 n, 374 and n; and music, 338; and Ludendorff, General of Infantry Erich Japanese surrender, 366, 372 n, 387. (1865-1937), II9 n See also 'Overlord' Luneberg Heath, 259, 260 Leathers, Lord, 178 n Lupescu, Helene, 454 Lebanon, 140 n, 328 and n, 538 n Luxembourg, 32-3, 43 n, 109, 575, 576, Lebrun, President (1871-1950), 18 583,591,597 and n Lee, Robert E. (1807-70), 61 n Luzon, 355 Leiber, Father Robert, 20 Lwow,94 n Leipzig, 166 n, 272, 27':' 394, 412 Lwow, 94 n, 165 n, 195, 199 Lemnitzer, Major-General Lyman L., Lytton ComInission (1931), 490 n 253,256 Lend-Lease Act (1941), 32 and n, 171-2, MacArthur, General Douglas: and 179, 181, 182, 183, 318-21, 345, 429, Russian participation in Pacific War, 535 n, 561- 2 347, 349, 363, 375, 489; and Japanese Lenin, V. 1. (1870-1924),9,28,236 surrender, 390, 487, 500-1, 502, 503, Leningrad,461,462 504, 50S, 507, 508; and Japanese Leopold III of Belgium, King, 18 Emperor, 488 and n, 497; Allied Lepidus, 295 Council for Japan, 491-2; Far Eastern Levant,337 ComInission, 491-2; and Japanese Lewis, Sir Willmot, 573 war-crimes, 493, 496, 498; disInissed by Ley, Robert (189Q-1945), 405 Truman, 501; and Korean War, 587 n, Leyte, Battle of (1944),355 589 Liaotung Peninsula, 137, :1I8 n McCloy, John J., 138-9, 178 n, 184, , 538 n 310n,583 Libya,444 and n MacColl, Rene, 570, 573 n Lie,Trygve(1896-1953),414-15,552 McCoy, General Frank, 490 and n Lingayen,355 MacDonald, Ramsay (1866-1937), 395 : British Embassy, 71, 72 Macedonia, 459 Lithuatda,2B-9,162,241,246,305 Machiavelli, Nicolo (1469-"1527), 47 694 Index McIntire, Admiral Ross, 178 n Atlantic Council, 586 and n. See also Mackinac Is., 540 Council of Foreign Ministers; Marshall 'Mackinac Resolution' (1943), 63 n, 540 Plan; Moscow Conference of Foreign Mackintosh, Malcolm, 602 n Ministers (1947); 'Overlord' McMahon, Senator, 427 Marshall Plan, 430, 472, 556, 566, 567, Macmillan, Harold, 53 n, 70 and n, 71, 570-5,576,579,583,599 73-4 and n, 75, 290, 443 n, 476 n, 481 , Marxism, 28, 554 482,483,484,553,596 n, 597 Masaryk, Jan (1886-1948), 315, 432, 438, McNeil, Hector (1907-55),433 and n 548,575 MacVeagh, Lincoln, 171 Masaryk, Thomas (1850-1937), 210, 432 ,71 Matsui, General Iwane, 494, 498 , 275 Matsumoto, Shunichi, 525 Maginot Line, 16, 17 Matsuoka, Baron Yosuke, 345, 346 n, 494 Magyars, 85 andn M~sky,lvan,34,49,97,230,536-7 Matthews, H. Freeman, 178 n, 180 n, Makino, Baron, 531 n 183 n, 203 Malenkov, Georgi, 525, 601 May, Dr Alan Nunn, 373 Malik,Jacob,364,525 Mediterranean Commission, IIO Malines,18 ,352 Mallet, Sir Victor, 258 and n Memel,29 Malta Conference (1945), 214-21, 226, Mendes-France, Pierre, 593-4, 597-8, 233,250,274,323,348 n 599,600 Maltzan,28 Menon, lCrishna, 478 Manchester Guardian, 560 Menthon, Fran90is de, 399 n Manchukuo, 496 Messe, Marshal Giovanni, 251 n Manchuli, 218 n Metaxas, General loannes (1871-1941), : Russian designs on, 107,218, 170 286,326,362 n, 363, 375, 384, 388, 556; Metternich, Prince (1773-1859), 47, 352 Chinese sovereignty, 137,351,359,360; ,322 n,483 n, 538 n rillways, 244, 348, 351; Rape (1931), Miall, Leonard, 570, 572 and n, 573 496 Michael of Rumania, Prince, 454 and n, Manhattan Is., 437 455,463,548 n Manila, 355, 390, 493, 500, 521 Midway, Battle of (1942), 353 Mannerheim, General Baron Carl von Mikado, see Hirohito, Emperor (1867-195 1),461 Mikl6s, General Bela, 458 Mantoux, 547 n Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 192, 193-4, 195, Margesson, Sir David, 538 n 199-200,236,238,289,313,314,335 Marianas, 355 Mikoyan, Anastas, 319, 526 Marie de Medici, Queen- (1573- Milan, 256 1642),432 Miller, David Hunter, 531,547 n Marie of Rumania, Queen (1875-1938), Minami, General Jiro, 494 452,454 Missouri, 390 and n, 522 Marie of Yugoslavia, Queen, 453 n Moch, Jules, 586 and n Marjoribanks, James, 474 mokusatsu, 380, 381 Marne, Battle ofthe (1914), 76 Mllhne dam, 99 n Marshall, General George C.: and Moldavia, 450 American involvement in Europe, 54, Molotov, Vyacheslav: visits Berlin (1940), 67, 100, 101,317; and Allied activity in 47 n; and First Cairo Conference Mediterranean, 58, 79; and 'Torch', (1943), 125, 126-7; Tehran meeting 82; and Russia, 123-4, 146, 322 , 347; with Hopkins and Eden (1943), 155-8; Morgenthau Plan, 185 n; drafts letters Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 164; 'Per• for Roosevelt, 254 n, 298; and Poland, centage Agreement' (1944), 198, 559; 310; and atomic bomb, 348 n, 372 and and German war-crimes, 232, 391, 399; n, 374; and proposed invasion of Japan, and Poland, 238, 239, 289, 3II-12, 313, 363 and n; becomes Secretary of State 318, 340-1; and United Nations (1947), 429 n; resigns (1949), 508 ; Organization, 241, 242, 308--9, 310, Princeton speech (1947), 563-4; Har• 3II, 313, 550; and Iran, 243; and vard speech (1947),569-72,576; North Yugoslav-Bulgarian treaty, 250; and Index German surrender, 253-4, 255, 298; 'Moscow Memorandum' (1955),482 and Russian participation in Pacific Moscow Protocol (1929), 452 n, 461 War, 347, 381-2, 383-4; and Japanese Mosely, Philip, 263, 264 n surrender, 365, 375, 376 n, 379 n, 490, Mountbatten, Vice-Admiral Lord Louis, 525; and atomic bomb, 373 n; Moscow 99, 101 n, 135 conference with Byrnes, 427-8; and Muggeridge, Malcolm, 570, 573 n Austria, 478-80, 482, 483, 485, 486; Mukden: Russian defeat at (1905), 352 and Marshall Plan, 574. See also Anglo• Mukden Incident (1931),490 n Russian Treaty; Council of Foreign Mulde, River, 275 Ministers; Moscow Conference pf MUller, Dr Josef, 19-20 Foreign Ministers (1943); Paris Peace Munich Agreement (1938), 3, 4, 13, 14, Conference (1946); Potsdam Confer• 15,27,30,33,92,96,296,298,314,431, ence; Tehran Conference; Yalta Con• 457 ference Murmansk,34,45 Mongolia: Inner, 362 n; Outer, 218 n, Murphy, Robert, 70 and n, 73-4, 75, 223,224,244,286,292,350,361 n 264 n, 279, 280, 318, 371 n, 449 n, Monroe, James (1758-11131), 521 n 470n Monroe Doctrine (1823), 521 n, 590 Murville, Roger Couve de, 430 and n, Montanari, Franco, 72 437 n,470n Montgomery, Field-Marshal Sir Bernard, Mussolini, Benito (1883-1945): and 260, 263, 264,275 sanctions, 27; British attitude towards, Montreux Convention for the Control of 66-7; overthrown (1943), 68 and n, the Straits (1936), 326, 425 443; 'kidnapped to freedom', 68 n; Mooney, James, 24 efforts to avoid war, 442 Moran, Lord, 165 n, 178 n, 180 n, 182, Muto, General Akira, 494, 498 220-1 and n, 280 n, 297 n, 392 n Morava Valley, 459 Nagasaki, 381, 385, 387 Morgan, Lieutenant-General Frederick, Nakling river, 587 86 and n, 99,100,131-2,133,271-2 Nanking, 354 n, 492 Morgan, General Sir William, 446 Naples, 442 'Morgan Line', 446 (1769-1821), 393, 395 Morgenthau Jr, Henry J., 174-87, 196, Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 30, 34,92, 161, 203,205,267,319 164,270,454,462,554,586 Morgenthau Plan (1944), 6, 63 and n, 148, Nehru, Jawaharlal, 478 174-87,202,203,269 Nejedly, Zdenek, 316 , 51, 52 Nelson, 443 Morrison, Herbert (1888-1965), 476 and Neuilly, Treaty of (1919), 7, 436, 452, n, 514-15, 522 n, 589; and Yoshida 459,533 Letter, 614-20 Neurath, Freiherr Konstantin von (1873- Moscow: British Embassy, 46, 246; 1956),405,409 n Kremlin, 83, 315-16; American Em• Neva, River, 286 n bassy, lIO, 202, 287, 297, 316, 326 n; New Britain, 353 National Hotel, lIO; Spaso House, lIO; New Caledonia, 147 Spiridonovka Palace, II I; Allied Mili• New Mexico, 327 tary Missions, 262; Japanese Embassy, New York Herald Tribune, 98 n 366 New York Times, 184,204,433 n, 560 Moscow, Treatyof(1940),31 New Zealand, 102; St James's Palace Moscow Conference (1944),197-200,285, Declaration (1941), 32-3; and Japan, 348,559--61 390,490,496 and n, 505, 510, 512- 13, Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers 514,518, 519; Paris Peace Conference (1943), 79, 83 n, 96, 103-21, IZ2, 128, (1946),433 n; Army, 446,489; Austrian 133, 138, 139, 202, 212, 219, 272, State Treaty (1955), 483 n; ANZUS 347,391,423,467 and n, 468, 541, 563; Treaty (1951), 520 Declaration, 119 and n, 249, 382-3, 402 News Chronicle, 569 Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers , 310, 538 n (1945),426-8,430,490,495 Nicholas, Herbert, 542 n, 544, 551 Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers Nicholas II, Tsar (1868-1918),163 and n, (1947),471,472,567 222,245 Index Nicolson, Harold (1886-1968), 87, 432-3 Ottoman dynasty, 6 and n, 434, 547 n 'Overlord' (attack on French coast): Niigata, 381 United States and, 86, 99, 101, II8, Nikitchenko, I. T., 404, 405, 410 and n 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 146, 157 and n, Nile, River, 286 n 167,214-15, 271; Britain and, 86, 100, Nixon, Richard, 520 n, 607 101, 105, 135, 154 and n, 214-15, 271; Noel-Baker, Philip, 528 Russia and, 150, 152, 154 and n, 157 Nogano, Admiral Osami, 353-4, 494 n, and n, 158, 160 495 Normandy, 346 Pacific War: United States and, 58, 149, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 6, 10, 156, 160,218, 235, 247, 293, 327, 344, 521,581,582,583-4,585,586,588-9, 345,346,349,487; Russia and, 59, 190, 591,593,599,600,603,604,605,606 235,286,300,321,327,347,349,350, North Atlantic Council, 585, 586, 589, 357, 358, 360, 373, 374, 375, 382, 384, 599 386-7,420, 544; Britain and, 100, 149, North Atlantic Treaty (1949), 450, 481, 160,178,245,246; China and, 136, 168 521,557; text, 716-20 Paderewski, Ignacz (1860-1941), 432 North Cape, 31 Pakistan, 512 Norway, 46,258,367 n, 581, 582; German Palestine, 99 n invasion, 28; St James's Palace Dec• Panama, 538 n laration (1941), 32-3; adheres to Panmunjom,607 Atlantic Charter (1941), 43 and n; Papandreou, George, 560 Paris Peace Conference (1946), 433 n; Papen, Franz von, 395, 405, 408, 409, 4II and League of Nations, 532; Paris Paracel Is., 517 Conference (1947), 575; and NATO, , 538 n 583 andn Paris Agreements (1954), 598-9, 603 Novigrad,447 Paris Conference (1947), 574-5, 576, 590 Novikov,K. V.,473andn Paris Peace Conference (1856), 450 n nuclear deterrent, 7, 314, 485, 608, 609. Paris Peace Conference (1919), 7, 9, 89, See also atomic bomb 209-10,393,432-3,434,436,440,441, Nuremberg Principle of International 445,446,529,531,547 n, 548, 593, 605; Law, 415,494 League of Nations Committee, 532, Nuremberg trials, see International Mili• 533 tary Tribunal of Nuremberg Paris Peace Conference (1946), 419-36, 437,548 , River, 148, 149, 162, 235, 325, 335, Parker, Judge J., 403 340,342 and n Pasic, 432 Oder-Neisse line, 3 IS, 326,333,334,335, Passchendaele, Battle of (1917),86 339,340 Paulus, General Friedrich, 51 Oka, Vice-Admiral Takasumi, 495 Pavlov, 369 n Okamoto, Lieutenant-General Seigo, 365 Pearl Harbor, 45, 51,151,296 n, 344,345, Okawa, Shumei, 494 n, 495 347,353,370,492,494 n, 497 Okinawa, 355, 526 Pearson, Drew, 184 and n, 187 n Okulicki, General Leopold, 289 and n, Pearson, Lester, 552, 609 30 7 Pechkoff, General, 498 n Olivier, Mrs Sarah, 221 Peking, 524 'Olympic' (assault on Japan), 349 'Percentage Agreement', see Moscow Omdurman, Battle of (1898),349-50 Conference (1944) Onishi, Admiral, 389 n Percival, General Arthur, 390 Oran, 124, 125 n, 134 Pericles, 6; quoted, 4, 605 Organization for European Economic Co• Persia, 103, 106, 125, 141, 206, 219, 243, operation (O.E.E.C.), 575 n 326,328 Orlando, Vittorio (1860-1952), 433 n, 441, Persian Gulf, 109, 155 531 n ,538n Osborne, D'Arcy (later Duke of Leeds), Pescadores, 137, 517, 524 and n 20 Pescara,77 Oshima, Hiroshi, 495 PessOa, Epitano, 531 n O.S.S., II3, 252, 257, 365, 366 Petain, Marahal (1856-1951),156 Index Peter II of Yugoslavia, King, 239-40 See also Curzon Line; Katyn mas• Petersburg Agreement (1949), 585 n sacres; Little Entente; Warsaw Petsamo, 461,462 Polish-Czechoslovak Federation, 97 Philadelphia, 38 I Pomerania, 131 Philip of Greece, Prince, 390 n Port Arthur, 136,286,350,361 n Philippines, 156, 344, 355, 490, 493 n, Portal, Air Chief ~arshal Sir Charles, 57 496 n, 512 and n, 514 and n, 518-19, Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 286, 350, 521 ,538 52 4 Phillimore, Colonel Henry, 408 n , 72, 134 n, 153, 454, 575, 582, Phi11imore, Lord, 529 and n 583 Phillimore Committee (1918), 529 n, 531 Poskkala,462 'Phoney War', 12-21 PototTlac, 126, 127 Pim, Captain Richard, 57 Potomac, River, 127,429 Pinay, Christian, 483 Potsdam Conference (1945), 281, 282, Ping-shen, Foo, 542 283-4, 321-43, 364, 380, 382, 420, Pisa, 140 421, 422, 423, 469, 472, 485, 492, Pius XII, Pope, 24, 27; willing to 584, 585; Attlee and Bevin replace mediate, 20 Churchill and Eden, 401 Placentia Bay, 36-43, 534, 537 Declaration, 342 n, 379, 380, 381 , 383, Pleven, Rene, 586, 587, 588, 593 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 424-5,490, Pleven Plan, 588, 589 517; text, 376-8 Plymouth Sound, 374 n, 381 Protocol, 279, 280 n, 282, 332, 339 n, Plzen (Pilsen), 317, 318 402,419,434, 506; text, 632-46 Pola (Pula), 446 See also Council of Foreign ~nisters Poland: Britain and, 4,196,199-200,216- Pound, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley 17,236,275; territory, 6 andn,29, 92-4, (1877-1943),57 109,132,148-9,165,193-5,235-6,281, Prague,94,316,317,318,454,458,576 335-7; and Germany, 14, 16; Russia Pravda,560 and, 29, 34-5, 46, 49, 92-5, 103, 104, Prince of Wales, 36-43, 45 108-9,148-9,162,163-4,165,167,172, Prussia, 45, 46, 105, 108, 166 and n, 229, 190-5, 199-200, 202, 209, 235-9, 275, 261, 579; East, 46, 93, 132, 164, 207, 281,286,288,293,306-7,309-10,311- 286,326 n; West, 131 12,319,334-7,411;~unich(1938),30; Przemys, 164 n St James's Palace Declaration (1941), Pu-yi, Henry, 496-7 32-3; prisoners of war, 34-5, 94 and n; Pyongyang, 587 n Army, 35; adheres to Atlantic Charter (1941), 43 n; United States and, 90, 'Quadrant' Conference (Quebec, 1943), 163-4,165,199-200,202,216-17,243, 87,98,99-103,112,132,347,539 305, 3II-12; 'Congress Poland', 92; Quantico, 126 Navy, 94 n; and projected Eastern Quebec, 71, 107, 128, 166 n; Citadel, 85, European Federation, 96-7; ~oscow 101,178 Conference (1943), 106, II5-16, II9; Quebec Conference, Second (1944), 6, Tehran Conference (1943), 148-9 and 176, 178-84, 185, 228 n, 274, 275 n, 154, 155-6, 157, 163-4, 165, 167; Queen Mary, 99 Communists, 164 and n, 199, 288; Quincy, 216, 220, 221 Polish Home Army, 191, 192, 307, 548; Quintus Varus, 439 Committee of National Liberation, 195; Quisling, Vidkun (1887-1945), 66 Lublin Committee, 200, 217, 237-8, 239,288,306; Yalta Conference (1945), Raab, Julius, 482 216-17, 223, 235-9, 243; Hopkins Raczynski, Count Edward, 35 ~ssion (1945), 306-7, 313-14; Raeder, Grand-Admiral Erich (1876- National Council, 314; Potsdam Con• 1960),405,409 n ference (1945), 325, 334-'7, 340, 341; Rangoon, 346 Paris Peace Conference (1946), 433 n; 'Rankin' (invasion of Germany), 131, 132, treaty with West Germany (1970), 133 342 n; treaty with Rumania (1926), 'Rankin C' (occupation of Germany), 452 n; and Paris Conference (1947), 131 n 574-5; Warsaw Pact (1955), 603 and n. Rapallo, Treatyof(19zo),441 n Index RavensbrUck,407,493 Freedoms' (1941), 37, 535 and n; and Reber, Samuel, 474, 476 Anglo-Russian Treaty (1942), 47-50; Red Cross, 94 n; Swedish, 257 desire for meeting with Stalin, 81-2, Reggio, 442 84, II7-18, 122, 123, 126; and France, Reich, Das, 294 n 90-1,140 and n, 144, 212-13, 272; and Reichenau, Major-General Walther von trusteeships, 97; and China, 98,124-5, (1884-1942),439 134-7, 163, 168-9, 348; and relations Reid, Mrs Helen Ogden Mills, 98 n between Welles and Hull, 106-7; briefs Reilly, Michael, 141 Hull for Moscow Conference (1943), Reis, Jayme Batalho, 53 I n 108; and Poland, 109 and n, 164, 191-2, Reischauer, Edwin 0., 492 195, 289, 310, 312; and war-crimes, Reisengebirge, 215 II9, 391, 392, 397, 398; and post-war Rendel, Sir George, 473 n partition of Germany, 131-3, 165-7, Renner, Karl, 465-6 and n, 467-8, 469, 174, 267, 271, 273, 278; European 478 Advisory Commission, 134, 138; and Renown, 374 n Turkish neutrality, 169; and Greece, Repulse, 45 171; election for fourth term, 196-7; Reston, James, 517 appoints Stettinius, 205-6; Emergency Reuter, Ernst, 581 High Commission for Liberated Eur• Rex, 27 ope, 208-9; relations with Stettinius, Reynaud,Paul,26,27,28 212; and German surrender, 254 and Rhee, Dr Syngman, 587 n n; death, 255 n, 298, 308, 548; dis• Rheims, 6, 263, 264 and n, 265 n illusionment, 298 and n, 299-300, 301, Rhine, River, 7, 166 n, 214, 225, 286, 349, 305-6, 358, 554; and Russian inter• 429 vention in Pacific War, 346-7, 349, Rhineland, 12,46,178,269,278,283 350-1, 352, 545; and Japanese sur• Rhodes, 140, 160,440,445 render, 368; and atomic bomb, 373 and Ribbentrop, Joachim von (1893-1946), n; and United Nations, 534-5, 537, 539, 47 n, 259, 345,405,409 n 540, 545-6. See also Atlantic Charter; , Treaty Of(1921), 29, 30 Cairo Conference, First; Cairo Con• Rimini,140 ference, Second; Casablanca Confer• Rio de Janiero, 430 n ence; Morgenthau Plan; 'Overlord'; Risorgimento, 445 Pacific War; 'Quadrant' Conference; Roberts, Goronwy, 613 Quebec Conference, Second; Tehran Robin Moor, 32 Conference; 'Trident' Conference; Romanov dynasty, 6,222,440 Yalta Conference Rome: planned Allied assault on ('Giant Roosevelt, Theodore (1858-1919),12,576 II'), 76, 78 n; captured by Allies (1944), Rosenberg, Alfred (1893-1946), 405, 169 40 9 n Rome, Treatyof(1924) ,441 n Rosenberg, Anna (Mrs Paul Hoffman), Romer, Tadeusz, 192,236,238 298andn Rommel, Field-Marshal Erwin (1891- Rosenman, Judge Samuel, 397, 398 and n, 1944),51,74 399 and n, 401, 402 and n, 429 n Roosevelt, Eleanor, 22 n ,260 Roosevelt, Colonel Elliott, 59, 136, 150 n, Rudenko, General A. R., 399 n, 404 n 153,297,392 n Ruhr, 132, 166, 178 and n, 180 and n, 183, Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882-1945): 269,271,281,283,341,342,579,580 desire for U.S.-Soviet Alliance, 8, 41 Rumania, 86, 87, 169, 332; and Russia, and n, 55, 128-9, 142, 174-5, 189,201, 29,44,49,93, 166, 167, 197, 198,201, 202,204-5,274,296-8 and n, 360, 386; 219, 250, 255, 287, 308, 325, 327, 428, illness, 8, 206, 254 n, 351, 545; and 437 n, 463, 475, 557, 558, 574; cession Battle of the Atlantic, 22; Selective of Bessarabia, 30; cession of Bukovina, Service Act, 22; election for third term, 30; anti-Nazi activity in, 85; and pro• 22; letter to Pius XII, 24-5; Welles jected Eastern European Federation, Mission (1940), 25-8; declares state of 96; United States and, 305, 330, 331, emergency (1941), 32; and Italy, 32 n, 425,429; peace treaty, 419, 435, 450-5, 67, 68-9, 71, 75 n, 442; first meeting 464 and n; Air Force, 455; Hungary with Churchill (1941), 36; 'Four and, 457, 458; loses Dobrudja, 459, Index 460; Grand National Assembly, 463; Scandinavian Federation: projected by Popular Democratic Front, 463; Com• Foreign Office, 96-7 munists, 548 n; 'Percentage Agree• Scapa Flow, 45 ment' (1944), 559-61; Warsaw Pact Schacht, Hjalmar, 405, 408-9, 4II, 414 (1955),603 and n Scharf, Dr Adolf, 482 Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Gerd von Schellenburg, S.S. General Walter, 258, (1875-1953),190,214,349 259 Russo-Finnish War (1939), 234 Schirach, Baldur von, 405, 409 n Russo-Japanese Treaty (1956): text, Schleswig-Holstein, 261 794-6 Schuman, Robert, 475, 579, 586 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), 245, 350, Schuschnigg, Chancellor Kurt von, 466 352 Scialoja, Vittorio, 531 n Russo-Polish Agreement (1941), 34-5 Scott, C. P. (1846-1932),619 Russo-Polish War (1919-21), 29, 46 n Sedan,4 Russo-Turkish War, 459, 556 Seeckt, General Hans von (1866-1936), Ruthenia, 315, 458 9,28 Ryukyu Is., 504, 513, 515, 518 Seipel, Monsignor Ignaz, 465 Semmering Hills, 466 Saar, 180 and n Senussi tribes, 421 Saar Basin, 180 n, 269, 278, 283 Seoul,587n SaarbrUcken, 283 Serbia, 4, 97, 239, 439, 459 Sachs,Hans,406 ,222 St Germain, Treaty of (1919),7,436,445, Seveg, General Fran~ois, 264 n 446,458,465 n, 466, 470, 533 Sevres, Treaty of, 7 and n, 436,533 St Helena, 395 Seyss-Inquan, Dr Arthur (1892-1946), St James's Palace: Declaration of (1941), 259-60,405,409 n 32-3, 35, 534, 538 n, 546 n; Allied Sforza, Count Carlo (1873-1952), 448 meeting to adhere to Atlantic Charter Shanghai, 354 n (1941),43,536,538 n, 546 n Shantung, 504 St Jean de Maurienne, Agreement of Shawcross, Sir Hartley, 399 n, 405, 410 (1917),440,441 Sherwood, Robert, 157 n, 205 n, 303 n, Saint-Laurent, Louis, 582 546n Saipan, 355 Shigemitsu, Mamoru, 346 n, 354, 355-6, , 218 and n, 244, 350, 517; 390,495,498 and n South,286 Shih-chieh, Wang, 361 n, 383, 420, 421, Saki, 221,239 435 Salerno, 76, 77, 78 Shikoku Is., 517 Salerno, Gulf of, 442 Shikotan Is., 527 Salisbury, 3rd Marquess of (1830-1903), Shimada, Admiral Shigetaro, 495 529 Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1895),353 San Francisco, Treatyof(1951),7, 503 n Shinwell, Emanuel (later Lord), 586 n San Francisco Conference (1945), 301 n, Shiratori, Toshio, 495 303 n, 306, 308, 309 n, 310, 3II, 312- Siam: 'Railway of Death', 492 21,322,360,364 n, 383, 398, 399,415, Sichell, Herbert, 564 422,544,547-52 Sicily, 58, 67, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 86, 442, San Francisco Conference (1950), 512, 443,609 515 and n, 518 n Sikotski, General Wladyslaw (1881-1943), San Francisco Conference (1955),484 n 34,49,93-4 and n, 95 and n, 96 n San Nicola, 449 , 335 and n San Stefano, Treaty of (1878),459 Simeon of Bulgaria, King, 463 Santa Margherita, 448 Simic, Mr, 552 , 4, 439, 483 Simon, Lord (1873-1954),398 Sato, Eisaku, 520 n Singapore, 51,136 n, 153,251 n, 344, 345, Sato, Lieutenant-General Kenryo, 495 346,353,390 Sato, Naotaka, 365, 378 n, 379, 383, 384 Sino-Japanese Treaty (1952): text, 741-'1 Sauckel, Friu (1894-1946), 405, 409 n Sino-Japanese War (1894-5), 352. See , 538 n also Shimonoseki, Treaty of Saxony, 166 n, 365 n Sino-Japanese War (1937-45), 353 Index Sino-Soviet Treaty (1945), 382, 384; text, Molotov to First Cairo Conference 646-57 (1943), 126-7; and de Gaulle, 140; Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and first meeting with Roosevelt (1943), AJliance(1950),524 143; and post-war treatment of Sirius, 215, 216 Germany, 174-5, 178, 179, 203, 269, Skoneny, General Otto, 68 n 270; change in American attitude Slessor, Sir John, 51, 58,191 towards, 201; relations with Molotov, Slovakia,316,435,457 212, 309, 550; and German surrender, Slovenes, 475 n 254-6, 258, 259, 268; Roosevelt's last Smith, General Walter Bedell, 72, 73 and message (1945), 298 and n, 301; n, 74 n, 75, 76, 78 n, 262, 263, 264 n, Hopkins Mission (1945), 305-'7, 313- 318,593-4 14, 360 n, 550; and Czechoslovakia, Smolensk,94 n 315-16; and Russian intervention in Smuts, Field-Marshal Jan Christiaan Pacific War, 347, 348, 350-2, 355, 360, (1870-1950), 86, 415, 432, 529 and n, 361, 370, 374, 375, 384, 544; combat 531 and n, 532, 545-6, 547 n, 548 during Russian Civil War, 349 n; and Smyrna, 440, 441 Yalta Far Eastern Agreement, 350-1; Snell, John, 181 and China, 350-1, 358-9, 360, 361, Sochi (Gagra), 490 362 n, 365, 370, 374, 383; and Japanese ,w, 459 surrender, 366, 378; and atomic bomb, Sokolovsky, General Vasilid, 280, 580 371, 372, 373 and n, 384; and PotsdanI Somalia, Republic of,444 Declaration (1945), 376 n; Council of Somervell, General Brehon, 124, 125, Foreign Ministers, 422; death, 481, 159 n 525, 593, 600, 602; Austrian State So~no,Sidney,441 Treaty (1955), 485; Socbi conversations Soong, T. V., 360 and n, 361 and n, 362, with Harriman, 4900-1 ; Russo-Japanese 365,370,373,374,383,420 n Treaty (1941), 494 n; attitude towards South Mrica, Republic of, 32-3, 433 n Japan, 524; and United Nations South Tyrol, 445 Organization, 546 and n, 547, 550. South-East Asia Agreement (Geneva, See also Moscow Conference (1944); 1954),525 PotsdanI Conference; Tehran Con• South-East Asia Collective Defence ference; Yalta Conference Treaty (SEATO) (Manila, 1954), 521; Stalingrad, 56, 84, 251 n, 349 n Pacific Charter, 522; text, 760-3 Standley, Admiral William H., 49,81 South-East Asia Command, 344 Steel,Pactof(1939),W Spaak, Paul-Henri, 381, 435, 5~ Stettin, 193, 335 Spaatz, General Carl, 381 Stettinius, Edward R. (19000-49): be• , 574; Civil War (1936-9), 66; comes Secretary of State, 205-6; and Russian attitude towards, 153, 339 n, United Nations Organization, 207; and 422; AttIee's views on, 339 Hungaty,210; relations with Roosevelt, Sparkman, John, 522 n 212; and German occupation-zones, Speer, Albert, 405, 406, 409 n 274-5; and Hopkins Mission (1945), Spratly Is., 517 303 and n; and Poland, 310, 3II; and Stalin, Joseph (1879-1953): and Ger• Cuchoslovakia, 317; and Japan, 351; many, 29, 30, 586; denounces treaty and war-crimes, 397; and Greece, 560. with Finland (1939), 31; relations See also Dumbarton Oaks Conference; with Churchill, 44, 83, 85, 188-9,295- San Francisco Conference (1945); 96, 297; and Anglo-Russian Treaty Yalta Conference (1942), 45-'7, 48, 49, 554; declines to Stevenson, Adlai, 5II attend Casablanca Conference (1943), Stillwell, General Joseph V. ('Vinegar 56; and Italian surrender, 75 n; and Joc'),346 Poland, 93-4, 1900-5, 288-9, 3II- Stimson, Henry (1867-1950): on possi• 12; proposes Moscow Conference of bility of Axis victory, 32 n; and Italy, Foreign Ministers (1943), 103; and 6,; and 'Overlord', 79, 86-7,128,129; Netherlands, 109 and n; reluctance to and Morgenthau Plan, 176, 178, 183, travel abroad to meet AJlies, II7-18, 184 and n, 203; and Roosevelt's health, 123, 210, 2II, 541; and war-crimes, 178 n; on Poland, 209; and war-crimes, 119,392,398,401,402; declines to send 224,391-2,397; and Pacific bases, 247; Index 701 and Russia, 255, 310; and atomic bomb, 252,274, 285,297 and,n, 322, 392, 396, 348 n, 370-1, 373; and Japan, 363 and 554 n, 366 and n, 368, 375, 376 and n, 380, Teschen, 92, 93 387,488 , 137, 521 Stockholm, 83 n, 257, 258, 259, 355, 356; Thompson, Carlos, 95 n Japanese Legation in, 386 Thompson, Llewellyn, 449 Strang, Major-General Sir Kenneth, Thrace, 459 265n Thucydides, see Pericles Strang, Sir William, 261, 263, 264 n, Tibet, 136 268 n, 272, 290 n, 470 n Tilsit, 164, 167 Streicher, Julius (1885-1946), 405, 406, Times, The, 560, 573 and n 409n Tinian, 355 Stresa, 466 Tito, Marshal, 129, 239-41, 250, 362 n, Stresemann, Gustav (1878-1929), 28, 394, 446,448,475,486 591,592 andn Tobruk,51 Strong, Brigadier K. W. D., 72 Toegu,587 n Student, General Kurt, 68 n Togo, Shigenori, 356, 364, 379, 380, 385, StUrmer, 406 389 and n, 495, 498 and n Styria,470,472 Tojo, General Hideki (1884-1949), 353, SubaAic, Dr Ivan, 239-41, 250 354 and n, 355, 356, 391, 494 n, 495, Sudan,99n 498,499 Sudeteniand, 13, 14, 19, 46, 96, 467 n, Tokyo, 65, 354 n, 356, 364, 491, 500; 6II-13 Imperial War College, 496 Suez Canal, 234 Tokyo Bay, 390, 527 Sumatra, 100 'Tokyo Rose' ,493 Suslaparov, Major-General Ivan, 264 n 'Torch' (Allied landings in North Africa), Suvarov, General, 147 and n 51,82 Suzuki, Admiral Baron Kantaro, 356, 379, Torgau,262 380,385,389 and n Toyoda, Admiral, 378 Suzuki, Major-General Teiichi, 495 Transcaucasus, 556 Svoboda, General Ludwik, 316 and n Transjordan, 99 n Sweden, 335 n; neutrality, II2, Il9, 161; Transylvania, 435, 450, 452, 454, 455, 458 and German surrender, 258; and Trentino,440 League of Nations, 532; Paris Confer• Trentino-Adige, Regional Statute for ence (1947), 575 and n (1948),445 Switzerland: neutrality, 478, 479, 480, ,445 502,505,507; Paris Conference (1947), Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 1, 436, 452, 575 andn 455,458,533 Syracuse, 74 'Trident' Conference (Washington, 1943), , 46, 328, 538 n 80-1,99, 1°5 Trieste, 275, 294, 431, 434, 446, 448, 450, Taft, Robert (1889-1953), 619 476, 477, 480, 592; Allied Declaration Taft, William H. (1 857-193°), 533 on (1948), 447, 448, 449; Free TeJri• Taipeh,514 tory,447 Taiwan (Formosa), 137, 245, 360, 365, Trinidad, 58 507,513,514,517,524 n Triple Alliance (1882), 439, 440 Talleyrand, C. M. de (1754-1838),47, 352 Tripolitania, 421, 422 Tangier, 71, 328 Trotsky, Leon (1879-194°), 9, 60? Tannenberg Memorial, 394 Trott zu Solz, Adam von (d. 1944),23-4 Tartarescu,M·,435 Truman, Harry S.: realizes Soviet threat, Taylor, A. J. P.,414 8; and Iran, 243; succeeds Roosevelt Taylor, General Maxwell, 76 (1945), 255 n; and German surrender, Taylor, Myron C., 24-5 258-9; German occupation-zones, 268, Tehran: American Legation, 141; Russian 275, 276; and Poland, 289, 309-10, Embassy, 14Q-2, 145, 163; British 3 Il-I2; Churchill's telegram (1945), Legation, 15°,155,158 293-5; origins, 298-9; character; 299, Tehran Conference (1943),136 n, 143-67, 310 n; Hopkins Mission (1945), 303-'7 169, 170, 174, 179, 192, 194, 195, 199, 358, 550; interview with Molotov, 702 Index Truman-(contd.) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 3lI-12; and Czechoslovakia, 317; sus• Russian Empire, 6, 29; Red Army, 9, pends Lend-Lease to Russia, 318-20; 42, 84, 120, 124, 132, 143, 162, 196, and China, 358-9, 360, 361, 374; and 21 5, 226, 235, 237, 238, 250, 274, 275, atomic bomb, 361, 369, 370-1 and n, 280,281,283,285,286,287,294,301 n, 372,375,386; and Russian entry into 3°7,314,315, 3I7, 318, 322, 360, 374, Pacific War, 358-9, 360, 361, 363, 364, 437 n, 458, 482; Revolution (1917), 9, 374,375,381-2,383,384 and n, 386-7; 106, 460; and Finland, 28, 29, 30, 31, and Japanese surrender, 366 and n, 44, 47, 49, 93, 97, 435, 460-3; High 367, 370, 372, 375; Potsdam Declar• Command, 29, 54, 507; and League of ation (1945), 376-8, 384; and war• Nations, 29, 533 n; 'Return to Europe' crimes, 399, 401-2, 403, 414, 415; (1934), 29; Tsarist Russia, 29, 31, 89, relations with Byrnes, 424 and n; 219,222,245,286,315,326,554,556; 'I'm sick of babying the Soviets', 429- White Russia, 29; and Poland, 29, 30, 471, 492, 554-6; and relations 34-5, 46 n, 92-3, 94 and n, 95, 102-3, between Byrnes and Wallace, 436 n; 104, 105, 108-9, lI5-16, 164, 165, 167, ratifies five peace treaties, 438 n; 172, 191-5, 200, 217, 236, 239, 288-9, succeeded by Eisenhower (1952), 481; 307, 309, 310, 311- 12, 315, 341-2; and Japanese Imperial House, 488 and of Baltic Republics, 30, 45; n; dismisses MacAnhur, 501, 507; Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 30, 34, 92, appoints Acheson as Secretary of State 161, 164, 270, 454, 462, 554, 586; (1949), 508; appoints John Foster German attack on, 33, 56, 84, 260, 455, Dulles (1950), 510; Japanese peace 458; enters war, 34; adheres to St treaty, 5 15; suspends Lend-Lease to James's Palace Declaration (1941), 35; Britain, 561-2 and n; appoints Marshall Britain and, 44-50, 81 and n, 89, 91, as Secretary of State (1947), 563; and 122,217,292,293-5,296; Intelligence, Marshall Plan, 575, 582; Korean War, 46,372; and United States, 55, 85, 88, 587, 589; on Acheson, 596. See also 109, 121, 128, 202-10, 217, 225, 244, Potsdam Conference 301, 304, 309, 310, 3lI-I2, 322, 360, Truman Doctrine (1947), 430, 556, 565, 436 n; and Pacific War, 59, 107, 168, 576,579,583 190,208, 298, 327, 347, 349, 357, 361, Tse-tung, Mao, 359, 362 n 363,366,383,420,5°6; and projected Tsushima,5I7 Eastern European Federation, 96-7; Tugwell, Rexford, 26 and Yugoslavia, 106, lI6, 470, 475; Tunis, 134,25 I n Air Force, lI2; and Swedish neutrality, Turkey: League of Nations, 7 and n, 246; lI2, II9; and Turkish neutrality, II2, cession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum, 120, 160; and post-war treatment of 29; Russia and, 46, 308, 326, 328, 459, Germany, 131, 180, 224, 230-1, 232, 563; neutrality, 58, lI2, lI7, lI8, 120, 252; post-war influence in the Pacific, 134, 146 and n, 147, 157 and n, 158, 156; and Greece, 171, 197, 557; 160-1,169; Army, 169; Italy and, 440, internal politics, 188-9; Franco-Soviet 441; United States and, 471, 5°6-7, Treaty (1944), 213 n, 603; and United 566, 572; United Nations Declaration, Nations Organization, 234-5, 242, 248, 537-8 and n; United Kingdom and, 308-13,428,525-{),539,544,545,546, 564; Paris Conference (1947), 575 n; 552, 592; war with Japan (1904-5), and NATO, 583 245,350,352; and German surrender, Turkish Empire, 6 253, 254; German reparations, 266-7, Turkish Straits, 217 340-1, 342; and German occupation• Tyutchev, F. 1.,286 n zones, 273, 276, 278, 279, 281, 283; and Hungary, 287, 437 n; and Rumania, , 29, 3 I, 165 n, 406, 458 287, 437 n, 452 and n, 453; and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 241, Bulgaria, 287; and Czechoslovakia, 315; 242,246,248,313,433 n,546 Lend-Lease, 318-21, 345, 429; Navy, Ulbricht, Walter, 281, 282 338; Civil War (1917-21), 349 n; and Umezu, General Yoshijiro, 379 n, 390, Japanese surrender (1945), 353, 355, 495,498n 366,390; Potsdam Declaration (1945), Unconditional Surrender, 6, 51-{)4, 105 376-8, 387; Foreign Office, 379, 383, Union of Democratic Control, 529 n 384, 475; treaty with China (1945), Index 382, 384; and Nuremberg trials, 4II; Federation, 96-7; colOnies, 98, 109, and atomic bomb, 427, 428; Paris 153, 246, 247, 248; and China, 108, Peace Conference (1946), 433 n; and 117, 167,223, 514; base in A2ores, 134 Austria,437 n,468 and n,472,477,478, and n; and Turkish neutrality, 134, 484-6; and Italy, 439, 444, 449 n; and 169; Combined Civil Affairs Com• Trieste, 447; war with Turkey, 459, mittee, 138; Lend-Lease, 171-2, 181- 556; Far Eastern Advisory Com• 82, 183; Treasury, 172, 182, 266-7; mission, 489-90; Far Eastern Com• and Greece, 197, 204, 557, 559-61; mission, 491; Allied Council for Japan, and war-crimes, 203 and n, 393, 496 n; 491; Japanese war-crimes, 496 n; and Czechoslovakia, 210, 457; and Japanese peace-treaty, 502 and n, 503, Russian influence in Persia, 219, 223; 505 and n, 512 n, 515, 516, 522-4; General Election (1945), 242, 280 n, treaty with China (1950), 524; Decree 324-5, 337, 339, 368 n, 376, 400 n, of Peace (1917), 537 n; and Marshall 401; and German occupation-zones, Plan, 575-7; Berlin blockade (1948-9), 273, 283-4; influence in Middle East, 580-1; and Korean War (1950), 587 286; and German surrender, 287 and and n; Warsaw Pact (1955), 603 and n; n; and German reparations, 342 and treaty with Japan (1956), 794-6. See n; Japan declares war on (1941), 345 also Cominform; Comintern; Council and n; and atomic bomb, 375,427, 428; of Foreign Ministers; 'Iron Curtain' Potsdam Declaration (1945), 376-8; United Kingdom: and Belgian neut• and Japanese surrender, 390; War rality (1914), 4; and Poland, 4, 6, 27, Crimes Executive, 397; Geneva Con• 34,92-5,191,194,196,200,217,235- vention Bill (1957), 416 n; pledge to 40, 289; state of war with Germany Senussi tribes, 421; and Austria, 424, (1939), 12; Germanophilism, 12-14; 468,469,471; and Trieste, 448; aid to 'Revisionist School', 12-14, 19; anti• Yugoslavia, 449; Bulgaria declares war German feeling, 15-16; Dunkirk (1940), on (1941),459; General Election (1951), 16; (1940),16,21,31, 476 n, 589; Far Eastern Advisory 32; Royal Air Force, 16 n, 47 n, 99 n, Commission, 489-90, 491; Far Eastern 112, 130, 191, 338, 406; House of Commission, 491; Allied Council for Commons, 17, 18, 35, 69, 160, 399 n, Japan, 491; Japanese peace-treaty, 421 n, 438 n, 560-1, 562, 576, 582; 502 and n, 503, 506, 510, 512-13, 514; British Broadcasting Corporation, 18, ANZUS Treaty (1955), 521; South• 433,572 and n, 573; Foreign Office, 19, east Asia Collective Defence Treaty 75 n, 85, 90, 93, 105, 170, 191, 192, (1955),521-2; and League of Nations, 194, 195, 198, 203, 204, 215, 226, 228, 529, 533 n; and United Nations 239,251, 266, 268, 309, 323, 327, 330, Organization, 535, 539; Brussels Pact 404, 476; 'soft peace' with Germany, (1948),576; Berlin airlift (1948-9), 581; 20; Royal Navy, 22; Army, 28, 65, and Germany, 585; Treaty of Dunkirk 74 n, 99 n, 132, 141, 158,215,225,226, (1947), 586, 593; Korean War (1950), 294, 337-8, 355; fear of Russia and 587 n. See also British Commonwealth; Bolshevism, 29-30; and Finland, 31, British Empire; Council of Foreign 435; Russo-Polish conflict, 34-5; Ministers; European Advisory Com• Atlantic Charter (1941), 36-43; War mission; European Defence Com• Cabinet, 37, 41, 47, 48, 60, 62, 71, 91, munity; Munich Agreement; North 98,101,111,132,160,170,179,182-3, Atlantic Treaty Organization; Western 195, 231, 258, 266-7, 271, 276, 330, European Union 339, 399, 401 , 535-6; General Staff, United Nations Organization, 151,206-7, 38 n, 56, 147, 168, 214, 215, 226,228, 215-16, 228 and n, 234-5, 241-2, 246- 262; Anglo-Russian Treaty (1942), 47, 248, 249, 250, 296, 3II, 312, 328, 44-50; Pacific War, 59, 80, 100, 178, 330,415,416,419,421,423,426, 473, 190,218; and Italy, 66-7, 69,70,439; 484, 504, 513, 519 n, 520, 526 n, 527, United States and, 81,86,89,122,128, 528-53, 587 n, 589, 592, 606 and n, 173,212,297, 322, 426; Conservative 609; Charter (1945), 7-8, 383, 414, 415, Party, 81 n, 337, 448; and post-war 423,473 and n, 519, 545, 546, 548, 549, planning, 88; and France, 91, 101-2, 551, 552, 587, 609; Commission for 156; and proposed C2ech-Soviet Pact, War Crimes, 119 n, 396; Security 96; and projected Eastern European Council, 217, 223, 226, 233, 235, 241, Intkx United Nations Organization-(contd.) 216-17,236,237,243,289,3°5,311-12; 306,428,447, 543, 549, 550, 551, 552; and France, 91, 98, 101-2, 152 n, 212- General Assembly, 414, 416, 428, 435, 13, 224, 225, 249, 272; and projected 444, 463-4, 473 n, 512, 513, 543, 552; Eastern European Federation, 96-7; Declaration of Human Rights, 415-16 and China, 91, 98, 108, II7, 124, 129, and n; Atomic Commission, 427-8; 144,151,156,163,234,248,322,33° n, 'Declaration by the United Nations' 348,358,429,535; Red Indians, 98 n; (1942), 537-8 and n; Preparatory Com• Pentagon, 99; and atomic bomb, 101 mission, 552. See also Dumbarton Oaks and n, 327, 348 and n, 361, 369, 370, Conference; International Court; 371 and n, 427-8, 556; Congress, 107, League of Nations; San Francisco Con• 151,248,312,319,345 and n, 540, 547, ference (1945) 556, 565, 566, 570, 575, 576-7, 597; United States of America: Senate, 8, 63, and Germany, 108, 141, 156-7. 229, 438 n, 510, 530, 533, 540-1, 545, 546, 345 and n, 585-7, 588, 591; Con• 551, 565, 563; and United Nations, 8, stitution, II8, 123; and base in A20res, 242, 249, 296, 313, 346, 537, 539; 134 and n; post-war infiuence in Democratic Party Convention (1940), Pacific, 136, 156; and involvement in 22, 32 n; Selective Service Act (1940), Europe, 138-9; Combined Civil Affairs 22, 41 n; 'America First' Committee, Committee, 138, 140; Lend-Lease to 22 n, 344, 345; reluctance to be drawn Britain, 171-2, 178, 179, 181, 561-2; into war, 22 and n; Cabinet, 25, 26,175, Treasury, 175 and n; War Department, 184,297,427,436,565; and Finland, 31, 184 n, 203, 264 n, 273; Civil Affairs 460,462; 'Arsenal of Democracy', 32, Division, 185; American Broadcasting 33; 'bases for destroyers' agreement CorPoration, 187; State Department (1940), 32 n; Atlantic Charter (1941), Office of European Affairs, 203, 207; 36-43; American Expeditionary Force State Department Office of Near (1917), 40; House of Representa• Eastern and Mrican Affairs, 203; and tives, 41 n, 540, 565; and Angio• Russian infiuence in Persia, 219; and Russian Treaty (1942), 44-50; Navy, German occupation-zones, 230, 266, 45, 52; State Department, 45, 49, 279, 283-4; and surrender of German 56, 67, 93, 171, 184 n, 188, 191, 196, armies in Italy, 287 and n; Lend-Lease 200, 201 and n, 205-6, 219, 226, 228, to Russia, 318-21; Office of War 239, 246, 264 n, 266, 268, 272, 273, Information, 323, 378 n, 379; Intel• 303 andn, 310 n,3II, 319-20, 323,351, ligence, 364, 370; Potsdam Declaration 366 n, 368, 369 n, 425, 426, 501, 502, (1945), 316-8; and war-crimes, 393, 506, 507 n, 508, 509, 510, 540, 568-9; 397, 496 n; Army Department, 391, and Allied campaign in North Mrica, 501, 504; Justice Department, 397; 51-2; and Russia, 55, 85, 88, 1°9, 121, Navy Department, 391, 501, 504; and 128, 201, 202-10, 217, 225, 244, 299, Austria, 424, 468, 469; and Hungary, 301, 304, 309, 310, 3II-12, 322, 360, 425; and Rumania, 425; and Bulgaria, 436 n, 556,606; Chiefs of Staff, 56, 80, 425; Senate Atomic Bomb Committee, 87, 129, 130, 132, 133, 138, 140, 168, 421; Senate Foreign Relations Com• 185-'7, 214, 215, 226, 253 and n, 262, mittee, 421, 546, 582; aid to Yugoslavia, 317, 349, 363, 374; Pacific War, 58, 449; Bulgaria declares war on (1941), 149, 156, 160,218, 235, 247, 293, 327, 459; and Greece, 471, 506-7, 566, 512; 344, 345, 346, 349, 437; and Russian and Turkey, 471, 506-7, 566, 512; Far intervention in Pacific War, 59, 190, Eastern Advisory Commission, 489- 235,286,300,321,321, 347, 349, 350, 91; Far Eastern Commission, 491, 503; 357, 358, 360, 373, 374, 315, 382, 384, Allied Council for Japan, 491; Japanese 386-7, 420, 544; Republican Party, peace-treaty, 502 n, 503, 512-13, 514; 63 n, 540; Army, 65, 14 n, 100, 124, Japanese rearmament, 503 n; National 132,133, 185 n, 190,294,311,355,406, Security Council, 507, 509; Defence 407,431 n, 442, 589; and Italy, 66, 67, Department, 508, 512; security treaty 69, ~I, 442; Air Force, 16, 78, II2, with Japan (1951), 520;ANZUS Treaty 191, 244, 293, 381, 384, 38§; and (1951), 520; defence treaty with Britain, 81, 86, 89, 122, 128, 173, 212, Philippines (1951), 521, 522; South• 297, 322, 426; and Poland, 90, 93, 94, east Asia Collective Defence Treaty 162, 163-4, 165, 191, 199-200, 202, (1954), 521; American League to Index Enfon:e Peace, 529 n; and League of Volchkov,A. F., 404 Nations, 533 and n; House of Repre• Volga, River, 286 n sentatives Committee on Foreign Viilkischer Beobachter, 185 Affairs, 540, 541; 'Percentage Agree• Vorontsov, Prince, 222 ment' (1944), 559-61; Vietnam, 566, Voroshilov, Marshal Klimenty, 150, 152, 6cY7, 609; Delta Council, 567-8; Euro• 159 pean Recovery Act (1948), 575 and Vyshinsky, Andrei, 331 and n, 369 n, 430 n, 577; and Brussels Pact (1948), 576-7, and n, 475, 548 n 582; Berlin airlift (1941H)), 581. See (lIso Council of Foreign Ministers; Wagner, Rear-Admiral, 260 and n European Advisory Commission; Euro• Wainwright, Jonathan M. (1883-1953), pean Defence Community; North 390 Atlantic Treaty Organization Wake Is., 344 United States-Japanese Security Treaty Wall Street Journal, 184 (1951),520 and n, 525; text, 723-4 Wallace,Henry A.,436n United States-Philippines Defence Treaty Wallachia,450 (Manila, 1951),521,522 Warsaw: uprising (1944), 191, 195, 288, Urals, 29, 42, 406 289 , 538 n Warsaw Pact (1955), 557, 577,603 and n, 604,606; text, 785-9 : Grand Harbour, 220 Washington: British Embassy, 23, 564, Valona, 440 572, 573; Russian Ambassador in, Vandenberg, Arthur (1884-1951), 427, 83, 210-11; Polish Ambassador in, 430,431,436 n, 510 n, 540, 582 116n Vandenberg Resolution (1948),521,582 Washington Declaration (1942), 53 n Varbres, Professor Donnc!dieu de, 404 Washington Declaration (1945), 426, 428 Vatican, 19,25,467 n Washington Disarmament Conference V-E Day (8 May 1945),303 n, 382 -<1921-2),396 n Velebit, Dr Vladimir, 449 Washington Post, 378 n 'Velvet' (proposal for Allied aircraft to be Watson, Thomas, 24 sent to Russia), 56 Wavell, Sir Archibald (1883-1950), 80 Venezia Giulia, 445,446,448 and n Webb, Sir William Flood, 496 and n, 497 Venezuela,53811 Webster, Sir Charles, 542 n, 547 n, 552 Venice,446 Weimar, 394 Venizelos, Eleftherios (1864-1936), 432, Welles, Suinner, 25-8, 32 n, 36-43, 45, 531 n 49,98, 106-7 and n, 534; quoted, 535 Versailles, Treaty of (1919),4 and n, 7,8, Welles Mission (1940), 25-8 12, 87, 108, 232, 333, 393, 394 and n, Wellington, 514 395,436,465 n, 466, 470, 504, 514, 533 Wennergren, Axel, 24 and n, 536 n, 540, 546 n, 589, 593 West Indies, 156 Vesnic, Milenlto, 531 n Western European Union (1954), 450, Viborg (Viipuri), 461 481,584, 599,602, 603, 604, 6cY7;text, Victor Emmanuel of Italy, King (1869- 764-85 1947),68 and n, 69, 70, 75, 77, 443 Western Front, 54, 58 and n, 82-3, 85, Victoria, Queen (1819-1901),452,454 146,149,254,256,258,264,541 Vienna, 196 n, 226, 229, 275, 276, 293, Western Neisse river, 236, 238,325,335, 445,449,452 n, 467, 469, 471, 473, 482 341 Vienna, Congress of (1815),3,92 Westminster, Statute of (1931), 7 n Vienna Awards: First (1938), 457, Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John, 23, 407 n,439 458; Second (1939), 454, 458 White, Harry Dexter, 175 n, 178 n, 179, 'Vienna Memorandum' (1955),483 183 n Vietinghoft', Colonel-General Heinrich White, Lincohl, 570 von,256 Wiart, General Adrian Carton de, 73 Vietnam, 566, 6cY7, 609 Wierblowski, Stefan, 517 Villard, Oswald Garrison, 24 Wiley, Alexander, 384, 522 n Virginia Beach, 23 Wilhelm, Crown Prince, 329 V-J Day (15 Aug 1945),561 Wilhelm II, Kaiser (1859-1941), 119 n, Vladivostok, 218 n 392,393 and n, 394, 395, 439 706 Index Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Queen, Far Eastern Agreement, 350-1, 358, 18,175,394 360 and n, 361 and n, 362, 374, 375, Wilkie, Wendell, 540 382; text, 350-1 William D. Porter, 127 n Protocol, 419; text, 625-30 Williamsburg, 429 and n Yamashita, General, 493 n Wilson, Florence, 547 n Yat-sen, Mme, 360 n Wilson, Harold, 408 n, 519 Yat-sen, Sun (1867-1925), 355 n, 362 n Wilson, General Sir Henry Maitland, Yeats, W. B. (1865-1939): 'Meru' quoted, 130n, 372 n 1,610 Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924), 88, 163, Yokohama, 493 n 393, 549; illness, 8; Fourteen Points, Yonai, Admiral Mitsumasa, 354, 378, 8, 40, 55, 440, 532, 536 n; on Bolshev• 379 n, 388 ism, 9; repudiates Treaty of London, Yoshida, Shigeru, 352, 353, 354, 5II-12, 441. See also League of Nations; 518 n, 522 n, 525 Paris Peace Conference (1919) Yoshida Letter (1951), 614-2.0 Winant, John (1889-1947), 48-9, 50, 98, Younger, Hon. Kenneth, 517, 522 139,263,264 n, 269, 272-4, 317 Yovanovic, General, 446 Wingate, Major-General Orde Charles Yugoslavia, 80,109 n, 258; and Russia, 9, (1903-44),99 and n 46, 104,113,116,120,198,209,239-41; (1939), 461 250, 286, 325, 475, 486; St James's Witos, Wincenty, 314 Palace Declaration (1941), 32-3; and Wittenberg, 275 projected Eastern European Federation, Wolff, S.S. General Karl, 252, 253, 255, 96; United Kingdom and, 106, II3, 256,257 II6, II9, 226, 239-41, 250, 292, 317; Wood, Sir Kingsley (1881-1943),16 n United States and, 133, 151,272,305; Wood, General Robert E., 22 n Anti-Fascist Assembly of Yugoslavia Woodward, Sir Llewellyn, 185 (AVNOJ), 240-1; Paris Peace Confer• Woolf, Leonard (1880-1969), 528 ence (1946), 433 n; Treaty of London WUrttemberg, 13 I, 166 n, 278 (1915), 441; Treaty of Rapallo (1920), 441 n; reparations from Italy, 444 and 'X-Report', 467 n n; territorial gains from Italy, 445; and Istrian Peninsula, 446-7; and Trieste, Yalta: Livadia Palace, 221, 222, 223, 225, 449; reparations from Hungary, 458-9; 228; Vorontsov Villa, 221; Yusupov reparations from Bulgaria, 460; Carin• PalaCe,22.1 thia and Styria, 470, 472, 474; Austrian Yalta Conference (1945), 213, 214-50, State Treaty (1955), 483 n; 'Percentage 261, 268, 270, 275, 276, 285, 287 n, Agreement' (1944), 559-61 292,293,298,301,312,332,348 and n,550 Zacharias, Captain Ellis M., 378 n, 379 Accord on Poland, 235-9, 306-7, 309, Zaleski, August, 96 n 310 Zanussi, General Giacomo, 73 and n, 75 Agreement, 269, 278, 351, 352, 370, andn 425; text, 630-1 Zarubin, Georgi, 474 n, 475 'Declaration on Liberated Europe', Zhukov, Marshal Grigory, 270, 278, 279- 208, 249, 285, 287, 327, 331, 332, 80,281 424,463,469,548 n, 561; text, 631-2 ZUrich,257,365,600