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980 Rieidn emce . sjournal

American Foreign Service Association SEPTEMBER 1980: Volume 57, No. 8 Officers and Members of the Governing Board ISSN 0015-7279 KENNETH W. BLEAKLEY, President ANTHEA S. DE ROUVILLE, Vice President FRANK DIMOND, Second Vice President GALEN FOX, Secretary D. LARRY INGRAM, Treasurer JONATHAN L. SPERLING, AID Representative A Diplomat’s Viewpoint FRED M. SHAVER, ICA Representative MATTHEW P. DALEY, JOSEPH N. MCBRIDE, ROBERT H. STERN, JACK PERRY 5 State Representatives SPENCER KING AND CHARLES WHfTEHOUSE, Communication re: Loyalty and Retired Representatives Responsibility ERIC GRIFFEL 7 Journal Editorial Board From Pearl Harbor to Potsdam JOEL M. WOLDMAN, Chairman NEIL A. BOYER JAMES F. O'CONNOR GEORGE S. DRAGNICH CHARLES W. YOST 10 HARRIET P. CULLEY H. KENNETH HILL WESLEY N PEDERSEN JAMES L. ROUSH Use of the Consulate at Tabriz for Immoral Purposes HARRY S. VILLARD 15 Staff Post Offices Remembered ROBERT M. BEERS, Executive Director SUSAN HOLIK, Counselor ELIZABETH McNEILL 18 CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation Getting Ahead in the Foreign Service CURTIS F. JONES 32 AFSA Scholarship Programs DAWN CUTHELL Letters to the Editor 4 Journal Editorial 9 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor Association News 19 ROBIN P. JENKINS, Editorial Assistant Merit Award Winners 27 MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction Book Essay Psychological Insights for Diplomacy, by George S. Harris 34 Advertising Representatives Bookshelf 35 JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 521 Fifth Ave., Suite 1700, New Foreign Service People 45 York, N.Y. 10017 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., London SW1 01-834-8023/9. International Representatives. Cover: Images of Rio, by Manuel Silberstein

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $40 annually for members foreign affairs, published eleven times a year by the American Foreign with incomes over $20,000; $25 annually for less than $20,000. Associate Service Association, a non-profit organization. Members—Dues are $25 annually. All dues payments include $6.50 allo¬ Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is cation for the Journal and AFSA News, per AFSA Bylaws. not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, the For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (11 issues); $7.50; two years, International Communication Agency, the Agency for International De¬ $12.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annu¬ velopment or the United States Government as a whole. ally for overseas postage. While the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL is responsible for its general Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN content, statements concerning the policy and administration of AFSA as SERVICE JOURNAL are availablethrough the University Microfilm Library employee representative under Executive Order 11636 on the editorial Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, page and in the AFSA News, and all communications relating to these, are 1967. the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. ®American Foreign Service Association, 1980. The Foreign Service Jour¬ Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the nal is published eleven times a year by the American Foreign Service professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20037. Telephone (202) persons having an active interest in, or close association with foreign 338-4045 affairs. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D C. and at additional post Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $52 to $104 office. Letters t,/*710 Erratum I APPRECIATE your sending a copy of the June FSJ to my home leave address. I was delighted with the imagina¬ tive graphics which add much to my translation. But I was distressed to see that the title had been changed to refer, not to Central Asia as I had it and as would have been correct, but to East Asia, which is not accurate. ABRAHAM M. HIRSCH Columbus, Miss. Editor’s Note: Our imaginative graphic artist was momentarily disoriented when he did the title for Mr. Hirsch’s ~tc n . “Deja Vu: Russia in Central Asia” in the June Journal. The Journal regrets the error.

Bankability of Human Rights O-t-est-J I HESITATE to express criticism of the article ‘‘Why Bother With Human Rights” by my classmate and friend, Sandy Vogelgesang, but 77- <3- YH*CUZ I fear damage to the cause we both Ur<- support. T ■ pen Put quite simply, we should /f£uV promote human rights in our foreign policy because the Ameri¬ can public (via the Congress) in¬ oj Uut sists upon it—not because it pays off, but because our actions must be based on our beliefs. The payoffs Sandy cites from the past cannot be proven. Some of them are extremely dubious and to even mention them is to invite devastat¬ ing challenges—so much so that the very concept of defending human rights is tossed into “Cloud Cuck¬ over time? What are the critical Toward Professionalism oo land!” variables in “respect,” and what is I ENJOYED Leon Poullada’s re¬ The worst of asserted successes the importance of “respect” vis- of human rights/national interest view of Smith Simpson’s newest a-vis “the national interests” book, The Crisis in American Di¬ leakages are not only unproven but (another good undefinable, but untestable. Take, for example, plomacy. It seems to me that three Preliminary returns from the Carter ubiquitous term). congratulations are in order—first, Administration’s human rights policy I strongly support a pervasive to Smith for the dedication that he do indicate increased respect for the policy of human rights in our has continued to give to the Service United States on this score. foreign policy, but I do so because since his untimely retirement sev¬ Any serious, trained political of my deep personal belief that we eral years ago (which has most re¬ analyst who is not a hack recog¬ Americans must be true to our¬ cently culminated in this book); nizes this as absolute garbage. How selves. second, to Leon for the special in¬ do you collect such information, We are asking for trouble if we sight he has so gracefully articu¬ evaluate, and test it? How do you predict ‘’pie-in-the-sky” advan¬ lated in his review; and third, to the monitor the variations in respect tages from doing what is simply the editors of the Journal for publiciz¬ right thing to do. ing this objective critique of the RICHARD MILTON The JOURNAL welcomes the expression of its H. Foreign Service. readers' opinions in the form of letters to the Counselor of Embassy To add some fuel to Smith’s al¬ editor. All letters are subject to condensa¬ for Consular Affairs ready hot fire, I recall an event tion if necessary. Send to: Letters to the Bangkok which occurred when I was deputy Editor, Foreign Service JOURNAL, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. (Continued on page 45)

4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 SHIPPING LOSSES OF ALL KINDS A Diplomat’s Viewpoint All the Way... PET LIABILITY • BY AIR RAIL MARINE PILFERAGE WINDSTORM TRANSIT/WAR RISKS FLOOD Leaks ... with travel-pale JACK PERRY Leaks to the press have become an accepted part of our system of government and therefore constitute a danger to it. ' S! '/a By "leaks” I mean the unauthorized disclosure of in¬ :w formation meant to be kept confidential for sound secu¬ ; rity, diplomatic or policy-making reasons. I do not mean, when I say “leaks,” the providing of full information to the press so that the public will understand the basis of policy. Nor do I mean the free dialogue between jour¬ nalists and public servants which is a tradition in our society. I mean by “leaks” disclosing things that ought not to be disclosed, and I think nearly all of us know in When you’re moving your personal and practice when the line is crossed from legitimate informa¬ household possessions abroad for a tion to leaking, shadowy as that line might be in theory. prolonged stay . . . there are a thousand When I entered the Foreign Service during the and one details that need your attention. Eisenhower administration we hardly needed to be told that a diplomat did not hand copies of a confidential cable Your TRAVEL-PAK policy protects against to a reporter. We knew that was wrong. the financial loss resulting from fire, theft, We soon learned, however—those of us who did not pilferage and a host of other risks. On the know already—that “the ship of state leaked at the top,” way—while there (including storage if and that the tradition of judicious, selective placement of requested)—and back home again— “news” was an important part of the Washington scene. Travel-Pak is the choice of people who will We found this acceptable, most of us young diplomats, be living abroad for awhile. Travel-Pak is because we knew that the press, the Fourth Estate, was convenient. Return the coupon below—or part of our system of governance, and we took it for call us and we’ll be happy to send you the granted that journalists shared our goals and purposes latest information about TRAVEL-PAK. and might on occasion responsibly share our secrets. When you return to the Washington Times of London correspondents had been doing this for area—call us—we’ll be happy to help centuries. If the New York Times knew of the incipient you set up a sound economical Bay of Pigs operation and kept its peace, what was sur¬ insurance program covering your home, prising about that? We were all part of the same team. auto and life. But in these latter years—I date the change, myself, roughly from the time of John Kennedy’s assassination—attitudes have altered enormously. Dur¬ ing the Vietnam war many of us became convinced that travel-pak government was not “us,” it was the adversary. Those when you’re going to live abroad running the country were apparently up to no good, many decided, so along with our demonstrations and protests we concluded that publishing supposedly secret material REED STENHOUSE INC. was the best way to expose our rulers’ mistakes. The “Pentagon Papers” were a spring and symbol of this at¬ OF WASHINGTON, D.C. titude. 1140 CONNECTICUT AVE., NW Of course a healthy skepticism, even contempt, for our WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 governors in Washington has always been common in American democracy: “throw the rascals out” has been TELEPHONE: 202-296-6440 a perennial cry. The accepted way of opposing those in power has changed, however, or so it seems to me. 25B Rather than appealing to the ballot, many of us— Gentlemen: discouraged no doubt that Vietnam went on from election Tell me all about Travel-Pak. to election, regardless of promises—decided that active exposure of current knowledge and policy was the only Name effective way towards change. An active adversary pol¬ icy, in short. Address What has happened in these last few years, I think, is the acceptance and institutionalization of the practice of City - leaking. Moral restraints have been lifted. Penalties are vague, or disregarded, or unknown, or hidden, or State ignored—in fact any public word against leaking is FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 avoided because it makes the speaker look like a muz¬ aspects of an issue rather than on the whole issue. In¬ zier. (As I fear I may look, in this column, although that is telligence leaks by “cold warriors” or their opponents not my intent.) The idea of an official secrets act is almost have often typified this procedure. taboo, since everyone assumes that the press would (3) “The need to know” has been altered to “the need crucify any public advocate, and that the Congress would to know among non-potential leaders.” The habit of re¬ never consider passing legislation so manifestly—it is stricting useful information grows; middle-level officials said—against popular sentiment. do not know enough to make informed judgments; high- So we leak. We all know which journalists have their level officials are deprived of useful advice from below. sources at the Pentagon, or State, or ACDA, or the NSC, (Some strenuous efforts have been made to change this, or wherever, and we know when we see a fresh juicy bit and to widen the flow of available information; but it has of super-codeworded intelligence data that one of the been a hard, uphill battle.) plugged-in reporters will have it in print or on the air (4) Vital issues are ignored or unexamined because put¬ within a few days. We all know that if a State Department ting them on paper means opening them up prematurely cable is distributed in more than five copies, it or its to public scrutiny in the Post or Times. contents are likely to see daylight within days—or if the (5) Friends, allies and potential sources in the adver¬ subject matter is truly topical and contentious, within sary camp are not so open with us as before, because hours. And we all know that if a paper or network or they fear seeing their names or views in print. As a dip¬ magazine gets its hand on an exclusive secret, it will lomat, I have seen American diplomacy progressively surely print it, and damn the consequences. damaged by this growing lack of confidence in the confi¬ A Washington insider argued with me quite seriously dentiality of communication with us. that the prevalence of leaks hurt no one, and kept (6) We hand priceless information to the Soviet Union policy-makers honest. I strongly disagree. Let me try to and other present or potential adversaries, thereby hurt¬ list a few of the main harms that I believe come from the ing the national interest, often quite seriously. institutionalization of leaking: I could continue this list, but my point is made: Leak¬ (1) Policy decisions are made too often by a restricted ing is hurting us as a nation, in my opinion. I personally group operating in haste and under pressure, for fear their believe the hurts are more serious than many of us would deliberations will be leaked. I submit that this is a princi¬ like to believe. pal reason for hurried, un-thought-through decisions by So what can be done about it? Some of the best- our leaders. informed say that nothing can be done until attitudes (2) Public debate, essential to our democracy, is change towards our institutions and our laws, so that we focused—often on purpose by the leaker—on selected do not always consider ourselves honor-bound to be an

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 adversary of our own government. I see signs that this change is taking place. Obviously we cannot expect the press to change its attitude towards the institution of leak¬ Communication Re: ing until the general run of Americans changes our com¬ mon attitude. With that in mind, let me suggest the fol¬ lowing steps for consideration: Loyally and Responsibility First, we should try to educate all public servants as to why secrets must be secret. I have seen tragic cases of ERIC GRIFFEL young diplomats leaking because no one ever taught them it was wrong. We need to teach everyone with access to The January 1980 issue was one of the best the Journal confidential information why it is wrong to leak. has had in many years. I was particularly interested in Second, we need to publicize the penalties that exist “ADiplomat’s Viewpoint,” infuriatingly brief though the for leaking. We should overcome our reluctance to an¬ treatment was, and in “Geopolitics and East Bengal.” I nounce those cases of punishment for leaking. discerned a linkage in the themes of the two articles and Third, we need stronger penalties and clearer guide¬ have noted some subsequent reverberations particularly lines. (I underline that I speak as a former journalist with in the March issue (“The Foreign Service and Presiden¬ a profound belief in the vital necessity of a free press for tial Control of Foreign Policy”). democracy.) The Congress, reflecting changes in Ameri¬ My interest in the Bengal article arises partly because I can attitudes, should be prepared to help in this en¬ was very slightly involved in some of the events de¬ deavor. scribed. My point of view on these events is very similar Fourth, we need to set forth on paper the executive to that of Grant Parr; I have no wish to defend former branch policy about information disclosure. The rules of Secretary of State Kissinger; still less does Mr. Kissinger behavior ought to be known. need my defense. But I do remember that in July 1971, in Fifth, we need to have the press as part of this effort, Islamabad where Kissinger spent some time, mostly to not opposed to it. We should have a total exchange of mask his trip to China, I had an opportunity to argue the information and views on what is legitimate in giving out case that Dacca was making; that the United States news, and on stopping—from both sides—what is should be more even-handed in its treatment of the civil illegitimate. war belligerents and that we should condemn Pakistani Sixth, treacly as it may sound, we need to refresh our atrocities. Kissinger asked whether the policy we advo¬ national respect for the institutions of government. We cated would shorten the war, change its outcome or les¬ need badly today to pull together, not pull apart. Leaking sen its horror. I could not answer positively. End of con¬ too should be subject to our higher interests. TF versation. This account, on which I have notes made Picasso Stayed Here. If we wanted to name drop, | our insurance department we could boggle your mind. through its Annual Govern¬ Because for decades, Security ment Service Floater. Storage has been Washington’s | Decades of this kind of favorite place to store valu¬ efficient, personal service, and ables. And when it comes to a dedication to quality, have FSO valuables, the Govern¬ made Security an FSO moving ment will cover all expenses, and storage expert. And that’s providing special arrangements | why anytime you need depend¬ are made in advance with your able service, it’s good to know transportation officer. Security is there. Silver, jewels, stamp and coin collections, and rare books are protected in Security’s vault. Temperature controlled areas are available for #Hur itg jStoragf (fompang maximum protection and preservation of furs and off-season wardrobes. And paintings in our Art Room of Itiashingt'on MAIN OFFICE: receive the same storage treatment as paintings in 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 234-5600 one of Washington’s largest museums. MARYLAND: Bethesda-Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak In addition, hundreds of your colleagues use VIRGINIA: Alexandria, McLean FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 immediately after the conversation, reflects a different British practice of pretending to do little or nothing, even set of concerns than those described by Grant Parr and while working hard, has more elegance and panache and does not square with Dr. Kissinger’s account of the crisis the unforced unhurried style can make for a better atmo¬ in White House Years. Of course I cannot vouch that the sphere in which to do good work. But what really Kissinger questions in my notes were not couched only to bothered me in “A Diplomat’s Viewpoint” is “the fierce comfort a pest with too soft a heart and get rid of him to loyalty to the president, the secretary and ‘the adminis¬ make way for more important business. tration.’ ” This, it seems to me, goes beyond the need to Which brings us to Martin Herz's book essay in the carry out orders/policies with all one’s skill and heart. It March issue. Like Grant Parr I confine myself to that suggests the cultivation of identity, if not of view, at least which I know. Like Grant Parr I have seen no evidence of approach and philosophy, with a particular president, marshaled by Kissinger to prove that India wanted to a particular secretary and a particular administration. I annex West Pakistan and that our tilt was therefore jus¬ hope we have not come to that; in this instance I am tified to save Pakistan. Moreover, whatever the truth of reassured that President Nixon and Secretary Kissinger this claim, it obviously had nothing to do with the events clearly did not think that the Foreign Service could be of March 1971 which were the focus of our tilt. India thus characterized. could not have known in March that Yahya Khan would In replying to Laurence H. Silberman, Nathaniel Davis grossly overreact, cause the subsequent breakup of describes the Foreign Service officer as one “who tends Pakistan, and thus ironically become the real father of to regard himself—and to do his best to represent Bangladesh. Whatever the motivation of Indian action in himself—as the president’s man in the bureaucratic wars the fall of 1971, it could tell us nothing of Indian motives with other agencies which have strong constituencies and in March and April. Mr. Herz obscures Dr. Kissinger’s resultant power. The presidency is the mast to which he obfuscation of this crucial difference in time. wishes and tries to nail his flag.” There is an elision here The underlying theme, or perhaps an underlying between the presidency and the president which is trou¬ theme, of all three pieces is the kind and degree of loyalty bling. It is not clear, despite the explanation, why the each of us bears toward the State Department, the execu¬ Foreign Service officer is any more the president's man tive branch, the president, the government and the coun¬ than the clerk in the Bureau of Mines. But the real ques¬ try (there is a distinction between the last two which tions are whether the FSO should be the president’s man should be insisted upon). Aside from being shocked at the and what is such a man. It is wise to remember that on amount of work those on the seventh floor do, and having ninety-nine issues out of a hundred being the president’s doubts as to whether one’s best work is done under such man hardly reflects support of the president on an issue circumstances, I also find it distasteful that it seems on which the president has thought or still less about necessary to demonstrate that one works hard. Surely the (Continued on page 41) “Kids Books don’t have a For Professionals fighting chance By Mail without Sidney Kramer Books offers a unique collection of books for professionals, with special attention to the fields of economics, area studies, politics, internation¬ a good club’.’ al affairs, energy, natural resources, business, invest¬ — O.J. Simpson ment and statistics.

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8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 SERVICE VIEWS COUNT

Over 1100 Foreign Service people responded to the people are proud of the important work we do and will Association’s survey on their views about the principal put up with dangers and hardships as long as our gov¬ issues facing the Service. The results, which are re¬ ernment supports us in the pursuit of national interests, ported in detail on page 24 of this issue of thQ Journal, compensates us fairly and does its part to ease the bur¬ will guide the Governing Board in making decisions and dens of worldwide availability to a greater extent than is setting priorities during the next year. We are grateful to now the case. We have highlighted these findings to the all those who took the time to complete the survey, secretary. CBS News has reported them nationwide and which we believe is the most extensive ever done on the they will be used in upcoming feature on the Foreign Foreign Service. Significant findings included the fol¬ Service in Parade magazine. lowing: Foreign Service Act Foreign Service Interests Ninety six percent of the respondents were familiar By a comfortable margin, “recognition of Staff Corps with the Act and 85 percent had read AFSA summaries contributions” ranked as the topic of highest concern to of it—indicating the critical importance the Service at¬ members of the Service. The next three priorities were taches to this issue. Fifty two percent said they believed danger, hardship and cost of living allowances followed that, on balance, this bill is in the best interest of the by mid-career admissions standards. Protection of an¬ Service and the people who comprise it. Thirty one per¬ nuities, pay parity for mid career officers and for Staff cent were not sure and 17 percent answered in the nega¬ Corps and the assignments process rounded out the top tive. Pay comparability and allowances were considered ten. the best provisions of the Bill by margins of better than Considering that only slightly more than 10 percent of five to one. The Senior Foreign Service was liked least the respondents were from the Staff Corps the priority by sixteen percent of the respondents and changing the given by the Service as a whole to its problems is dra¬ mandatory retirement age to age 65 also disturbed 8 matic. To our minds it is fully justified. The Governing percent of respondents. Board takes it as a mandate to move ahead vigorously We believe the course we are following with regard to with an all-out effort to give the Staff Corps due recogni¬ the Foreign Service Act is consistent with these re¬ tion and voice in the Foreign Service and to end any sponses from those we represent. Pay and allowances vestiges of second-class status. We have already placed remain vital to the acceptability of the legislation and we heavy emphasis on the pay and allowance issues of con¬ have so informed Secretary Muskie and the Congress. cern to the Service but recognize that we will need to Both have indicated their full support for these mea¬ broaden our efforts on retirement issues. Our first suc¬ sures. The Service is wary about implementation of the cess in this regard came when the Senate Foreign Rela¬ new Senior Foreign Service. We have concentrated on tions Committee agreed with our proposals to raise the safeguards in the legislation itself and are geared up for limit on combined pay and annuities for reemployed a major effort to assure that in regulation and practice retirees. With regard to the assignments process, the the Senior Foreign Service provisions are not abused. State and AID Standing Committees are both engaged in extensive negotiations with management. Members State of the Service will note that the Foreign Service Club is in last place on Perhaps the most disturbing finding of the survey was your priorities list. Consistent with that view, the Board that 47 percent of the Service are seriously considering earlier this year made major changes in club manage¬ leaving it. Among FSOs and FSIOs those considering ment and is pleased to report that for the first time the leaving were in the majority. The reasons offered were club is returning a small profit to the Association. cogent and indicated the seriousness of the discontent. Pay, benefits and allowances as well as a lack of pro¬ Security motions headed the list of reasons for those contemplat¬ Respondents were almost equally divided among ing leaving, but, almost all respondents listed a continu¬ those who felt more, less or about equally safe at their ing decline in professionalism, influence over foreign posts as in Washington. However, house breakings, policy, esprit de corps and morale as important prob¬ burglary, street crime, mob violence, war and natural lems facing the service today. Dangers and hardship disasters all loomed large as threats in many posts. By ranked relatively lower despite the unprecedented and, better than two to one overseas respondents found se¬ in the case of Iran, still unresolved attacks on our peo¬ curity measures at their posts adequate. Our Extraordi¬ ple during the past year. nary Dangers Committee is examining the reports of We believe these findings support the basic message specific deficiencies at some posts and will continue to we have attempted to convey to the American people prod management for improvements. and Congress during the past year—Foreign Service (Continued on page 26)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 9 “Russia helped herself to a slice of Poland and gave Poland a nice slice of Germany taking also a good slice of East Prussia for herself.”—Harry S. Truman FROM PEARL HARBOR TO POTSDAM

CHARLES W. YOST Before moving on from World spite the appalling series of disas¬ the new agency but very shortly, War II it seems once again rele¬ ters which followed for us and our when Undersecretary Sumner vant to set forth a few of my per¬ allies during the next six months, I Welles judged that his office was sonal experiences and impressions never for a moment doubted that not being sufficiently protective of during those years from Pearl Har¬ we would win. In my diary on his beloved Latin Americans, it too bor to Potsdam. January 4, 1942, I noted that was abolished. Acheson rather Three weeks after the War in American entry in the war made sheepishly informed me that, when Europe broke out in 1939, this outcome certain. I also re¬ he saw an express train roaring to¬ Roosevelt asked Congress to repeal marked that it might be easier to ward him (a reference to Welles’s the arms embargo provisions of the beat Germany than Japan, because notable combination of impetuosity Neutrality Act which my division the former was easier to get at, that and inflexibility), he thought it only in the State Department had been we should be able to knock out prudent to step off the track. administering. In November the Germany by the winter of 1943-44 embargo was lifted, American arms and Japan a year later. At this point I had a brief as- began to flow in quantity to Britain Zxsignment with a new division and France, and my division Incidentally I was astonished foresightedly charged by Cordell evolved, slowly at first, rapidly throughout the war by the alter¬ Hull, even at this early date, with after the fall of France, from an en¬ nating complacency and panic of postwar planning. It was headed by forcer of neutrality into an instru¬ military intelligence, with some of a short, roly-poly, twinkly-eyed, ment of economic warfare. From whose officers we were in frequent extremely sharp and guileful gen¬ then on we worked in close collab¬ touch. They expected the Polish tleman of Russian-Jewish extrac¬ oration with the British embassy to army to hold out longer than it did; tion named Leo Pasvolsky. He had restrict the flow to the Axis powers they were totally surprised by the been a longtime and trusted adviser of any supplies of military value, fall of France, but thereafter almost of the secretary on economic mat¬ not only from the United States but unanimously certain that Britain ters but was henceforth until after from neutrals. would fall very shortly; they the San Francisco conference to A few evenings after the attack thought the Russians would be engage exclusively in postwar on Pearl Harbor I stood in a small beaten in a matter of weeks; they planning, to which he devoted him¬ crowd in the chill December dark¬ never imagined there would be an self with the deepest dedication, ness on the lawn behind the White attack on Pearl Harbor, but when it pragmatism and adroitness. House and heard Winston Chur¬ came and was followed by a series I recall that one of my respon¬ chill, his stocky figure solid as a of disasters, were convinced sibilities with him was to serve as rock beside Roosevelt in the dim Alaska would be occupied by secretary of a newly created com¬ light of the portico, speaking mov¬ March or April; after the tide mittee of experts on postwar secu¬ ingly of his American mother, his turned they had no doubt that vic¬ rity, of which Norman Davis was heritage from two English-speaking tory in Europe would be achieved chairman, Hamilton Fish Arm¬ nations, and his unshaken confi¬ by the autumn of 1944; on the other strong, (to become my very close dence that they would triumph to¬ hand, they were persuaded until friend), an articulate member, and gether. the last minute that the war against Grayson Kirk, later president of I shared this confidence and, de¬ Japan could not be ended until late Columbia University and of the in 1946. Fortunately, in most of Council on Foreign Relations, first Charles W. Yost joined the Foreign Service these cases, Roosevelt and Chur¬ my assistant and later my succes¬ in 1930. Following the World War II adven¬ tures in this chapter he served as charge in chill had more perspicacity and sor. Bangkok, minister in Athens and deputy more sang-froid. However, postwar planning, ex¬ high commissioner in Vienna. He was then In the early fall of 1941 most of cept planning for the military occu¬ named ambassador to Laos, minister in the responsibilities for economic pation of liberated territories, was Paris and ambassador to Syria and warfare were shifted from the State not a responsibility which in Wash¬ Morocco. Ambassador Yost retired in 1966 to join the Council on Foreign Relations but Department to a new agency under ington in 1942 enjoyed much pres¬ was recalled in 1969 for appointment as Vice President Wallace, first called tige outside, or even inside, the permanent representative of the US to the the Economic Defense Board, later State Department. My diary at the UN. the Board of Economic Warfare. I time reports a conversation with This chapter is from his forthcoming book, History and Memory, copyright (C) was at first placed in an office William Castle, undersecretary of 1980 by Charles W. Yost reprinted by per¬ under Assistant Secretary Dean state under Hoover, noting a con¬ mission ofW. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Acheson charged with liaison with versation he had with Charles 10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 Evans Hughes, former chief justice hand, and before long Appleby under another former New Dealer, of the Supreme Court and secretary sank without a trace. “Beany” Baldwin, to proceed to of state. Hughes remarked that it As a consequence of the out¬ Naples. was useless to do any postwar come of this bureaucratic hassle By this time I had become ex¬ planning for Eastern Europe and Atherton, who was interested only tremely restless watching the war the Balkans since “the Russians in confounding de Gaulle, let re¬ from Washington and had deter¬ would decide all that.” In my diary sponsibility for economic opera¬ mined to seize the first opportunity comment I was doubtful of this tions in liberated territories return to get closer to the action. This prediction unless “the British abdi¬ to Dean Acheson, from whom he seemed a golden one, I applied for cate completely and leave a howl¬ had originally filched it. Acheson a place on the team, passed inspec¬ ing vacuum.” Unfortunately, it tion by Baldwin, and was accepted. was American rather than British Came September and we were “abdication,” but most of all the “Berle was a small, ready to take off. I had all my implacable torrent of Soviet ar¬ gear—uniform, helmet, olive-drab mies, which decided the fate of intense, impatient, blankets, mosquito netting, first- Eastern Europe and the Balkans. pyrotechnical man, aid kit—had practically kissed my contemptuous of those reluctant wife and son goodbye, With the Allied invasion of and was to take off at any moment. North Africa in November of lesser intellectual Alas, Acheson and Finletter, 1942, I was shifted to an office of prowess (almost while seeming prudently to have foreign territories charged with covered the bureaucratic water¬ representing the State Department everyone) and little front, had forgotten the White in interagency direction of civil op¬ given to concealing House. This was a not unnatural erations in the liberated areas. that fact.” omission in those benighted days Working in this office strained my before minions of that establish¬ diplomatic abilities to the utmost, ment had taken on plenipotentiary since it was headed by a very odd put in charge of these operations a powers, but it proved to be a fatal couple in reluctant and uneasy as¬ close friend, Tom Finletter, who one. Suddenly, without warning to sociation, Ray Atherton, an ex¬ was later to become secretary of anyone but no doubt with secret tremely able but ultra-conservative the air force under Truman and a zest and amusement, Roosevelt professional, whose object was to power in New York liberal politics created out of thin air a wholly new restore the status quo ante in the with Eleanor Roosevelt. Finletter, “Foreign Economic Administra¬ liberated territories, and Paul to whom I was now assigned, soon tion” under a hitherto unknown Appleby, a transplanted New found himself as deeply mired in gentleman named Patrick Crowley Dealer, whose object was to upset bureaucratic politics as Appleby and attached to it all the functions the status quo ante. My sympathies had been but he handled them, at we in the State Department had were with Appleby but, since least for a time, much more adroit¬ been preparing to perform. I was Hull’s were with Atherton, he usu¬ ly. Among the more jealous and left high and dry, just when almost ally won. pretentious of the numerous airborne. An additional ace in Atherton’s nabobs with whom he, and occa¬ hand was that he was zealously sionally I, had to cope were Harry Fortunately for me, though my carrying out the policy of Dexter White, Henry Morgen- disappointment at losing my Ita¬ Roosevelt and Hull, which he and thau’s righthand man, later father lian province was very keen in¬ Admiral Leahy, our ambassador in of the Bretton Woods agreements, deed, the needs of the day were so Vichy, had inspired, of denigration still later a suicide under suspicion great that I was for no more than a of de Gaulle and the “so-called” of being a Communist agent; and moment unemployed. Adolph Free French and support of more Herbert Lehman, just retired as Berle, assistant secretary of state, expedient but less noble charac¬ governor of New York and now formerly one of Roosevelt’s origi¬ ters, such as Darlan and Giraud, heading a new agency for overseas nal Brain Trusters, needed a tem¬ whereas Appleby leaned to the relief, which was ultimately to porary assistant and 1 was so Free French and was vocally hos¬ evolve into the United Nations Re¬ named. tile to anyone linked to Vichy. I lief and Rehabilitation Agency. Berle, a boy wonder who had was already convinced at the time graduated from Harvard at the age that de Gaulle, while a stiff, inflexi¬ At this point the Allied armies of 18 and whose Modern Corpora¬ ble and uncongenial character from invaded Sicily and Southern tion and Private Property is still the Anglo-Saxon point of view, Italy and it became necessary, today a relevant classic, was a would prove to be a hero to the since the Italians after twenty years small, intense, impatient, pyro¬ people of France and that we would of Fascism were not judged fit to technical man, contemptuous of do far better to accept him early run their own affairs, to set up an those of lesser intellectual prowess than late. However, Roosevelt and Allied civil administration. Every (almost everyone) and little given Hull, for reasons I could never agency in Washington dashed for¬ to concealing that fact. He compul¬ quite fathom, had acquired a ward to share the spoils and glory. sively involved himself in feuds passionate dislike for this all too Acheson and Finletter were able to with most of the other senior offi¬ Gallic champion. Atherton im¬ grab the ball on the economic side cers of the department. On the posed their policy with an iron and a team was quickly organized other hand, he was uniformly

IGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 courteous and benevolent to sub¬ “Magic,” our interception and Yet the process, once started, like ordinates. The last time I saw him, code-breaking of enemy and neu¬ so many others in human society, many years later and shortly before tral messages in which we had be¬ rolls on like an avalanche, ac¬ his death, was when he kindly ap¬ come highly adept, which should cumulating more and more useless peared with me on a radio program have enabled us to forestall Pearl debris as it goes. After all, there is a to publicize one of my books, The Harbor and which did assist us to fascination about “reading other Insecurity of Nations. win the battle of Midway. My job people’s mail,” no matter how triv¬ Berle’s duties, and hence mine, each morning was to run through ial it may be. were diverse, mysterious and, for this vast compendia and mark the I might mention one further most Americans in those days, dozen or so messages I thought sidelight on this exotic activity glamorously novel. They involved would be of most interest to the six which came to my attention two political supervision of the various or seven senior officers of the de¬ years later. At one point during the clandestine activities into which partment authorized to see this ma¬ San Francisco Conference, when the war had almost for the first time terial, indeed the only ones there the Soviets were being particularly drawn us. We sat on the joint in¬ who knew of its existence. unpleasant and inscrutable, I asked telligence committee of the Joint Many of these insights into Stettinius whether we should not Chiefs of Staff, and also did liaison enemy assessments and intentions be intercepting their messages. He with Bill Donovan’s Office of were of great usefulness to us, and replied that this had several times Strategic Services, the forefather of I would assume the military mes¬ been proposed but that Roosevelt the CIA. sages, which I did not see, were had rejected it as disloyal to an ally. The main issue of the latter at the even more so. I did not have seri¬ I respected the president’s scruples time was the relative amount of aid ous doubts about the utility of this but could not help but doubt that they were being reciprocated on the other side. As I have said, my assignment to “At first the senior officials fought with Berle was a temporary one and I was at the beginning of 1944 Stettinius and me to prevent ‘their’ shifted to another which had a con¬ issues being placed on the agenda siderable impact on my career. Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., former and, if they were, fought with each chairman of the US Steel Corpora¬ other as to how they should tion and Lend Lease Adminis¬ be disposed of.’’ trator, was named undersecretary of state in September 1943, replac¬ ing Sumner Welles who had quar¬ relled irreconcilably with Cordell Hull. Stettinius was soon appalled to be afforded to Tito or to exercise in wartime, but even at by the disorganization and the ven¬ Mikhailovitch, protagonist in the that time I find the following com¬ dettas in the department, whereby field of the Royal Yugoslav ment in my diary: “A person with an array of rival fiefdoms reported government-in-exile. Berle, de¬ an excellent first-hand knowledge independently to the secretary and spite, or perhaps because of, hav¬ of Europe, for example, can from undersecretary without coordina¬ ing been a long-time liberal, was his reading of the newspapers pre¬ tion among them, even little strongly pro-Mikhailovitch. Indeed dict developments practically as knowledge of what the others were he was ahead of his time in oppos¬ well as one with access to the most doing. The clashes of personalities, ing substantial aid to Communist- secret sources.” between Berle and Acheson, be¬ dominated Resistance movements I have never been certain since, tween James Dunn representing anywhere in Europe outside the during the many years I have read Europe and Wallace Murray repre¬ Soviet Union and, like Charles thousands of such intercepted mes¬ senting the Near East, between Evans Hughes, in expressing the sages at home and abroad, that the Herbert Feis and Leo Pasvolsky greatest apprehensions, as early as continuance of this practice in battling for control of economic 1943, that they might take over peacetime, and its astronomical policy and the secretary’s ear, be¬ much of the continent. It was, multiplication, is worth the vast tween Stanley Hombeck, jealously however, ironic that the chief expenditure of time, energy and monopolizing his Far Eastern turf, target of his ire was Tito, who was funds it requires. It may well have and everyone else with an interest within four years to inflict on Stalin become only one more of those in it, were monumental and dis¬ the unkindest cut of all. vast “boondoggles” which persist tracting. My most time-consuming duty, unnecessarily, but have become Stettinius created a policy com¬ however, was to go over each sacrosanct, under the label of “na¬ mittee of senior officials which met morning two or three fat loose-leaf tional security.” I can recall very at first once a week, later three books each containing as many as few such intercepts which con¬ times a week, to consider matters one hundred hectographed pages. tained information I had not al¬ of common concern and, in theory, This was only the political part of ready learned, deduced or guessed to hammer out common policies. I the previous night’s “take” of from more conventional sources. was selected in January 1944 as

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 executive secretary of this commit¬ feller as assistant secretary for new compact “to save succeeding tee, to prepare its agenda and fol¬ Latin American affairs; Archibald generations from the scourge of low up execution of its decisions, MacLeish as assistant secretary for war.” and performed these functions for a public relations, aided incidentally It was a source of some embar¬ year and a half. At first the senior by a young man who then emerged rassment to me, as an American, to officials fought with Stettinius and for the first time in the public eye, have to admit to myself that by far me to prevent “their” issues being Adlai Stevenson. the smartest characters on this placed on the agenda and, if they It is true that Stettinius was not committee were two Russians, Leo were, fought with each other as to always notable for his discretion. I Pasvolsky of our delegation and how they should be disposed of. recall his once telling the British Arkady Sobolev of the Soviet, that Eventually Stettinius, particularly ambassador in my presence, just most of its debates were a duel be¬ after he became secretary of state, tween them, and that they were accustomed them to the practice of jointly the authors of most of this peaceful coexistence. “As I say, I could not at part of the charter. On the other Stettinius has been much denig¬ hand, the head of the entire Soviet rated both by contemporaries and the time conceivably delegation was their ambassador to historians on the grounds that he imagine why a young Washington, a solemn humorless had neither the training nor the ex¬ young man who looked as though perience to fill in those critical man of such promise he were sucking a lemon, Andrei times the office of secretary of should make such a Gromyko. One was not sure state, to which Roosevelt ap¬ whether the extremely laconic pointed him in December 1944, al¬ despairing remark.” character of his contribution was legedly because the president and due to lack of wit or lack of instruc¬ Harry Hopkins wished to direct tion. foreign policy without interference after Roosevelt had been nomi¬ Of course some of the basic prin¬ from the civilians. While it is quite nated for his fourth term with ciples were as good as settled be¬ true that Stettinius was neither a Harry Truman as candidate for vice fore the conference even met. For statesman nor a philosopher, he president, that the “general feel¬ example, not only were the Soviets was a superb administrator and ing” in Washington was that, if insistent on the right of veto for morale builder in his own organiza¬ anything should happen to permanent members of the Secu¬ tion. He was a great conciliator Roosevelt, Truman would have to rity Council, but so equally was the who never would admit that a dif¬ be “poisoned.” This facetious re¬ United States, at least insofar as ference was irreconcilable nor a mark reflects the low repute in substantive matters were con¬ problem insoluble. He had many which an undistinguished product cerned. I attended US meetings friends and few enemies. He had of the Kansas City “Prendergast preparatory to the conference at done a magnificent job of despatch¬ machine” was held in Washington which members of the Senate and ing an enormous volume of Lend at that time. Yet only ten months the House, generals and admirals Lease supplies to Allies around the later Truman was to fire Stettinius representing the Pentagon, were world. He reformed fundamentally from his job as secretary of state, adamant in insisting that American the administration of the antique and to go on to become one of our “boys” must not be sent into and sclerotic State Department. outstanding presidents of this cen¬ foreign wars, as the charter would Many of his reforms, the best tes¬ tury. provide under certain circum¬ timony to their soundness, have stances, without the explicit con¬ survived the countless reorganiza¬ One of my early assignments sent of the US government, which tions of the succeeding three and a with Stettinius was to attend required our right to exercise a veto half decades. the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in if necessary. The argument on this The calibre of the men he 1944 at a lovely, old-world estate in point at Dumbarton Oaks, and sub¬ gathered around him during his the heart of Washington, where sequently at Yalta and San Fran¬ tenure as secretary is further evi¬ American, British and Soviet dele¬ cisco, revolved not about the veto dence of his flair and effectiveness: gations drew up together the first per se but about subsidiary issues: Joseph Grew, former ambassador draft of the United Nations Charter whether the veto should apply to to Japan, as undersecretary, who and where I began an association of procedural matters, whether there was to play such a significant part, more than a quarter century with should be freedom of debate in the by insistently advocating retention that institution. My particular re¬ Security Council, not subject to of the emperor, in bringing about sponsibility was to serve as secre¬ veto, and whether in particular a the Japanese surrender; Will tary of what turned out to be the permanent member who was party Clayton, one of the ablest public most important committee of the to a dispute should be able to veto servants I have known, as assistant conference, that dealing with the discussion of an action on that dis¬ secretary for economic affairs; security and enforcement powers pute. Ultimately, after hot argu¬ Dean Acheson, reincarnated in of the organization. The committee ments at Yalta and during a visit to charge of congressional relations, met in a little upstairs room under Moscow for the purpose by the in which capacity he obtained al¬ the roof and, day after day in the mortally ill Harry Hopkins, the lib¬ most unanimous Senate consent to sweltering heat of an un-air- eral view, which the US espoused, the UN Charter and the Bretton conditioned August and Sep¬ prevailed on all these three points. Woods agreements; Nelson Rocke¬ tember, hammered out the brave Stalin had other fish to fry. ION SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 1 3 One rather odd incident at this his information through his ears cent pastoral pursuits. Oddly conference involving Alger and his nose. enough this view was shared by Hiss has always stuck in my mind. At the same time, there was com¬ Sumner Welles. However, the pre¬ After having worked through most ing into the department daily a vast valent opinion in the department, of the war with Stanley Hornbeck flood of papers, telegrams, dis¬ one with which I agreed and which on the Far East, Hiss had come to patches, messages from Allied au¬ ultimately prevailed, was that divi¬ head a new division concerned with thorities, reports from military sion into a number of states would postwar planning. He had particu¬ commanders, interdepartmental merely exasperate German larly become an authority on the memoranda, “Magic” intercepts, nationalism and provide it with a embryonic United Nations. It was of which the secretary and under¬ perennial irredentist goal, while in this capacity that he had been secretary must have at least some “pastoralization” was totally im¬ named secretary general of the awareness. I was therefore deputed practical in the twentieth century. I Dumbarton Oaks Conference, that to scan all this torrent of material even argued that dividing Germany he was taken by Stettinius to Y alta, and to brief Stettinius orally about into “zones of occupation,” an and that he became subsequently its highlights—at odd moments be¬ exercise then being planned by the secretary general of the San Fran¬ tween appointments in his office, in European Advisory Committee in cisco Conference. At the time of his apartment at the Shoreham London, was likely to break up the Dumbarton Oaks he was consid¬ (where I once had tea with John country more lastingly and disturb¬ ered to be one of the two or three Maynard Keynes and his Russian ingly than was then imagined. most brilliant young men in the de¬ ballerina wife), in his bedroom However, the thought of a joint partment, one of those most certain while he was being massaged, in his three-power occupation of the of a distinguished career. car going from home to office or whole of Germany gave our mili¬ It was therefore with the utmost elsewhere, slightly breathless at his tary shivers of horror, both as in¬ amazement that, in a relaxed mo¬ side as he strode across to the volving an administrative mon¬ ment at the conference, I heard him White House at his usual impetu¬ strosity and as introducing ele¬ make an inexplicable remark. The ous clip. This responsibility had the ments of our gallant allies, the Red conferees used to take their lunch consequence that I was probably Army, as far west as the Rhine. on the terrace in the shade of great during the last year of the war one It may be relevant that at about oaks and elms, overlooking the of the best informed individuals in this time, March 1944, I noted the glorious gardens. At one such Washington, except about purely following in my diary: “I fear that lunch I was sitting at a small table military planning. most of the difficulties of the with Hiss and one or two others. I Other harried executives in and post-war world will arise from the do not recall the context of the out of the department began to immaturity of the American and conversation or the precise words voice the same need as Stettinius Russian peoples, neither of which he used, but I do vividly remember for help in keeping abreast of the is ready for the position of world that he said in effect that he some¬ spinning kaleidoscope of events. leadership which is being thrust times wished that he was dead. Secretary of Treasury Henry upon them.” A little later in May of Those of us at the table were Morgenthau had played a consider¬ that year, I wrote that in post-war struck quite dumb. As I say, I able part in the conduct of foreign planning then under way, “al¬ together too much attention is could not at the time conceivably policy before we entered the war imagine why a young man of such but subsequently, to his exaspera¬ being paid to the disposition of the promise should make such a de¬ tion, he was elbowed aside. He enemy states. The really central spairing remark. As I reflected complained to Stettinius that no problem of the next fifty years will years later, it occurred to me that it one told him anything. To mollify be what might be called the in¬ was precisely for this reason that his ire, I was asked to brief him tellectual modernization of Russia he made it. Whatever may have once a week, under the injunction and China.” been the nature of the clandestine from Stettinius “to tell him some¬ On the afternoon of April 12, involvements that later brought thing but not too much.” Subjected 1945, Washington was sud¬ about his ruin, he may already in to Morgenthau’s sharp questioning denly pervaded by mysterious and 1944 have acutely and daily felt the each week in his stately chambers dreadful rumors. An uncanny hush intolerable weight, the ever-present in the Treasury building, I found descended upon the busy bureau¬ danger, they imposed on his peace observance of this injunction re¬ cracy. Stettinius was called to the of mind and all his brilliant pros¬ quired considerable ingenuity, but White House and after a time re¬ pects. we eventually parted friends. The turned to inform us that the presi¬ last time I saw him, fifteen years dent was dead. This was not en¬ Soon after taking over as secre¬ later, he called at my office in the tirely unexpected. During the 1944 tary of the policy committee I embassy in Morocco, an old man, a campaign his speech, as we heard it acquired another and even more little unsteady on his feet, but still on the radio, had often been fascinating duty with Stettinius. both courteous and inquisitive. slurred. His photographs in recent Like Roosevelt but to an even Incidentally, his principal differ¬ months had revealed alarming de¬ greater degree, he had an almost ence with the State Department in terioration. The last time I had seen invincible dislike for reading any 1943-44 had been about the future him, at his fourth Inaugural in document longer than a single of Germany, which he wished to January on the back portico of the page. He was not a scholarly or divide into several states which White House, though his head was contemplative type and acquired would be limited largely to inno¬ (Continued on page 42) 14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 American consulate at Tabriz in 1930. Use of the Consulate at Tabriz for Immoral Purposes

HENRY S. VILLARD

In a wave of economy following sulate at Tabriz, Persia—recently gration visa, the post at Tabriz— the stock market crash of 1929, in the limelight as the scene of tucked away in the northwest the Department of State decided to bloody turmoil in the factional corner of the province of trim its budget by abolishing a strife accompanying the Ayatollah Azerbaijan—was so remote from number of posts in the Foreign Khomeini’s revolution. As the offi¬ the stream of consciousness in Service. Among them was the con- cer in charge of the consulate gen¬ Washington that it seemed to exist eral in the capital of Teheran, I was in name only, its incumbent the instructed early in 1930 to proceed Henry S. Villard, Ambassador-retired, original Forgotten Man. Hardly writes from Gstaad: “Considering that pru¬ “as soon as practicable” to Tabriz, anyone had heard ofTabriz; there dence is the better part of valor, I have given to haul down the flag, pack up the was a story, no doubt apochryphal, up downhill skiing while I'm still ahead and files and officially close the pre¬ to illustrate the point. At the onset usually contrive to spend part of the winter mises. Little did I know what was of World War I, an officer by the in warmer climes, such as Florida, instead. Recently, I contributed first-person articles in store for me, for the unsuspect¬ name of Gordon Paddock had been on the Italian front in World War I to Hori¬ ing inhabitants ofTabriz and for the stationed at Tabriz because of its zon and Yankee magazines and am now re¬ prestige of the United States gov¬ potential value as a listening post searching museums in Lucerne, Zurich, ernment in the course of this opera¬ close to Russia. There he had re¬ Paris, London and Washington for a book tion. project related to my old hobby as air- mained without leave or transfer historian." Teheran was Ambassador Vil¬ Designed to serve the needs of a for such a long period of time that lard's first post, as vice consul in charge of few Presbyterian missionaries and he appeared consigned to some sort the consulate general. occasional applicants for an immi¬ of diplomatic limbo, if not oblivion. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 1 5 Over the years Paddock was pre¬ Hassan Ali Khan, like so many In this, the weather was a deter¬ sumed to have done a modicum of “locals” in the Service a depend¬ mining factor. There was no ques¬ consular business; a rumor filtered able servant of Uncle Sam, loyal to tion in those days of stepping into a through that he had been of mate¬ American interests—such as they limousine to. be driven to the air¬ rial aid to harried missionaries were in Tabriz—to the last degree. port, whence the modern version of caught up in the massacre of The only other members of the a flying carpet would waft you to Armenians by rampaging Turks, “staff,” vouchsafed Ferrin, were your destination over the endless and that in his spare time he had two native guards, stalwart men in barren plains, treacherous gullies contracted a mesalliance with a uniform who took turns spending and rugged mountains in a couple lady bareback rider from an itiner¬ the night in the consulate so as to of hours. Instead, the trip to Tabriz ant Russian circus. But communi¬ afford it protection around the took a couple of days over un¬ cation with far-away Washington clock; the one thing he neglected to speakable roads, including a stop gradually lapsed; for all one knew, mention—perhaps because he for the night at the mud-walled, Paddock might have been devoting didn’t think it important—was that scorpion-ridden town of Mianeh, the rest of lis life to the proverbial these worthies were long-standing broiling hot and dusty in summer, “jug of wine, a loaf of bread and lovers, displaying a versatility of mired in mud in winter. I therefore thou.” Then, one day, to the mys¬ the affections that by all accounts planned to leave shortly after tification of the department, the was a not uncommon trait in Per¬ Now-ruz, the first day of spring and man turned up in Washington. No¬ sia. the first day in the Persian calendar body recognized him or could re¬ One might have thought that the year, when the rains would be al¬ member who he was. Paddock of¬ State Department in its all-seeing most over, there was less risk of fered to explain. Who was he but wisdom would have spared Tabriz getting bogged down and a delicate the consul at Tabriz? Couldn’t be, the axe. We had not yet recognized green haze might be detected on was the response, we don’t have the government of the USSR and the willows and poplars screening such a place or person on the re¬ the proximity of the post to the the few hamlets to be encountered cord. Russian-Persian frontier town of en route. Be that as it may, I had been Julfa offered a rare opportunity to In an old, hired Chevrolet tour¬ given assurances that our consular learn what was going on in the ing car sporting an American flag outpost did indeed exist when the communist paradise. That plenty on the right front fender, baggage last commissioned officer to serve was going on could be inferred strapped to the running boards, and there, white-haired Augustin W. from the many refugees who sought driven by a wild-looking Kurd Ferrin, passed through Teheran on asylum in the realm of Reza Shah whose knowledge of mechanics his way to a different, less exotic Pahlevi, father of the lately de¬ seemed minimal, I negotiated the part of the world. Ferrin, who lived posed and now deceased shah, a journey with no more than the to be over 100 after a varied career, monarch wary of offending his usual hardships—punctures, blow¬ was another legendary figure of the great northern neighbor. One had outs, a broken spring, an over¬ Foreign Service, a bachelor inordi¬ only to look at the Soviet embassy heated engine, missing tools, and nately fond of cats, noted for his in Teheran, a compound the size of the like. I was accompanied by my top hat and a red-lined opera cloak, a city block, to realize the threat; it trustworthy, French-speaking acquired in Spain, which he threw bore a sinister reputation as a place kavass, Hossein Agha, a factotum melodramatically over his shoul¬ where one might enter but never who acted as interpreter, mes¬ ders when setting out to dinner. He come out. However, Washington’s senger, bodyguard and personal had informed me that the office was mind was made up. Tabriz was to servant, and who would willingly in good shape and that he had left it be sacrificed on the altar of saving have laid down his life to defend me in charge of a Persian clerk, a dig¬ the taxpayers’ money, and I pre¬ from the brigands who preyed upon nified, middle-aged gentleman with pared to carry out my assignment travelers unlucky enough to incur a a pencil-line moustache named “as soon as practicable.” breakdown. And thanks to his in¬ genuity, when we ran out of gas the car carried on with the contents of a bottle he poured into its tank: the last dozen miles were covered on araq, a potent brandy which doubt¬ less corroded the cylinders of our maltreated motor but got us there nevertheless. I put up at the only hostelry that bore resemblance to a hotel, and with the assistance of Hassan Ali Khan the following day began the task of sorting files and preparing them for shipment. After a sharp, cold winter the scent of spring was everywhere; the skies were of that pure turquoise hue that can only be found in Persia, and in the consular Overnight stop at Mianeh. courtyard a sea of almond blos- 16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September. 1980 soms lent an elusive fragrance to the last rays of a golden sunset, the the air. Serenity reigned supreme, consulate was formally closed. broken only by Hassan Ali’s Before finis could be written to lamentations that the flag of the the history of the post, however, United States of America, which he one further rite had to be per¬ had served so faithfully and for so formed. The department’s instruc¬ long, was about to be lowered tions were specific: the heavy forever. As best I could, I ex¬ leaden impression seals which had plained that “exigencies of the long been used to lend authenticity Service” required financial re¬ to documents, had to be trenchment, but I could see that he destroyed—broken up and “sunk didn’t really believe what I was in a deep body of water.” A sledge saying. A rich and powerful hammer took care of the first part America had to pinch pennies by of the instruction; but the nearest terminating its post at Tabriz? body of water, the great lake at Then one night, the peace was Urumiyeh—a lake so salty one shattered by an episode that shook could float on the surface and lei¬ Tabriz to the core. It seems that the surely read a newspaper—lay half a guard who was off duty that par¬ day’s journey away. With Hossein ticular evening, returning home in Agha lugging a sackful of the the small hours after a convivial mangled emblems, I again climbed session with friends, took it into his into the Chevrolet and drove to the head to pass by the consulate and home of a hospitable missionary check whether all was well with his family. Next morning I borrowed long-time comrade. To his surprise, their rowboat and in the middle of Guard No. 1. heard sounds from the salt-laden waters dropped the within that indicated Guard No. 2 bundle overboard. A sigh of was not alone; what he heard, in Hauling down the flag at Tabriz. Clerk satisfaction—mission accom¬ fact, was clearly a feminine voice Hassan Ali Khan is in foreground. plished. But to my horror, the sack mingling with that of his boy friend. did not sink! Barely awash, it Putting eye to keyhole, No. 1 saw floated off in blatant disregard of an astonishing—and to him an government regulations, defying infuriating—sight: No. 2 engaged in at the American consulate had the decree that declared the consu¬ amorous dalliance with a lady begun to spread like wildfire across late at Tabriz superfluous. To this teacher of gymnastics, the wife of a the town. Magnified and distorted day I am haunted by the thought respected member of the Armenian by malicious gossip, the embroi¬ that instead of lying safely sub¬ community, whose charms had ob¬ dered episode found its way into merged at the bottom of Lake viously seduced No. 2 into betrayal headlines in the press. What kind of Urumiyeh, the fragments are still of his ties to No. 1. Consumed with an establishment was the United adrift like a water-logged Flying jealousy, the enraged No. 1 bat¬ States government running, any¬ I Dutchman, waiting to be picked up tered down the door and con¬ way? and pieced together by Soviet spies fronted the adulterous pair. Shouts I blushed on behalf of my coun¬ or other unauthorized hands. and imprecations broke the still¬ try. Fortunately, the closing of the There remained only to write a ness of the night, followed by the consulate put an end to our embar¬ report on completion of my as¬ echo of running feet as the actors in rassment. No public ceremony signment. Tongue in cheek, 1 de¬ the drama sprinted into the street. marked this event; instead, the scribed each incident in dead-pan Roused from slumber nearby, skeleton staff stood at attention late bureaucratic style, under the title Hassan Ali joined the fray, as did one afternoon while somebody ma¬ “Use of the Consulate at Tabriz for the police and awakened neigh¬ nipulated the halyards and we Immoral Purposes.” Back in Wash¬ bors. There ensued a chase through watched expectantly for the Stars ington, I was told the despatch re¬ the dim-lit highways and byways of and Stripes to come down for the lieved some of the solemnity in of¬ Tabriz that would have done credit last time. But for some reason the ficial circles and was read at the to an old two-reeler movie—fleet- lines were hopelessly tangled; it highest level in the department. footed lady en deshabille, black was as if the banner which for years Secretary of State Cordell Hull, hair streaming her startled had waved so proudly over the who liked to begin the onerous consort in crime ... his cuck¬ precincts—a symbol of freedom duties of the day with something in olded mate .... our shocked and democracy in a feudal land— lighter than accustomed vein if consular clerk .... the local gen¬ flatly refused to descend. No possible, was given it to read as an darmerie .... the retinue of in¬ amount of jiggling the ropes early morning appetizer. The secre¬ quisitive bystanders. It ended in seemed to help; nobody volun¬ tary’s comments, it appears, were the town’s steaming hamam, or teered to climb the flagpole and not recorded. public bath, where the fleeing tackle the snarl, no stepladder couple were finally cornered. could be found to facilitate an at¬ Author’s note: World events eventually Dawn was breaking before argu¬ tempt. It was necessary to chop forced the reopening of the Tabriz consu¬ ments and recriminations ceased down the pole and, ignominously, late, only to have it closed again when revo¬ but not before the news of scandal Old Glory came with it. Bathed in lutionary sentiment made that necessary.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 in a squeaky voice as if his English had rusted from lack of use. “I would like stamps for these.” I handed him the letters. ce He studied them, then quickly Post Off » ®. glanced at me with wide eyes and ered scurried into the back room. Remennb Looking down at the counter, I was touched by the frugality of his working tools; old-fashioned stick pen with a bent nib, gum eraser worn to a scrap, drying inkwell, ELIZABETH E. MCNEILL rusty scissors anchored to the counter by a dirty string, and a During my years in the Foreign and dark inside and empty, except wooden ruler with time-and-use- Service I became a prolific let¬ for a clerk behind the counter. Ab¬ obliterated numbers. ter writer. Almost every day I de¬ sorbed in filling in a form, he didn’t The hum of voices in the back posited a fat envelope in the em¬ notice me. While waiting for his at¬ room subsided and the clerk re¬ bassy mail room on the way to my tention I had a chance to study him. turned, flanked by a fat woman in a desk. Letters were my lifeline He was a Bengali, short, slight and bright orange sari and another man, home, and a link with friends left dark-skinned. His thick glasses dressed as he was in a white muslin behind in parts of the world where kept sliding down his long sharp kurta and flowing pajama trousers. my past had been parceled out in nose. He pushed them back with They stood, like three elves in a two-year lots. While traveling be¬ the regularity and rhythm of a ner¬ row, smiling up at me. It was my tween posts and while on holidays I vous tick. After counting out loud turn to feel embarrassed, wonder¬ always felt uneasy until I had lo¬ on his fingers he wrote down a ing what I’d done wrong. cated the post office nearest to my number and looked at it for a long “You’re Miss Elizabeth,” the hotel. Even if 1 couldn’t speak the time while scratching his balding woman said softly, the way one language, I never felt like a head. He was completely lost in his would speak to a ghost. foreigner in a post office. work. “Yes,” I answered, feeling more Having grown up in a small town From the high ceiling a pre¬ at ease. where the post office was the peo¬ cariously-hanging fan whirred as it But then there came an awkward ples’ gathering place during a crisis wobbled, struggling to stir the air, silence through which their smiles or times of stress, where they which smelled faintly of sandal¬ remained like happy masks with shared news from loved ones dur¬ wood. The cracked plaster walls betel-nutstained teeth. ing World War II and comforted supported a few yellowing notices I made a move to open my one another, 1 remember the post in Bengali and a big colored poster billfold, hoping it would break the office better than the corner drug of a happy family of four; obvious spell. store and its ice cream sodas. birth control propaganda. The “Maya told us you were com¬ Small branch post offices in Paris clock had stopped at nine twenty ing.” The clerk said, excitement and London still stand out in my on some forgotten day or night. I raising his voice to a high pitch. His memory, but the one 1 remember smiled to myself, remembering a black eyes looked grotesque best is the one in Calcutta. clock I’d once seen in a south In¬ through thick-lensed glasses. While serving in New Delhi I met dian railway station. Underneath it “You came all the way from Per¬ Maya Sen. We soon became good was a notice on a blackboard: sia just to see Maya.” The woman friends and corresponded faithfully “This clock is minutes late, couldn’t have been more amazed if after I left India. Twelve years later minutes early.” I’ve always I’d crossed the seven seas. “What I went to visit her in Calcutta. wondered why it wouldn’t have a great fortune to have such a good The morning after I arrived I been just as easy to adjust the clock friend.” gathered the letters 1 had written on as to fill in the correct blank. But Before I could speak, the clerk the plane from Tehran and asked perhaps it was a delicate clock, or started telling me how my letters Maya where I could find the post maybe the key had been lost. from all over the world had inspired office. I opened my handbag and took him to begin a stamp collection. “It’s just across the street.” She out the letters. When it snapped Maya had shared the stamps from offered to go with me, but I told her shut the clerk’s head shot back my letters with him. 1 preferred to go alone for the ex¬ with such force his glasses almost “I was very sorry to hear about perience. slid off his nose. He blinked at me, your car accident in Bogota. Are After the bright sun it was cool pushed his spectacles back over his your wrists all right now?” eyes and continued staring as “Uh. Oh yes thank you,” I an¬ Elizabeth McNeill retired from government though his mind hadn’t registered swered, looking down at my hands. service in 1970 after having served with the the sight of a foreign woman tower¬ I’d completely forgotten about the Foreign Service (FSS and FSR) in Afghani¬ ing above him on the other side of accident. It had happened over four stan, Pakistan, India, Senegal and Colom¬ the counter. years ago. bia. She has been studying writing since then and her short story, “Manuel’s Son,” “Hello,” I said, smiling. And then he spoke of how brave appeared in the Journal in 1977. “Good morning,” he answered (Continued on page 41)

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 Association News Annual Report

TREASURER’S REPORT—LARRY INGRAM ANNUAL REPORT In addition to the overall view of The General Fund: The budget Club is expected to make a small the Association’s activities given in table presented as part of this re¬ profit in FY 1981. The Club was the July/August issue, special re¬ port shows the actual receipts and reorganized in late 1980 and the ports were prepared for the annual disbursements from the General benefits of the reorganization are meeting on July 16. These reports Fund during FY 1980, ending June expected to be reflected in FY are printed in Association News for 30, and the budget for FY 1981. 1981. The salary and production the benefit of those unable to attend. The FY 1981 budget projects a 25 costs of the Journal are expected to percent increase in membership be covered by advertising and sub¬ dues as a result of the first full year scription revenue of $7.50 from the of operations since the dues in¬ dues of each member and from crease in March 1980. Revenues non-member subscriptions. from the Club and Journal are AFSA continues to operate on a budgeted to remain consistent with tight cash flow basis in accordance AID NEWS the prior year. with the policy of expanding ser¬ The proposed FY 1981 budget re¬ vices to members as the availability IDCA High Level Appointments flects an increase in administrative of resources allows. The overall fi¬ Once again the “armchairs in the salaries of $31,000. This increase is nancial condition of the Associa¬ sky” crowd are overlooking the due to expanded member services tion is sound, with a net fund equity highly qualified Foreign Service by additional full time personnel as of $550,000, most of which is ac¬ Reserve cadre by advertising for well as increased costs due to infla¬ counted for by the equity accrued two Senior Executive Service peo¬ tion and higher payroll taxes. in the headquarters building. ple to fill senior level jobs. The AID Revenue from operation of the Standing Committee wrote to man¬ agement protesting these senior re¬ AFSA GENERAL FUNDS cruitments and at this writing has Receipts and Disbursements not received a reply. It was pointed Actual FY 1980**Proposed FY 1981 out that the continued recruitment RECEIPTS Actual FY 1980 Proposed FY 1981 of non-Foreign Service people for a these senior policy positions in Members dues $263,000 $340,000 Club receipts 130,000 130,000 h IDCA would only serve to rein¬ Journal advertising revenue 60,000 60,000 force its irrelevancy to the de¬ Reimbursements 26,000 26,000 velopment process. Total receipts $479,000 $556,000

Recruitment for Director of DISBURSEMENTS SER/MO Administrative salaries 142,000 178,000 c The Director of SER/MO is a Club expenses (inch salaries) 130,000 127,000 b Foreign Service designated slot Journal publication expense 101,000 107,000 d Operations 74,000 84,000 d under the Obey Amendment. At Building occupancy 43,000 55,000 d present, the position is encumbered Total disbursements $490,000 $551,000 in an acting capacity by a non- Reserve for member services ($11,000) $ 5,000 Foreign Service Reserve officer. See explanatory notes attached The Standing Committee has twice written to AID management to in¬ form them that the appointment of AFSA General Funds Explanatory Notes a non-Foreign Service Reserve to a Dues income based on projection of present membership levels by category of member this position would be considered and income level. an affront to the many qualified b Estimated club income and expenses based on daily sales of $550 to $600, food and management officers in AID and a beverage costs of 28%, labor 48%, and other direct costs of 18%. c Administrative salaries are on the basis of full year projections of staffing and salary levels, clear violation of the Obey adopted in the past fiscal year, with provision for a 10 percent COL increase. (The Govern¬ Amendment and its implementing ing Board has directed that AFSA staff salaries be adjusted for COL at the same rate and regulations. effective date as in the Federal Government. Rather than a 10 percent increase, the probable COL adjustment will be a 6.3 percent.) Foreign Service Staff d Estimated Journal publication expenses reflect anticipated increases in the cost of paper and printing. As a result of AFSA’s interven¬ Increase in operations makes provision for expanded internal communications and a con¬ tion with management the Project tinuing rise in operating costs. Design and Evaluation course has Increase in building occupancy reflects a rise in maintenance costs. been opened up to Foreign Service Staff. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, I9S0 19 Annual Report

TERRORISM AND THE FOREIGN SERVICE ICA STANDING COMMITTEE Chairman: Fred Shaver. Members: CONGRESSMAN FRANK HORTON Michael Canning; James Findlay; Jean Mammen; Marilyn McAfee; James McHale; John Katzka. In November of 1979, Americans 1967 and 1980, we have lost as The past year has seen a continu¬ learned with shock and disbelief of many as we did in the first 180 ing deterioration in morale at the takeover of the American em¬ years of our nation’s existence. USICA, where a Civil Service bassy in Teheran and the taking of The alarming growth of these sta¬ union has been unable to meet the 53 embassy personnel by Iranian tistics certainly suggests the need unique demands of the Foreign militants. For more than six to improve the protection of sensi¬ Service it nominally represents. months both the US and our allies tive and vulnerable US installations While we were in touch with the abroad have been seeking to win overseas. agency’s director to state our con¬ the release of the illegally held Last April, the State Department cerns about the assignment of Americans. This dramatic event, began a program to bolster protec¬ non-essential personnel to highly perhaps more than any other in our tion of American diplomats and in¬ dangerous posts, for example, recent past, has served notice both stallations overseas. In that regard, AFGE was asking the agency to to us and to the international com¬ the department requested sufficient check the security in its Washing¬ munity that diplomatic personnel funds to survey 15 posts in politi¬ ton buildings. The FSIO corps no longer enjoy protection from cally troubled regions, especially seems to benefit equally from wanton attacks. While the crisis in the Middle East and Central provisions of the Foreign Service Iran rightfully stands out as the America. Because of our concern, Act, and AFSA’s Governing Board most blatant example of an illegal we in the Congress have not only continues to work USICA needs act against American diplomat per¬ been receptive to the State De¬ and requests into the decision¬ sonnel, it might be helpful to place partment’s requests, but have also making process that ultimately af¬ the Iranian hostage situation in the been conducting our own studies of fects all Foreign Service personnel. broader perspective of US dip¬ overseas protection, which for the lomatic history. most part, complement State De¬ I DC A RECOGNIZES AFSA From statistics compiled by the partment proposals. American Foreign Service Associa¬ The recent establishment of the tion (an organization of over 11,000 Under a program approved by Trade and Development Program men and women who serve in our the Congress, with my support, the (TDP) within IDCA, and the trans¬ embassies and consulates over¬ State Department has begun a fer of AID’S Reimbursement De¬ seas), the decade 1970-1979 was three-year $60 million program to velopment Program (RDP) func¬ unprecedented for the level of upgrade protection of American tions and personnel to the TDP ferocity of attacks on US personnel embassies and consulates abroad. raised questions concerning the and installations aboard. Consider This program will include stronger status of AID Foreign Service per¬ the following acts of violence: 14 measures to control public access sonnel assigned to IDCA. There¬ US officials, including five ambas¬ to embassy grounds and buildings, fore, IDCA and AFSA concluded sadors, were murdered—an aver¬ installation of escape hatches in¬ an agreement on July 30, 1980 age of one death every 260 days; 38 side embassies and the establish¬ which a) recognizes AFSA as the kidnappings for an average of one ment of “burn” rooms for the de¬ exclusive bargaining representative every 96 days; 32 wounded person¬ struction of classified material. for all Foreign Service personnel nel or one serious injury every 114 These and other measures which within IDCA and b) guarantees the days; and 208 attacks on either are in the process of being per¬ retention of “all protections, rights Americans or our installations in 43 fected will improve the security of and benefits” of AID Foreign Ser¬ countries—an average of one ter¬ our facilities overseas. vice employees assigned to IDCA. rorist event every 17 and Vi days. The takeover of our embassy in They shall remain in the IDCA/AID The incidences of violence dur¬ Iran, however, points out that no personnel system and continue to ing the last decade are staggering, embassy can withstand an assault be subject to all the incidents particularly when compared to the sanctioned or tolerated by a host thereof, including use of the per¬ record compiled since the founding government. Therefore, it is vitally sonnel evaluation report utilized of the US. In the diplomatic lobby important that traditional diploma¬ for AID Foreign Service personnel of the State Department building in tic protections be reaffirmed and and competition for promotion with Washington, you will see two assurances be given that personnel other AID employees. The agree¬ plaques in memory of those Ameri¬ stationed overseas will be pro¬ ment also states that AID positions cans who have given their lives in tected. Without such assurances, designated as Foreign Service pur¬ foreign or diplomatic service. The international diplomacy will con¬ suant to the Obey Amendment will first plaque begins with 1780 and tinue to be vulnerable to acts of vio¬ not be redesignated upon reas¬ was not filled until 1967. The sec¬ lence and terrorism. We cannot signment to any other organiza¬ ond plaque (which continues with allow the Iranian hostage situation tional unit within IDCA except in 1969) is now 2/3 full. In other to be replayed in other capitals accordance with regulations issued words, in the 13 years between around the world. pursuant to the Obey Amendment.

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 Annual Report ICA NEWS AID STANDING COMMITTEE An FSIO currently assigned to a Chairman: Jonathan L. Sperling. that a number of high level posi¬ Class B post objected, without suc¬ Members: Frank Dimond; Alex tions in Washington were being cess, to the AFGE-negotiated pre¬ McKinnon; Ron Nicholson; Jim filled by overgraded GS employees cepts for the Generalist Selection. Singletary; Brian Wickland; Joan rather than by qualified FS em¬ Boards of USICA. He has warned Jacob; Larry Ingram. ployees. the Agency that if the precepts for The major activities of the AID • AID/AFSA has repeatedly com¬ the coming year contain the same Standing Committee during the plained to management about its language, he will pursue his case past year have centered on assuring practice of hiring trainees at the R-2 more vigorously. management’s compliance with the and R-3 level, which deprives many The language he objects to is letter and spirit of the Obey deserving officers of promotions found in Circular 43D and 43F of Amendment and working on AID- and job opportunities. Management August 30, 1979, which states in re¬ related aspects of the Foreign Ser¬ has put forward no logical reason gard to Boards C, D and E: “It vice Act of 1980. The following for this practice. While we hope must be assumed that a limited were some of the major actions the that our representations have kept number of assignments to larger Standing Committee undertook: management from hiring some of posts cannot provide an officer ex¬ • Worked with the Position Desig¬ their overgraded candidates we are perience equal to that of the officer nation Committee to assure that all disappointed that they have not who has been assigned to a mixture policy-making jobs in Washington recognized the damaging effects on of larger and smaller posts in di¬ were designated for FS incum¬ US foreign policy of these profli¬ verse geographic regions.” He bency. Partially as a result of AF- gate hiring policies. maintains, correctly, that this lan¬ SA’s doggedness on this matter, • AID/AFSA membership is today guage prejudices the case of those over 800 AID/W jobs have been re¬ at its highest point in well over a officers serving primarily in larger served for FSRs. year. posts in one geographic area—not • Management has consistently • IDCA: The Standing Committee by choice, but because of the as¬ and, on occasion, flagrantly made has viewed with great sadness the signment process. When the FSIO efforts to circumvent the Obey emerging irrelevance of our new was able to locate an AFGE repre¬ Amendment to protect friends and “parent” with a plethora of over¬ sentative who had some knowledge favorites in the Washington GS graded special appointments and a of the case, he was told, in essence, cadre. Elaborate and often transpa¬ lack of clear mandate or raison that in negotiating the precepts one rent quasi-legal ruses have been d’etre. IDCA is beginning to appear gives something here to gain some¬ used to place GS employees in FS to be more of a burden than a bene¬ thing elsewhere. jobs. The Standing Committee is fit. The lack of foreign service de¬ Those FSIOs with an interest in prepared to use the full range of velopment experience in IDCA has the wording of the precepts should legal tools at its disposal to end become painfully evident in their make every effort to make their these destructive practices on the approach to policy. The Standing views known to the Agency. part of management. It’s our feel¬ Committee intends to follow IDCA ing that the continuation of such ac¬ affairs closely over the next few tions dilutes the effectiveness of months and will report on this sub¬ our Foreign Aid Program by put¬ ject to the membership. CLAUDE HALL RETIRES ting our positions in the hands of Much remains to be done and the inexperienced officers. above list is only illustrative of the Claude H. Hall, Jr. has retired • The Standing Committee con¬ activities undertaken in the last from his position as the assistant vinced management that pro¬ year. The Standing Committee con¬ secretary-treasurer of the Ameri¬ motions should not be assigned tinues to need assistance in all can Foreign Service Protective As¬ solely by back-stop code and by areas and would welcome any sociation effective June 15, 1980. doing so prevented the reappear¬ members who would wish to be¬ J. F. Donelan, Jr. has taken over ance of backroom bargaining in the come more active. from Claude on an acting basis until assignment process. such time as the Board of Directors • AID/AFSA strongly and suc¬ can select another permanent assis¬ cessfully pushed for the restitution tant secretary-treasurer. of the funds for home leave and Mr. Hall was the third officer to language training during the From the Board fill this position. Harry Havens was illusory fiscal crisis of late winter/ LETTERS the first assistant secretary- early spring. We’d like to emphasize here that treasurer of the Association, 1929- • AID/AFSA has been lobbying we appreciate letters from mem¬ 1950; George Butler 1950-1960; and hard against the proposed Section bers. We can do more and reflect Claude Hall 1960-1980. 501 (b) of the FS Act of 1980 which members’ interests better if we Claude retired from the Foreign would reverse the position designa¬ hear your views. Write on. Service in December 1959 after tion presumptions of the Obey serving 35 years. His posts in¬ Amendment. JOIN AFSA cluded Johannesburg, Naples, • Letters have been sent to man¬ (OR ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO JOIN) Trinidad, London, Warsaw, Lyons agement calling to their attention and Durban. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 21 Annual Report Annual Report RETIRED INTERESTS MEMBERS’ INTEREST COMMITTEE Spencer King, Charles Whitehouse Coordinator: Robert Beers Chairman: Tom Macklin. Mem¬ American-flag travel). Also, over¬ AFSA has joined forces with 24 bers: William Burke; Stuart Neil- seas travelers may now choose other federal employee and retiree son; John Pitts; Nancy Tumavick; foreign-flag services in instances groups in an effort to resist the ex¬ Brian Wickland; Tim Roddy. where use of a US airline would tension of Social Security coverage Coordinator: Sabine Sisk. necessitate indirect travel with one to federal workers and to preserve The committee responded to or more changes of planes. Other the present federal retirement numerous “help” signals from positive changes affect rest stops, structure, especially as it applied to AFSA chapters and individual night flying and “bumped” the Foreign Service Retirement and members. It solved many problems passengers. Disability system. This coalition is and concerns on the spot through known as the Fund for Assuring an Parcel Pouch Privileges: Em¬ Independent Retirement (FAIR) informal talks with management; ployees and dependents are now “sticky” problems like disputes and it speaks for several million entitled to ship/receive up to 25 public employees throughout the over claims, delayed shipments, pounds of foodstuff via pouch. The loss of HHEs and denied benefits United States. FAIR is also exert¬ department had originally planned ing its efforts to retain the semi¬ required continuous, sometimes to limit the weight to 10 pounds and frustrating and not always success¬ annual COLA; Through active par¬ AFSA successfully negotiated the ticipation in FAIR, AFSA is doing ful negotiations. It assisted with tax increase. questions, interpreted regulations every thing possible to represent and answered routine corre¬ Current projects include: the interests of the Foreign Ser¬ spondence. It pushed for increased Administrative Leave: We are vice, both active and retired, consulting with management on educational allowances, investi¬ whenever changes in the retirement additions to administrative leave gated potential health hazards in system are under consideration. regulations that would guarantee the department and overseas, Over the past year we have seen looked into the operations of sev¬ employees up to three days ex¬ several developments that could cused absences for the packing/ portend basic changes in the fed¬ eral schools at the request of con¬ unpacking of HHEs. cerned parent groups and kept a eral government’s retirement sys¬ close watch on emerging problems Medical Benefits: Increase of tem. First came the report of the with the increased number of benefits has been discussed with Universal Social Security Cover¬ evacuations. M/MED and we are currently pre¬ age Study Group which was trans¬ The committee involved itself in paring a “package” of proposals mitted to the Congress in March a number of consultations and (such as dental care, additional 1980 by the Secretary of HEW. negotiations with management over benefits during medical evacua¬ Following along in May was the broad issues affecting morale and tions, dependent care expense interim report of the President’s well-being: reimbursements). Commission on Pension Policy, Housing Policy: The depart¬ Travel for Children of Divorced while on Capitol Hill the Budget ment’s controversial Housing Pol¬ Parents: An increasingly important Committees of both Houses re¬ icy, issued last year without prior issue that the committee continues commended that the semi-annual discussion or negotiation with to look into. AFSA won inclusion cost-of-living-adjustment (COLA) AFSA, caused a furor and resulted of a provision on this issue in the applied to federal retirement an¬ in a battery of protest cables from new Foreign Service Act. nuities be cut to one a year. the field. Management belatedly Home Leave Tax Issue: The de¬ The two study groups stopped entered into discussion with AFSF ductibility of home leave expenses short of definite recommendations after we threatened to bring an Un¬ has been decided in favor of the but there appears to be a growing fair Labor Practice suit. The most taxpayer in the Fourth and Ninth sentiment in many quarters to ex¬ important concessions by man¬ Circuits. Nonetheless, the IRS has tend Social Security coverage to all agement were the addition of an refused to acquiesce in their rulings workers not now covered under the appeals process for employees and and continues to deny home leave system, of whom federal employ¬ the requirement that posts establish expenses as valid deductions. We ees constitute one of the largest housing boards (A-0564 of March have joined with the Thomas Legal blocks. While there was not time 20, 1980 states revised Housing Defense Fund in sponsoring an ap¬ for this question to be addressed by Policy). peal of an adverse ruling in such a the 96th Congress, it seems certain Fly America Act: Members’ case to the US Circuit Court of Ap¬ to find a place on the legislative Interests Committee was a major peals for the District of Columbia. agenda of the 97th Congress which force in changing 6 FAM 134 con¬ If the present case is won the IRS is convenes in January 1981. cerning American-flag travel. The likely to accede, in keeping with its From the Board changes eliminated many of the — practice of acquiescing upon deci¬ MOVED? MOVING? at times outrageous—inconve¬ sions adverse to it in three circuits. Please let us know your new ad¬ niences experienced by employees. If you are interested in bringing dress. If you’re coming to Wash¬ For instance, there is no longer a about positive changes in the ington get in touch with us— 48-hour wait requirement for TDY Foreign Service, please sign up or become active in the Association, travelers (to maximize use of join us. your Association.

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 Annual Report FOREIGN SERVICE ACT STATE STANDING COMMITTEE Chairman: Thea de Rouville. regulations governing the Career On August 6, AFSA President Members: Kenneth W. Bleakley; Candidate Program. Bleakley cabled a progress report Galen Fox; Robert Stem; Joseph During the past year the State on the Foreign Service Act to all N. McBride; Matthew Daley; Ken¬ Standing Committee has spent a posts. This cable covered the alc- neth Hill; Philip McLean; Robert great deal of time working as an tions of the Senate Foreign Rela¬ Franks; Dennis Hays; Kathleen arm of the Governing Board with tions Committee in reporting out Austin. management and with Congress in the bill on August 5. Floor action in The Committee has primary re¬ assuring that the proposed Foreign both Senate and House is expected sponsibility for State Department Service Act, and its companion, after the convention recess. issues under Executive Order Pay Comparability, in final form, The cable enumerated the differ¬ 11636 and internal AFSA business. deal effectively with the interests ences between the Senate and This year the Committee: and problems and needs of the House bills as follows: • negotiated a new Efficiency Foreign Service, and in ensuring • deletion of explicit pay link¬ Report Form for all State De¬ that implementation is smooth and ages and substitution of strong lan¬ partment employees; fair. One of our particular concerns guage in support of full pay parity, •negotiated 1980 precepts; has been the conversion, or possi¬ including special consideration for •commented on candidates and ble conversion of domestic FSRs to the Staff Corps. composition for 1980 Selection GS under the new Act, ensuring • deletion of Section 501 (B) Boards; that if this is done, it is done equit¬ which would create a presumption •negotiated Precepts for Per¬ ably. Another has been protecting against Foreign Service designation formance Standards Board and the interests of the Staff Corps. of some jobs in Washington, par¬ Special Review Board; The Office of Security has taken ticularly in AID. • negotiated changes in Excur¬ up a great deal of the Standing • adoption of proposals for sion Tour agreement; Committee’s attention, and we greatly enhanced career develop¬ • negotiated Alternate Career have negotiated, or are in the pro¬ ment training and language pro¬ Planning Modules and Seminars. cess of negotiating, many im¬ grams. We are currently: provements in their working and • adoption of requirements for •discussing a senior threshold professional conditions. reports on professional qualifica¬ program, upward mobility for Finally, the State Standing tions of ambassadorial nominees. Staff Corps; Committee acts as general watch¬ • adoption of the Schroeder •trying to nail down with man¬ dog over State management amendment granting divorced agement the personnel policies policies and practices, reporting on spouses rights to shares of survivor connected with the trade reor¬ developments to the Governing benefits and annuities. ganization; Board and taking action to protect • adoption of AFSA proposal •negotiating on premium pay for or extend the interests and rights of that retirees employed by the fed¬ standby duty for communicators; State Department employees as eral government could receive cur¬ •consulting on changes in the necessary. rent salary of grade at which they retired in combined salary and an¬ PACKING/UNPACKING HHES nuity, rather than present limit based on salary at retirement. After receiving several com¬ to another, from abroad to an as¬ • adoption of chapter 11 griev¬ plaints from the field and from em¬ signment in the United States, or ance provisions with additional ployees stationed in Washington between domestic assignments lo¬ guarantees of due process and re¬ who were requested to take annual cated more than 100 miles apart. moval of requirement that exclu¬ leave for packing/unpacking Absence for this purpose in excess sive employee representative rep¬ HHEs, AFSA took the initiative of the periods specified above must resent all grievants. and proposed regulations that en¬ be charged to annual leave or leave The Committee failed to take up, able employees to take administra¬ without pay. for lack of time, the AFSA- tive leave up to 16 working hours proposed amendment (Sec. 607 B) for packing and 8 working hours for HELP WANTED offered in the House by Represen¬ unpacking. Negotiations with man¬ For a doctoral dissertation on tative Herb Harris. This amend¬ agement have been concluded. The National Intelligence Estimates I ment would assure that retention of new regulation went into effect on would like to contact former mili¬ senior officers would be based August 7, 1980 and reads as fol¬ tary and civilian professionals who strictly on determination of selec¬ lows: participated in drafting, reviewing tion boards. 3 FAM 465.3 p.: A supervisor may or approving NIEs. Of particular The cable closed with the re¬ excuse an employee to be present interest are those people who mark, “We are reasonably confi¬ at his or her residence for a period served in military intelligence dent that, if the Service continues not to exceed 16 work hours for branches, the Office of National to remain united and to avoid dis¬ packing, and 8 work-hours for un¬ Estimates or on the National Secu¬ solution into special interest packing, when required in connec¬ rity Council staff. Please contact: groups, we will succeed in deliver¬ tion with the employee’s perma¬ Daniel Flamberg, 220 West 93rd ing the bill sought by those we rep¬ nent transfer abroad, from one post Street, New York, N.Y. 10025. resent.”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 2 3 SURVEY REPORT

SECTION I. FOREIGN SERVICE ACT I Retirement benefits should not be in Act 1. Are you familiar with the provisions of the proposed 7. On balance, do you believe that this Bill is in the best Foreign Service Act? interest of the Foreign Service and the people who 600 Yes, somewhat comprise it? 234 Yes, but only slightly 477 Yes 120 Yes, thoroughly 279 Not sure 40 Not at all 154 No 2. Have you read any of the summaries AFSA has pre¬ SECTION II. FOREIGN SERVICE INTERESTS pared on the Act? 799 Yes 8. What do you believe is the most important problem 134 No facing the Foreign Service at present? 395 Morale, Esprit de Coips, Professionalism 3. Which provision(s) of the Act do you consider best? 165 Diminishing authority over Foreign Policy 441 Pay comparability 104 Low Pay 181 Allowances 64 Terrorism, Security, Danger 37 Simplified classification system 52 Assignments Process 31 Retention of separate Foreign Service 38 Affirmative Action 20 Limited Non-Career Appointments 34 Lack of promotions 21 Role & Structure 34 Political appointments 18 Provisions for Senior Foreign Service 23 Bureaucracy 15 Safeguards 18 Recruiting 11 Age 65 Mandatory Retirement 17 Fragmentation of Agencies 2 Education allowances for children of divorced par¬ 13 Spouse Employment (lack of—overseas) ents; 1 Step increases; 1 Staff Corps improvements; 1 II Unwillingness to go overseas Hazard pay 6 Family needs; 3 Lack of benefits; 2 Concern over hos¬ 4. Which provision(s) of the Act do you like least or tages; 2 Recognizing AID as part of FS; 2 Staff Corps consider of least value? neglect; 1 Too many political officers; 1 Commerce taking over FS functions 160 Senior Foreign Service 71 Age 65 mandatory retirement 9. Are you seriously considering leaving the Foreign 28 Role and Structure Service? 17 Pay and Allowances 473 No 15 Staff Corps interests 457 Yes 11 Spouse Annuity 42 Maybe/not answered 3 Safeguards; 3 Affirmative Action; 3 State taking over ICA; 1 Selection Out Process; 1 FSR/FSO Inequities; 10. If yes, why? 1 Merit Pay 125 Pay, Benefits, Allowances 5. Do you have any specific recommendations for im¬ 101 Lack of promotions provement of the Act? 91 Morale, Esprit de Corps, Professionalism 59 Lifestyle, Dangers 11 Eliminate SFS provisions 57 Lowered FS Standards 9 Keep retirement at age 60 56 Too much bureaucracy/poor, too much man¬ 8 More staff benefits/opportunities agement 4 Keep retirement without any age limitations 56 Retirement (approaching) 1 Pass pay provisions separately 26 Spouse employment (lack of—overseas) 6. Are there any specific concerns you and others in 25 Assignments Process your agency or employment category feel should be 25 Fragmentation of Agencies addressed in this Bill which are not or need be? 18 Second class treatment for staff 7 Promotions 17 Outside career opportunities 5 Staff Corps neglect 15 Recruitment/retention of professionals 9 Lack of job satisfaction; 8 Poor FS image in US and 5 Act is unnecessary overseas; 7 Affirmative Action; 3 Hostage situation in 4 FSR/FSO inequities Iran 3 SFS Limitations 2 Extra compensation for overseas assignments Questions 11 to 16: 2 Paid overtime for FSOs The following is a listing of topics of concern to members 1 Selection Out Process of the Foreign Service, rated according to the degree of 1 Put State/ICA CMs in one “pool” importance:

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 Total 18. Generally speaking, do you and your family feel Points more or less safe than you do in the Washington, 3-2-1 D.C. area? High Medium Low System 243 Less 1. Recognition of Staff 236 More Corps contributions 537 413 117 2554 235 About the same 2. Danger Allowance 702 167 59 2499 3. Cost of Living Allowance 648 238 52 2472 19. What kind of threats or potential dangers do you be¬ 4. Hardship Allowance 609 258 64 2407 lieve are currently present at post—that is, are real 5. Mid-career admissions possibilities? standards 553 302 92 2355 449 Housebreakings 6. Protection of Annuities 426 Burglary from inroads by 246 Street crime Social Security 649 167 45 2326 243 Mob violence 7. Protection of Age 50 161 War (including civil war) Retirement Annuity 602 220 74 2320 156 Natural Disasters 8. Pay Parity for Mid-Level, 5 Terrorism; 1 Attacks on kids Junior Officers and 20. Do you believe that current security arrangements at 2306 Staff 561 282 59 your post are adequate? 9. Pay Parity for Secre¬ taries and Communi¬ 415 Yes cators 571 246 57 2262 244 No 10. Assignments Process 487 340 103 2244 11. Physical Security at SECTION IV. ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES Post 522 266 128 2226 22. In order to keep its members informed, AFSA sends 12. Review of non-career out information in several different ways. With what nominations for policy frequency do you read the following; positions 454 346 154 2208 Do not Do not 13. Employment for Regularly Occasionally read receive Spouses 484 267 200 2186 F. S. Journal 664 193 12 58 14. Entry Level Admission AFSA Telegrams 536 247 21 80 Standards 469 314 139 2174 AFSA “Redtops” 416 170 24 296 15. Promotion/Selection Out precepts 460 331 124 2166 23. What is your main source of news about AFSA and 16. Better schooling for its activities? dependents 480 300 123 2163 626 AFSA Telegrams 17. Career Development 592 Foreign Service Journal proposals 427 380 109 2150 87 Post Representative 18. Tax exemption for home 29 Bureau Keyperson/Representative leave expenses 473 307 112 2145 8 Other (including Redtops) 19. Medical Services Over¬ seas 446 352 102 2144 24. Do you know who the AFSA keyperson/ 20. Housing regulations 404 371 159 2113 representative is at your post or in your bureau? 21. Education 370 370 180 2030 625 Yes 22. Separate Maintenance 340 381 222 2004 272 No 23. Travel 358 364 196 1998 24. Training 333 394 209 1996 25. If yes, have you recently discussed AFSA matters 25. Answering critics of the with him/her? Foreign Service 287 441 225 1968 401 Yes 386 No End of questions 11 to 16. 26. Are there AFSA Chapter meetings at your post or in 17. What employee benefits, if any, currentlyyour bureau? not in¬ cluded in the Foreign Service package do you think should be adopted? 289 Never 207 Don’t know 32 Increased educational travel (includes travel for 188 Occasionally dependents of divorced parents) 176 Rarely 11 Increased allowances 62 Reguarly 10 Standby pay 10 Increased insurance coverage (includes car & 27. Are AFSA telegrams posted at your post or in your dental insurance) bureau? 5 More frequent COLA surveys; 2 Increased post differ¬ 512 Yes ential; 1 Guaranteed staff training 225 No SECTION 111. SECURITY (For those at posts abroad) 151 Don’t know

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 25 28. If yes, where? EDITORIAL (from page 9) Bulletin Boards Association Activities 29. What specific things do you think AFSA could do to We were glad to see that almost all respondents re¬ keep members better informed? ported reading AFSA telegrams and the Journal, at 32 More direct mailing least occasionally. Several people noted that we tend to 17 Publish more members’ letters in the Journal go into too much detail. The Board will make greater 13 More telegrams (shorter, more to the point) use of summaries to overcome this difficulty though 11 More Redtops many members seek the full details on items of particu¬ 3 More bulletin boards lar interest to them. Fifty seven percent of the respondents placed highest 30. Given increased revenue through dues, AFSA can priority on our hiring a full time congressional/public add one professional staff person for approximately relations specialist. Twenty eight percent favored a each 300 new members. Should membership in¬ specialist to deal with Staff Corps concerns. We crease, which position do you think should be filled agree—now find us 600 new members so we can afford first? to fill both these positions. 486 Congressional/public relations specialist Only six percent favored hiring another grievance 232 Specialist to deal with Staff Corps (75 from Staff counselor. This is consistent with grievance representa¬ Corps) tion ranking 28th on the list of priorities and not being 77 Another attorney mentioned at all in conjunction with the Foreign Service 59 Another grievance counselor Act. Nonetheless,the Board remains committed to meeting its obligations to represent grievants and to as¬ 31. Would you support or oppose amendments to the sure strong legislated grievance procedures. AFSA Bylaws which would: Ninety one percent of the respondents supported a) Establish staggered terms of office for the Gov¬ staggered terms for the Governing Board and 71 percent erning Board to avoid a complete turnover every favored a staff corps representative on the AFSA Gov¬ two years? erning Board. We will explore means of incorporating 799 Support these provisions in revised bylaws which must be sub¬ 80 Oppose mitted to the membership for formal approval. Finally, only 20 percent of those surveyed favored b) Establish separate ■ representatives for the Staff being represented only by a labor union. Two percent Corps on the Governing Board as now exist for would prefer only a professional association and 78 per¬ State, AID, ICA and Retired? cent support continuation of our present mix of profes¬ 616 Support sional and labor organization. The Board has found 249 Oppose these dual functions to be mutually self-supporting and 32. As you know, AFSA functions as both a professional has no plans for a change in status. We will continue to organization and a union. Would you prefer to be ally with the civil service unions on shared objectives represented by an organization which is solely a such as USG retirement benefits and annual cost of liv¬ labor union such as an affiliate of the AFL-CIO or the ing pay increases. Teamsters, or do you believe the current kind of rep¬ The questionnaire also included personal data which resentation serves the Foreign Service best? we are correlating by group against some of the specific answers and analyzing in order to have a better under¬ 726 Prefer current representation standing of the specific interests of our members. In 191 Prefer only labor union addition, the written comments have proven highly use¬ 15 Prefer only professional association ful in understanding the views of those we represent. 33. For Foreign Service personnel who are not currently Board officers have made a concerted effort to read members of AFSA: Are there any specific reasons them and weigh them in our deliberations. why you are not a member of AFSA: Thanks to all for your help in making the unified voice AFSA has no interest in Staff Corps of the Service felt within your association, with man¬ AFSA is ineffective agement and with Congress and the public. AFSA is too expensive (non-members get services anyhow AFSA is a company union (Total Number of Surveys Tabulated—1,131)

FOREIGN SERVICE BICENTENNIAL On January 10. 1781, Congress established a depart- In January of 1981, The American Foreign Service ment of Foreign Affairs. The resolution provided that Association plans to celebrate this 200th anniversary “there shall be a secretary for the despatch of business and we solicit suggestions from Journal readers. One of the said office, to be styled ‘Secretary of Foreign project the Association has on its agenda is a com- Affairs,’ ” and that the Secretary shall “be authorized memorative stamp for the Foreign Service. Design sug- to employ one, or, if necessary more clerks to assist him gestions and/or graphics for such a stamp would be wel- in the business of his office.” This was the genesis of come. We’ll print the best ones in the Journal and pass today’s Foreign Service. them along to the proper postal service authorities.

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 AID NEWS BOOKFAIR 1980 Open Advertisement of AID Posi¬ ject and further information on the Margaret Palmer, publicity tion Vacancies: In June the Chair¬ state of our consultations will be chairman for AAFSW’s annual man of the AID Standing Commit¬ reported over the next few months. bookfair, has written the Journal tee conveyed to AID/personnel Discretionary Interpretation of that the fair will be held on Sep¬ AFSA’s recommendations for im¬ AID Handbook Regulations: At a tember 27, 28, 29 and October 2, 3 provements in the AID assignment 1974 session with AID/Personnel and 4. Her letter included some in¬ system. It was proposed that all on the subject of mixed modes of teresting bits of history and infor¬ AID/W and overseas vacancies be travel, an FSR was told by an mation as follows: advertised periodically, so that all AID/PM officer that— This is our 20th anniversary of AID personnel would know what You must understand that AID can¬ successful bookfairs. What started jobs were available and be in a bet¬ not really be expected to follow those as a modest group of volunteers ter position to compete for them. It regulations included in the Handbook with 6,000 books and makeshift ta¬ was further maintained that with which it is not in philosophical bles in the department’s courtyard Assignment Board deliberations agreement. You should also understand that AID management reserves this and proceeds of $2,800 split into should be a matter of record, and privilege for itself. After all, many five scholarships has grown to that AID personnel should have times AID does not have control over spectacular proportions. This year access to this information—as it af¬ what is published in the Handbooks. the committee has collected fects them—in their respective per¬ Six years later, in June 1980, 100,000 books which have been sonnel records. SER/MO advised an AFSA sorted into over 100 categories for A follow-on meeting was held member that the AID Handbook shelving and easy selection. Con¬ with AID/personnel and AFSA “does not have the force of a regu¬ tinuous restocking of the shelves representatives in July, pursuant to lation issued by the Department of during the six-day event bring the which the acting chief, Labor Rela¬ State or AID pursuant to law. . .” browsers and buyers back day after tions Staff, sent the following From these two anecdotes it is day for that “extra special” find. comments to the AID Standing apparent that AID management The Art Corner is daily receiving Committee Chairman. Since these feels that it has the right to deter¬ collectibles and interesting finds represent a constructive attitude on mine which of the Handbook regu¬ from all over the world and the the part of AID/personnel, they are lations it will follow and which it posters and stamps and prints and reproduced verbatim: will not. It is furthermore main¬ records and maps are avidly Essentially, we agree that it is impor¬ tained by management that no one sought. Even Virginia Rusk could tant to review thoroughly our present else has the discretionary author¬ not have envisioned, when she cut system for assigning foreign service ity. Readers who may have experi¬ that ribbon for that infant one-day personnel. We need to assure ourselves enced similar instances of selectiv¬ fair dubbed “Bookmart,” the rip¬ that assignments are, as far as possible, pling influence it would have over consistent with sound program re¬ ity on the part of AID/management quirements, individual career de¬ are invited to bring these to the at¬ the years—benefiting so many velopment objectives, and employee/ tention of the AFSA/AID Standing young people in our foreign service family needs and desires. In these re¬ Committee. community as well as numerous gards, we anticipate receipt shortly of District of Columbia community an audit report conducted by the AG IRAN HOSTAGES projects. entitled: AID Foreign Service Assign¬ ment and Rotation. In addition, the The Association issued the fol¬ AID foreign service assignments pro¬ lowing release, printed by the New cess is under review by a consultant York Times and others, during GRIEVANCE and we hope to receive his recom¬ street demonstrations by Iranians REPRESENTATIVES mendations by the end of October. in mid-August: We believe that the results of these AFSA seeks Foreign Service two efforts together with other efforts The demonstrations by suppor¬ employees to assist potential griev- now underway will allow AID to make ters of the revolution in Iran should ants in identifying the nature of some firm judgments by next January not divert the attention of the world their problem, formulating their regarding the assignment process. At from the plight of the 52 Americans complaints, following through on that time we would anticipate consult¬ being held in Iran. On the contrary, redressing the grievance at the ing with you, prior to adoption, con¬ the fact that aliens can freely ex¬ agency level, and ultimately repre¬ cerning any decisions which will revise press their views, protected in a na¬ senting the grievant before the or change any existing personnel tion of laws, stands in stark con¬ Foreign Service Grievance Board if policies, procedures, or working condi¬ trast to the violations of law and of the grievance has not been re¬ tions. human dignity imposed on our col¬ We will keep you advised and will be solved. happy to meet with you from time-to- leagues detained in Iran. If you are interested in volunteer¬ time to be apprised of any additional We are confident that the Ameri¬ ing, contact Sabine Sisk in the information you may have. We desire can people will not allow them¬ AFSA office, Room 3646, Depart¬ to fashion an assignment process which selves to be provoked by the dem¬ ment of State, X28160. We will is fair to the employee and meets onstrators into actions which provide you with a Foreign Service agency staffing needs. would either endanger our fellow Grievance Handling Manual and AID/AFSA will continue to pro¬ Americans or provide a pretext for will provide instruction in all mote “happiness” within AID/PM further rhetoric by extremists in phases of grievance represen¬ by focusing attention on this sub- Iran. tations.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September. 1980 27 MERIT AWARD WINNERS This year twenty-five graduating ing business and in my free time I Graduated from American Em¬ high school students have received enjoy volleyball, basketball, rock- bassy School, New Delhi. Most Merit Awards from the American climbing, camping and hiking.” valuable player in both basketball Foreign Service Association and Will attend Cornell University on a and softball, National Merit Com¬ the Association of American scholarship with the hope of a mas¬ mended Scholar, president of the Foreign Service Women. These ter’s degree in mechanical or Student Government Association, awards are based on the excellence aeronautical engineering. president of the National Honor of the students’ high school records Michael H. Meresman, son of Society and valedictorian. Also and their extra-curricular achieve¬ Joseph and Azar Pirnazar Meres¬ played the clarinet in the band and ments as determined by volunteer man, State. Lived in London, functioned as yearbook photo¬ review panels. Tehran, Geneva. Graduated from grapher. Will attend College of Students who will be graduating the International School of William and Mary, majoring in in 1981 should request applications . Geneva. Studied piano for 11 biology. in November from: AFSA Merit years, interested in skiing, singing Caitlin J. Porter, daughter of Awards Program, 2101 E Street, (choir, opera, barbershop quartet), Bruce Porter, State. Born in Wash¬ N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. baseball, debate, volleyball, tennis, ington, lived in Peru, Panama, Biographies and photographs of on honors or merit list every year Brazil, Angola, Barbados and this year’s award winners appear in since 7th grade. Will attend Brown Bolivia. Graduated from the these pages. University and study physics or re¬ American Cooperative School, La Juliet A. Davison, daughter of lated science. Paz. Member, National Honor So¬ Mr. & Mrs. John S. Davison, State. Sheila Dols, daughter of Richard ciety, vice president, student coun¬ Bom in Brussels, lived in the J. and Mary L. Reidy Dols, State. cil, assistant yearbook editor and Congo, Yugoslavia, Niger. Bom in Washington, lived in certified diver. “This summer, as Graduated from Madeira School, France, Canada, Swaziland, Niger well as last, a friend and I have returning at vacation time to and New Zealand. Graduated from rented a nursery school room and Cotonou. Attended a French Hawaii Preparatory Academy. In¬ are running our own school for School in Niamey for two years ac¬ terested in writing, music, espe¬ young children.” Will attend Col¬ quiring a proficiency in French and cially classical guitar (also a furtive lege of William and Mary. learning a great deal about West interest in New Wave), drama, Pamela Wilkinson, daughter of African culture and customs. Ac¬ dance, astronomy, photography, M. James and Anne C. Wilkinson, cepted at Brown University but modern art and design, science fic¬ State. Born in Canberra, lived in considering taking a year off to tion, history, aircraft, hiking, Germany, Thailand and Russia. spend some time abroad. camping, travel. Honorable men¬ “My specific interests are drama, James F. Elfers, son of the late tion in National French contest, writing and skiing. I have been in FSO Frederick Elfers and Christine Cum Laude Society. Will attend several plays and was at one time Elfers, State. Born in Tokyo, lived the College of William and Mary to an apprentice for the Street 70 The¬ in Yugoslavia, Thailand and study journalism and creative writ¬ ater Co., in Rockville and have Madagascar. After his father’s ing, physics (“if I ever get my math won various awards in forensics at death in Kenya and his mother’s together”), sociology and psychol¬ Walt Whitman High School.” Na¬ later remarriage, spent a year in ogy, possibly design. tional Merit commendation, first Tehran on an Army tour. Jim is in¬ Karen Cecile Eisner, daughter of place in essay, Scholastic Writing volved in a wide range of extra¬ Adolph H. and Eleonora M. Awards (Senior Division), $500 curricular activities and has delved Eisner, State. Lived in Mexico, scholarship from the Scholastic- into everything from skiing to hang Brazil, Portugal, Uruguay, Panama Oliver Grant. Will attend Smith, gliding. In high school (Wash¬ and Guatemala. Graduated from probably majoring in an area of the ington-Lee) received trophy as Walter Johnson High School. First humanities. most valuable swimmer, was presi¬ place in the Special Category of the Anne Sprightley Ryan, daughter dent of the ski club and editor on 1979 National Spanish contest, a of Ambassador and Mrs. Hewson the school literary arts magazine. Commended Student of the Na¬ A. Ryan, ICA. Lived in Honduras Will attend Stanford University tional Merit Scholarship Associa¬ for four years where she learned and has a broad spectrum of tion and received a fellowship from fluent Spanish, attended National academic interests and career the Montgomery County Chapter Cathedral School, 1975-77, and ideas. of the American Heart Association. graduated from Phillips Academy, Michael David Whiting, son of Hopes to continue with track, Andover. Was co-president of the John David and Diane Lynette hockey and the developmental chorus, president of the Recycling Whiting, State. Born in Buenos growth of retarded children, Club and chairperson of the Energy Aires, lived in Iceland, Paraguay extra-curricularly, at Wesleyan Committee. National Merit com¬ and the Canal Zone. Eagle Scout, University (Conn.) this fall, while mendation, co-recipient of the National Merit Finalist, news majoring in pre-med. Poynter Prize in music, elected to editor of a nationally top-ranked Lisa Anne Jackson, daughter of the Cum Laude Society. Will enter school newspaper (Walt Whitman L. Richard and Ruby B. Jackson, Yale to further her studies in the High School), president of Quill & State. Bom in Rawalpindi, lived in humanities. Scroll. “I run my own lawn mow- Switzerland, Malaysia and India. Tatyana J. Day, daughter of

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980

Robert E., Jr. and Sherie H. Day, Manila and Nairobi. Graduated School and Washington-Lee High State. Lived in Germany and Po¬ from the International School of School. Valedictorian, member, land, traveled to Yugoslavia, Kenya where he was junior class National Honor Society, national Canada, Greece, Spain, England, vice president, yearbook photo¬ winner of Quills and Scrolls Cur¬ the USSR, Holland and Austria. grapher, newspaper editor, valedic¬ rent Events quiz, grand prize win¬ Graduated from Fort Hunt High torian and on the soccer and rugby ner at Science Fair. Student Coun¬ | School, active member of the var- teams. National Merit Scholarship cil president, varsity soccer and j sity tennis team, ski club and Ger¬ Finalist. Will attend Brown Uni¬ varsity football. Will attend College man club, played the french horn in versity. of William and Mary, majoring in the band and orchestra and sang in Lester Paul Slezak, Jr., son of government and/or economics. the choir. Member, German and Lester P. and Rheta Slezak, State. David B. Edwards, son of Ralph National Honor Societies, selected Born in Bermuda, lived in France, J. and Carol Edwards, AID. Born for regional choir, Virginia State Belgium, Sweden. Graduate of in Illinois, lived in Morocco, winner on the German national Gar-Field High School, Wood- Senegal, and Egypt. Graduated exam twice. Attended Governor’s bridge. Member, National Honor from Cairo American College (high School for the Gifted last summer. Society, National Merit Com¬ school). Received awards in Will attend Yale University, major¬ mended Scholar, Gar-Field Band physics and Arabic, high honors ing in English. Director’s Award. Interested in and highest honors, valedictorian. Ann M. Weber, daughter of Dr. mathematics, music, sports, played Played varsity softball, participated and Mrs. Arnold R. Weber, State. trombone in six different organiza¬ in the Close-Up program and was Lived in Senegal, the Philippines tions and participated in six Re¬ ambassador to the Model United | and England. Interested in math, gional and All-County Festival Nations in The Hague. Will attend j the natural sciences and theater. Bands and Orchestras, active in the University of Virginia, par¬ Salutatorian, winner of the UK soccer, basketball and bowling ticipating in the Echols Scholars Women’s Panhellenic Society leagues. Will attend Texas Chris¬ Program. | Award. Graduated from the tian University where he has been Paul D. Ozzello, son of James and American School in London. Will awarded a Dean’s Scholarship and Yvonne Ozzello, State. Born in j attend the University of California a Band Scholarship. Washington, lived in Germany, at Santa Cruz. Kenneth C. Harris, son of Ken¬ France and Mexico. Graduated Christine McHale, daughter of neth O. and Patricia Harris, State. from Bishop Ireton High School Mr. and Mrs. James D. McHale, Born in Turkey, lived in Bulgaria, with honors and awards in English | ICA. Lived in Indonesia, Singa¬ Poland, the Philippines, Laos and and physics. Speaks and reads pore, Belgium, Niger and Thailand. Chile. Graduate of James Madison Spanish and French. Will attend Interested in horseback riding, High School, where “I participated Carleton College and major in j soccer and piano, National Merit on the math team, the chess team, physics and mathematics. semi-finalist, valedictorian, mem¬ the soccer team and ‘It’s Marc W. Taubenfeld, son of ber National Honor Society, Academic.’ I received a letter of Howard and Rita Taubenfeld, 1 graduated from McLean High commendation from the National State. Born in Texas, lived in School. Will attend the University Merit Scholarship program, I have France. Graduated from Highland of Virginia, majoring in biology. won three awards from the Na¬ Park High School in Dallas. High Carol Anne Cizauskas, daughter tional Spanish Exam and I am a honor roll, school math team, Na¬ of Albert C. and Gerovaite A. member of the National Honor So¬ tional Merit Scholarship Finalist. Cizauskas, State. Bom in Ger¬ ciety.” Will attend the College of Enjoys all sports, also music and many, traveled in Holland, Spain, William and Mary as a pre-med plays both the piano and the guitar. Italy, Greece, Switzerland and student. Will attend Duke University, France. Graduated from Bishop Timothy James McCarron, son of majoring in political science and O’Connell High School, where “I James W. and Corinne M. McCar¬ hopes to become a lawyer. helped edit the school newspaper, ron, AID. Born in Minnesota, lived Daniel F. Birn, son of Richard participated in theater, contributed in Turkey, the Philippines, Kenya and Jacqueline Birn, ICA. Lived in to the literary magazine, actively and England. Graduated from Finland, Hong Kong, Canada, involved myself in the Latin and Ratcliffe College (high school), Malta and Mexico. Graduate of German clubs, held office as a stu¬ Leicester, England, acted in sev¬ West Springfield High School. dent government representative eral plays, plays the piano and is Member, Mensa, National Honor and worked in other clubs and ac¬ learning the organ. Member of First Society, National Spanish Honor tivities.” Member, National, Ger¬ Four in rowing and also interested Society. Finalist in the 1979 NCTE man and Latin Honor Societies. In¬ in English prose and poetry. Re¬ achievement awards in writing, terested in creative writing, sailing, ceived the School Music Prize and commendation award in the | classical ballet, waterskiing, radio, the Science Prize. Will attend American Heart Association high drama, German and Catholicism. Magdalene College, reading natural school heart research program, Will attend Notre Dame, majoring sciences at Oxford University. vice president of the Medical Ex¬ in liberal arts and hopes to go on to Dean F. Bland, son of Merton L. plorers post, photography editor of law school. and Janine Bland, ICA. Lived in the school newspaper and staff Daniel J. Teven, son of Irwin K. Ghana, Zaire, Malagasy Republic, member and contributor to the | and Lyn E. Teven, ICA. Bom in Guinea, France and Pakistan. literary magazine. Now working { Illinois, lived in Accra, Athens, Graduated from Karachi American (Continued on page 45)

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980

Getting fttiemJ in the Fcreign Service

CURTIS F. JONES

Many newcomers to govern¬ in charge of a third secretary. Dur¬ Note the section chief s miscal¬ ment are handicapped by ig¬ ing one such absence, word came culation: Outright plagiarism is bad norance of the first law of bureau¬ that an eminent Pentagonian was to bureaucratic practice. Far safer to cracy: Survive. make a refueling stop at a nearby change a few words, add your own The rationale goes like this: I am US military airfield. The third sec¬ name, and confide to superiors that a patriotic American looking for retary met the plane, answered a your subordinate’s draft required ways to help my country. 1 can help few routine questions, and saw the massive rewriting. it best by getting into government dignitary off, happy to be able to However, the section chiefs and, once there, by getting a job at tell the ambassador the visit had basic instinct was sound. There is the policy level. Ergo, what is good gone without mishap. never enough glory to go around, for my career is good for America. But the ambassador was any¬ so grab what you can, even if it’s This lesson is hard to absorb in thing but gratified. If the aide had only reflected. the idealistic climes of academia. sent him an urgent cable, he might The Resilient Intelligence Re¬ Only in the hard school of experi¬ have commandeered an Air Force port. You can’t impress everyone, ence do many of us learn that the plane and gotten back in time to so concentrate on impressing those accomplished bureaucrat, whether greet the VIP. The third secretary who count. Pick patrons on the lofty politician or lowly time¬ drew some trenchant remarks in way up and subordinates who see server, is the modem alchemist. He the judgment section of his next ef¬ their advancement in yours. In¬ survives by the transmutation of ficiency report for not realizing that stead of focusing on your own ad¬ energy—the conversion of political the bureaucratic bottom line was vancement, seek a broader al¬ problems into bureaucratic advan¬ not the expense of a superfluous legiance to a bureaucratic clan. tage. flight but the importance of being And remember that knowledge is Observe the following profiles in visible. power. In interclan rivalry, you will pragmatism from one small cranny The Funny Coincidence. The find that one of your most effective of the American Bureaucracy—the higher you go on the career ladder, weapons is the inside tip. Keep it Foreign Service. the easier to grab the glamorous as¬ closely until you can use it to im¬ The Invisible Ambassador. This signments and delegate the press your superiors or confound country had two capitals several drudgery to subordinates. If one of your rivals. hundred miles apart. The ruler re¬ them should still contrive to distin¬ One State Department official, sided in one, the diplomatic estab¬ guish himself, you as supervisor receiving an intelligence report of lishment in the other. Whenever can share the credit. considerable bureaucratic poten¬ the US ambassador had to repair to One ambassador customarily tial, had the wit to restrict its dis¬ the ruler’s side, he left the embassy shunned the lower ranks except at semination to his own circle, but he efficiency report time, when he had was too new in the job to realize the to write the review statements. same report might come in later Curtis F. Jones joined the Army in 1942 where an assignment to the ASTP program Criticizing one officer’s output, he from the intelligence service of a introduced him to Arabic and Middle East produced an example of what the friendly country. When it did come studies. Consequently his FS career (1946- young man ought to write. The lat¬ in, he was on leave and a subordi¬ 75) was spent in the Arab world and in re¬ ter was startled to see his section nate took independent action on it. lated assignments in the department. Since By not sitting on the report until his retirement he has continued as a writer, chief s name on a report strangely speaker and consultant on US-Arab rela¬ similar to a draft he himself had supervisor’s return, he disarmed it tions. submitted some months earlier. as a bureaucratic weapon, served 32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 notice that he was not a member of safe to get around or the people are from the local gentry. His tour was the right clan, and wiped out any afraid to talk to Americans. cut short, but the experience must chance of advancement in that of¬ These situations call for an extra have made him wiser still. fice. measure of bureaucratic agility. The Non-Cable. If you ever do The Zealous Envoy. The first law One American headed a small mis¬ make an obvious mistake, lose no of diplomacy comes from Tal¬ sion in a country so steeped in sus¬ time in covering it up. One Ameri¬ leyrand: “Above all, not too much picion that the locals declined all can chief of mission received a zeal.” But diplomacy is one thing, his invitations and did their best to high-level telegram advising a and bureaucracy is another. Take avoid him on the street. Aside from hazardous course of action. He the case of the US Representative those few convivial types who acted on that advice, and the re¬ to the UN who castigated the Third sought out his company on instruc¬ sults were disastrous. Somewhere World for seeking American hand¬ tions from the local intelligence ap¬ in the murky upper reaches of the outs, excoriated the Arabs for crit¬ paratus, he had only one indige¬ State Department, a seasoned sur- icizing Zionism, and condemned nous source—the head of the vivalist took immediate remedial the Soviets for denying human American section of the local action. Without any instructions in rights. He wasn’t a big success at foreign office. writing, all copies of the offending the UN, but he went on to win elec¬ Under the stress of bureaucratic message were collected and de¬ tion to Congress by a comfortable exigency, that one official blos¬ stroyed. Only a few remember that margin, thus winning himself an somed into a whole cluster of it once existed to shed doubt on the honored place in the annals of bu¬ judgment of its sender. Even fewer reaucratic survivalism. will ever know who that sender Omniscience in Government. was. The interactions of the four billion “Instead, he defied the Whenever possible, the soundest inhabitants of this planet are so in¬ law of survival, advised bureaucratic practice is to avoid tricate that no one can understand the written record altogether. It them, let alone control them. Washington for the will be a milestone in your career Electorates don’t like to hear this good of the people of when you acquire the authority to truth from their representatives, sign your own cables, but as you and the representatives don’t like the two countries to rise in the service and your subject to hear it from the executive give the merger every matter increases in sensitivity, you branch. Whether you are a will do more and more of your policymaker or a junior officer, you chance, and lost his business by personal letter. If you will often find yourself in a quan¬ embassy.’’ ever reach the top, you will often dary over some sensitive issue. eschew recourse to paper al¬ Don’t admit it. If you exude confi¬ together—until, of course, you dence, others will follow your lead, come to write your memoirs. and you will enjoy an important sources: not only the director of the The Iconoclast. Having reviewed advantage in the fight for bureau¬ American desk, but also “a well- these case studies in bureaucratic cratic survival. placed official,” “a member of an survivalism, you may wish to con¬ Of course, you will often be influential family,” “a government template the story of an official wrong on the issue itself, but that party official who asked not to be who took a different route. He was error will not be bureaucratically identified,” and so on. the new ambassador to a country relevant unless it is disclosed. In Omniscience on the NSC. Back that suddenly decided to merge most cases it will be years, if ever, on consultation, an ambassador with a neighboring state. He might before anyone can prove your learned of a proposed White House well have tried to protect his job by fallibility. Meanwhile, there are initiative that would vastly compli¬ recommending that the US oppose many bureaucratic expedients at cate American relations with his the merger, since lapsed ambas¬ hand. How many officials of the country of assignment. He sent a sadors often slip into retirement; Johnson and Nixon administrations State Department desk officer over the government of the other party were “personally” opposed to the to the National Security Council to the merger was in bad odor in Vietnam intervention but stayed on staff offices, next door to the White Washington, and the merger’s in government in order to “influ¬ House, to make urgent repre¬ prospects were dim in any case. In¬ ence policy?” How many memoirs sentations. The official who re¬ stead he defied the law of survival, have you seen inventing new ceived the appeal had never served advised Washington for the good of rationales for the bombing of in the area, but he dealt with it with the people of the two countries to Haiphong or the destruction of the appropriate mixture of conde¬ give the merger every chance, and Cambodia or the loss of Iran? scension and good humor: “That lost his embassy. Herewith an invaluable tech¬ exercise is already under way. Tell As luck would have it, he es¬ nique of survivalism: Be omni¬ your ambassador not to worry. I caped the consequences of this scient. know a little more about these mat¬ foolhardy action. He found another Omniscience in the Field. The ters than he does.” embassy, and went on to fill some good reporting officer sees every¬ Subsequently the NSC staffer of the highest positions in Washing¬ thing and knows everyone in his was named ambassador to a Middle ton and New York that a career of¬ country of assignment. This objec¬ Eastern country, where he found ficer can hold. tive is not always easy, especially difficulty in driving down the street There is an exception to every in those countries where it’s not without attracting a hail of rocks FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 33 The book begins with a stimulat¬ between “self’ and “nation”— ing foreword by Dr. John E. Mack, how an individual’s self esteem Book Essay who succinctly pulls together some “rises and falls with the fate of its of the larger lessons of the nation.” But Dr. Volkan shows Psychological Insights For psychological study that follows. how the dichotomy of selFgood and Diplomacy He explains the “narcissism of object/bad, which normally disap¬ GEORGE S. HARRIS minor differences” that character¬ pears in the maturation process, is CYPRUS—WAR AND ADAPTATION: A izes feuds of adjoining com¬ perpetuated by the culture on Cyp¬ Psychoanalytic History of Two Ethnic munities. In layman’s terms Mack rus. The difficulty in perceiving Groups in Conflict, by Vamik D. Vol- kan, M.D. Universitv Press of Virginia, points out how proximity to “gray areas” or in considering $13.50. another group affects the way compromise is thus a legacy from members of one group feel about this unfinished childhood task. From time immemorial, those themselves. One of his sobering Equally interesting for foreign af¬ who make foreign policy have prac¬ findings is that intergenerational fairs professionals are his insights ticed amateur psychology. The training passes on attitudes that benefit derived from reading the into war. He candidly admits that sow the seeds of future wars. This this question is difficult for a state of mind of adversaries was reminder is indeed useful as a spur psychoanalyst to treat, since he obvious. By the 1960s, American to those who deal with foreign af¬ recognizes that some cogent moti¬ decision makers could go a step fairs as they struggle with im¬ further and consult personality vations for war lie beyond the mediate concerns. scope of psychoanalysis. Yet, studies of foreign leaders produced Dr. Volkan initiates his account by medically trained analysts. By while deploring its destructiveness with a psychological description of and essential “insanity,” he points and large, however, the study of what it meant to grow up in Cyprus key individuals has remained the to the therapeutic nature of war and as a Turk. Foreign Service officers its psychological value as a way to focus of interaction between will be struck by the fact that his peace—something that many psychoanalysts and the foreign af¬ case study method differs from the Foreign Service officers have noted fairs community. more customary social science ap¬ in connection with the 1973 war in In recent years, psychiatrists proach. Instead of an effort at de¬ have attempted to broaden their the Middle East. In Cyprus, Dr. personalization of the material to Volkan explains, war relieved the contribution by offering the insight demonstrate its objectivity, Dr. of group psychology to explain low self-esteem of the Turkish Volkan explains at every turn his community. But he is not in a posi¬ ethnic conflict and the interaction own involvement, reactions, and tion to tell us how to assess the of national bodies. To this end, late the process by which he came to psychological barrier of defeat for in the 1960s, medical practitioners his conclusions. He thus presents the Greek side. set up a Task Force on Psychiatry historical data more as an adjunct His work demonstrates the and Foreign Affairs. It soon began to the proper understanding of the to attract the attention of policy necessity of mourning before peo¬ case materials he is analyzing than ples can move into new stages. makers dealing with such stubborn as a systematic exposition of histor¬ issues as the Arab-Israeli conflict From his experience with individu¬ ical trends or the dynamics of poli¬ als, he concludes that even victors and the Cyprus issue. Nonetheless, tics. Moreover, to the nonspe¬ the involvement of psychiatry in must grieve to prepare the way for cialist, the challenge will be to keep the acceptance of victory. Only the practice of diplomacy remains straight the psychoanalytic con¬ at a rudimentary level. Only in when this lengthy process is com¬ cepts (e.g., “splitting”)—however plete can those who won the war dealing with international terrorism painstakingly defined. have the benefits of clinical help begin to feel empathy and compas¬ From the effort to expose the sion for those who lost. Unfortu¬ begun to be widely recognized. reality of Turkish Cyprus on a Dr. Vamik Volkan is one of the nately, cultural stereotypes, rein¬ psychological level comes a deeper forced by historical experience, pioneers of the process of exploring appreciation of the emotional bar¬ the potential for using psychiatry in hinder the completion of mourning riers to peace between neighboring and adaptation. foreign relations. A trained clinical communities. One emerges from practitioner, he was a founder of Dr. Volkan’s penetrating study Thus Dr. Volkan’s book stands the task force. Driven by his per¬ profoundly impressed with the in¬ out as a trail-blazing effort to sonal quest to understand the nate drive in each community to deepen the awareness of diplomatic psychoanalytic dynamics of the blame its ills on the other. Intui¬ practitioners. In arguing against conflict that wracked Cyprus, the tively it is easy to accept the link simplistic mechanisms for further¬ land of his birth, he has applied his ing the peace process—such as the professional expertise to the George S. Harris is director of the office of notion that community knowledge analysis of the Turkish community research and analysis for the Near East and of its rival would break down on the island. The claim that his is South Asia in the Bureau of Intelligence and barriers—his insights may be dis¬ Research in the Department of State. A “A Psychoanalytic History of Two long-time student of the eastern Mediterra¬ couraging. But in view of the dem¬ Ethnic Groups in Conflict” thus nean, he is also a professorial lecturer in onstrated difficulties of achieving somewhat exaggerates his actual Middle Eastern studies at the School of Ad¬ break-throughs in bringing the two accomplishment. It makes one long vanced International Studies of The Johns communities together, his under¬ for an equally insightful treatment Hopkins University. His hook, Troubled Al¬ liance: Turkish-American Problems in His¬ standing clearly reflects reality. He of the Greek community by one of torical Perspective, 1945-1971, discusses the suggests that only by acknowledg¬ its clinically trained psychiatrists. penultimate phases of the Cyprus dispute. ing the wrongs and hurts on both 34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 sides can an atmosphere be created In the field of politico-economic for it, including, one would hope, that would permit some progress action, from her work with the her late brother, John Foster. toward reconciliation. The task for Shurtleff Committee during World The book reads well and includes diplomats is to create a forum in War I, in a hairnet factory after¬ such pithy vignettes as that describ¬ which diplomacy can profit from wards, as a founder of social secu¬ ing passengers and crew’s reaction the psychological insights offered rity during the New Deal, in the to a submarine false alarm on the in this stimulating and innovative Board of Economic Warfare and in 1917 sea lanes. Some editing would work. the post-war reconstruction of have made it better and some er¬ Germany and Austria, also as a re¬ rors of fact could have been cor¬ vizor in foreign aid, Mrs. Dulles has rected: Charles Rist was never Bookshelf more real, solid and lasting governor, but Sous-Gouverneur of A Renaissance Woman achievements to brag about than the Banqite de France and not in many famous statesmen I can think the late thirties, but in the twenties: CHANCES OF A LIFETIME, a Memoir, of. Her Berlin construction pro¬ and Benjamin Strong was certainly b\ Eleanor Lansing Dulles. Prentice- Hall, $14.95. gram is legendary and, with exces¬ not “president” of the Bank of En¬ sive modesty, she overlooks her gland, but governor of the Federal “A memoir” by sister Eleanor? promotion of the counterpart-funds Reserve Bank of New York. Will it answer open questions about program that brought West Ger¬ This, however, is nit-picking. the Dulles era? Or, perhaps, rebut many back into production after Chances of a Lifetime will remain a Leonard Mosley’s two-year-old the currency reform of 1948. In¬ valuable autobiography of a renais¬ hackneyed theses on the role ot deed, her sparse but telling remarks sance character and a monument, John Foster and Allen in relation to on the uses of power are here to self-built with pardonable pride, to Donovan, the Wild Bill, McCarthy, stay: “Government agencies a brave person. the Witch-Hunting Witch, Noel the should not be run by clever people. —CHARLES H. TAQUEY Red Pawn, Hoover the Cop, and on They like to play . . . games,” for On Foreign Devils Suez, U-2, Bay of Pigs, etc.? In¬ instance. If Jean Monnet had been deed the book lifts a corner of the To CHINA AND BACK, by Jan Breds- such a keen observer of his own dorff. Pantheon, $10.00. veil on some dark chapters of mod¬ strategies, we would know much em history, going back to “Uncle more today about the mechanisms This memoir is partly about Bert” Lansing’s resignation from of recovery following World War II China and the Chinese and partly Wilson’s cabinet in 1919, that is for than we do. about the author. At age 22, he was the cognoscenti who will learn be¬ Important as all this appears, the employed by the Chinese govern¬ tween the lines—but this is not its major contribution might be that ment to teach English in Canton principal merit nor purpose: which is made to the women’s lib¬ middle school. Off and on, he spent Eleanor Dulles’s intense discretion eration movement by one who three years in China in the 1965- kept her harmless of conspiracies. dares to write: “I do not think a 1976 period. She will not say so, but I bet that belligerent female is a substantial His observations of the Chinese innermostly she refers to those as help in [the] civilizing process.” during and after the Great Proleta¬ male-chauvinists’ playthings. . . . She learned how to use men and rian Cultural Revolution are dis¬ For the main interest of the story how to bear the suffering that un¬ cerning and interesting. Though is the heroine’s struggle to assert avoidably follows. She was dis¬ based on intimate interaction with and accomplish herself in the man’s criminated against and all her students and teachers, in particu¬ world of theory, action and sex. former colleagues can feel penitent lar, they do not seem impressively Lest we forget it, Eleanor Dulles occupies the first rank among the monetary economists of the twen¬ tieth century with her French Franc (1928), after Irving Fisher (1911), between Jacques Rueffs Theorie Monet aire (1927) and Keynes’s Treatise on Money (1930), and long before Milton Friedman (1966), with a theory that still holds water (the lag in the vari¬ ations of the quantity of a money behind those of its internal and ex¬ ternal values); add to that the very serious project, with husband David Blondheim, to produce a French dictionary satisfying philological criteria (which neither the Academie’s nor Larousse’s do!), plus some twenty years of teaching, and you begin to have an idea of the intellectual scope and reach. Arabian Sea, by Alice Palmer FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September. 1980 3 5 profound or significant. They are, KGB defector Viktor Barisov, are assassination and subversion in of course, essentially, one man’s tyomhaya verboura—persons who Cuba; and his final embarrassment experience and conclusions. As the serve Soviet interests without as a hard-drinking, pistol-packing author is a novelist, he writes with knowing it and are therefore un¬ ex-cop out of his depth as CIA’s ease; he describes people and conscious Soviet agents. Barisov’s chief of station among sophisti¬ events vividly. Herewith a sample explosive testimony at a Senate cated Italians. of his observation: hearing vindicates Hockney and Angleton, CIA’s counter-intelli¬ . . . (I)t is difficult, no—more than sows consternation in the spy- gence boss, is pictured as Harvey’s difficult—impossible for Westerners to ridden administration next to this arch rival—jealous because Harvey fully integrate with the Chinese. There one. unmasked Philby who had duped are few countries in the world where The tale unwinds in a series of him. He was again duped by Soviet the adjective “foreign” is used so of¬ ten. In the old days . . . “foreign dev¬ interrelated episodes at a fast clip. defector Golitzin, slavishly believ¬ ils” and “big noses” were used to de¬ It is liberally sprinkled with sex; as ing his suggestions that KGB scribed Western people and “foreign the protagonist himself says, agents lurked everywhere, and that devilry” their products and culture. “That’s what sells.” Which in no they included personalities like Ar¬ As . . . the only foreign culture the way detracts from the underlying thur Schlesinger, Averell Harriman Chinese had experienced had been var¬ theme: to what extent has western and at least one “mole”—thought ious forms of imperialism, it is not sur¬ public opinion been led to accep¬ by some to be Angleton—in the prising that it should be described as tance of policies promoted by the CIA itself. devilry. Russians while allowing doubt and Martin’s journalistic style gives This personal account of a young discredit to be cast on our own? his yarn verisimilitude, but for the Dane’s experiences in China during Recent events in Asia and the Mid¬ most part, it remains largely eventful years is easy, pleasant dle East support the book’s conten¬ that—a collection of gossip and un¬ reading. It is certainly, however, tion that such issues should be of verified accounts of the CIA in ac¬ not “must” reading. paramount concern to anyone who tion. A mystery novelist might do —ROBERT W. RINDEN cares about our national security. It the job better, for his craft could Unconscious Agents remains to be seen what the press make it smoother than this book itself may have to say in reply on which purports to be true history or THE SPIKE, by Arnaud de Borchgrave and Robert Moss. Crown Publishers, this important subject. biography but which appears to be $12.95. —HENRY S. VILLARD neither, since so many of its quotes CIA In Action and stories are unsecured by any¬ The Foreign Service needs no in¬ thing stronger than the laws of troduction to Arnaud de Borch¬ WILDERNESS OF MIRRORS, by David C. Martin, Harper and Row, $12.50. libel. For the armchair spy Martin grave, Newsweek’s chief foreign provides a sometimes thrilling vi¬ correspondent, whose exclusive in¬ Wilderness of Mirrors is a carious adventure. terviews and on-the-spot coverage patchwork of interviews and re¬ —FITZHUGH GREEN of critical events are well known hashed newspaper and congres¬ Two Memoirs around the world. In collaboration sional reports of alleged CIA do¬ with Robert Moss, editor of the ings. It focuses on two CIA THE WORLD OF OZ, by Osborn Elliott. London Economist's private in¬ stars—William King Harvey and Viking, $14.95. telligence bulletin, Foreign Report, James Jesus Angleton—the first a This “inside report on big-time and an authority on revolutionary macho extrovert in the mold of G. journalism by the former editor of warfare, he has fashioned an inter¬ Gordon Liddy, and the other a sus¬ Newsweek" (to quote the subtitle) national spy thriller about the picious, Machiavellian introvert is precisely what one would expect: Soviet Union’s efforts to penetrate with a genius for conspiracy. The a breezy, boozy, snappily written, and influence Western media and author’s portraits grow into carica¬ gag-filled memoir of thirty years of high echelons of government— tures as the story develops. He two-martini lunches at “21,” fast¬ what the KGB’s Directorate A calls presents them as misshapen hu¬ breaking stories, and elbow¬ “disinformation.” The expertise mans pounded out of round by their rubbing with the great. brought to bear on the topic by weird doings in the CIA. He dem¬ The book’s best features are the these tough-minded journalists onstrates that their careers typify inside accounts of the media way of gives the first novel by either of the professional ineptitude and life, the idiosyncrasies of well- them a compelling aura of authen¬ moral bankruptcy of the CIA and known editors, and publishers ticity. its operations. (especially Henry Luce and the late In newspaper parlance, to spike Martin describes Harvey’s four Philip Graham) and anecdotes a story is to kill it; the news is thus lives in CIA: first his anti¬ about fellow-journalists. Other¬ slanted by omission. The Spike fol¬ communist drive which culminated wise, it epitomizes the superfi¬ lows the adventurous trail of a in the unveiling of notorious Soviet ciality of contemporary interna¬ young reporter, Robert Hockney, agent Kim Philby; then his leader¬ tional news coverage. Of the world from the days of campus demon¬ ship of Operation Gold—a 1,476- figures that Mr. Elliott met in the strations at Berkeley right down to foot tunnel under the Berlin Wall course of a long career there is not the timely present—and just be¬ which allowed the CIA to tap the one memorable portrait; from his yond. Along the way he writes an USSR’s secret cabled communica¬ exposure to history in the making expose of Directorate A’s activities tions; then his downfall when he not an insight worth remembering. which is spiked by the Washington failed his assignment under Robert Like an issue of his newsmagazine, World; its editors, in the words of F. Kennedy to commit sabotage, these recollections make good 36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 reading for an airplane trip and are resigned. The way was open to the legislators by Israeli authorities. as quickly forgotten. election of Juan Jose Arevalo. De¬ Elsewhere, however, he observes velopment, which Ubico had fos¬ that for some congressmen, travel WINDOWS ON THE RIVER NEVA, by tered with dramatic success, would in the Middle East “fosters opposi¬ Paul Grabbe. Pomerica Press, $8.95. be placed on a back burner. Social tion to assistance to Israel and a This is a delightful memoir of the reform would be the new thing. more pro-Arab attitude toward the totally cushioned boyhood and —WILLARD L. BEAULAC Arab-Israeli conflict.” adolescence of the son of a general Tilting Toward Israel Missing from the book is any analysis of the impact of pro-Israel and aide-de-camp to the czar in the CONGRESS AND ISRAEL, by Marvin C. years immediately prior to World Feuerwerger. Greenwood Press, congressional actions on overall War I. As in other memoirs of the $23.95. US national interests, though the period the psychological insulation author does suggest it is desirable Can a Jewish ex-employee of the of the upper classes, and their that Congress “refrain from con¬ pathetic innocence of the economic American-Israel Public Affairs troversial action when quiet and technological forces then at Committee write an objective book negotiations can be more effec¬ work in their own country and the on the subject of Congress and Is¬ tive.” Nor does he note that certain rest of the world, is what strikes rael? My answer is a qualified congressional measures—such as one most. “yes.” I know of no recent publi¬ anti-boycott legislation—appear to cation that has focused so sharply —CHARLES MAECHLING, JR. have been stimulated by groups in¬ on the subject of the behavior of tent on worsening US-Arab rela¬ The Way It Was Congress on matters relating to Is¬ tions. GUATEMALAN CAUDILLO, by Kenneth rael. Stephen Isaacs’s Jews and In his concluding chapter, J. Grieb. Ohio University Press, American Politics touches on the Feuerwerger finds a decline in Is¬ $16.00. subject, but not in any depth. rael’s popularity in Congress for The book’s title is somewhat mis¬ several reasons: its treatment of the Kenneth Grieb might have enti¬ leading, as it deals almost exclu¬ Palestinian problem; the relative tled his book, That’s the Way it sively with the House of Represen¬ youth of today’s Congress, with Was. He gives us a splendidly de¬ tatives. The period of time covered only vague memories of the tailed portrait of dictator Jorge by the study is 1969-1976. The au¬ Holocaust; the Vietnam complex; Ubico, of the environment that thor demonstrates that Congress’s and the possible loss of energy produced him and that he could not impact on US arms sales policy to sources. The appendices include escape, of how Ubico affected that Israel was less important than on the texts of important resolutions environment, and of how the envi¬ foreign assistance appropriations and letters, and there is an excel¬ ronment affected Ubico. because the former was considered lent bibliography. The price is high; Guatemalan Caudillo is eloquent an important element of American $23.95. in the sense that meaningful facts Mideast diplomacy. He also notes —JAMES H. BAHTI clearly set forth are eloquent. At that, in its generosity with eco¬ The Urge to Kill times Grieb’s facts approach high nomic aid to Israel (including debt drama; as when Ubico, president of forgiveness), Congress has elimi¬ THE DARKROOM, by Carolyn Banks. a tiny Central American republic, nated a powerful executive bargain¬ Viking, $10.95. maneuvers Secretary of State ing device. Bradford Bishop is alive and well Henry L. Stimson, who has la¬ Why the pro-Israel sentiment? and preparing to commit a few bored mightily to reduce con- First, Jewish groups are well- more axe murders. That’s the pre¬ tinuismo in Central America, into organized and can mount a cam¬ mise of this novel which fic¬ appearing to endorse Ubico’s plan paign in a hurry. Second, anti- tionalizes the Bishop murders and to continue in office contrary to Israel groups are badly organized disappearance. A disjointed effort provisions of the constitution. and fragmented. And third, most to explore the motivation of While Grieb is painting a portrait congressmen, though confused William Holland (the character of Ubico and his times, he is also about our “commitment” to Israel, based on Bishop) leads one to the telling us much about dictatorship start with a basic sympathy for that conclusion that Mom's insistence in general; what leads to it and country, and it is so much easier to on good behavior combined with what it may lead to. Especially take a position consonant with that his wife’s gentle nagging pushed noteworthy are his topical ap¬ of a group of vocal, highly- him into becoming an axe mur¬ proach, his use of both Guatemalan organized constituents, even derer. and United States documents, and though, as in some districts, that The plot is sketchy, but the his extensive use of interviews that group may not control many votes. characters stand out, especially a enable him to depict characters as The author gives comparatively henpecked CIA agent rather well as present facts. less credit to the influence of gratuitously involved in tracking By 1944 Ubico was already sepa¬ Jewish congressmen upon their col¬ Holland down and Holland's sec¬ rated from reality. When he tried to leagues. He also faults the execu¬ ond wife, an overwhelmed divor¬ extend his term of office a second tive branch—at least during the cee. time a student revolt broke out. Ninety-fourth Congress—for fail¬ It hardly provides any clue to the The middle class he had helped to ing to raise strong objections to cer¬ Bishop mystery, but this book def¬ create, but which had been given tain pro-Israel actions. initely gives some motivation to no role in the political process, The author also notes the red- stop nagging one’s spouse. turned against him. On July 1 he carpet treatment given visiting —KAREN FOSTER IGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 37 Thirty Years in China fering from paranoia. However, voice in their own affairs. . . . Mao this kind of paranoia also induces remains China’s great liberator. MY HOUSE HAS TWO DOORS, by Han devotion and fascination. . . . She Without him, the present-day re¬ Suyin. Putnam's, $19.95. certainly convinced Roxane Witke birth could not have happened.” Encompassing momentous (Comrade Chiang Ching) that she China’s Future: “The present events in China (1949-1979), this was 'outstanding .... I think she Chinese leaders know that in order unique account of those events— will be a very important woman in to succeed, the people must be with this poignant memoir of the au¬ China’s history,’ said Miss Witke.” them. For this, they must ensure thor’s life in those tumultuous Lin Piao: “Lin Piao has indeed stability and peace, food in abun¬ times—informs and enthralls. With plotted to seize power by a military dance and consumer goods. But, ready access to China’s movers- coup. . . . His ‘unbounded love” above all, they must give constitu¬ and-shakers and with long years of for Mao, the father figure, turned to tional guarantees of rights and friendship with many, she writes hatred. He called Mao a feudal ty¬ liberties for the individual.” with authority, insight and felicity. rant.” The historical value and personal America: “The power, the revelation of this 655-page apologia Chou En-lai: “Chou En-lai (in greatness, the technological might pro vita sua defies encapsulation. It 1972) was pulling China together of America captured us . . . should be enjoyed and pondered in after the strains, tosses, the up¬ America’s natural beauty, its space its entirety. Yet, herewith a few heavals (of the ‘Great Proletarian and immensity but also an anxious excerpts. Cultural Revolution’). Readjust¬ emptiness. . . . After a while, we Mme. Sun Yat-sen: “I love the ment, consolidation, elevation were assaulted by a sameness. A American people. I consider were the key words. ... As Chou conformism numbing in its unspo¬ America my second home.” En-lai said: of finding out what was ken, absolute authority. . . . The (Younger sister of Mme. Chiang valid and what did not work, al¬ same coffee in all the cafeterias, Kai-shek, she is a Vice-Chairman, ways with the same object in view: hotels, and restaurants dispensed Chinese People’s Republic, a to chart China’s road to swift de¬ by interchangeable waitresses. . . . graduate of Wesleyan College, velopment, to speed her progress.” Love is a many-splendoured Middletown, Conn.) Mao Tse-tung: “Anyone who thing: (Hong Kong, 1949) “And Mme. Mao Tse-tung (Chiang reads Mao thoroughly realizes that then there came to me, at last, love, Ch’ing): “There is no doubt in my he was a populist; that he tried to Ian Morrison. He will be with me mind that Chiang Ch’ing was suf¬ give the people of China more always. I knew then the great mar-

I was the strong silent type at cocktail parties until I started reading the JOURNAL. I'm still silent but I can no longer tear the phone book in half.

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 vel and enchantment of love. . . . In the late ’40s Eveland was an fluence far outweighing that of the When it came to choosing what I army major and Arab specialist in US ambassador and the AID mis¬ would do. 1 would always choose the office of the assistant secretary sion chief. the loyalty to my emotions.” (Ian of defense for international security If what Eveland says is true, our Morrison, war correspondent for affairs (ISA). As a result of in¬ overt and covert interventions dur¬ the London Times, was killed in the volvement in the first US military ing this period accomplished little Korean War.) assistance programs to the Middle except to compound the existing —ROBERT W. RINDEN East he rose rapidly in rank and re¬ turmoil. Much of our covert action sponsibility, making a meteoric was devised by amateurs and based leap to GS-18 on the Eisenhower on ignorance of the local situation. NSC staff. At this point he was So infatuated was Allen Dulles with CIA Intrigues loaned to the CIA as a sort of resi¬ covert operations that he neglected dent trouble shooter and secret intelligence gathering to the point ROPES OF SAND: America's Failure in emissary of Secretary of State John of planning the Syrian coup of 1956 the Middle East, by Wilbur Crane Eve- Foster Dulles and his brother CIA land. Norton, $14.95. (financed by a trunkful of cash per¬ Director Allen Dulles in the Middle sonally smuggled by Eveland) for The title of this vivid and well- East. the same day that Israel invaded written memoir of US involvement The story that unfolds makes Egypt. In first promoting the rise of in the Middle East is misleading: it barely credible reading in the ’80s. Nasser, and then plotting against is a history of CIA intrigues in Iraq, Then in the flood tide of its power him as a tool of “international Egypt, Syria and Lebanon during and influence, the CIA poured communism,” the Dulles brothers the period 1948-1960 rather than an money and personnel into the Mid¬ set back US-Egyptian relations by analysis of current events. En¬ dle East in an effort to fill the vac¬ ten years. Throughout, US domes¬ dorsed by Ambassador Charles W. uum caused by the withdrawal of tic politics and a theological ap¬ Yost as an exposure of the “arro¬ the British and French. Intervening proach to communism precluded gance and naivete of much of US in local elections, bribing politi¬ understanding that it was Israel and Middle East policy in those years,” cians and army leaders, using the Palestinian question, not the it is all the more effective for the American business and charitable Soviet threat, that was fueling Arab thread of almost comic misadven¬ organizations as cover, the CIA radicalism. ture that attended the author’s meddled on a grand scale in Iraq, In Lebanon the author describes checkered career. Syria and Lebanon, attaining an in¬ how he regularly traveled back and Introduce a S0FCU has Swings hr M Seasons Heidelberger to W a hamburger. When you host a student for one bans fbr Ml Reasons year while he attends high school in your community, you can experience Vehicles an exchange of learning and teaching on new international levels. Home Improvements Every hosting AFS family gets a Education chance to introduce our American Bill Consolidation way of life to a foreigner For more information write to: AFS Vacations International Intercultural Programs, and MORE 313 E. 43rd Street, N.Y, N.Y 10017. Or call toll free (800) 327-2777. In Florida (800) 432-2766. AFS International Exchanges for high school students. We provide the students. You provide the love.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 39 forth to the presidential palace with and agents, and revelations of people mentioned in the book. I suitcases full of Lebanese pounds. hitherto “deniable” operations— became so charmed by the authors’ In Iraq and Syria US policy, guided that its publication makes a moc¬ action-packed journalistic style by Kermit and Archibald Roosevelt kery of the Supreme Court decision that it was difficult to put the book of the CIA, seems to have been in the Snepp case. down. It was as if I were trans¬ largely a matter of conspiracy. —CHARLES MAECHLING, JR. ported back to the Cuba I had left. “What, I wondered,” complains Having digested the feast of a the author at one point, “were our Pre-Castro Cuba most pleasurable first reading, a ambassadors supposed to be do¬ more critical examination of the ing? And if Washington really be¬ THE WINDS OF DECEMBER, by John book revealed a few minor errors lieved all this nonsense, we could Dorschner and Roberto Fabrico. Cow¬ and some omissions despite the in theory close down our embas¬ ard, McCann and Geoghegan, $15.95. obvious effort on the part of the au¬ sies, use safe-house meetings to di¬ This year Fidel Castro’s regime thors to be accurate. The extensive rect foreign affairs, and substitute in Cuba celebrated its 21st anniver¬ use of personal interviews, al¬ subsidies to our ‘agents’ for con¬ sary. Despite the bearded dic¬ though more than a score of years ventional foreign aid.” tator’s persistent claims that condi¬ have elapsed since the events took The author’s note makes much of tions have been greatly improved place, has provided a diversity of the fact that the CIA first held up since President Fulgencio Batista’s viewpoints. publication of the book for forty-six departure, more than one out of Despite its shortcomings as a de¬ days and then inexplicably refused every ten Cubans have chosen the finitive history, The Winds of De¬ to review it. Whether this was hardships of escape and exile. The cember is recommended to the owing to the author’s ambiguous Winds of December provides a fas¬ thoughtful reader as a source of status—he was never a CIA career cinating account of the two frenetic valuable lessons to be learned from employee in the formal sense—or months preceding Batista’s dra¬ the US experience with Castro’s because the galleys were already in matic flight from Havana in the revolution. These lessons are print, is not made clear. In any case early morning hours on New applicable not only to our current there is such a wealth of classified Year’s Day 1959. foreign policy in Latin America but and incriminating detail in this fas¬ As the US naval attache to Cuba can be useful in our relations with cinating book—including CIA ac¬ from mid-1954 through most of revolutionary movements through¬ ronyms, communication methods, 1957, I knew the island well and out the world. identities of CIA station personnel was acquainted with many of the —LIONEL KRISEL

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40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 POST OFFICES COMMUNICATION,from page 8 from page 18 as internal discussion is concerned) I’d been to live in Africa all alone, which he has strong views. It is one which Kissinger attacks in the East of how exciting Paris must have of the charming aspects of Ameri¬ Pakistan case is made more dif¬ been. As he embellished the stories can democracy that once a bureau¬ ficult by mindless identification of my adventures, told to him by crat has managed to implant a with real and imagined presidential Maya, I was suddenly aware of a phrase or idea in a presidental policy. small group of people behind me. statement or policy, that phrase or Your January 1980 issue is in¬ Some were servants, others were idea can at once be cited as a foun¬ deed an excellent one. The Journal businessmen with briefcases. A dation stone of US policy. This needs no Wayward Press column. couple of young women in scarlet phenomenon, coupled with the bu¬ But occasionally it needs a second and yellow saris stood near the reaucracy’s tendency to bend over look to puncture foreign service door. They had all come quietly backwards in following a presiden¬ complacency. and stood listening. tial lead, makes it positively I wondered what strange images dangerous for the Foreign Service were forming in the minds of those officer to nail his flag to the presi¬ who understood English as the dential mast. The president only postmaster’s sing-song voice nar¬ knows best if such knowledge is rated my experiences in the Andes based on strong and untrammeled mountains of South America, reporting and such reporting and where I had stayed alone on my analysis will occur only if there is coffee farm during vacations. not an a priori desire to tilt the “ . . . always in fear of being analysis in the direction which the kidnapped, weren’t you?” I was analyzer thinks is the prejudice of surprised to hear him ask. Such a an administration or a president. thought hadn’t occurred to me, but The attitude on the seventh floor, not wanting to spoil his story I the FSO described by Mr. Davis, nodded. the Foreign Service attacked by After paying for the stamps, I Mr. Kissinger are all instances of said goodbye, smiled self¬ presumptive tilt in the direction of consciously at the upturned faces prevailing presidential prejudice. and slipped away as the high- Dissent carried on to the point of pitched voice switched to Bengali. decision-making (and beyond as far

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On top was around the world in what we know Still, though not a total surprise, the memo requesting my now, but did not know then, were the shock was terrible. We had reinstatement, and on it was scrib¬ the closing weeks of the war. lived under his strong and benevo¬ bled in shaky, almost illegible lent arm for twelve years. The war hand, perhaps on his very last Two sad little incidents stand out was still at the flood and was al¬ morning, “OK FDR.’’ in my memory. The first was a ready giving birth to a host of in¬ I was not, however, destined to visit with Stettinius to a military tractable problems. Truman was an return to foreign service until I had hospital to which the severely almost totally unknown quantity. in 1945 attended two famous con¬ wounded from the battle of How would we survive? ferences, that at San Francisco Okinawa had just been flown, the Oddly enough, I received a post¬ where the UN Charter was com¬ long rows of maimed and mangled humous note from President pleted and signed, and that at men, some surviving only in a hob- Roosevelt. After the frustration of Potsdam, the last meeting of the goblined world of their own, others my Italian plans, I had decided to Big Three, the last meeting with fumbling awkwardly to muster apply for reinstatement in the our Soviet allies at which at least some response to the strange civil¬ Foreign Service, with a view to the facade of friendship was main¬ ian “brass” at their bedsides. breaking out of Washington after so tained. The second was the last meal in many years and going to a post At San Francisco my first duty the penthouse of the Fairmont abroad as soon as possible. The was to draft each evening a report Hotel with a stricken Stettinius mills of the bureaucracy had from the secretary to the president who had just learned, though ground slowly, my application had on what had transpired during the others had long known, that on his at last been accepted, and a brief day, a practice incidentally which, return to Washington next day he memorandum requesting presiden¬ if it had been followed later by Sec¬ would be required to resign his tial approval had been sent to the retary Byrnes during his official great office. At the pinnacle of his White House. There it totally and peregrinations, might well have success, just after the conference

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42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 of fifty nations he had shepherded decisions of the conference. ankle-deep in third-class military had been triumphantly concluded Perhaps Will Clayton and Ed medals, no longer of interest to and the United Nations Charter Pauley, because of their involve¬ anyone. In the dark, dank, gutted signed with pomp and ceremony, ment with the reparations question, cellars where Hitler and Goebbels his personal future lay in ruins at which was Truman’s and Byrnes’s had died, the stink, the murk and his feet. Four of us ate quietly at main concern, were the most in¬ the silence were almost unbear¬ the shrunken table and, looking out fluential. able. We got out as fast as we the high French windows at the could. beautiful city, talked of casual in¬ Before the conference opened The American and British dele¬ consequent things. our delegation toured what was gations were housed in Neu Within a few days I was off to once Berlin, saw the desolation of Babelsberg, a gracious colony of Potsdam as secretary general of the tumbled brick and twisted steel villas, untouched by war, inhabited US delegation, Jimmy Byrnes, who stretching as far as the eye could until a few days before our arrival had barely been sworn in as secre¬ see, smelled the stench of burning, by producers, directors and actors tary of state, having accepted Stet- corruption and dust. At one end of from the nearby UFA film studios, tinius’s nominations for the delega¬ the Unter den Linden a black a little Hollywood on the Wannsee. tion almost intact, adding only market bazaar was in lively pro¬ I recall behind the elegant villa three or four of his own people in¬ gress, Berliners, mostly women, where the American “mess” was cluding, somewhat incongruously, some in rags, some still in faded installed a fresh grave in which was Ben Cohen, one of the chief ar¬ elegance, bartering watches, buried, we were cheerfully in¬ chitects of the New Deal, Admiral jewelry, priceless antiques, for formed by our mess sergeant, the Leahy, former chief of naval opera¬ food or cigarettes proffered by cal¬ owner of the villa who had been tions and ambassador to Vichy, low Red Army GIs. Refugees from ousted without warning by the and Joseph Davies, husband of the east streamed along the main Russians and had imprudently Marjorie Merriwether Post, pre¬ highways, pulling their few pitiful sought to return under cover of war ambassador to Moscow and rescued possessions in little carts, darkness to retrieve some of her apologist for Stalin. Actually none often a sleeping child sprawled on property. of these three, nor indeed Averell top. In Hitler’s massive marbled I recall a great reception given by Flarriman, Robert Murphy nor Reichschancellory everything of the British in a pompous Victorian most of Stettinius’s nominees value had been wrenched from palace built by Kaiser Wilhelm. played much part in the substantive floor and walls; only one room was Having been asked by a junior

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 43 member of the British delegation to father, a would-be “naval person” rambled on about history, justice help entertain one of his principals, in his own time. We noticed one and future generations, Stalin I was introduced to a bald little man day that Admiral Leahy was exam¬ leaned back in his chair and figuratively sucking his thumb in a ining these volumes with deep watched the smoke of his cigarette corner of the vast hall, totally ig¬ interest, and the next that several curling lazily to the ceiling. He was nored by all the bemedaled, berib- had disappeared. Before the con¬ never angry or impatient, as Tru¬ boned personages chattering there. ference ended, there were yawning man and Bevin sometimes were. He was Clement Attlee, within a gaps on the library shelves. Many He rose only twice from his chair fortnight to become prime minister of us had followed the admiral’s during the sessions: once to show of Britain. When I dropped in at impeccable example, on the theory the president a map of Stettin and British headquarters the evening that any volumes we did not “lib¬ its environs which he proposed be after the election returns came in, erate” the Russians after our de¬ ceded to Poland in further compen¬ the gloom could have been cut with parture would. sation for what it had “lost in the a knife. Both civilian and military I have given earlier my impres¬ east,” a second time warmly to Oxbridge types thought the end of sions of Stalin, Churchill and Tru¬ greet Field Marshal Alexander, the the world had come. Yet the most man at the conference. Stalin cer¬ conqueror of Italy, who had been impressive Britisher taking part in tainly overshadowed the other two called in to make a point by the conference was Ernie Bevin, in confidence, competence and Churchill. the enormously corpulent, inde- cunning. He also completely domi¬ I recall old Henry Stimson, a lit¬ fatigably combative, instinctively nated, indeed presumably, though tle late for an appointment with Sta¬ incredulous trade union leader and not visibly, terrified, his own sub¬ lin, shuffling down a long carpeted now foreign secretary. ordinates. Molotov, who met in the corridor with half a dozen Russian The conference itself was held in mornings with the other foreign underlings circling anxiously about the Cecilienhof Palace which had ministers and reported in the after¬ him and chivying him on. belonged to the Hohenzollem noons to the Big Three, Stalin re¬ I recall the last night of the con¬ crown prince and princess. The peatedly reproached for having ference, almost midnight, the three American delegation met in what been too adamant and uncom¬ great men tired but jovial, their had been their heterogeneous li¬ promising with “our friends,” work almost complete, in a few brary, which included a number of overruled on nonessentials and minutes tying up the loose ends, volumes on naval affairs bearing supported adamantly on the things offhandedly confirming the fate of the nameplate of the prince’s that mattered. While Churchill populations and principalities.

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44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 LETTERS, from page 4 MERIT AWARDS, from page 30 Nancy M. Tumavick and Jonathan L. Sperling, both FSRs with AID. under secretary. It seemed to me for the Naval Research Labora¬ Ms. Tumavick is the Bangladesh then that the walls were caving in tories. Will attend Yale University, Desk officer and Mr. Sperling is the upon the Service. And while I visu¬ majoring in physics and Deputy Desk officer for Egypt. alized myself as trying to hold up philosophy, then hopes for a Ph.D. the temple. I’m sure there were in physics at MIT or Berkeley. those in the Service who saw me as Wendell A. Piez, son of William Deaths being the blind Samson—trying to and Mary Ellen Piez, State. Bom in pull it all down. In any case, I con¬ Germany and lived in Afghanistan, Boylan. Robert J. Boylan, FSR- vened a group of non-career assis¬ the Philippines and Japan. Grad¬ retired, died on July 27 in Washing¬ tant secretaries to talk about the uated from The American School in ton. Mr. Boylan joined the Foreign Foreign Service, its strengths, its Japan. His interests include the Service in 1951 and served at Sin¬ weaknesses, and its needs. Their biological and social sciences, gapore, Canberra, Tokyo and Cal¬ unanimous response to my computer science, linguistics, liter¬ cutta before his retirement in 1970 question—“In your experience, ature and music. Plays the trumpet from USIA. After retirement he what characteristics distinguish a and participates in singing groups, was a senior editorial specialist career Foreign Service officer from debate and spring musicals. Also with both the National Retired a person from business, academe, on the tennis team. National Merit Teachers Association and the or politics?”— was one word, Finalist. Will attend Yale. American Association of Retired “Availability.” I was shocked. But Persons in Washington. He is sur¬ pry, prod, and probe as I would, David G. Brown also received a vived by his wife, Margaret, 2803 they would not grant me more. merit award but his biography and Arizona Terrace, N.W., Washing¬ “Availability!” photo were not received in time for ton, D.C. 20016, two daughters, It is my sincere hope that the inclusion in this issue. Elisabeth and Ann, a son, Robert Service will rally to Smith’s call for IV, and a sister, Rose Josephine a renewal of our diplomatic profes¬ Boylan of East St. Louis, 111. sionalism; for it’s the members of Carey. Gloria W. Carey, widow of the Foreign Service who must FSO Robert V. Carey, died on J une change and cause change to hap¬ 27 in Cleveland, Ohio. Mrs. Carey pen. The apparatus of the depart¬ accompanied her husband on as¬ ment is only the vehicle. Marriage signments to Asuncion, Caracas, Smith’s straightforward, direct Brussels, Oslo and Montevideo. and simple message reminds me Ennis-Ennis. Barbara Ennis, widow She worked as a nurse at Arlington that there is both beauty and power of FSO James H. Ennis, and Ar¬ Hospital from 1971 until her hus¬ in the uncomplicated. His message thur F. Ennis were married on June band’s retirement in 1976. Mrs. to us is reminiscent of the little boy 14 at St. John’s Lafayette Square. Carey is survived by two sons, in the story of the “Emperor’s New Present address is 2911 39th Street, Robert of Cleveland and Andrew of Clothes.” So, as I say, it’s my hope N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016. Oakville, Tenn., two daughters, that the Service will also hear George-Weiss. Tanya Maria George Mary Elizabeth Kleiber of Ar¬ Smith’s message—“But, fellow of¬ lington and Ginger Carey of Cleve¬ ficers, we lack diplomatic skills and David Alan Weiss, son of FSO-retired and Mrs. Leonard land, a brother, two sisters and four adequate to cover our needs.” If grandchildren. we can indeed hear this without Weiss, were married on June 19 in being unduly defensive or angry, Washington. Mr. and Mrs. Weiss Fleming. Catherine G. Fleming, maybe we will think seriously of are with the Peace Corps, she as FS-retired, died on July 9 at the doing something about it. It’s my desk officer for Morocco, Tunisia Hermitage Nursing Center. Ms. personal view that there have been and Yemen and he as special assis¬ Fleming entered the Foreign Ser¬ tant to the director. few times in our history when the vice in 1944 and served at Naples, need for diplomatic profession¬ Vance-Hoy. Marie Esterline- Belgrade, Caserta, Caracas, To¬ alism has been greater. And if Vance, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. kyo, Rangoon, Buenos Aires, Can¬ change does come about, we shall John H. Esterline, FSIO-retired, berra, Tel Aviv and Dublin. She is all owe Smith, Leon, and the Jour¬ was married to John Craven Hoy survived by a niece, Mrs. Karen nal itself a great debt of gratitude. on May 22, on Nantucket Island. Gejdenson, P.O. Box 181, Fitch- ville, Conn. 06334. WILLIAM J. CROCKETT Birth Foreign Service Officer Retired McNamara. A son, Marc Francis, Gallman. Waldemar J. Gallman, re¬ bom to FSO F. Terry McNamara tired ambassador, died on June Peoria, Arizona and Cong Tang Ton Nu Nhu De on 28 in Washington. Ambassador July 20, in Alexandria, Va. Gallman entered the Foreign Ser¬ Peck. A daughter, Julia Katherine, vice in 1922 and served at Habana, born to FSO and Mrs. Edward L. San Jose, Quito, Riga, Warsaw, Peck on July 16, in Washington. Danzig, London, and as ambas¬ JOIN AFSA sador to Poland, Union of South (OR ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO JOIN) Tumavick/Sperling. Alexandra Africa and Iraq. Before his retire¬ Sperling born July 27, 1980 to ment in 1961, he served as director FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 45 general of the Foreign Service. He dition to her husband of 2661 spent the next nine years as a con¬ Windsor Circle West, Eugene, sultant to the governments of South Oregon 97405, she is survived by a In order to be of maximum assistance to Korea and Vietnam, helping those son, Ensign William R. Killea, a AFSA members and Journal readers we are countries establish diplomatic recent graduate of the USNA, and accepting these listings until the 15th of training programs. Ambassador a daughter, Anne, of the home ad¬ each month for publication in the issue Gallman was the author of Iraq dress. dated the following month. The rate is 40$ under General Nuri (Johns Hop¬ per word, less 2% for payment in advance, Mag. Edward A. Mag, FSO- kins Press, 1964). He is survived by retired, died on July 5 in La Jolla, minimum 10 words. Mail copy for adver¬ two sons, John G., of Bloomington, tisement and check to: Classified Ads, California. Mr. Mag entered' the Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, Ind., and Philip G., of Burke, Va. Foreign Service in 1948 and served N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. The family suggests that expres¬ at Budapest, Vienna, Tokyo and sions of sympathy be in the form of REAL ESTATE Rome before his retirement in 1962. contributions to the AFSA Schol¬ He continued to live in Italy for 15 CHOICE VERMONT REAL ESTATE. Free illustrated arship Fund. brochure. Retired foreign service officer on staff. years as a consultant on American Peter D. Watson Agency Inc., Greensboro, Vt. Gowen. Mrs. Franklin C. Gowen, and international law. He is sur¬ 05841. 802-533-2651. wife of FSO-retired Franklin C. vived by his wife, Mary Walker FLORIDA—WATERFRONT, CONDOS—HOMES—IN¬ Gowen, died on June 2 in New Mag, 201 Via Ossuna, Rancho VESTMENTS—LAND. Helen Clark Realty, Realtor, 353 Tilden St., Dunedin, Fla. 33528. Tel. 813- York City. Mrs. Gowen accom Santa Fe, California 92067, and two 734-0390 eve. 733-9428. panied her husband to posts a brothers, Arthur Mag of Kansas ARE YOU SINGLE and thinking of retirement? Rome, Naples, Palermo, London, City, Mo. and Morton Mag of New Looking for a HOME? Consider the Central Florida Vatican City, Mexico City and Britain, Conn. area which offers year round golf, tennis, boat¬ Geneva before his retirement. Mrs. Moore. Marcia L. Martin Moore, ing, fishing, educational facilities, fine shop¬ Gowen was active in charitable en¬ ping areas, and the good life. Join other Foreign FSO-retired, died on June 2, in Service retirees in the Golden Triangle Sunshine terprises, including volunteer Red Sarasota. Mrs. Moore entered the Area. Contact Central Service Realty—Realty Cross work. In addition to her hus¬ Foreign Service in 1947 and served World, P.O. Box 151, Mount Dora, Florida band, 176 East 77th Street, New 32757—1904) 383-4197. at Guatemala, Tokyo, Yokohama, York, N.Y. 10021, she is survived Naples, Saigon, London, Dakar TAX RETURNS by two sons, William Edward Wic- and Nairobi before her retirement TAX PROBLEMS, returns and representation.'T. kersham Gowen and George W. in 1976. She is survived by her hus¬ R. McCartney (ex-FS) and John Zysk (ex-IRS), En¬ Gowen, II, and four grandchildren. rolled Agents. Business Data Corp., P.O. Box band, Brockman M. Moore, 55 57256, Washington, D.C. 20037. (703) 522- Henebry. Information on Charles Pharr Road, N.W., Apt. 204-C, At¬ 1040. Williams Henebry, FSO-retired, lanta, Ga. 30305 and her step¬ BOOKS who died on April 16, was incom¬ mother, Florence S. Laurence of IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, plete in the July/August Journal. Coral Gables. A perpetual memo¬ perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO- retired, Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. Mr. Henebry entered the Foreign rial scholarship will be given in her CURRENT PAPERBACKS airmailed within 5 days Service in 1955 and served at name by the American Foreign at reasonable prices. Send for monthly list to Munich, Hamburg, Frankfort, Bei¬ Service Association beginning this Circle Enterprises, Box 1051, Severna Park, rut, Tripoli and Basra before his re¬ year. Maryland 21146 tirement in the mid-’60s. In addi¬ Richardson. William Garland NEWSLETTER tion to his mother, he is survived Richardson, FSO-retired, died on WASHINGTON, D.C. UPDATE: Write for a free in¬ by his son, Charles William, Jr., May 19, in Geneva, New York. Mr. troductory issue of the WASHINGTON OVERSEAS 1100 South Adams St., Denver, Richardson joined the Foreign Ser¬ NEWSLETTER—the monthly newsletter which Colo. 80210. keeps you up-to-date on Washington's real es¬ vice in 1935 and served at Tokyo, tate, food prices, financial opportunities, res¬ Killea. Anne (Nan) O. Killea, wife Nagoya, Darien, Sao Paulo, Ma¬ taurants, cultural events and shopping. Write to: of William D. Killea, FSIO-ret., nila, St. John’s, Monrovia, Munich Phoenix Enterprises, P.O. Box 406, Vienna, Va. died on June 19 in Eugene, Oregon. 22180. and Paramaribo before his retire¬ HOME EXCHANGE Mrs. Killea accompanied her fam¬ ment in 1965. He is survived by his SABBATICAL? Rent/exchange housing worldwide. ily to posts in Mexico City, wife of 99 William Street, Geneva, Loan-A-Home, 18F Darwood, Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Guadalajara, Karachi, Lima, New York 14456. Lagos, Vienna and Tehran. In ad- Sakaue. Muneo Sakaue, FSO- D.C. APARTMENT (5-months—Nov. 15, 1980-Apr. Conrad PLUMBINGS retired, died on April 29 in Falls 15, 1981). Fully furnished 2-bedrooms, 2-baths; Church. Mr. Sakaue joined the spacious, convenient, near zoo. $900/month (ne¬ gotiable) includes heat, light, gas, inside park¬ Northwest Plumber Foreign Service in 1956 and served ing. J. E. Rosenthal, 2737 Devonshire PI., Apt. SERVING: Spring Valley, Chevy Chase, Cleveland Park, in Tokyo, Frankfurt am Main, 303, Washington, D.C. 20008 (202) 387-8914. Friendship Heights, Georgetown, Glover Park, Adams Osaka-Kobe and Frankfurt again. Morgan Washington D.C. Licensed S Insured USED CAR RENTAL After retirement in 1976, he was SPECIALIZING in safe, reliable USED CAR trans¬ COMPLETE PLUMBING REPAIRS called on to serve short assign¬ portation from $7.95/day including free mileage • BATH S KITCHEN REMODELING ments in Manila, Kingston and allowance. Special weekly/monthly rates avail¬ • BOILERS, WATER HEATERS Amsterdam. He is survived by his able. Ideal when shipping POV or on HOME • JACUZZI & WHIRP00L BATHS • SEWER & DRAIN CLEANING wife, the former Jane Kubota, 3705 LEAVE. For info send stamped, self-addressed • CONVERSION FROM OIL TO GAS HEAT envelope. DRIVE-A-BARGAIN RENT-A-CAR, 312 S. S. George Mason Dr., 1114-S, Falls 244-7346 Church, Va. 22041, two sons and a Pickett St., Alexandria, Va. 22304, Tel. (703) 5330 Belt Rd. N.W. Washington DC 20015 823-1330. daughter. 46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1980 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20037 Please enter a JOURNAL subscription for one year, $7.50, to be sent to: Name Street City and State Zip .... Please enter a GIFT subscription for one year, $6.50, to be sent to: Name Street City and State Zip .... DONOR (must be AFSA member) Street City and State _ Zip

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A gift of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL will bring you closer to them, each month of the year. Families and friends will enjoy learning more about the foreign affairs agencies, and the duties, problems and pleasures of life overseas and in Washington.

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