Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC)
Rural Livelihoods Assessment Report 2020
Matabeleland North 1 Foreword
The Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) under the coordination of the Food and Nutrition Council, successfully undertook the 2020 Rural Livelihoods Assessment (RLA), the 20th since its inception. ZimVAC is a technical advisory committee comprised of representatives from Government, Development Partners, UN, NGOs, Technical Agencies and the Academia. In its endeavour to ‘promote and ensure adequate food and nutrition security for all people at all times’, the Government of Zimbabwe has continued to exhibit its commitment for reducing food and nutrition insecurity, poverty and improving livelihoods amongst the vulnerable populations in Zimbabwe through operationalization of Commitment 6 of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy (FNSP).
As the country is grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, this assessment was undertaken at an opportune time as there was an increasing need to urgently collect up to date food and nutrition security data to effectively support the planning and implementation of actions in a timely and responsive manner. The findings from the RLA will also go a long way in providing local insights into the full impact of the Corona virus on food and nutrition security in this country as the spread of the virus continues to evolve differently by continent and by country. In addition, the data will be of great use to Government, development partners, programme planners and communities in the recovery from the pandemic, providing timely information and helping monitor, prepare for, and respond to COVID-19 and any similar future pandemics. Thematic areas covered in this report include the following: education, food and income sources, income levels, expenditure patterns and food security, COVID-19 and gender based violence, among other issues.
We want to applaud the ZimVAC as well as the food and nutrition security structures at both provincial and district levels for successfully carrying out the survey during this unprecedented time. In spite of the apparent risks, they exhibited great commitment towards ensuring that every Zimbabwean remains free from hunger and malnutrition. We also extend our appreciation to Government and Development Partners for the financial support and technical leadership which made the assessment a resounding success. The collaboration of the rural communities of Zimbabwe as well as the rural local authorities is sincerely appreciated. The leadership, coordination and management of the whole assessment displayed by the staff at the Food and Nutrition Council (FNC) is also greatly appreciated.
We submit this report to you for your use and reference in your invaluable work. We hope it will light your way as you search for lasting measures in addressing priority issues keeping many of our rural households vulnerable to food and nutrition insecurity. George D. Kembo (DR.) FNC Director/ ZimVAC Chairperson 2 Table of Contents Foreword ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………..………………………………………………………..2 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………..…………..……………………………………………….…….……..…4 Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..……………….…..6 Background and Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………………….……………………..………………………..…7 Assessment Purpose ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..………………….11 Assessment Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..…………………….17 Demographic Description of the Sample ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..……………………….…27 Education ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... …………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..……………………….…34 Chronic Illness……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39 Social Protection …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..…………………………42 Agricultural Production ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..…………………………….46 Incomes and Expenditure ……………………………………………………..……………………………………………….………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..…………………..……………….….74 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….83 Access to Services and Infrastructure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 99 ISALS and Loans………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..109 Food Consumption Patterns…………………………………………………………………….……………..……..………………………………………………………..…………..……………………………..……….…………………………………………114 Livelihoods Based Coping Strategies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..……………….……122 Complementary Feeding ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..…………………..……………….…129 Child Nutrition Status………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…...133 Gender Based Violence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….139 COVID-19 and Livelihoods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….………………………. …………………………………………………………………………....144 Shocks and Stressors……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..……..…………………………………………………………..…………..………………………..…..………………………………...158 Food Security……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………164 Conclusions and Recommendations …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………………....………...177
3 Acknowledgements The technical and financial support received from the following is greatly appreciated: • Hwange Rural District Council • Food and Nutrition Council • Tsholotsho Rural District Council • Office of the President and Cabinet • Umguza Rural District Council • Office of the Minister of State for Provincial Affairs, Mash West Province • Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
• Office of the Provincial Development Coordinator • Ministry of Justice
• Ministry of Health and Child Care • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP-ZRBF)
• Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water and Rural Resettlement • AMALIMA
• Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education • WORLD VISION • CHILDCARE MINISTRIES • Ministry of Local Government and Public Works • United States Agency for International Development (USAID) • Ministry of Public Service, Labor and Social Welfare • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) • Binga Rural District Council • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) • Bubi Rural District Council • World Food Program (WFP) • Lupane Rural District Council • Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) • Nkayi Rural District Council
4 Acknowledgement of Support
ZIMBABWE
5 Acronyms
EA Enumeration Area
FNC Food and Nutrition Council
FNSP Food and Nutrition Security Policy
FNSIS Food and Nutrition Security Information System
HDDS Household Dietary Diversity Score
HHS Household Hunger Score
NNS National Nutrition Survey
RLA Rural Livelihoods Assessment
SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition
TSP Transitional Stabilisation Programme
ZimVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee
6 Background and Introduction
7 Introduction
• ZimVAC livelihood assessments’ results continue to be an important tool for informing and guiding policies and programmes that respond to the prevailing food and nutrition security situation. To date, 20 rural and 6 urban livelihoods updates have been produced.
• ZimVAC plays a significant role in fulfilling Commitment Six, of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy (FNSP) (GoZ, 2012), in which the “Government of Zimbabwe is committed to ensuring a national integrated food and nutrition security information system that provides timely and reliable information on the food and nutrition security situation and the effectiveness of programmes and informs decision-making”.
• It has become mandatory for FNC to coordinate annual livelihood updates with the technical support of ZimVAC.
8 Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC)
ZimVAC is a consortium of Government, Development Partners, UN, NGOs, Technical Agencies and the Academia. It was established in 2002 and is led and regulated by Government. It is chaired by FNC, a department in the Office of the President and Cabinet whose mandate is to promote a multi-sectoral response to food insecurity and nutrition problems in a manner that ensures that every Zimbabwean is free from hunger and malnutrition.
ZimVAC supports Government, particularly FNC in:
• Convening and coordinating national food and nutrition security issues in Zimbabwe
• Charting a practical way forward for fulfilling legal and existing policy commitments in food and nutrition security
• Advising Government on the strategic direction in food and nutrition security
• Undertaking a “watchdog role” and supporting and facilitating action to ensure sector commitments in food and nutrition are kept on track through a number of core functions such as:
▪ Undertaking food and nutrition assessments, analysis and research;
▪ Promoting multi-sectoral and innovative approaches for addressing food and nutrition insecurity, and:
▪ Supporting and building national capacity for food and nutrition security including at sub-national levels. 9 Assessment Rationale
The 2020 RLA was undertaken to guide the following:
• Evidence based planning and programming.
• Early warning for early action.
• Evaluation of the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Monitoring and reporting towards commitments made within the guiding frameworks of existing national food and nutrition policies and strategies (TSP, FNSP, Zero Hunger strategy and the SDGs.
• Development of the National Development strategy and the Food and Nutrition Security Strategy, for the next five years.
• The rapidly evolving food and nutrition security situation which was feared to be further deteriorating since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis in Zimbabwe in April 2020 called for collection of additional and up to date FNS data.
• The current seasonal analysis could not rely on data collected in February 2020 prior to the COVID-19 crisis.
• The survey was envisioned to support the setting-up of the food and nutrition security near real time monitoring and capacitation of sub-national Food and Nutrition Security Committees.
10 Purpose
The overall purpose of the assessment was to provide an annual update on livelihoods in Zimbabwe’s rural areas, for the purposes of informing policy formulation and programming appropriate interventions.
11 Objectives The specific objectives of the assessment were:
1. To assess impact and severity of both Drought and COVID 19 on rural livelihoods. 2. To estimate the population that is likely to be food insecure in the 2020/21 consumption year, their geographic distribution and the severity of their food insecurity 3. To assess the nutrition status of children of 6 – 59 months. 4. To describe the socio-economic profiles of rural households in terms of such characteristics as their demographics, access to basic services (education, health services, protection services and water and sanitation facilities), assets, income sources, incomes and expenditure patterns, food consumption patterns and consumption coping strategies. 5. To determine the coverage (accessibility, availability and quality) of humanitarian and developmental interventions in the country. 6. To determine the effects of shocks experienced by communities on food and nutrition security. 7. To measure resilience at all levels and identify constraints to improving their resilience. 8. To identify early recovery needs in order to determine short to long term recovery strategies. 9. To assess the medium and long term (future) sources of vulnerability and risks to food and nutrition security.
12 Background
• The 2020 RLA was undertaken against a continuously evolving food and nutrition security situation. The performance of the agricultural season negated by the consecutive drought, coupled with the COVID -19 pandemic have affected the livelihoods of the rural and urban population.
• COVID-19, declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020, has literally turned the world ‘upside down’ since it started in Wuhan, China with global reported cases of more than 21 million and more than 760, 000 deaths (14 August 2020).
• The Government of Zimbabwe, responded to the pandemic by gazetting Statutory Instrument 83 of 2020 Public Health (COVID-19 Prevention, Containment and Treatment) Order 2020, on March 27, 2020 declaring the COVID-19 crisis a “national disaster” and introduced a nationwide lockdown with the aim of slowing down the spread of COVID-19.
• The lockdown indicated that essential industries and services needed to remain open to support the health sector and ensure minimal disruption in critical goods and services. During the lockdown the public was strongly encouraged to stay in their homes and to practice social distancing, among other critical preventative measures outlined.
• Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, food insecurity in the Southern African region was already alarmingly high, with a record 45 million food insecure people across the SADC countries. Key drivers of this food insecurity include climatic shocks (drought, flooding) and structural macro-economic and social factors.
• The risks which threaten to exacerbate the precarious food security situation through the following:
- impacts on exports, imports (supply chain of essential goods such as food, medicine and other essential supplies such as seeds and fertilizers),
- livelihoods (employment and income reduction) and fiscal pressure on the health sector.
- the downstream impact of policy interventions and regulations being implemented to control the spread of COVID-19 which will be felt at individual, household, community and national levels.
• The COVID-19 outbreak and its debilitating impacts on livelihoods will further exacerbate the situation, eroding community coping capacities and deepening food and nutrition insecurity of vulnerable households and individuals.
• Furthermore, we are likely to see an increase in the number of vulnerable people as those who typically are able to cope may find themselves struggling to meet needs given the unprecedented challenging environment.
13 Background
• Impact on Trade
- immediate impact of COVID-19 being realized through its impact on trade.
- Zimbabwe being hit by a drop in export revenues due to slow-down in demand and weakening of its currency.
- On the import side, Zimbabwe with high food import burden will be affected.
- The decision for lockdown is needed for reducing infection and “flattening the curve” but has far reaching effects on people and their livelihoods, especially of daily wage earners, small businesses, the informal sector and the large population already at risk because of pre-existing vulnerability conditions.
14 Background
• Impact on Programme and Supply Chain
- Requirements to maintain social/physical distancing and travel restrictions are negatively impacting programme delivery and humanitarian and developmental activities, which threatens food and nutrition security.
- Travel restrictions and border closures are likely to delay the movement of the essential supplies such as seed and fertilizers (for the winter season) which are crucial for the preparation for the 2020/2021 planting season. This could have longer-term implications on the food security of households.
• Programmes will inherently have to depend on reduced information and evidence.
15 Background
• COVID-19 Effect on Populations
- There is a high likelihood that urban areas are at the highest risk because of high density settlements as they are also the main entry points for international travel. The population group most affected would include the urban poor and the daily wage employees whose livelihoods are curtailed by the lockdown measures.
- The disruption of supplies of agricultural inputs is likely to affect the preparations for the next agricultural season which is very much needed to start the recovery from the back-to-back droughts that have been experienced so far and affect farmers’ livelihoods.
- Markets play a major role in enhancing food and nutrition security. However, market dynamics, failures and shortcomings often weaken the desired impacts and long term effects. Furthermore, households with livelihood options such as petty trade, vending, casual labour, skilled trade and own businesses were likely to experience the most impact of no trade during the lockdown period.
16 Background • Poverty continues to be one of the major underlying causes of vulnerability to food and nutrition insecurity as well as precarious livelihoods in Zimbabwe. According to the ZIMSTAT Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2017 Report, 70.5% of the population were poor whilst 29.3% were deemed extremely poor.
• The projected GDP growth rate for 2019 was -6.5% and 3% for 2020.
• Year on year inflation for May 2020 was at 785.55%.
• The Total Consumption Poverty Line (TCPL) for April 2020 was ZWL 7,425.81 which is 703.4% higher compared to the same time last year.
• The impact of poor rainfall distribution was compounded by the unaffordability of key agricultural inputs such as seed, fertilisers and herbicides. Consequently, the area planted to major crops in the 2019/20 season was lower in most areas compared to the same time in the previous season.
17 Assessment Methodology
18 Methodology – Assessment Design
• The assessment was a cross-sectional study whose design was guided and informed by the Food and Nutrition Security Conceptual framework (Figure 1), which Zimbabwe adopted in the FNSP (GoZ, 2012), and the conceptual framework on food security dimensions propounded by Jones et al. (2013) . • The assessment was also guided and informed by the resilience framework (figure 2) so as to influence the early recovery of households affected by various shocks. • The assessment looked at food availability and access as pillars that have confounding effects on food security as defined in the FNSP (GoZ, 2012). • Accordingly, the assessment measured the amount of energy available to a household from all its potential sources hence the primary sampling unit for the Figure 1: Food and Nutrition Conceptual Framework assessment was the household.
19 Figure 2: Zimbabwe resilience framework (UNDP Zimbabwe, 2015)
20 Methodology – Assessment Process
• ZimVAC, through multi-stakeholder consultations, developed an appropriate assessment design concept note and data collection tools informed by the assessment objectives.
• The primary data collection tools used in the assessment were the android–based structured household tool and the District key informant tool.
• ZimVAC national supervisors (including Provincial Agritex Extension Officers and Provincial Nutritionists) and enumerators were recruited from Government, United Nations, Technical partners and Non-Governmental Organisations. These underwent training in all aspects of the assessment. In order to minimise risk of spreading COVID-19, training for both supervisors and enumerators was done virtually.
• The Ministry of Health and Child Care was the lead ministry in the development of the Infection, Prevention and Control (IPC) guidelines for the assessment. These were used to train all enumerators and supervisors on how to practice IPC measures during the whole assessment process.
• The Ministry of Local Government, through the Provincial Development Coordinators’ offices coordinated the recruitment of district level enumerators and mobilisation of provincial and district enumeration vehicles. Enumerators for the current assessment were drawn from an already existing database of those who participated in one or two previous ZimVAC 21 assessments. Four enumerators were selected from each district for data collection. Methodology – Assessment Process
• Primary data collection took place from 11 to 25 July, 2020. In recognising the risk of spreading COVID-19 during data collection, innovative approaches were used to collect vital information without causing any harm. The RLA was guided by global and country specific recommendations and all necessary precautions were taken to avoid potential transmission of COVID-19 between enumerators and community members. In order to reduce exposure to COVID-19 through person to person physical contact, primary caregivers were capacitated to measure their children using Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) tapes and assessment of oedema.
• Data analysis and report writing ran from 27 July to 21 August 2020. Various secondary data sources and field observations were used to contextualise the analysis and reporting.
22 Methodology - Sampling and Sample Size
• Household food insecurity prevalence was used as the key indicator District EAs Households to determine the sample to ensure 95% confidence level of statistical representativeness at district, provincial and national level. Interviewed
• The exercise sampled a total of 20 Enumeration areas per district, systematically sampling 10 households for interviewing using a Household Rural Assessment (RLA) questionnaire. To minimize human Binga 20 200 contact, there were no Focus Group Discussions. The same applied with the traditional anthropometrist role. Bubi 20 199 Hwange 20 202 • Each district therefore had 4 enumerators each, one amongst them Lupane 20 198 being nominated for the team leader role (based on merit and Nkayi 20 198 experience). These worked closely with the Provincial and National Supervisors liaising and updating the team on field issues. The table Tsholotsho 20 200 below further reflects achievements based on set targets by district Umguza 20 200
within the said data collection period. Total 140 1397 23 Methodology – Sampled Wards
24 Data Preparation and Analysis
• Primary data was transcribed using CSEntry on android gadgets and using CSPro, it was consolidated and converted into SPSS, STATA and DBF datasets for: • Household structured interviews • District key informant Focus Group Discussion (transcribed in excel)
• Data cleaning and analysis were done using SPSS, STATA, ENA, Microsoft Excel and GIS packages.
• Analyses of the different thematic areas covered by the assessment were informed and guided by relevant local and international frameworks, where they exist.
• Gender, as a cross cutting issue, was recognised throughout the analysis.
25 Technical Scope
The 2020 RLA collected and analysed information on the following thematic areas:
• Education • Social Protection
• Health • Markets
• WASH • Gender Based Violence
• Nutrition • COVID-19
• Agriculture and other rural livelihoods activities • Linkages amongst the key sectoral and thematic areas • Food Security • Cross-cutting issues such as gender • Shocks and stressors
26 Demographic Description of the Sample
27 Characteristics of Household Head Mean Household Proportion of Elderly 80 73.9 71.0 70.2 head age (yrs) headed HH (%) 70 65.3 67.2 67.1 61.5 60.5 Binga 44.9 21.0 60
50 Bubi 52.2 30.7 38.5 39.5 40 34.7 32.8 32.9 Hwange 54.1 34.7 29.0 29.8 30 26.1 Lupane 57.6 49.5 20 Nkayi 55.2 40.4 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10
0 Tsholotsho 55.4 40.0
Umguza 55.3 42.5
Male Female Matabeleland North 53.5 36.9 • Overall, there were more male headed than female headed households. Umguza (39.5%) had the highest proportion of female headed households whilst Bubi (26.1%) had the lowest. This trend is synonymous with 2019 ZIMVAC findings. • Provincial average household age was 53.5years, whilst elderly headed proportions were 36.9%. • Lupane (49.5%) had the highest proportion with elderly headed households, whilst Binga had the lowest. Notably, there were no households that were child headed.
28 Marital Status of Household Head 100 2.0 0.5 1.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.4 90 18.2 19.3 20.7 23.3 26.8 26.8 24.0 27.5 80 8.1 6.1 10.9 7.5 70 6.6 5.1 3.5 4.5 9.0 5.9 5.1 3.5 10.0 6.2 60 11.0 6.0 50 40 67.2 66.2 30 63.4 63.6 62.6 61.6 54.0 54.5
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Married living together Married living apart Divorced/seperated Widow/widower Never married
• Married and living together couples (61.6%) constituted a high proportion of households that were sampled in Matabeleland North. All districts had an above 50% of their households headed by couples married and living together.
• Umguza (27.5%) had the highest proportion of widowed household heads, followed closely by Lupane and Nkayi(26.8%). 29 Education Level of Household Head
100.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.3 11.7 11.1 12.2 14.0 90.0 21.1 16.2 21.0 22.3 80.0 17.3 14.1 17.3 12.0 10.6 15.2 70.0 13.4 21.5 60.0
50.0 47.0 53.3 40.0 57.3 45.0 59.2 70.7 53.4 30.0 42.0
20.0 Proportion of Household Heads Heads (%) Householdof Proportion 26.0 10.0 17.3 17.3 11.5 10.1 11.2 13.9 0.0 3.5 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North None Primary level ZJC level O level A Level and above
• Provincially the findings established that, a total of (53.4%) of household heads had attained at least primary level education.
• Umguza (26.0%) had the highest proportion of Households heads that had not attained primary education, followed by Hwange (17.3%) and Tsholotsho (17.3%). 30 Religion of Household Head
Roman Apostolic Other Other Catholic Protestant Pentecoastal Sect Zion Christian Islam Traditional religion No religion
Binga 12.4 3.2 34.6 19.5 8.1 14.1 0.0 6.5 0.0 1.6
Bubi 3.2 10.8 9.1 24.7 9.7 3.2 0.5 0.5 5.4 32.8
Hwange 18.4 6.5 29.9 24.9 9.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 7.5
Lupane 13.8 13.8 7.9 17.5 20.6 4.2 0.0 4.8 1.6 15.9
Nkayi 2.5 8.1 4.0 19.7 24.7 23.7 0.0 4.5 7.6 5.1
Tsholotsho 7.0 11.5 7.0 18.5 22.5 12.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 20.5
Umguza 3.6 9.1 13.2 16.2 19.8 13.2 0.0 1.5 8.1 15.2
Mat North 8.7 9.0 15.0 20.1 16.5 10.4 0.1 2.6 3.5 14.0
• The highest proportion of the household heads sampled were from the Apostolic sect (20.1%) , Zion (16.5%) and Pentecostal religion (15.0%) respectively. • The proportion with ‘No religion’ was 14.0%. Islam being the smallest proportion had only 0.1% .
31 Vulnerability Attributes (Household Head) Household Head nature of disability (%) Mat North 4.1 Umguza 8.5 Wheelchair Mental/ Tsholotsho 7.0 Blind Deaf bound Intellectual Other Nkayi 2.0 Binga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Lupane 2.5 Bubi 57.1 14.3 14.3 0.0 14.3 Hwange Hwange 11.1 11.1 11.1 0.0 66.7 4.5 Bubi Lupane 40.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 3.5 Nkayi 25.0 0.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Binga 0.5 Tsholotsho 21.4 7.1 21.4 7.1 42.9 0 2 4 6 8 10 Umguza 11.8 5.9 5.9 11.8 64.7 Proportion of Mentally/Physically Challenged Households Head (%) Mat North 22.8 7.0 12.3 8.8 49.1
• Of the people with disability, blindness (22.8%) and wheelchair bound (12.3%) were reported as highest in the province. • Mental/physical challenged household head proportions were highest in Umguza (8.5%) and lowest in Binga (0.5%) .Tsholotsho had the second highest proportion of Mentally/Physically challenged household heads (7%).
32 Vulnerability Attributes (Other)
Orphan present in HH Mental or physically challenged present in HH Chronically ill present in HH
Binga 12.5 3.0 4.0
Bubi 15.1 10.1 12.6
Hwange 16.3 11.4 10.4
Lupane 13.6 7.1 9.1
Nkayi 9.1 7.1 13.6
Tsholotsho 14.0 20.0 14.5
Umguza 18.5 21.0 10.5
Mat North 14.2 11.4 10.7
• Orphaned children were mostly reported in Umguza (18.5%),Hwange (16.3%) and Bubi (15%). • Mental or Physically challenged cases were highest in Umguza (21.0%) and Tsholotsho (20.0%) . • Chronic illness was highest in Tsholotsho (14.5%) and Nkayi (13.6%) 33 Education
34 Proportion of Children not Attending School
100 90 80 70 60 50 40
30 22.0 22.0 23.0 19.0 19.0 18.8 20.0 21.014.6 16.3 15.5 17.0 14.8 15.7 Proportion of children (%) children of Proportion 20 12.9 10 7.2 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North 2019 2020
• Proportion of children not attending school had decreased across the whole province from 21% to 14.6%. • Hwange reported the highest decrease in children not attending school from 17% to 7.2%. • Binga reported the smallest decrease from 19% last year to 16.3%. 35 Province School Attendance Before COVID-19 Pandemic 100 92.8 90 84.5 85.2 87.1 84.3 85.4 87.1 83.7 81.2 80 70 60 50 40 30
Proportion of children (%) children of Proportion 20 8.4 7.2 8.0 5.2 6.84 10 3.2 3.4 2.1 4.7 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Attending school before COVID-19 pandemic Children currently receiving any form of schooling (home, online, WhatsApp)
• School attendance was generally above 80% across all districts before the COVID-19 pandemic, with a provincial average of 85.4% attendance. • Hwange had the highest level of attendance at 92.8% followed by Nkayi (87.1%). • The proportion of children accessing any form of education during the COVID-19 pandemic was generally low at 5.2%. • Lupane (8.4%)had the highest proportion of children receiving any form of schooling during the lockdown period. 36 Reasons for not Being Enrolled in School 100 90 80 70 60 48.1 50 40 30 17.1 20 8.6 7.4 Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 10 2.3 2.5 3.7 1.6 1.9 0.7 1.2 0.7 2.3 0.9 0.2 0
• The main reason given for children not enrolled in school was expensive or no money (48.1%), followed by child considered too young (17.1%).
37 Children Turned Away From School
80 68.8 70
60 50.3 50 46.4 43.8 43.0 39.7 40 36.3 33.5 33.1 30
20 Proportion of children (%) children of Proportion 10
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National
• The proportion of children turned away for non payment of school fees continues to be high in all districts with the provincial average of 43%. • Highest proportion of children turned away was in Umguza (68.8%).
38 Chronic Illnesses
A chronic condition is a Human Health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time.
39 Reasons for Missing HIV Medication
Other specify… 0.4 0.5 Failure to access the health facility for more medication 0.3 0.4 To avoid side effects 0 0.1 I was not interested 0 0.2 No money to pay for transport 0 0.4 Lack of transport to go and collect the drugs 0.5 0.8 Failed to follow the instructions for taking the medicines 0.2 0.8 Forgot to take medication 0.4 Do not have the required currency to purchase 0 0.6 Medication too expensive so cannot afford 0.8 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Proportion of Househods (%)
National Mat North
• Only Hwange, Tsholotsho and Umguza reported cases of missing HIV medication for one or more reasons. No household reported to have missed their HIV medication as a result of displacement , stock running out, lost medication or of not having anything to eat. • The main reason for missing medication was because of unaffordability, failure to follow instructions and the lack of transport (all at 0.8%). 40 Reasons for Missing Chronic Condition Medication
Medicatio Do not Forgot to Failed to Displacem Lack of No money I was not To avoid Stock-out Failure to Did not Lost the Other n too have the take follow the ent transport to pay for interested side at the access the have food medicatio specify… expensive required medicatio instructio to go and transport effects health health to eat n so cannot currency n ns for collect the facility facility for afford to taking the drugs more purchase medicines medicatio n Binga 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bubi 6.3 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hwange 12.0 4.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupane 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nkayi 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 Tsholotsh o 12.8 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 Umguza 8.7 1.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 Mat North 9.0 2.3 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.8
• No household reported to have missed their Chronic condition medication from having lost medication or for not having anything to eat. • The major reason for missing medication were reported to be due to unaffordability of medication(9%) and failure to acquire required currency (2.3%). • Lack of transport was likely to have been increased as a result of restricted movement for COVID 19 Compliance.
41 Social Protection
42 Households that received Social Support 100 90.1 90.5 90 86.0 82.8 80.8 82.2 80 77.9 76.4 70 67.0 60 50 40 30
proportion of households(%) of proportion 20 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National
• The proportion of households which received support from all possible sources in the form of food, cash, crop inputs, livestock inputs or WASH inputs was (82.2%). • From the sampled households, Tsholotsho (90.5%) had the highest proportion of households who received any form of social support. These were closely followed by Hwange (90.1%).
• The district which received the least support was Binga (67.0%). 43 Sources of Social Support by District
Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Government support 16.5 69.8 58.4 64.6 52 48 51.5 51.5 UN/NGO support 52.5 17.6 49 27.8 32.3 45.5 61.5 40.9 Church support 1 2.5 3 2.5 0.5 6.5 6.5 3.2 Rural relatives 3 19.1 8.4 32.8 18.7 12 18 16 Rural non- relatives 3 12.1 5.4 21.2 9.1 4.5 29.5 12.1 Urban relatives 2 14.6 16.3 18.7 8.6 10.5 17 12.5 Urban non- relatives 0 4 1 1 2.5 1.5 1 1.6 Diaspora relatives 1 0 7.4 29.8 23.2 42.5 8 16.5 Mutual groups 0.5 0 0 2.5 1 2.5 0.5 1 Civic groups 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.1 Charity groups 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0.2 Women/men groups 0.5 0 0 3.5 1 2 0 1
• Provincially, Government Support (51.5%) and NGOs support(40.9%) were the most prominent sources of support. • Diaspora’s role was visibly prominent in Tsholotsho (42.5%), Lupane (29.8%) and Nkayi (23.2%) respectively. This has been typical trend , since economic migration to neighbouring South Africa and Botswana was quite common. 44 Support From Government and NGOs Support From Government Support From NGOs 100 100 93 100 87 90 86 90 82 78 80 77 80 75 70 70 62 60 60 60 53 49 50 50 45 50 4244 44 40 40 32 40 30 18 30 20 13 16 17 18 17 7 9 1010 20 households(%) of proportion 5 5 4 7 11 12 10 2 1 proportion of households (%) ofhouseholds proportion 10 6 0 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 0
Food Cash Food Cash Crop inputs Livestock inputs Crop inputs Livestock inputs WASH inputs Other non-food Other non-food Livelihoods programming Livelihoods programming • Most households that reported receiving support was in the form of food for both government and NGOs support. • Crop input support was mostly from government. 45 • Umguza had 100% of the households reporting to have received support from NGOs in the form of food . Agricultural Production
i. Crop Production ii. Fall Army Worm iii. Livestock Production iv. Agricultural Extension and Animal Health v. Agricultural Produce Markets
46 Crop Production
47 Proportion of Households which Planted Crops
100 90 83 79 80 75 72 70 60 50 45 39 41 40 33 32 33 30 28 30 26 28 26 26 23 21 17 18 19 17
20 12 14 Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 10 10 6 5 6 0 Maize sorghum Pearl millet Finger millet Cowpeas Groundnuts Roundnuts 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
• There was a decrease in the proportion of households that planted maize to 72% from 79% reported in the previous season. • However there was a general increase in the proportion that grew small grains . Proportion that grew sorghum increased by 15 percentage points, pearl millet by 5 percentage points while finger millet by 1 percentage point. • Proportion that grew cowpeas increased to 28% from 17%while the proportion that grew groundnuts decreased to 14% from 21% and groundnuts decreased to 10% from 17% . • Maize (72%),sorghum (41%), and pearl millet (28%) were the most commonly planted crops by households. 48 Proportion of Households which Planted Crops by District
100 92 88 90 81 80 73 72 70 65 60 54 56 51 5251 51 50 43 42 41 41 38 38 40 35 35 36 31 30 28 30 26 27 26 28 28 26 22 Proportion of households (%) (%) householdsof Proportion 19 20 17 18 14 14 12 11 12 9 8 10 10 10 8 5 6 7 8 6 3 5 3 4 2 2 0 0 Maize sorghum Pearl millet Finger millet Cowpeas Groundnuts Roundnuts Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• Nkayi had the highest proportion of households that planted maize (92%), and cowpeas (51%). • Tsholotsho had the highest proportion that planted pearl millet(56%) while Hwange had the highest proportion that planted sorghum (52%).
49 Average Household Cereal Production Maize produced (Kg) Small grains produced (Kg) 2015/16 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2015/16 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 Binga 16.8 286.8 73.1 80 40.7 115.3 39.1 77 Bubi 123.2 532.2 23.2 99 50.5 91.0 3.3 4 33 66 Hwange 30.1 252.3 34.1 92.6 228.2 40.3 Lupane 133.7 389.4 120.6 135 150.3 115.7 82.9 99 Nkayi 233.3 245.2 182.3 168 89.7 52.0 22.7 13 Tsholotsho 33.4 191.2 72.1 35 130.3 193.7 73.3 61 Umguza 14.3 492.8 130.3 39 7.6 23.5 15.1 7 • Production per household remained low in all districts. • The highest production in maize was reported in Nkayi (168kg per household) and Lupane (135kg). The highest production in small grains was reported in Lupane (99kg), followed by Binga (77kg). • Maize production in Bubi increased by more than 300% while Umguza recorded a reduction of about 70% in maize production. • Binga, Hwange, and Lupane recorded an increase in small grains production, while Umguza, Tsholotsho and Nkayi recorded a decrease in small grains 50 production. Cereal Stocks as at the 1st of April 2020 200 182.3 180 161.3 160 146.6 140 131.9 118.5 120 108.6 100 83.3 73.7 Quantity (kg) Quantity 80 67.7 71.2 64.2 60.5 60 51.4 51 52 49.3 42.9 46.2 39.9 37.8 40 32.1 31.2 24.1 21.6 20
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North 2017 2019 2020
• The average household cereal stocks at provincial level remained low at 60.5kg per household, although there was a slight increase from last season’s 49.3kg. • Binga (146.6kg), recorded the highest cereal stocks. • Bubi (37.8Kg), Hwange (32.1Kg) and Umguza (21.6Kg) recorded the lowest cereal stocks. 51 Cereals from Casual Labour
45 39.8 40
35 31 30 24.8 25.5 25 22.8 22.1
20.9 Kg 20 17 15
10
5
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• The provincial average amount of cereals from casual labour per household was 25.5kg. • Binga reported the highest amount of cereal stocks 39.8 kg. 52 Fall Army Worm
53 Proportion of Households With Crops Affected by Fall Army Worm (FAW) in Matabeleland North 90 82 80 74 70 71 70 67 67 64 66 64 63 62 61 59 60 57 56 57 58 54 53 53 53 49 50 47 45 43 45 39 40 37 38 36 32 34 31 29 30 23
Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 20 16
10
0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
The proportion of households whose crops were affected by fall army increased to 47%, from 31% the previous year in the province. 54 FAW Management and Control Measures Implemented -National 100 90 80 70 63 62 58 60 50 43 40 30 23 18 20 21 20 15 14 16 13
Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 9 8 10 4 4 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 1 2 1 1 0 Nothing Traditional control Applied commercial Applied commercial Applied commercial Applied other Other methods (physically picking the pesticides (more than pesticides pesticides (less than substances specify pest) recommended (recommended recommended dosage) dosage) dosage) 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
• There was a general increase in the proportion of households that used different methods to control FAW to 57% from 38% previous season. • About 23% used the traditional control method, 8% applied chemicals at more than the recommended rate, and 21% applied chemicals at the recommended rate.
55 Timing of FAW Management and Control Measures 100 50 20 20 11 9 12 7 90 16 15 11 14 80 12 11 28 53 70 50 55 21 16 24 60 38 16 50 40 84
30 33 56 57 52 45 47 Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 20 43 41
10 7 7 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Did nothing Upon identification Within 2 weeks 3-4 weeks
• Timing of applying FAW control measures is critical for effective control of the pest. Recommendation is that control measures applied early, at the window level of the pest infestation are more effective. • The majority of households did nothing upon identification of the pest except in Hwange. • About 24% of households applied some control measures upon identification of the pest, 12% applied control measures within 2 weeks of identification, and 12% applied measures 3-4 weeks after identification. Nkayi (84%) had the highest proportion of households that did nothing upon identification of the
pest, while in Hwange only 7% of households did nothing. 56 Effectiveness of FAW Control Measures 100
90 20 20 33 80 38 38 37 40 37
70 73 60 50 55 50 21
40 41 45 53 58
30 63 Propotion of households (%) (%) householdsof Propotion 20 41 24 30 25 10 19 17 10 8 0 0 3 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Extremely successful Somewhat successful Not successful
• The majority of households in the province reported that FAW control measures implemented where somewhat successful (41%) or not successful at all (40%). • About 19% reported extremely successful control measures. • Nkayi ( 73%) had the highest proportion of households that reported unsuccessful control measures. 57 Livestock Production
58 Proportion of Households that Owned Livestock
Province Cattle Donkeys Sheep Goats Pigs Poultry Rabbits Binga 35.5 1.0 1.0 51.5 2.5 56.0 0.5 Bubi 42.7 19.6 1.0 46.7 1.5 56.8 0.5 Hwange 37.1 3.5 3.0 62.4 3.5 68.8 0.0 Lupane 76.3 29.3 5.1 73.2 13.1 79.8 0.0 Nkayi 57.1 24.7 1.0 58.6 4.5 82.3 0.0 Tsholotsho 49.5 33.5 1.0 68.0 0.5 83.0 0.5 Umguza 30.0 9.5 0.0 48.0 0.5 57.5 0.0 Mat North 47 17 2 58 4 69 0.21 National 45 10 2 48 3 69 2
• Commonly owned livestock species were cattle, goats and poultry . • About 47% of households in Matabeleland North province own cattle, 17% own donkeys, 58% own goats, 69% own poultry, 4% own pigs and 2% own sheep. • Lupane had the highest proportion of households with cattle (76.3%), goats (73.2%) and pigs (13.1%). • Tsholotsho had the highest proportion of households owning donkeys(33.5%) and poultry (83%). 59 Average Livestock Holding Per Household
14 13
12
10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 Livestock Numbers Numbers Livestock 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Cattle Goats Sheep Donkeys
• Livestock holding refers to the number of livestock owned by a household. • Average number of cattle owned by a household was 6, goats was 7, sheep was 5 and donkeys was 4. • Lupane had the highest average number of cattle (10) and goats (9) owned by a household. • Bubi had the highest average number of sheep (13) per household while Hwange had the highest number of donkeys (5) per household. 60 Cattle Productivity (Calving Rate)
100 90 90 80 70 67 60 56 50 50 50 50 50 48 50 46 44 40 40 39 41 40 37 30 20
Proportion of cows that calved (%) calved that cows of Proportion 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North 2019 2020
• Optimal economic calving rate is 80% and above. • Generally, the calving rate remained low at 48% in the province, an indication of low productivity. • Tsholotsho recorded the highest drop in calving rate from 90% to 56%. • All districts recorded a drop in calving rate except Bubi, which recorded an increase from 50% to 67%. 61 Cattle and Goat Mortality 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 19.7 22.4 15.9 16.8 16.3 17.8 20.0 15.8 13.0 15.7 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 11.6 10.4 8.4 9.1 9.2 10.3 9.6 10.0 5.7 1.4 0.0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Axis Title
cattle mortality rates Goat mortality rates
• Economically optimal mortality rate for cattle is 3-5% and 8% for Goats. • Mortality rates for Matabeleland North were high at 15.7% cattle mortality and 10.3% goat mortality. • Cattle mortality was highest in Nkayi (22.4%) followed by Binga (19.7%). • Goat mortality was highest in Lupane (16.8%). • Umguza reported the lowest cattle mortality at 1.4% and Hwange the lowest goat mortality (5.7%). 62 Causes of Cattle Mortality
• About 57% of cattle deaths reported in the province were due to hunger, compared to the national average of 28%. • The highest proportions reported were due to drought/lack of water, Lupane having reported highest proportions (75%), followed by Bubi 68%, and Binga 60%. 63 Causes of Goat mortality
100 0 20 3 2 3 13 13 7 7 90 10 16 19 14 80 41 30 21 70
60 65 87 50 83 83 69 40 68 53 53 Proportion of goats (%) goats of Proportion 30 53
20
10 22 11 7 11 8 8 0 4 3 4 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Drought/Lack of water Diseases Predators Other
• Mainly,the province’s Goat mortality was reported to be mainly due to diseases (69%). • Lupane reported the highest proportion of goats that died due to diseases (87%), followed by Bubi and Nkayi at 83%. 64 Cattle Offtake Rate
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 Proportion of cattle sold/slaughtered (%) sold/slaughtered cattle of Proportion 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National
• Cattle offtake rates are very low at 2.5% nationally and 0.9% for Matabeleland North, well below the national target of 18%. • Nkayi and Tsholotsho had the highest offtake of 1.2% each. Districts with high mortality rates also had a high offtake rate, an indication of depressed sales.
65 Agricultural Extension and Animal Health
66 Proportion of Households that Received Agricultural Extension Services 100 97.4 90.5 88.6 89.5 87.4 88.9 90 84 82.3 80.8 80 72.5 72 70 66.7 61.2 60.7 58.2 60 57.4 51.8 54.2 50
40
30
propotion of households households(%) of propotion 20
10
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National cropping advice livestock advice
• Nationally, 88.9% received cropping advice, while 60.7% received livestock advice. • Proportion of households that received cropping advice was higher (87.4%) compared to the proportion that received livestock advice(61.2%). • Umguza (97.4%)had the highest proportion that received cropping advice.
• Binga (72.5%) and Lupane (72%) had the highest proportion that received livestock advice. 67 Proportion of Households with Access to Animal Health Centres (AHCs)
100
90
80
70
60 55 48.2 50 39 40 32.9 30.3 30.3 30 27.6
22.7 21.3 Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 20
10
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National
• Generally, the proportion of households with access to animal health centres in Matabeleland North province was low (32.9%) • Nkayi district (55%)had the highest proportion of households with access to animal health centres and Tsholotsho (21.3%) had the least proportion. 68 Level of Satisfaction with Service Received from Animal Health Centres (AHCs)
100 96.7 90 85.5 80 71.7 70 68.7 70 65
60 46.4 53.6 46.4 46.4 50 42.9 40 30 26.7 21.4 17.9 20 17.1 16 Proportion of households (%) (%) householdsof Proportion 10 12.5 12.5 7.1 7.1 6.5 7.1 9.3 9.2 10 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.2 4.8 4.9 3 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Not satisfied at all Somewhat satisfied Satisfied Not visited AHC
• About 68.7% of households that accessed animal health centres in Matabeleland North were satisfied with the quality of service. • Bubi (96.7%)had the highest proportion of households satisfied by the service received while Umguza (10% ) had the highest proportion of households that were not satisfied.
69 Agricultural Produce Markets
70 District Average Cereal Prices
8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
4 USD $ USD 3 2 1 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Maize Grain Maize Meal Sorghum Pearl Millet Finger Millet
• The average Matabeleland North price for a 20litre tin of maize and a 10kg bag of maize meal was USD $5.00. • The provincial average price for a 20litre tin of small grains was USD $6.00. • Umguza had the higher average price for small grains (USD $7.00). 71 District Cattle Prices
450 400 400 400 372 350 350 318 316 300 258 246 250 218
(USD $) (USD 200
150
100
50
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National
• Nationally, average cattle price was USD $316.00 .
• Cattle prices in Matabeleland North ranged from USD $218.00 to USD $400.00, with the provincial average cattle price at USD318.
• The lowest cattle prices were reported in Tsholotsho (USD $218.00) . 72 • The highest prices were reported in Hwange and Nkayi (USD $400.00) . District Average Goat and Chicken Prices Goat prices Chicken prices 60 8 7 50 7 50 6 41 6 5 5 40 5 40 5 5 5 5 35 34 5 30 30
30 27 4
USD $ USD USD $ USD 3 20 18 2 10 1
0 0
• The national average goat price was USD $30.00 and the national average chicken price was USD $5. 00. • Goat prices in the province ranged from USD18 to USD $50.00, with a provincial average of USD $34.00. • Chicken prices ranged from USD $5.00 to USD $7.00with a provincial average of USD $5.00. • The lowest average goat prices were reported in Binga (USD $18.00), while the highest was reported in Umguza (USD50) 73 • The highest average chicken price was reported in Hwange (USD $7.00), while most districts were averaging at USD $5.00. Income and Expenditure
74 Most Important Income Sources
Casual labour 20.3 Vegetables production/sales 9.7 Food crop production/sales 9.3 Remittances outside 8.4 Formal salary/wages 8.0 Livestock production/sales 7.2 Remittance within 6.4 Petty trade 5.8 Small scale mining/mineral sales 4.7 Non-state social transfers 4.4 Government social transfers 3.0 Skilled trade/artisan 2.4 Pension 2.3 Gathering natural products for sale e.g. firewood 1.6 Begging 1.2 Fishing 1.0 Own business 1.0 Other 1.0 Cash crop production 0.9 Rentals 0.6 Gifts 0.4 Beer brewing 0.3 Cross border 0.1 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Proportion of Households (%)
• Casual labour (20.3%), vegetable production and sales ( 9.7%) food crop production and sales (9.3%), out of country remittances (8.4%), wages (8%) and 75 livestock production and sales (7.2%) were the most important income sources for households in the province. Income Contributor and Utilization 100 Main Contributor to Household Income Decision Maker on Income Expenditure 89 90 85 86 84 83 80 74 69 70 70 70 60 62 61 61 60 59 60 60 55 55 49 48 51 5149 50 43 43 40 37 37 38
30 20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 16 14 13 13 12 10 12 7 8 7 7 8 8 7 10 5 5 4 5 5 564 44 5 64 332 3 222 2 2 133 1 2 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Father Mother Daughter Son Other relative
• Fathers were reported as the main contributors, save for Nkayi, where both fathers and mothers contributed equally. • However, mothers mostly took over on decision-making regarding expenditure of household income in all the districts expect for Binga.
76 Gender of Main Income Contributor that Initiates GBV
5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0
Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National
• Umguza (2.5%), Bubi (2%) and Hwange (2%) had the highest proportion of households reporting that gender of the main income contributor generate tension in the household that could lead to GBV. This was slightly lower than the national level figures of 2.9%.
77 Income and Expenditure by District 5000 4697 4500 4000 3500 3260 3228 3000 2646 2500 2329
2012 ZWL$ 2000 1552 1295 1364 1430 1500 1292 1133 1225 1179 914 1002 1000 695 769 870 340 386 477 500 158 298 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National Monthly income Monthly expenditure Six months expenditure
• The average monthly income was high in Binga (ZWL$4 697), Bubi (ZWL$3 260) and Tsholotsho (ZWL$3 228) compared to other districts. These were higher than the average monthly income reported at national level. • Notably, Lupane had an expenditure which was higher than their monthly income, suggestive of cumulative income deficits. • There were huge differences in monthly expenditure compared to income except for Umguza district where expenditure was just slightly lower than the income. • Expenditure over the last six months was very low, possibly due to disruption of normal activities such as schooling due to the Covid19 pandemic. 78 Comparison of Average Household Monthly Income over 3 Years
100 97.5 90 86.0 80 70.3 68.0 70 66.1 58.4 60 54.5 50.7 50 46.4 42.7 41.7 44.0
USD $ USD 40.5 39.6 40.1 40 34.7 35.0 33.0 30.5 28.9 30 25.0 17.0 20 12.3 15.2 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National 2018 2019 2020
• There was a rapid increase in monthly income from USD $12.30 to USD $58.40 in Binga over the past year and a slight increase was also observed in Bubi from USD $34.70 to USD $40.50. However in all other districts average monthly income plummeted with Umguza and Lupane mostly affected experiencing a decrease of USD $33.70 and USD $24.40 respectively.
• Generally a decrease in monthly income was observed at national level indicating income levels continue to deteriorate since 2018. 79 Comparison of Household Expenditure Over 3 years
100
90
80
70 67.9 59.5 60 49 50 41.8 39.7 39.5 40 36.3 32.5 29 30 19 24.7 22.9 22.8 19.5 20.1 18.8 18 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 16 14 16 15 11 12 10 8.1
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National 2018 2019 2020
• Household expenditure declined in all districts of the province since 2018, consistent with the national picture as well. • Nkayi had the lowest average household monthly expenditure of USD $11.00, slightly below expenditure reported in other districts • Only in Binga did household expenditure increase from USD $8.10 in 2019 to USD $16.00 in 2020.
80 Average Household Expenditure Over 6 Months (ZWL $)
Education (ZWL $) Agriculture (ZWL $) Business (ZWL $) Health (ZWL $) Taxes (ZWL $) Social (ZWL $) Other (ZWL $) Binga 391.5 15.9 3.2 23.7 0.5 1.1 22.9
Bubi 443.7 358.1 1.3 121.4 3.5 8.2 488.8
Hwange 529.8 152.8 25.7 168.4 0.0 154.1 269.0
Lupane 547.4 135.2 79.3 211.5 22.1 23.3 23.3
Nkayi 264.0 98.3 478.3 22.1 9.5 40.2 1030.9
Tsholotsho 505.8 111.2 48.3 248.6 15.5 29.2 598.3
Umguza 216.0 184.2 30.1 220.4 1.6 61.6 118.2
Mat North 414 151 95 145 7 46 364
• Average household expenditure six months preceding the survey were mostly on education, health and agriculture. • Nkayi (ZWL $478.30) had the highest expenditure on business and a high expenditure on social activities (ZWL $154.10) in Hwange was also observed.
81 Household Food Expenditure Ratio
100 90 80 80 76 77 74 72 72 68 68 70 67 65 66 67 65 59 60 61 60 55 51 48 50 46 44 36
40 33 Proportion (%) Proportion 30 27 20 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National 2018 2019 2020
• Binga had the lowest household food expenditure ratio 59%. • Bubi (74%) and Nkayi (72%) had the highest food expenditure ratios.
82 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
83 Global Goals, Targets and Indicators for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WASH SDG GLOBAL TARGET SDG GLOBAL INDICATOR SECTOR GOAL Achieving 1.4 By 2030, ensure all men and women, in 1.4.1 Population living in households universal particular the poor and vulnerable, have equal rights to economic with access to basic services access to resources, as well as access to basic services. (including basic drinking water, basic services. sanitation and hygiene).
Ending open 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and 6.2.1 Population practising open Defecation. equitable sanitation and hygiene for all Defecation. and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. Progress 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable 6.1.1 Population using safely towards access to safe and affordable drinking managed drinking water safely water for all. Services. managed 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and 6.2.1 Population using safely Services. equitable sanitation and hygiene for all managed sanitation services. and end open defecation, paying special 6.2.1 Population with a basic attention to the needs of women and girls handwashing facility with soap 84 and those in vulnerable situations. and water available on premises. Ladder for Drinking Water Services Service Level Definition Safely Managed Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. Basic Drinking Water Basic drinking water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing.
Limited Drinking Water Services Limited water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, where collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing. Unimproved Water Sources Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring.
Surface Water Sources Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation channel.
Note : “Improved” drinking water sources are further defined by the quality of the water they produce, and are protected from faecal contamination by the nature of their construction or through an intervention to protect from outside contamination. Such sources include: piped water into dwelling, plot, or yard; public tap/standpipe; tube well/borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; or rainwater collection. This category now includes packaged and delivered water, considering that both can potentially deliver safe water.
85 Main Drinking Water Services
100 0.0 7.4 4.7 4.5 5.1 0.0 3.1 8.5 90 14.6 23.1 25.1 5.4 6.3 18.7 2.0 80 27.6 22.3 23.1 70 15.1 11.4 23.2 39.8 60 12.1 50 40 74.9 67.8 30 64.9 65.3 60.1 62.1 49.7 52.0
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Basic water services Limited water services Unimproved water services Surface water services
• Similar to the 2019 RLA assessment ,Binga still remains with the least basic water services (49.7%) . • Bubi (74.9%) and Tsholotsho (67.8%) had the highest coverage for basic water services.
86 Households Drinking Surface Water by District 2019 2020 h
• As much as surface water is limited across the whole province, a remarkable proportion of households still rely on this as a source for domestic and other uses. This has a strong implication on exposure to water borne diseases. • As reported in 2019 RLA , Binga (23%) still remains with the highest proportion of households using surface water.
87 Water Treatment Coverage Methods 100 97.5 96.5 98 98.5 98 97 96.5 97.5 90 Boil 80 2 70 12.2 2 60 Add bleach/chlorine 50 [ jik or water guard] 40 Use a water filter 30 (ceramic ,sand 20 20.4 ,composite , etc ) 10 2.5 3.5 2 1.5 2 3 3.5 2.5 Add water treatment tablet Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 63.3
Other
Yes No
• A remarkably large proportion of households reported not to be treating their water. • Lupane (98.5%) had the highest proportion of households which did not treat water. • Overall, Matabeleland North communities had only 2.6% proportion of households reporting to have treated their water. • Notably, the province mostly was reported to treat their water mostly by boiling (63.3%) , adding bleach/chorine (20.4%) and adding water treatment tablets(12.2%). 88 Access to Improved Water Source by District 100.0 95.5 100 92.0 87.1 90 83.3 85.1 80 76.3
70 61.5 60 50 38.5 40 30 23.7 16.7 20 12.9 14.9
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 8.0 10 4.5 0.0 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Unimproved water source Improved water source
• Similar to the 2019 RLA, Binga still has the highest proportion of households (38.5%) that utilizes unimproved water sources.
• Unimproved water sources tend to expose communities to chemicals, faecal matter and microorganisms that might cause waterborne diseases.
• Bubi (100%) and Tsholotsho (95.5%) reported the highest proportion of households accessing water from improved sources.
89 Distance Travelled to Main Water Source 100 90 80 70 58.9 60 53.1 50 41.1 41.0 40.1 36.7 37.737.7 40 33.2 32.733.234.2 33.8 32.6 30.2 29.6 31.5 30 24.6 27.4 24.9 25.1 27.3
20 17.3 16.2 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Less than 500m More than 500m but less than 1 km 1km and above
• Tsholotsho (58.9%) has the highest proportion of households reporting to have their main water source within 500meters. • Umguza (41.0%)still had the highest proportion of households having to travel over a kilometer to their main source of water, followed by Hwange (34.2%).
90 Persons Responsible for Fetching Water
100 95.5 90 80.1 79.6 81.6 80.9 80.4 80 75.4 76.6 70 60 50 40 30 23.1 20.3 15.9 14.8 15.8 15.4 20 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.6 14.6 2.1 1.8 0.5 1.0 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 2.0 1.5 0.5 2.5 3.1 2.0 3.5 1.0 2.4 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National
Adult woman [15 years and above] Adult man [15 years and above] Female child [under 15 years] Male child [under 15 years]
• All districts had a remarkable proportion of households with adult women (15 years and above) having the responsibility for fetching water. • Bubi (23.1) and Umguza (20.3) had the highest proportion of adult men fetching water. • Lupane, Tsholotsho and Hwange reported highest proportion of under 15 years of age , boys and girls combined fetching water. • Water sources which requires travel and much efffort for pumping, potentially exposes the girl and boy child to undesirable external elements. 91 Violence at Water Points
100 95.4 95 93.9 93.9 92.6 88.9 91.1 90 83.9 86.4 80 70 60 50 40 30 16.1
Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 20 11.1 13.6 8.9 7.4 10 5 4.6 6.1 6.1 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Ntional Yes No
• Overall, Matabeleland North (8.9%) had a high proportion of households reporting incidences of violence at water points compared to the National incidences (7.4%). • The highest prevalence of reported incidences of violence at water points was reported in Hwange (16.1%) and Tsholotsho (13.6%) . 92 Ladder for Sanitation Service level Definition Safely Managed Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Basic Sanitation Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households. Facilities
Limited Sanitation Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households. Facilities
Unimproved Facilities that do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human Sanitation Facilities contact. Unimproved facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines.
Open Defecation Disposal of human faeces in fields, forest, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or with solid waste. Note: Improved sanitation facilities: Facilities that ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. They include flush or pour flush toilet/latrine, Blair ventilated improved pit (BVIP), pit latrine with slab and upgradeable Blair latrine. 93 Open Defecation by District
100 90 80 37.0 41.1 43.4 36.9 36.5 42.5 41.5 51.1 70 53.3 60 3.5 0.5 4.5 3.5 0.5 3.0 4.2 50 1.0 12.9 1.3 0.5 4.0 40 4.0 12.3 7.7 30 59.5 58.6 59.5 56.1 50.5 53.0 20 41.7 45.5 29.0
Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Open defecation Unimproved Limited Basic
• Binga (59.5%) and Tsholotsho (59.5%) had the highest proportion of households practising open defecation.
• Open defecation increases the risk of the spread of infectious diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera.There is dire need for a tailormade WASH
programming to break this trend.
94 Open Defecation by District 2019 2020
• Notably the Open Defecation trends reported between 2019 and 2020 have a similar trend across the province. Binga and Tsholotsho still remain with the highest proportion of households reporting the practice. • This shows a need to scale up WASH programming in those areas by government, communities and partners.
95 Ladder for Hygiene Service level Definition
Basic Availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water.
Limited Availability of a handwashing facility on premises without soap and water.
No Facility No hand washing facility on premises.
Note: handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy taps, and jugs or basins designated for hand washing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powdered detergents and soapy water but does not include sand, soil, ash and other handwashing agents.
96 Availability of Handwashing Services/Facilities
100 89.5 92.1 89.2 90 84.4 80.8 82.3 82.0 83.6 80 74.0 70 60 50 40 30 26.0 19.2 17.7 18.0 20 15.6 16.4 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 10.5 7.9 10.7 10 0
No service Basic
• Notably, there were low proportions of households with handwashing services in the province. This was an indication of low hygiene standards and a potential for the spread of diseases. • Hwange (92.1%) and Binga (89.5%) reported the highest proportions of households with incidences above the national average (89.2%). • There were no households that reported the availabilty of limited handwashing services. 97 Handwashing Practices at Critical Times 99.0 100 97.5 89.9 90 87.9 88.3 82.9 79.9 79.8 78.5 80 78.2 73.6 71.4 71.5 72.1 68.8 68.8 70 67.0 66.0 60.8 58.5 60 54.353.8 54.3 54.6 50.3 50 48.0 48.0 43.4 44.4 43.0 41.1 40.1 40 31.0 31.0 30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 24.6 22.5 21.2 19.619.1 18.8 20.0 20 17.6 16.2 16.4 13.5 11.6 9.4 10.210.7 9.6 7.6 7.5 10 5.0 5.5 2.0 3.0 2.7 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Never After using the toilet Before handling food After changing childrens nappies/diappers Before and after eating After assisting the sick Regularly Whenever i feel like my hands are dirty • The most critically observed times for handwashing were after using the toilet (78.5%) and before eating food (72.1%). 98 Access to Services and Infrastructure
99 Distances travelled to the Nearest Health Facility
100 90 80 70 60 56.1 50.8 51.8 46.2 46.1 50 43.2 44.8 39.9 40.9 40 25.1 24.4 34.3 35.8 26.8 29.5 28.6 23.6 30.0 30 25.6 23.9 23.3 25.7 20 14.0
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 9.6 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Less than 5km 5 to 10km More than 10km
• Lupane (46.1%) and Umguza (43.2%) have the highest proportion of households who were travelling more than 10km to a health facility. • Nkayi (56.1%) and Hwange (51.8%) have the highest proportion of households who were travelling less than 5km to a health facility.
100 Food and Nutrition Security Infrastructure
Solar powered Farming water Storage Nutrition Agro- Irrigation equipment Fowl runs source Borehole facility Savings Beehives gardening forestry Other Binga 23.5 24.0 14.0 11.5 35.0 7.5 9.0 8.5 53.0 0.5 10.5 Bubi 6.1 14.6 17.2 5.6 2.0 8.6 6.6 0.0 58.1 0.5 27.3 Hwange 9.9 0.5 25.0 0.5 4.7 2.1 0.5 0.0 45.8 0.0 29.7 Lupane 3.7 40.3 10.5 0.0 1.6 15.7 2.6 0.0 45.0 0.0 14.7 Nkayi 1.0 5.1 32.0 0.0 2.5 7.6 0.0 0.5 53.8 0.0 29.4 Tsholotsho 0.5 24.0 27.5 0.0 1.0 9.5 0.0 0.5 17.5 0.0 50.5 Umguza 2.6 15.5 9.3 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.0 38.7 0.0 35.1 Mat North 6.7 17.7 19.3 2.6 6.9 7.5 2.8 1.4 44.6 0.1 28.2
• Nutrition Gardens were the most prominent form of Food and Nutrition Security Infrastructure available to households. • The rest of these Food and Nutrition Security forms of infrastructure were proportionately low. • This had a negative implication on Food and Nutrition capacity in the communities.
101 Sources of Climate and Weather Information
Neighbours/ Government Friends/Other Print media Internet Extension Radio Households Television (Newspapers Social media browsing Workers UN/NGOs Other Binga 75.5 6.1 0.0 0.0 18.4 2.0 77.6 38.8 0.0 Bubi 93.2 34.0 1.9 0.0 7.8 0.0 54.4 24.3 1.0 Hwange 28.6 33.3 1.2 1.2 2.4 0.0 78.6 1.2 1.2 Lupane 43.7 29.1 1.0 1.0 2.9 0.0 72.8 7.8 1.0 Nkayi 46.1 46.9 3.9 4.7 9.4 0.0 64.1 10.2 2.3 Tsholotsho 31.5 9.6 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 90.4 6.8 2.7 Umguza 23.8 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.2 0.0 0.0 Mat North 48 26.1 1.7 1.2 5.6 0.2 72.4 11.1 1.2
• The highest proportion of households in the province reported to be accessing weather information mostly through Government Extension Workers (72.4%).
• Radio remains the second most popular source for climate and weather, notably highest in Bubi (93%) and Binga (75.5%). 102 Access to Climate and Weather Information 100 90 80
70 64.1 60 51.8 52.3 51.5 50 39 40 36.5 75 30 25 61 63.5 48.2 47.7 48.5 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 35.9 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Yes No
• Binga (75%) had the highest proportions of households which did not have access to climate and weather related information. • Overall, the province has a higher proportion of households which do not have access to weather related information. This has an implication on disaster preparedness as well as issues to do with seasonal planning. 103 Sources of Physical and Sexual Violence Information
Radio Other Television Newspape Social Internet Governem Health Health Friends UN/NGOs Police Other household r media browsing ent workers promoters and member Extension relatives Worker
Binga 73.9 8.7 0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 56.5 13.0 17.4 21.7 52.2 17.4 0.0
Bubi 86.2 33.0 1.8 0.0 6.4 0.0 36.7 55.0 3.7 4.6 34.9 19.3 3.7
Hwange 25.6 20.5 2.6 0.0 5.1 0.0 2.6 17.9 5.1 17.9 7.7 28.2 7.7
Lupane 67.1 30.4 2.5 2.5 6.3 0.0 11.4 36.7 13.9 17.7 7.6 16.5 1.3
Nkayi 27.0 20.2 2.2 1.1 5.6 0.0 11.2 20.2 11.2 10.1 21.3 71.9 2.2
Tsholotsho 31.5 4.5 0.0 1.8 6.3 0.9 8.1 55.0 13.5 20.7 7.2 16.2 5.4
Umguza 27.2 1.5 2.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 7.4 33.1 12.5 4.4 5.9 13.2 9.6
Mat North 46.1 16.2 1.7 0.9 5.1 0.2 15.7 38.1 10.8 11.8 16.0 25.4 4.9
• Radio was the most reported source of Physical and Sexual Violence information (46.1%). • There was low proportions of households accessing this information through television (1.7%) .
104 Satisfaction of the Sexual and Physical Violence Services
100
90 83.1 77.6 80 72.5 73.0 67.8 70 60.0 60 53.6 50 33.9 40 35.7 30.4 30.0 23.2 30 23.2 20.1 18.6 20.6 20 16.2 15.6 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10.0 8.8 10.8 11.5 10 2.2 1.3 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Not satisfied at all Somehow satisfied Satisfied
• Binga had the highest proportion of households expressing non-satisfaction on the sexual and physical violence services. 105 • Most districts expressed satisfaction over these services and were above 50%. Access to Sexual and Physical Violence Information
100 97.5 91 90 80 70.1 70.5 70 64.3 57.6 60 50.8 54 49.2 46 50 42.4 40 35.7 29.9 29.5 30 20
Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 9 10 2.5 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Yes No
• Binga (97.5%) and Hwange (91%) had the highest proportions of households which did not have access to sexual and physical violence information. • Overall, the province had a higher proportion of households which did not have access to this information. This has an implication on sexual health and the incidence of unresolved GBV issues. 106 Access to Victim Friendly Unit Services 100 89.3 90 79.5 80 74 70 60.7 60
50 41.4 40 37.9
30 24.6
22 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20
10
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• Lupane (89.3%) and Tsholotsho (79.5%) have the highest proportions of households which had access to Victim Friendly Unit Services. • Binga (22%) had the lowest proportion accessing these services.
107 Access Police Services
100 90 80 70 60 55.8 56.6
50 42.7 40 33 78.5 32 67 68 29.5 70.5 30 21.5 57.3 44.2 43.4
Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Yes No
• Hwange (78.5%) and Tsholotsho (70.5%) had the highest proportion of households that had no police services reachable within an hour. • Nkayi at 56.6% and Bubi at 55.8% had the highest proportions of households with police services reachable within an hour.
108 ISALS and Loans
Internal Savings and Lending Schemes (ISALS) is one of the ways through which the poor have financial access. ISALS assist communities excluded from participating in the mainstream financial services sector. In Zimbabwe, ISALS have also been used by those in the middle class (even in formal employment) to fund various initiatives. Access to affordable loans remains a challenge for rural communities in Zimbabwe
109 Sources of Loans
Zimbabwe woman microfinance bank 8.0
ISAL/SACCO 44.0
Micro finance institution 4.0
Banks 20.0
Friend/relative 24.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 Proportion of households (%)
• Only 1.7% of the households had received a loan 12 months prior to the assessment. • ISALS /SACCO (44%) and friends/relatives (24%) were the most reported sources of loans.
110 Types of Loans
Other 7.1 7.7
Agrochemicals 11.5 0.0
Livestock 0.6 3.8
Inputs/fertilisers 17.2 National 0.0
Mat North Types/Form of Loans of Types/Form Inputs/seeds 20.4 0.0
Cash 72.8 88.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of households (%)
• The most common type of loan was cash (88.5%).
• Notably , loans in agricultural were significantly low. This could imply limited financial support to the sector. 111 Primary Uses of Loans
National Mat North
Other 11
13 Education or school fees 17
Medical 4
4 Construction 4 11 Other income generating activities 25
Agricultural value chain 18
43 Consumption 67
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Most households (67%) reported using the loans for consumption. • Only 25% of the households reported using their loans for other income generating activities.
112 Use of Share-out from ISALs Group
Financing Buying Agricultural Income construction Livestock Household inputs and generating No share out materials Education purchase Food utensils equipment projects Health costs yet received Binga 0.0 25.0 0.0 75.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bubi 8.7 4.3 0.0 17.4 30.4 0.0 8.7 0.0 52.2 Hwange 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 60.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 Lupane 4.0 8.0 24.0 32.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 24.0 Tsholotsho 0.0 7.1 14.3 35.7 21.4 3.6 0.0 7.1 42.9 Umguza 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tsholotsho 0.0 7.1 14.3 35.7 21.4 3.6 0.0 7.1 42.9
Mat North 3.0 5.9 10.9 29.7 23.8 2.0 4.0 3.0 35.6 • Most share-outs were used for purchasing of food , notably highest in Umguza (100% ) and Binga (75%) respectively. • About 35.6% reported that they had not yet received their share outs.. • Committing of the share-out to Agricultural inputs/equipment and Income generating projects was relatively very low.
113 Food Consumption Patterns
114 Average Number of Days Various Food groups were consumed Per Week Vegetables
Fruits
Oil
Milk
Meat
Legumes
Cereals
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2019 2020
• Diets consumed in the province were limited in diversity, especially when it comes to fruits and animal products. Compared to the year 2019, 2020 reported to predominantly consumed plant based foods. • Meat, milk and legumes consumption was reported to be very low and insignificant. 115 The Food Consumption Score
Food Consumption Score Score Description Groups
An expected consumption of staple 7 days, vegetables 6-7 days, sugar 3-4 days, oils/fats 1 Poor 0-21 day a week, while animal proteins are totally absent
An expected consumption of staple 7 days, vegetables 6-7 days, sugar 3-4 days, oils/fats 3 Borderline 21.5-35 day s Meat/fish/egg/pulses 1-2 days a week, while dairy products are totally absent
As defined for the borderline group with more number of days a week eating meat , fish, Acceptable >35 egg, oil, and complemented by other foods such pulses, fruits and milk
116 Food Consumption Score (FCS) 100 90 80 70 60 49 50 44 39 40 34 28 28 31 30 23 25
20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Poor Borderline Acceptable 2018 2019 2020
• The proportion of households consuming poor and borderline diets in Matabeleland North increased from 2019. • Households consuming poor diets increased from 39% to 44%. Similarly, there was also an increase of households consuming borderline diets to 31% from 28% in 2019. • Consumption of acceptable diets, had been on a decline since 2018. The proportion for 2020 was 25%, from 34% in 2019 and 49% in 2018.
117 Food Consumption Categories by District 2019 Food Consumption Score 2020 Food Consumption Score 100 100 90 19 90 18 20 28 25 23 25 28 25 38 34 32 30 80 42 43 43 80 70 23 70 18 24 19 36 60 60 32 21 21 30 28 43 50 50 34 34 28 40 39 33 40 30 53 58 57 30 58 51 49
20 39 20 42 44 44 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 34 34 29 24 29 10 19 10 0 0
Poor Borderline Acceptable Poor Borderline Acceptable
• Binga, Hwange and Tsholotsho reported a decrease in households consuming poor diets. • Bubi, Lupane, Nkayi and Umguza reported an increase in households consuming poor diets the proportion of households that consume poor diets in 2020 increased compared to 2019. 118 • The provincial average of households consuming poor diets increased from 39% in 2019 to 44% in 2020 and this is a cause for concern. Consumption of Protein Rich Foods 2019 2020
100 100 5.5 4.5 12 13 14.1 10.7 8.5 10.5 10.3 90 21 26 19 24 21 90 18.0 35 80 80 70 36 42.2 70 49.3 32.8 40.0 42.2 60 47 36 33.5 49.0 48.5 46 41 60 50 40 46 39 50 40 30 40 52 45 30 20 33 40 34 37 52.3 53.0 26 31 48.5 46.3 43.0 49.5 47.6
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 20 40.3 0 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0
Never Consumed Consumed for 1-6 days Consumed for 7 Days Never Consumed Consumed for 1-6 days Consumed for 7 Days
• Apart from Binga and Tsholotsho districts, the proportion of households that never consumed protein rich foods in 2020 increased in all the districts across the province when compared to 2019. • The provincial average of households that never consumed protein rich food increased from 37% in 2019 to 48% in 2020.
119 Consumption of Vitamin A Rich Foods 2019 2020 100 100 11 90 90 80 35 32 41 50 48 80 40 44 58 56 49 49 70 63 70 57 60 72 69 60 54 50 38 37 50 40 37 33 31 40 30 25 29 19 50 45 37 20 30 45 30 29 30 10 23 21 20 14 20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 18 17 15 17 35
0 (%) Households of Proportion 10 14 9 11 11 13 14 0 6
Never Consumed Consumed for 1-6 days Consumed for 7 Days Never Consumed Consumed for 1-6 days Consumed for 7 Days
• There was general improvement in consumption of Vitamin A rich foods in Binga (72%), Lupane (69%), and Umguza(57%) districts in 2020 compared to 2019. • Apart from Tsholotsho, the proportion of households that never consumed vitamin A foods decreased in all the districts.
• There was an increase in households consuming vitamin A rich foods daily in Binga (72%), Hwange(50%), Lupane(69%) and Umguza(57%). 120 Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
10
9
8
7
6
5 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0 4 3.7
Household Dietary Diversity Score (%) Score Diversity Dietary Household 3
2 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• The province (4) has a medium Household Dietary Diversity Score, with highest score reported in Bubi (4.4) and Nkayi (4.2). • Binga (3.7) and Tsholotsho (3.9) both had the lowest HDDS.
121 Consumption and Livelihoods Coping Strategies
When livelihoods are negatively affected by a shock /crisis, households may adopt various coping strategies which are employed in order to increase food availability outside of their normal livelihoods. Households either go just beyond their normal activities or engage in extreme and negative livelihood coping strategies going beyond what is typical which in turn flag those areas that are potentially food insecure. The livelihood coping strategies have been classified into three categories namely stress, crisis and emergency based on the WFP Technical Guidance note of 2015.
122 Household Livelihood Coping Strategies Category Coping Strategy Description Stress • Borrowing money, spending savings, selling assets and selling more livestock than usual.
Crisis • Selling productive assets directly reducing future productivity, including human capital formation. • Withdrawing children from school • Reducing non food expenditure.
Emergency • Selling of one’s land thus affecting future productivity, more difficult to reverse /dramatic in nature. • Begging of food. • Selling the last breeding stock to buy food.
123 Households’ Maximum Coping Strategies by District
100 89 90 86 83 80 76 70 69 70 61 60 52 50
40 31 30 22 19 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 15 12 12 10 10 12 7 7 9 7 9 7 9 10 4 5 2 3 1 3 2 3 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National not coping stress crisis emergency
• Tsholotsho (31%) and Nkayi (22%) had the highest proportion of households engaging in extreme livelihoods coping strategies categorized under emergency. This is evidence of food consumption gaps that may lead to irreversible coping . 124 Employed Household Livelihoods Coping Strategies by District 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30 28 23 25
Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 17 20 14 15 12 11 11 11 8 10 6 7 6 7 6 5 4 5 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 5 3 4 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 0 Sold assets Reduced health Sold productive Spend savings Borrow money Sold house/land Withdrew Sold last Beg for food Sold more expenses assets/transport on food children from beeding animals school livestock Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza
• Households in Nkayi employed all the coping strategies. The highest proportion (28%) was reported to have spent savings on food. • Tsholotsho had 25% of the households that had beg for food as means of coping.
• Bubi had high proportions of households resorting to selling assets (23%) and selling productive assets/transport (17%) as means of survival. 125 Reduced Consumption Coping Strategy Index by District
100
90
80 50 70 64 63 72 73 60 77 79 87 50
40 17
30 22
Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 26 20 19 33 15 20 12 10 11 15 8 8 8 11 9 0 3 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National No or low coping (CSI= 0-3) Medium (CSI = 4-9 High coping (CSI ≥10)
• High levels of consumption coping strategies were employed by most households in Hwange (87%), Umguza (79%), Bubi (77%), Nkayi (73%) and Lupane (72%). This indicated high food consumption gaps faced by households in these districts. 126 Consumption Coping Strategy Index by district 100 90 80 70 60 52 50 42 42 CSI score CSI 40 34 32 32 31 30 30 28 29 29 28 29 30 26 26 28 25 19 18 20 17 15 11 10 6 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza National
2018 2019 2020
• The CSI increased rapidly from 29 to 52 in Hwange and from 15 to 29 in Tsholotsho between 2019 and 2020 indicating increased food consumption gaps in these two districts. • All other districts had a decrease in CSI in 2020 compared to 2019. Binga achieved a CSI below the global threshold of 10 for the first time in three years. 127 Household Hunger Scale by district 2019 2020 100 1.8 1.3 2 1.2 2 0.4 1.2 0.4 2 100 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 7.2 6.4 10 11 90 14.6 13.6 12.9 15.7 17.7 90 20 17 15 19 18 17 16 25.3 22 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 92.4 92.4 89.6 89 40 83.6 85.1 85.1 83.1 80.2 40 80 80 82 81 81 81 83 72.7 76 30 30
20 20 Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 10 10 0 0
Little to no hunger Moderate hunger Severe hunger Little to no hunger Moderate hunger Severe hunger
• There was an overall increase in moderate to severe hunger from 14.9% in 2019 to 19% in 2020. • Nkayi has the highest proportion that reported to be under threat of moderate to severe hunger (24%), followed by Bubi (21%). 128 Complementary Feeding
129 Definition of indicators Indicator Definition
Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) Minimum acceptable diet (MAD), defined as the proportion of children 6-23 months who were achieving both MDD and MMF Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF) Minimum meal frequency (MMF) was defined as receiving solid, semi-solid, or solid foods 2 or more times daily for children 6-8 months, and 3 or more times daily for children 9-23 months in addition to breastfeeding. For non-breastfeeding children aged 6-23 months it is defined as receiving solid, semi-solid or solid foods, or milk feeds, at least 4 times.
Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) Minimum dietary diversity (MDD) is defined as receiving at least 5 or more types of food from following groups (1) grains, roots, tubers, (2) legumes, nuts (3) dairy products, (4) flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry and liver/organ meats), (5) eggs, (6) Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, (7) other fruits and vegetables, (8) breastmilk
130 Complementary Feeding Practices by Province 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 27.3 22.4 21.4 22.6 18.3 20.1 9.8 18.2 20.6 20 16.1 10.7 14.6 Proportion of children (%) children of Proportion 10.2 13.0 12.2 10.3 11.2 10 7.2 3.1 0.7 0.9 2.1 1.5 1.7 3.3 3.8 2.1 0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National Minimum Meal Frequency Minimum Dietary Diversity Minimum Acceptable Diet
• Only 1.5% of children aged 6-59 months consumed a Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) in Matabeleland North Province. • The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Matabeleland North (7.2%) was less than the National average (11.2%) .
131 Complementary Feeding Practices by District 100 90 80 70 60 50.0 52.2 50 40 30 27.3 18.2 19.0 20.6 20 14.3 15.4 Proportion of children (%) children of Proportion 10.3 10 7.1 7.1 6.1 5.1 7.1 7.2 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.00.0 2.90.0 1.5 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Minimum Meal Frequency Minimum Dietary Diversity Minimum Acceptable Diet
• The proportion of children 6 to 59 months that consumed a Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) in the province was very low (1.5%). • Four districts (Bubi, Hwange, Tsholotsho and Umguza ) had no child that consumed an acceptable diet. • Tsholotsho (52%) and Binga (50%) had the highest proportions of children 6 to 59 months that had required Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF)
above the provincial average of 27%. 132 Child Nutrition Status
Mid Upper Arm Circumference(MUAC) is the circumference of the left upper arm measured at the mid-point between the tip of the shoulder and the tip of the elbow (Olecranon process and Acromion) Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is identified by severe wasting. WFH <3 Z score. Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) value more than 5% indicates an emergency. In this assessment mother MUAC was used. Mothers measured their own children for COVID 19 regulation standards compliance.
133 Vitamin A Supplementation for Children 12-59 Months in the Past One Year 100
90
80
70 64 65 60 54 53 50 50 43 40 40 34
30 Proportion of children (%) children of Proportion 20
10
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• Vitamin A Supplementation coverage for children one year and older remained low in the province, with only half of children in this age group having received the required number of doses.
• Bubi (65%) and Binga (64%) had the highest coverage while Lupane (34%) had the lowest coverage in the province. 134 Vitamin A Supplementation for Children 6-11 Months in the Past 6 months 100 89 90 88 86
80 71 73 70 63 60 60 60
50
40
30 Proportion of children (%) children of Proportion 20
10
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Province
• Vitamin A supplementation coverage remained low in the province (73%), falling lower than national recommendation of 90%. • While coverage for Bubi (89%) , Nkayi (88%) and Umguza (86%) show positive prospects, other districts in the province were still lagging 135 far behind. Child Nutrition Status
Malnutrition Prevalence thresholds for children under 5 years:
Indicator Definition Provincial Prevalence (%) Prevalence cut-off values for public health significance Stunting Height/Length for age < –2 SD of the WHO 26.1% <2.5%: Very Low Child Growth Standards median (WHO, 2.5-<10%: Low 2006) 10-<20%: Medium 20-<30%: High ≥30%: Very High (De Onis et al., 2019) Global Acute Weight for height <-2SD of the WHO Child 4.1% <5% Acceptable Malnutrition (GAM) Growth Standards median and/or edema 5–9.9%: Poor (WHO, 2006) 10–14.9%: Serious >15%: Critical (WHO, 2000) Severe acute Weight for height < –3 SD of the WHO 1.6% 0% = acceptable malnutrition (SAM) Child Growth Standards median (WHO, >0%: Unacceptable 2006)
Overweight Weight for height > +2 SD of the WHO XX% <2.5%: Very Low Child Growth Standards median (WHO, 2.5-<5%: Low 2006) 5-<10%: Medium 10-<15%: High ≥15%: Very High (De Onis et al., 2019) 136 Acute Malnutrition by Province Based on MUAC for Age Standards
6.0 5.5 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.4
Proportion of children (%) children of Proportion 1.0
0.0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National
Global Acute Malnutrition Moderate Acute Malnutrition Severe Acute Malnutrition
• Matabeleland North had a Global Acute Malnutrition rate of 5.5%, Moderate Acute Malnutrition rate of 3.4% and Severe Acute Malnutrition rate of 2.1% , and these were all above the National thresholds.
137 Acute Malnutrition by Province Based on MUAC Measurements
7 5.9 6 5.2 5 4.1 3.8 4 3.8 3.6 3.1 2.92.9 3.0 3.0 2.8 3 2.7 2.7 2.1 2.0 2.12.1 1.9 1.82.0 2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9
1 0.7 Proportion of children(%) of Proportion 0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National Global Acute Malnutrition Moderate Acute Malnutrition Severe Acute Malnutrition
• Matabeleland North had GAM rate of 3.8% , this was below WHO threshold for emergency. • The SAM rate was recorded at 1.1%.
138 Gender Base Violence
In Zimbabwe, gender based violence undermines opportunities for women and denies them the ability to fully utilise their basic human rights. Violence against women is any act of gender based violence that results in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women (UN General Assembly Resolution 48/104 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 1993). Spousal abuse is the most common form of gender based violence. The Inter Agency Standing Committee (IASC) 2015 notes that many forms of GBV are significantly heightened during humanitarian emergencies including natural disasters like drought.
Food insecurity, in itself, and factors contributing to it can be key drivers of violence against women. 139 Spousal Violence and Other Forms of Gender Based Violence
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 37.4 30 21.7 19.2 15.7 17.0 17.8 16.3 20 13.0 Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 8.4 10 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.4 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National Spousal violence Other forms of Gender Base Violence
• Spousal violence was reported as the dominant form of violence across the whole province, though this was notably highest in Umguza (37.4%). • The high incidence of spousal violence is a sign for the need of intensifying GBV programming, especially in the districts with high prevalence. • All the seven districts reported a below 1% incidence of other forms of GBV, with only Hwange (0.5%) reporting a proportion above the national average.
140 Incidence of Different Types of Abuse
Deprive you of money to buy basic commodities for you or your children 3335 Verbally abuse you, deprive you from physical needs in order to punish you 68 71 Force you with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts you did not want to 7 9 Physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to 7 9 Physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him when you did not want to 13 15 Threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or other weapon 7 9 Try to choke you or burn you on purpose 5 9 Kick you, drag you, or beat you up 21 30 Punch you with his fist or with something that could hurt you 20 26 Twist your arm or pull your hair 14 19 Slap you 37 42 Push you, shake you, or throw something at you 38 48 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 National Mat North
• Verbal abuse was the most reported incidence in the province(68%), though lower than the national average by 3%. • Pushing/shaking/throwing at (48%) and slapping (42%) were higher in the province than the national averages. • Any incidence of violence highlights the need for scaled up stakeholder programming on GBV issues.
141 Sexual and Physical Violence by District
Sexual Abuse Physical Abuse
Kick you, drag you, or or you, drag you, Kick Push you, shake you, or you, shake you, Push you at something throw you Slap pull or arm your Twist hair your or fist his with you Punch that something with you hurt could up you beat
in any other way to to way other any in Physically force you to to you force Physically intercourse sexual have did you when him with to want not to you force Physically sexual other any perform to want not did you acts or threats with you Force you acts sexual perform to want not did Binga 3 6 3 Binga 56 42 22 17 25 Bubi 29 48 14 Bubi 62 48 14 33 24 Hwange 38 63 63 Hwange 88 63 63 63 75 Lupane 0 29 0 Lupane 29 29 0 14 29 Nkayi 13 13 0 Nkayi 25 13 0 13 13 Tsholotsho 8 67 17 Tsholotsho 42 67 17 17 25 Umguza 4 33 15 Umguza 33 33 15 26 22 Mat North 13 37 16 Mat North 48 42 19 26 30 National 15 7 7 National 38 37 14 20 21 • At more than twice the National average, Hwange notably had the highest proportion of households that reported incidences of both Sexual and Physical Abuse.
• Occurrence of Sexual and Physical Violence in any proportion is a cause of concern and calls for a dire need for intervention. 142 Proportions that Sought Medical Attention or Reported after Spousal Violence
Reported incident of physical/sexual violence Sought medical attention as a result of such physical/sexual Relatives/frien violence Police Church ds NGO No one Other Binga 2.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bubi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hwange 25.0 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupane 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nkayi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tsholotsho 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Umguza 7.4 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 Mat North 6.2 14.3 0.0 21.4 0.0 7.1 14.3 National 5.4 45.1 1.2 37.8 2.4 7.3 6.1
• The highest proportion of survivors that sought medical attention was with Hwange (25%) and Tsholotsho(8.3%) . • The most preferred place to report the incidences was with Relatives/Friends (21.4%) and Police (14.3%).
143 COVID 19 and Livelihoods
Due the fast spread of the disease, both in terms of casualties and geographic coverage, the World Health Organization (WHO), declared the coronavirus outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020, and thereafter, a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
144 Proportion of Households that had Ever Heard About COVID-19 100 96.5 99.5 98.5 100.0 99.0 98.5 97.9 93.4 90
80
70
60
50
40
30 Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 20
10
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• Over 90% of the households in Matabeleland North reported to have heard any information pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic.
145 Current Sources of Information About COVID-19
100 93.2 90.4 90 80.2 77.6 78.6 80 75.5 72.8 72.4 70 64.1
60 54.4 46.9 48.0 50 46.1 38.8 43.7 40 34.0 33.3 31.5 28.6 29.1 Proportion of Households(%) 30 26.1 24.3 23.8 20 18.4 11.1 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.0 4.7 1.0 9.4 10.2 2.3 9.6 7.8 7.8 1.2 10 6.1 6.8 5.6 2.9 3.9 2.7 2.7 4.0 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.2 2.4 1.21.2 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.7 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Radio Neighbours/Friends/Other Huseholds Television Print media (Newspapers Social media Internet browsing Government Extension Workers UN/NGOs Other • Government extension workers (72.4%) and radio(48%) were the most common sources of information about COVID-19.
146 Preferred Future Sources of Information about COVID-19 100
90
79.2 80 77.5 77.0
70.2 68.8 69.0 69.5 70 65.5 65.9 62.6 62.5 60.8 59.4 59.9 60 57.8 58.0
50 45.0 42.5 40
30.9 30 27.0 27.1 27.9
Proportion of Households (%) ofHouseholds Proportion 23.5 24.2 24.5 21.3 19.5 18.7 17.7 17.5 20 15.7 13.7 13.3 12.8 12.6 12.5 11.4 10.0 11.2 9.5 8.6 9.0 9.5 8.07.0 7.1 8.1 7.1 10 5.5 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.6 4.1 3.5 3.0 3.73.9 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.9 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Clinic/ Health facility Community/Village health workers (VHW) Posters Radio Television Social media Workshop Print media Opinion leaders
• Close to 66% of households indicated Clinics or Health facilities and Community Health Workers as their preferred future source of information on COVID-19. • Radio(30.9%) also emerged as one of the commonly preferred source of information. 147 Commonly Known Symptoms of COVID-19
100 93.0 89.7 90 86.6 82.8 82.8 82.8 76.2 82.2 79.1 78.5 77.8 80 75.6 75.3 71.9 71.8 70 66.1 66.2 65.2 63.2 63.2 62.4 62.8 60 56.8 55.7 56.9 48.8 52.7 51.5 50.0 50.9 49.4 49.9 50 44.2 37.6 42.7 41.5 43.2 36.9 42.8 35.5 37.938.5 38.8 40 35.0 30.8 30.4 32.2 27.8 31.7 25.5 20.0 ProportionofHouseholds (%) 30 20.5 25.7 24.4 21.6 20.1 17.8 17.2 18.9 20 13.0 15.8 15.3 16.6 7.6 8.6 11.6 7.3 10 4.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Fever Cough Shortness of breath Sore throat Runny or stuffy nose Muscle or body aches Headaches Fatigue(tiredness) Sudden loss of taste and smell
• The most commonly known symptoms reported by households were cough(77.8%) and fever(75.3%). • This pattern was also observed across all districts. 148 Commonly Known Methods on how COVID-19 Spreads
100 97.3
90 87.6 84.2 83.0 81.3 83.9 79.5 80.7 80.2 80.9 80 75.1 74.3 73.7 73.772.5 70.4 70.9 70 67.0 67.6 63.4 64.0 64.2 60.9 58.0 59.2 60 55.2 56.1 55.3 55.2 49.7 50 43.8
37.6 36.2 40 34.5 32.0 28.2 30 24.6 25.6 22.5 Proportion of Households (%) ofHouseholds Proportion 19.8 20
10 7.5 6.1 3.8 2.3 1.8 3.1 0.0 0.0 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Being in close contact with someone COVID-19 including hand shaking and hugging Coughing and sneezing without covering your mouth and nose Not covering your mouth and nose with a mask when in public Not washing hand with clean water and soap Touching a contaminated surface and then touching your face Other
• Generally across the province, households knew the common methods on how COVID-19 was spread. • Binga had over 80% of their households having knowledge of the 5 commonly known methods. 149 Knowledge on how to Reduce the Spread of COVID 19
100.0 95.5 89.5 90.0 84.8 86.8 86.0 86.8 81.5 83.8 80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20.0
10.0
0.0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• Over 80% of the households indicated to have some knowledge on how to reduce the spread of COVID-19. 150 Known Methods on Ways to Slow Down COVID-19 Spread 100 90.0 90 88.4 83.5 84.3 72.0 72.0 81.4 82.4 79.9 78.9 80.6 78.9 80 77.4 74.4 72.8 69.5 70.1 71.1 67.5 69.2 70 65.1 58.7 58.4 59.5 59.3 60 57.1 55.4 52.8 50.5 50 48.4 47.1 44.0 43.0 39.9 37.3 37.6 40 35.8 36.5 35.6 36.2 31.1 31.3 29.7 30.0 30.1 29.1 27.2 Proportion of Households(%) 30 26.7 22.7 17.1 21.7 17.6 18.3 19.1 20 13.9 11.8
10 5.2 6.7 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Wash your hands with clean water and soap often Cough or sneeze in your bent elbow Avoid touching your eyes,nose and mouth Limit social gatherings and time spent in crowded places Avoid close contact with someone with COVID-19 symptoms Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces
• Washing hands with clean water and soap often (82.4%), covering nose and mouth with mask when in public (69.2%) and limiting social gatherings and time spent in crowded places(59.3%) were the commonly known methods to slow down the spread of COVID-19. 151 Household Perception on Risk of Contracting COVID-19 100% 9.5 11.1 8.1 7.1 13.6 17.0 14.5 90% 5.1 8.6 80% 15.6 8.6 35.0 14.2 18.2 26.9 70% 38.5 31.5 60% 36.9 37.2 19.0 24.2 50% 41.6 11.5 40% 38.6 25.5 17.5 11.0 30% 22.4 26.8 7.0 24.1 8.0 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20% 28.4 29.0 10% 19.5 21.3 20.5 20.7 12.1 14.1 0% Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Not at all Low Medium High Don't know
• Binga (38.5%) and Umguza (31.5%) had the highest proportion of households indicating they were at high risk of contracting COVID-19. • Tsholotsho (35%) had the highest proportion of households that did not know their risk of contracting COVID-19.
152 Sources of PPE and Accessories During the COVID-19 Pandemic
100.0
90.0 84.8 84.8 79.7 79.6 80.0 77.0 70.1 70.0 63.8 62.4 61.1 60.0 55.6 54.9 49.4 50.0 40.0 31.5 29.7 32.2 30.0 25.0
Proportion of Households (%) ofHouseholds Proportion 20.0 13.9 14.9 11.1 8.1 10.0 6.3 4.2 4.8 0.0 0.0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Purchases Homemade Donations
• Homemade (63.8%) and purchases (54.9%) sources of PPEs during the COVID-19 pandemic were the most used. • Donations(8.1%) were the least reported source of PPE across all districts. 153 Perceptions on Affordability of COVID-19 PPE and Accessories 98.9 97.2 97.2 100 94.5 94.1 91.0 90.9 90 81.7 80
70
60
50
40
30
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20
10
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• Over 80% of the households reported that PPE and accessories were not affordable.
154 How Household Members were Protecting Themselves from COVID-19
100 90 84.4 77.5 80 75.5 74.9 76.6 69.0 67.8 70.1 70.5 70 64.3 64.5 61.564.0 63.1 61.9 62.5 64.1 58.0 57.5 56.1 58.6 56.5 56.7 60 54.0 55.3 53.1 53.7 51.8 51.0 51.3 49.5 46.7 46.2 47.7 47.5 46.0 48.3 50 42.6 44.7 38.1 38.4 40 33.2 27.8 30 24.9 26.1 24.5 23.0 21.2 19.6 18.2 19.3 17.0 Proportion of Households(%) of Proportion 20 15.2 11.5 8.5 10.1 9.1 8.1 7.6 8.6 10 7.1 5.1 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.0 2.0 1.4 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Frequently wash hands with soap under running water for 20 seconds Use alcohol based hand sanitizers Avoid touching mouth,eyes and nose Use a face mask in public places Cover mouth with flexed elbow when sneezing and coughing Avoid crowded places Practice social distancing Staying at home Traditional/religious practices
• Most households knew at least 5 methods of protecting against COVID-19 infections. • The least known method was use of alcohol based hand sanitisers (8.6%). 155 Action Taken if Member Suspects COVID-19 Infection
100 90 80 70 65.2 61.4 59.958.9 57.5 57.9 60 54.5 54.3 51.5 52.5 50 42.7 31.0 38.2 40 33.3 25.4 25.0 30 23.0 19.6 20.3 7.0
Proportion of Households (%) ofHouseholds Proportion 16.0 5.8 20 15.5 1.5 6.0 13.0 2.5 2.5 12.7 2.0 7.6 7.6 7.5 6.4 10 4.5 3.5 5.1 3.6 6.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 2.5 0.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 1.2 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Go to the clinic right away Stay at home and notify the nearest health service provider Consult local traditional healer/prophet Call the toll free number Home-based remedies Dont know
• Going to the clinic right away (57.9%) and staying at home and notify the nearest health service provider (38.2%) were the most commonly
mentioned actions to be taken if a member suspected a COVID-19 infection. 156 Effects of COVID-19 on Livelihoods 100 90 80.9 80 77.9 69.7 70 66.3 66.5 61.8 64.3 62.0 60 53.8 51.8 40.2 48.7 50.1 50 47.2 40.2 40 34.7 30.2 27.6 28.1 30 24.6 26.0 12.8 23.6 22.1 22.4 16.1 21.9 18.6 19.0 14.6 19.4 0.4 20 15.3 15.8 10.7 8.5 5.8 16.7 Proportion of Households (%) ofHouseholds Proportion 0.5 1.0 0.5 7.2 10.1 9.7 9.9 7.0 6.7 6.1 8.8 10 4.0 4.0 5.5 3.5 3.1 4.65.1 0.0 3.0 3.1 0.5 1.5 0.01.5 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.5 2.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 2.3 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Loss of business income Loss of employment Failed to access health facility Failed to access basic commodities Reduced sources of income Reduced salaries Reduced food sorces Gender-based violance (GBV) Restricted access to agricultural markets
• Households in Matabeleland North had their livelihoods affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in varied ways. • The most reported impacts were reduced food sources(62%), reduced sources of income(50.1%) and failing to access basic commodities (21.9%).
157 Shocks and Stressors
158 Shocks and Stressors ,by Households Waterlogging 0.5 Cancer diseases incidents 0.5 Floods 0.1 Conflict/social unrest 0.1 Hailstorms 0.3 GBV ( physical or sexual violence within the home) 0.9 Veld fires 0.9 Death of main income earner in the household 1.3 Diarrheal diseases incidents 0.9 Other shocks and stresses 1.6 Malaria diseases incidents 0.6 HIV and AIDS illness 3.9 Other health related (eg TB, BP) 4.8 Loss of employment by key household member 10.2 Human wildlife conflict 10.7 Livestock diseases 15.5 Livestock deaths 21.8 COVID-19 Pandemic 19 Livestock price changes i.e sharp drop or increase 27.9 Crop pests 20 Cereal price changes i.e. sharp drop or increase 62 Prolonged mid-season dry spell 61.7 Drought 76.9 Cash shortages 75.6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of Households (%) • The most commonly reported shocks were drought (76.9%), cash shortages(75.6%), cereal price changes(62%) and prolonged mid-season dry spells(61.7%). 159 Shocks and Stressors experienced by District Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North National COVID-19 Pandemic 2 10.1 75.2 15.7 6.6 20.5 2.5 19 24.1 Loss of employment by key household member 5.5 7.5 19.3 10.1 8.6 16.5 3.5 10.2 7.1 Death of main income earner in the household 1.5 1.5 0.5 2.5 1 1.5 0.5 1.3 2.1 HIV and AIDS illness 0.5 6.5 4.5 1.5 4.5 4 5.5 3.9 5.6 Diarrheal diseases incidents 0 1.5 0 0 1 2 2 0.9 2.2 Malaria diseases incidents 3 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.6 4.2 Cancer diseases incidents 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 1 1.5 0.5 0.5 Other health related (eg TB, BP) 1.5 6.5 4.5 0 5.6 7.5 8 4.8 6.9 GBV ( physical or sexual violence within the home) 2 0 2 0 0.5 1 0.5 0.9 1.3 Cash shortages 65.5 95 67.8 62.6 72.7 85 80.5 75.6 74.5 Cereal price changes i.e. sharp drop or increase 49 76.9 62.9 56.1 66.2 70 53 62 62.3 Livestock price changes i.e sharp drop or increase 25.5 40.2 13.4 36.9 43.4 33.5 3 27.9 29.7 Livestock diseases 9 16.1 5.9 34.3 21.2 20.5 2 15.5 19.3 Livestock deaths 13.5 16.6 9.4 40.4 28.3 39.5 5.5 21.8 21.8 Crop pests 24 5.5 18.8 29.3 31.8 21.5 9 20 38.5 Human wildlife conflict 10 0 20.8 13.1 3 24 3.5 10.7 10.1 Drought 78.5 88.4 46.5 80.8 62.1 93.5 88.5 76.9 73.4 Prolonged mid-season dry spell 44 90.5 55.4 60.6 57.6 71.5 52.5 61.7 66.7 Floods 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.1 1.0 Waterlogging 0.5 0 1 2 0 0 0 0.5 0.4 Hailstorms 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0.3 1.2 Veld fires 0 0 0 4.5 0 1 1 0.9 1.4 Conflict/social unrest 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.1 1.1 Other shocks and stresses 0.5 1 0 4 2.5 2.5 0.5 1.6 3.7 • The most commonly reported shocks were drought , cash shortages, cereal prices changes and prolonged mid-season dry spells.
• Human and wildlife conflict was also a significant reported shock in Tsholotsho (24%) and Hwange (20.8%). 160 Comparison, Shock Exposure and Ability to Cope
16
14 14 12 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 8 8 7 Index 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5
4
2
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Shock exposure Index Ability to cope index
• The shock exposure index (11) was high compared to the ability to cope index (6). This was an indication that most households were not coping well with the current shocks they were experiencing.
161 Average Number of Shocks/Stressors Experienced by Households
6.0
5.2 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.0
2.0 Average Number of Shocks of Number Average
1.0
0.0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
• The average number of shocks ranged from 5.2 in Tsholotsho to 3.2 in Umguza. • The provincial average number of shocks experienced by households was at 4.2. 162 Severity of Shocks on Households 100.0 1.4 0.7 1.9 1.3 5.3 2.2 3.9 5.4 7.0 7.8 8.1 7.5 8.3 8.6 12.5 13.9 90.0 12.4 13.4 15.2 16.4 22.2 0.0 20.8 25.0 24.1 24.8 37.5 80.0 25.5 25.7 27.9 0.0 37.0 70.0 50.0 60.0 25.9 44.8 50.0 100.0 94.7 90.0 87.5 85.4 85.4 84.7 83.5 37.5 40.0 75.3 75.0 77.8 69.8 67.5 30.0 66.4 64.0 55.5 50.0 20.0 41.7 38.8 Proportion of Households(%) of Proportion 10.0 25.0 0.0 0.0
Severe Moderate Minor/Mild
• Conflict and social unrest (100%), death of main income earner (94.7%) and drought (90%) were some of the shocks that had a severe impact on households. • Malaria disease(77.8%) incidents were reported to have a moderate impact to households. 163 Food Security
164 Food Security Dimensions
Figure 3: Dimensions of Food Security (Jones et al., 2013)
165 Food Security Analytical Framework
• Food security exists when all people at all times, have physical, social and economic access to food which is safe and consumed in sufficient quantity and quality to meet their dietary needs and food preferences and it is supported by an environment of adequate sanitation, health services and care allowing for a healthy and active life (Food and Nutrition Security Policy, 2012).
• The four dimensions of food security as give in Figure 3 are: • Availability of food • Access to food • The safe and healthy utilization of food • The stability of food availability, access and utilization
166 Food Security Analytical Framework
• Each of the surveyed households’ minimum expenditure or the emergency nutrition sensitive food basket
was computed from the following annual food basket requirement for an individual: Food Items Individual Annual Requirement Maize Grain (Kgs) 148 Rice (Kgs) 15 Ration meat (Kgs) 14.6 Milk (Litres) 36.5 Cooking Oil (Litres) 13.5 Peanuts (Kgs) 0.73 Cabbage (Heads) 15 Beans (Kgs) 7.3 Sugar (Kgs) 12.1
167 Food Security Analytical Framework
• Each of the surveyed households’ potential to acquire minimum expenditure food basket (Figure 3) was
computed by estimating the household's likely disposable income (both cash and non cash) in the 2020/21
consumption year from the following possible income sources;
• Cereal stocks from the previous season;
• Own food crop production from the 2020/21 agricultural season;
• Potential income from own cash crop production;
• Potential income from livestock ;
• Potential income from casual labour and remittances; and
• Income from other sources such as gifts, pensions, gardening, formal and informal employment.
168 Food Security Analytical Framework
• Household Food Security Status
• The total minimum expenditure food basket that could be acquired by the household from the
cheapest available sources using its potential disposable income was then computed and compared to
the household’s minimum expenditure food basket.
• When the total minimum expenditure food basket that a household could acquire was greater than its
minimum expenditure food basket requirements, the household was deemed to be food secure. When
the converse was true, the household was defined as food insecure.
• The severity of household food insecurity was computed by the margin with which its potential energy
access was below its total minimum expenditure food basket requirements.
169 Food Security Analytical Framework
• Household Cereal Security Status
• From the total minimum expenditure food basket, the total energy that could be acquired by the
household from the cheapest available sources using its potential disposable income was also
extracted and compared to the household’s minimum energy requirements.
• When the potential energy a household could acquire was greater than its minimum energy
requirements, the household was deemed to be food secure. When the converse was true, the
household was defined as food insecure.
• The severity of household food insecurity was computed by the margin with which its potential energy
access was below its minimum energy requirements.
170 Cereal Insecurity by District by Quarter 100 90 80 72.0 70.5 66.5 66.7 66.5 70 64.4 63.5 62.3 59.1 61.0 60 57.0 52.3 52.0 54.4 51.0 48.5 50 46.0 41.2 43.1 43.4 43.3 40 37.4 30.3 30 27.1
20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar
• Matabeleland North is projected to have 62.3% of households not being able to meet their cereal needs at the peak of the lean season period. • This indicates a dire need for urgent interventions that save lives and protects livelihoods. 171 Cereal Insecurity by District by Year
100 90 82 80 72 70.5 66 66.7 66.5 70 64.4 63 59.762.3 60 58 52.3 53 53 50 43.4 43 40 30
Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 20 10 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North 2019 2020
• Cereal insecurity is projected to increase to 62.3% in 2020, compared to 59.7% reported in 2019 at peak.
• Binga, Bubi and Hwange are estimated to record a decrease in the proportion of cereal insecure 172 households compared to 2019. Food Insecurity 100 90 28.0 47.7 35.6 56.6 33.3 29.5 33.5 37.7 80 70 72.0 70.5 60 66.7 66.5 64.4 62.3 50 52.3 40 43.4 30 20 10 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North
Cereal Insecure Below FPL
• Binga (72%) has the highest proportion of the households projected to be cereal insecure at the peak of the lean season. • Lupane (56.5%) has the highest proportion below the Food Poverty Line (FPL). • A combination of both these indicators compound the levels of food insecurity at household level. • There will be need for livelihoods protection interventions for households below the FPL ,to prevent them from becoming worse off.
173 Cereal Insecurity Pillars by District
Food insecurity from Food insecurity from cereals stocks plus cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash Food insecurity Food insecurity from Food insecurity from food crops plus cash crops plus livestock Food insecurity from cereals cereals stocks plus cereals stocks plus food crops plus livestocks plus casual labor and from cereals stocks plus food food crops plus cash crops plus cash crops plus casual labour and remittances plus stocks crops crops plus remittances remittances income Binga 100.0 95.5 95.0 94.5 89.5 72.0 Bubi 100.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 83.9 52.3 Hwange 100.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 85.6 64.4 Lupane 100.0 93.4 93.4 92.9 58.1 43.4 Nkayi 100.0 96.5 96.5 96.0 82.8 66.7 Tsholotsho 100.0 98.5 98.5 98.5 89.0 70.5 Umguza 100.0 98.5 98.0 98.0 87.5 66.5 Mat North 100.0 96.9 96.8 96.6 82.4 62.3
• All districts confirmed not to have any cereal stocks from the 2019/2020 season. Similarly, the 2020 Crop and Livestock Assessment had the same finding. • With the additional pillars factored in, Binga stands out as the most food insecure (72%), followed by Tsholotsho (70.5%).
174 Cereal Insecure Population by Quarter
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000 Population 150,000
100,000
50,000
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Jul - Sept 86,710 18,366 29,520 33,195 54,857 64,211 47,573 321,010 Oct - Dec 101,162 27,888 35,628 40,941 70,531 79,949 59,835 403,253 Jan - Mar 109,528 35,371 44,111 47,580 79,573 88,762 65,229 461,618
Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar
• The province is estimated have 461,618 people in need of support at peak. • Binga is estimated to have 109,528 people needing support.
175 Cereal Requirements (MT) by Quarter
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
Quantity in tonnes in Quantity 20,000
10,000
0 Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Mat North Jul - Sept 12,833 2,718 4,369 4,913 8,119 9,503 7,041 47,510 Oct - Dec 14,972 4,127 5,273 6,059 10,439 11,832 8,856 59,681 Jan - Mar 16,210 5,235 6,528 7,042 11,777 13,137 9,654 68,319
Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar
• At peak it was reported that the province requires 68,319MT of cereals to meet the needs for the population. • Binga is estimated to require 16,210 MT of cereals at the peak hunger period, followed closely by Tsholotsho (13,137MT) and Nkayi(11,777MT) respectively.
176 Conclusions and Recommendations i) Agriculture and Markets
• Rainfall distribution was very erratic throughout the season. This is by far the most single factor that contributed to poor crop performance in all districts, right from planting to the end of the season.
• This resulted in insignificant productions throughout all the districts with most if the agricultural production being exhausted within the 3months. This highlights the need for accelerated importation of grain from outside the province.
• There is also a need for government and partners to intensify on the promotion of drought tolerate crops as well as Climate Smart interventions like Conservation Agriculture.
• Animal Health Extension services (Veterinary Services)remain sparser than Agricultural Production. The same applies with Livestock Extension coverage, when compared to Crops. There is a dire need to improve on livestock production an d veterinary health extension in the province.
177 Conclusions and Recommendations
ii) Consumption and Livelihoods Coping Strategies
• Tsholotsho and Nkayi districts had the most households engaging in extreme (emergency) livelihoods coping strategies, indicating food consumption gaps that may lead to irreversible coping. There is need for introduction of resilience-building programmes that could assist the households to replenish their productive assets in the two districts.
• The CSI slightly decreased for all districts except for Hwange and Tsholotsho indicating that access to food support could have increased in 2020 or the households had prepared for a drought and hence stored or gathered increased food stores. Sharp increases in CSI in Hwange and Tsholotsho indicate huge food consumption gaps in 2020 and require immediate food support.
• About a fifth of households in the province had some of hunger, moderate or severe. This was comparable to the national picture indicating levels of hunger were widespread.
178 Conclusions and Recommendations iii) ISALS , Loans , Income and Expenditure
Generally incomes for rural households are following a downward trend. Formal sources remain relatively very low, notably with closure of some financier branches in rural centres (Agri Bank and CBZ Branches).
• Through the Ministry of Women Affairs and SMEs Development it is paramount for them to take lead on income generating projects . Information on their services should be disseminated efficiently through platforms that the client (the rural communities) will access with ease. On that note, there has been an improvement on proportions of households served through the Microfinance Women's Bank.
• More efforts should be directed towards supporting coverage of ISALs to improve financial inclusion .
• Cash stood out as the most common for of loan disbursements. Considering the current hyperinflatory environment, it is advisable that this form of money disbursement be done within a very short space of time to allow for the applicants to utilise it quite early before the loss of value.
• Hard cash (if not forex) stands as the preferred form of trade in the rural communities, this poses a challenge to loan applicants since they rarely receive hard cash/forex. Most disbursement are either mobile or bank transfers. It would be a noble concept for loaning institutions to disburse inputs/assets rather than cash.
• Average monthly income levels plummeted in 2020 compared to 2019 and 2018. Binga experienced a huge increase in average monthly income of USD $46.10. This could explain a decline in the food consumption gaps observed in Binga, indicating increased incomes resulting in reduced food insecurity.
• Women mostly took over on decision-making regarding use of household income in all the districts expect for Binga. However, there is need for further qualitative work to understand the type of decisions these women are making regarding to use of household income
• Average monthly income was still below the poverty datum line of (ZWL$ 5 xxx) across all districts of the province. This is a cause of concern. 179 Conclusions and Recommendations iv) Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
• Only 62.1% of the country has access to basic water services which is way below the SDG target of universal access .The high proportion of households consuming untreated water across the entire province is a cause of concern. Untreated water may contain contaminants, such as disease causing microbes, chemicals and human/animal waste. With the high incidence of surface water as a source, there is therefore a serious need for WASH programming in respect to water treatment
• . A paradigm shift from primarily relying on unimproved drinking water sources to improved communal water points and improved piped water into households using renewable energy sources (solar) is recommended.
• The findings indicate that at national level over 40% of households in Matabeleland North were still practicing open defecation. Elimination of open defecation through availing of resources (both software and hardware) for the construction of latrines using locally available resources is recommended. Customized service standards should reconcile with technology choice and service levels with the economic capacity of user groups
• Handwashing facilities and practices were reported to be significantly low across the province.
180 Conclusions and Recommendation v) Food Security Complementary Feeding and Child Nutrition Status • Through the Multisectoral approach, the government should scale up Food Security Interventions so to address the food insecurity prevalence, which is likely to plummet to 62.3% at peak hunger period. • Through the Ministry of Health and Childcare, there is need to conduct Mother led MUAC trainings so that mothers can be able to screen their children and hence identify a potentially deteriorating condition. • The incidence of chronic diseases in the province was very minimal. • There Vitamin A Supplementation coverage for children one year and older remains low in the province, with only half of children in this age group having received the required number of doses. There is therefore need to scale this exercise up. • is need to scale up the establishment of nutritional gardens in Institutions and Households to enhance the access to at least four food groups per day.
181 End
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