Knowledge “War was inevitable Year 8 World War I Unit #1 Organiser in Europe in 1914”.

Causes of Tension and War Archduke Franz Ferdinand Gavrilo Princip Key Terms • A member of the Austrian Royal • Gavrilo Princip was Family - nephew of Emperor Franz born in Bosnia in Militarism Building up military forces. Military Josef 1894, the son of a The army and navy – • Heir to the Austrian throne (next in postman. Agreements between fighting forces line to be the Emperor / ruler of • He became a Alliances countries to support each Alliances Austria-Hungary) member of the Black other in war. Promises between • Not very well liked in Austria Hand – a Serbian countries to support Pride and devotion to one’s • Married to Sophie and had three terrorist organisation Nationalism each other country. Children which wanted to hurt Colony • Was sent on a Royal tour to Sarajevo, Austria and get it out The countries that make One country taking over the capital of Bosnia – a county which of Bosnia. up an Empire Imperialism another country Austria has just taken over. • Planned to The Balkans economically and politically. • Assassinated on June 28, 1914 by assassinate Franz Serbia and Bosnia Gavrilo Princip Ferdinand The murder of Franz Nationalism Assassination Ferdinand. Profound pride in ones country Timeline of 1914 – events leading up to the start of WW1 Competition Rivalry over trade. Slav An ethnic group from June 28 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand, prince to the Austria- Russia Alliances Hungary throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian named Annex In 1914 there were two main power blocks / alliances: Gavrilo Princip. Forcing a nation to July 23 - Austria-Hungary demands Serbia pay for the become part of yours The Triple Entente- Great Britain / France / Archduke assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Serbia does not meet these Russia A senior member of the The Triple Alliance- Germany / Italy and Austria- demands. Austrian royal family Hungary July 28 - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia begins Assassination Each member promised to help its allies if they were mobilizing its troops. Politically motivated attacked by a country belonging to another alliance. August 1 - Germany declares war on Russia. murder August 3 - Germany declares war on France as part of the Sarajevo Schlieffen Plan. The capital of Bosnia Weapons August 4 - Germany invades Belgium. Britain declares war on Ultimatum Germany. Do it or else! Machine Guns: Very heavy; placed in fixed position on front The July Crisis August 23 to 30 - The Battle of Tannenberg is fought between lines; needed 3-4 men to operate; killed 25 men in the open, The events leading to 0.1 in trenches . Germany and Russia. The Germans defeat the Russian Second war in 1914 Heavy Artillery: Large heavy cannons; fired 14 miles; fired Army. Mobilisation large shells 2,700kg containing lead ball bearings; located September 5 to 12 - The advancing German army is stopped on rear lines; killed 50 men out in open, o.5 men in trenches. Getting ready to fight Light Artillery: Could fire up to 10 miles (field gun) or 3 before Paris by the British and French at the First Battle of the Conscientious Objectors miles (trench mortar); used in front line or reserve Marne. The Germans dig in and four years of trench warfare People who refused to trenches; more accurate than heavy artillery; some fired begins. fight or be involved with mortar bombs/’toffee-apple’ bombs; killed up to 10 men in war. the open, 0.5 in a trench. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was a fluke event. If Many nations in Europe did Gavrilo Princip was not in exactly the not want war, and did same café in front of which Franz everything they could to Ferdinand stopped, the shooting avoid it. England especially would not have occurred at all. If he did not want to get drawn was not killed then Austria – Hungary into a war and used would not have sent Serbia an diplomacy to try to dispel ultimatum, and declared war on July conflict. 28, 1914. Without this event there Trenches would have been no ‘spark’ to cause Trenches were long, narrow ditches dug into the ground war. where soldiers lived all day and night [2m deep by 1m wide]. There were 3 lines of trenches – Front Line, Alliances – because Service Line and Rear Line. They were dug in a zig zag of the system of pattern, which made them even more cramped. There Was War alliances a threat were dug-outs for resting and a fire-step half way up so At any point in to any single nation that soldiers could ‘stand-to-arms’. the lead up to Inevitable became an act of war in July 1914 aggression to 3 Life and Conditions in the Trenches the conflict in 1914? countries. If any of Soldiers in the trenches did not get much sleep. When could have been the 6 countries in they did, it was in the afternoon during daylight and at de-escalated. the alliance was night only for an hour at a time. They were woken up at attacked for any different times, either to complete one of their daily reason, all five of chores or to fight. During rest time, they wrote letters them would have to and sometimes played card games. join the war. The trenches could be very muddy and smelly. There were many dead bodies buried nearby and the latrines (toilets) sometimes overflowed into the trenches. Millions Imperialism and trade - Before of rats infested the trenches and some grew as big as 1914 European countries were Militarism in Europe - cats. There was also a big problem with lice that fighting over territory outside Germany, especially tormented the soldiers on a daily basis. Disease was Europe (as it brought more raw Kaiser Wilhelm, wanted common – including pneumonia, typhus, dysentery and materials, and possibilities for war and had dedicated ‘trench fever’. trade). By 1914 all available time and money to territory was already divided building his army and No Man’s Land among them. This caused conflict In the middle of the trenches was No Man's Land, so- navy and perfecting as each country wanted more called because it did not belong to either army. Soldiers the Schlieffen Plan territory and had to fight with crossed No Man's Land when they wanted to attack the (the strategy to fight the others to get it. Thus a war other side. It was covered in barbed wire, mines, shell a war in Europe against would have started soon, because holes, and the rotting corpses of soldiers and horses. Russia and France). of territorial conflicts.