AUSTRALIAN 186 BIRD WATCHER

Occurrence of the Long-billed Dowitcher on Bali, Indonesia, and Other Observations

By JAROSLAV KLAPSTE, Department of Applied Biology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3000

Summary Observation of the Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus - the Holarctic breeding species - on Bali, Indonesia is reported. This bird was seen in the south-south-eastern part of the island, and observed for more than thirty minutes. Brief notes on some other birds observed on Bali are also given: forest birds were not numerous anywhere and were confined only to certain places; migratory waders were abundant and widespread; attention is given to Rothschild's Myna Leucopsar rothschildi, the rarest resident bird and the only endemic species on the island; a list of birds seen during the ten-day stay on Bali is presented. The island of Bali The island of Bali in the centre of Indonesia is 144 km long and up to 80 km wide. It lies eight degrees south of the equator and only 2 km from the far eastern tip of Java. Bali is one of the most densely populated regions on earth. Nearly three million people of the Hindu­ Balinese traditions are permanent inhabitants and this number is now increased by about one million tourists a year (Dalton 1980). Bali is very mountainous, the highest mountain being Mt Agung 3 142m, in the east. It is an active volcano, the last large eruption being in 1963. Land on the island is used very extensively and narrow rice terraces are built even on the steep slopes of mountain sides. The wet season on Bali is from December to March, and the dry season from April to November. The northern side is noticeably drier than the southern. The newly-proposed Bali Barat National Park will be very important for the conservation of nature on Bali. This park will include three major elements: the Bali Barat Wildlife Reserve, coral reefs and marine waters, and primary montane forest (Anon. n.d.). Bird-watching on Bali Bali is not very attractive for bird-watchers because the island is highly developed and bird life in general is not very rich. Alden & Gooders (1981) give a short (but not very useful) account of finding and watching birds on Bali. Peter Klapste and I visited Bali on 24 November 1982, and again - after spending three weeks in northern and central Sulawesi - from 16 December until 24 December 1982. VOL. 10 (6) JUNE 1984 Long-billed Dowitcher on Bali 187

Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis, Bali, December 1982. Plate 45 Photo: Peter Klapste

During that time we were able to see only 101 species of birds including 22 species of migratory waders. It was not easy to find any remnant of forest in the more accessible places on Bali and extensive areas of rice fields and coconut palm plantations have only a very limited number of birds. Some birds however were present in the gardens and trees around hotels, even in such tourist centres as Kuta and especially Sanur. There we saw the Pied Fantail, Asian Magpie Robin, Javan Munia, Bar-winged Prinia and some others. (Scientific names of birds seen on Bali are given in the appendix). The Java Sparrow was common only near Narmada Hotel where up to 300 birds, together with Munias, came to roost over­ night in nearby coconut palms. Smaller numbers of Java Sparrows were present here at any time of the day, shading themselves in low trees amid the houses. More birds were on the slopes behind the Bali Handara Golf Club. We often saw feeding groups of birds, consisting of several species such as the Scarlet Minivet, Black-winged Hemipus, Mountain Leaf Warbler, Little Pied Flycatcher, Great Tit, and others. This place and the Bali Barat Nature Reserve were the best localities for forest birds. Migratory waders were present in larger numbers than we expected. All habitats for waders are well represented on Bali including mudflats and mangroves, coast with coral remains and rocks, sandy beaches, salt­ work treatment ponds, many fresh water and brackish swamps, wet paddocks and rice fields, rivers, streams and channels. We spent considerable time wader-watching and exploring suitable wader habitats. AUSTRALIAN 188 KLAPSTE BIRD WATCHER

1 Denpasar 7 Lake Bratan 13 Kuta 2 Gilimanuk 8 Lake Batur 14 Airport 3 The Bali Barat Nature Reserve 9 MtBatur(1717m) 15 Lombok Strait 4 Singaraja 10 Mt Abang (2152m) 16 Badung Strait 5 The Bali Handara Golf Club 11 Mt Agung (3 142m) 17 Nusa Penida 6 Kebun Raya (Botanic Gardens) 12 Sanur Beach 18 Serangan Island The arrow points to the locality where the Long-billed Dowitcher was seen.

Long-billed Dowitcher On the afternoon of 23 December 1982 Peter Klapste and I walked south along the coast from Sanur Beach for about 3 km. At this point a stream entered the sea through a small estuary, with dense vegetation and a large area of mangroves. Some solitary scattered mangroves were also along the seaward end of the estuary, on mudflats which were under water at high tide. The sea here is very shallow and during low tide the exposed mudflats cover a huge area. Many migratory waders feed in the shallow water, and on the freshly exposed mudflats. Because the density of human population is so high on Bali it is virtually impossible even here to be out of sight of people. Behind the mudflats, in the shallow water, the Balinese people catch fish and collect other seafood. At low tide the water between the coast and the small Serangan Island, a few km offshore, is so shallow that the island can be reached by wading. The Balinese women wade through these shallows in loose groups, carrying baskets with fish and other loads on their heads. The feeding waders are thus quite used to the close proximity of walking and wading people, and have little fear of humans. The birds can often be approached quite closely. When we arrived at the area with the mangroves, where the small stream enters the sea, the tide had just begun to ebb and the water was receding very rapidly. Migratory waders started to build up in large numbers - Curlew Sandpipers, Marsh Sand­ pipers, Redshanks and Greenshanks. At 1610 h local time I noticed a strange wader, soon identified as a dowitcher of the genus Limnodromus. Its characteristic feeding behaviour made it conspicuous; it was plunging its bill into the soft VOL. 10 (6) JUNE 1984 Long-billed Dowitcher on Bali 189 mud with a 'sewing-machine' action. From its small size and pale legs it was either the Long-billed Dowitcher L. scolopaceus or the Short-billed Dowitcher L. griseus - but not the Asian Dowitcher L. semipalmatus, which is larger and has black legs. Migratory waders are among my favourite birds and I have studied the identification of them in the literature and in the field whenever an opportunity has occurred. Separation of the Long-billed Dowitcher from the Short-billed Dowitcher is however one of the most difficult field identification problems, because both species are variable with a certain amount of overlap in the field characters. Although I knew both these forms of dowitcher from published descriptions and illustrations I had had no previous field experience with either of them; however I have s~en the Asian Dowitcher in Australia on several occasions (Kiapste 1975). The dowitcher we saw on this occasion was quite tame, sometimes allowing us to approach to within 15m. We did not use a telescope but excellent observations of it were made through 10 x 50 binoculars. It was under observation from 1610 to 1650 h local time, when it was feeding, either alone or among Curlew Sandpipers and Redshanks. We saw it in flight five times: twice we flushed it purposely to see the flight and to listen for its call; once it took flight with other waders, without obvious reason; and once it was flushed by fisherman wading nearby. On all of these occasions it returned to the same area and continued feeding - it preferred this sheltered location and avoided the more exposed outer coast. The last occasion was when it flew off to the south with other waders and did not return. In flight the white back and the toes projecting beyond the tail were always conspicuous. While feeding, it waded in water varying in depth from just sufficient to cover the feet, to full leg depth. In the normal standing position the wings were slightly short of the tip of the tail. Its body size was about one and one half times that of an average-sized Curlew Sandpiper, or perhaps a little bigger. The bill was very long and snipe-like, blackish, paler at the base, and very slightly widened and turned down towards the tip. I estimated that the length of the bill was more than twice the length of the head. The bird appeared generally greyish in colour with a white belly, the crown being uniformly grey and the supercilium conspicuously whitish. The breast was grey and the upperparts darker greyish with pale edges to the feathers. The white lower back was seen only during flight. The tail feathers were by contrast dense dark brown, with white bars, the dark bars being wider than the white ones. The bird was evidently an adult in non-breeding plumage, with the under-tail coverts and flanks strongly barred. However, the intensity of the barring looked more like that in the illustration in Nisbet (1980, Plate 2) of the juvenile of this species, than that for the barring on this part of the body in non-breeding adults, as illustrated in Cramp & Simmons (1983, Plate 44). In contrast the juvenile in the photograph in Prater et al. (1977, Plate 9) shows almost no barring at all. Thus the intensity of barring on the flanks and under-tail coverts must be very variable in all age groups. AUSTRALIAN 190 KLAPSTE BIRD WATCHER

We did not hear the bird calling. Jehl (1963) stated that most orni­ thologists agree that the calls of the two species are diagnostic. A single noted 'keek' is ascribed to the Long-billed Dowitcher, while a whistled 'tu-tu-tu' is characteristic of the Short-billed Dowitcher. According to Peterson (1980) the call is a single 'keek', occasionally doubled or trebled. The following morning (24 December 1982) we returned with a camera and telephoto lens to the locality where we saw this Long-billed Dowitcher to try to photograph it, and to make more observations. However we failed to locate it as the conditions were completely different - high tide with overcast and windy weather. This was our last day on the island. In the limited time left we examined other apparently suitable places in the same area but were unable to find the dowitcher again. The identification of our observed bird as the Long-billed Dowitcher is based mainly on the length of the bill and the pattern of the tail feathers, but it should be emphasised that the separation of these two smaller dowitchers is not easy. It should be mentioned here that in the photograph used by Nisbet (1980, Plate 3), there are three birds identified as Short-billed Dowitchers. The bird in the middle of the picture is more like the Long-billed Dowitcher and indeed Dr J. R. Jehl Jr - an expert on dowitchers - disagrees with the stated identification. Dr Jehl considers the middle one to be without doubt the Long-billed, and not the Short-billed, Dowitcher; the other two could be also (Wallace 1980, p.87). This photograph is reproduced much more clearly, and in larger format, by Cruickshank (1977, p.86), but he also identifies the birds as Short-billed Dowitchers. The Long-billed Dowitcher has a Holarctic breeding distribution. In the Palearctic, breeding is known on the Chukotsky Peninsula (Chukotka) in the extreme north-east of Siberia. It nests regularly in this area, with the western boundary from about Vankarem south to Anadyr, with less frequent nesting further west. In the Nearctic it breeds in north-western coastal Alaska and in the north-western parts of the District of Mackenzie in Canada. Very little is known about its life history. In the more favourable Siberian breeding locations, in moss-sedge tundra, a density of 5-6 pairs per sq. km can occur; up to 7 pairs in swampy tundra north of the tree line; 3-4 pairs per sq km elsewhere (Johnsgaard 1981). During the breeding season in Chukotka, Kolonin (1980) saw 22 Long­ billed Dowitchers in a 29 km line count. Breeding can occur quite late in the season- Zasypkin (1981) found two nests in Chukotka, both with four eggs, one on 10 June and the other as late as 11 July 1972. The Long-billed Dowitcher is a medium-to-long distance migrant (Prater et a!. 1977). It is believed that the birds of the Siberian population migrate through the Bering Sea to Alaska and continue their migration with the dowitchers of the North American population, to their wintering grounds in central America. This migration pattern was recently supported by some bird-banding results; one Long-billed Dowitcher banded during migration at the Cheyenne Bottoms waterfowl manage­ ment area in Kansas, USA, was recovered in Siberia. Between 1966 and 1978 Martinez (1979) banded 58 159 waders of 32 species in this locality, VOL. 10 (6) JUNE 1984 Long-billed Dowitcher on Bali 191

including 939 Long-billed Dowitchers. Six of the dowitchers banded there were retrapped in later years at the banding place, thus showing that they regularly use the same stop-over area during migration. Some stragglers have crossed the Atlantic Ocean and have been recorded in Europe. Sharrock & Sharrock (1976) reported 112 records of dowitchers up to 1972 from Britain and Ireland - 25 of them being identified as Long-billed Dowitchers and six as Short-billed Dowitchers. Outside its limited breeding range it is very rare anywhere in eastern Asia; there is one possible record from Malaysia. On 22 November I 953 one small dowitcher - with a wing length of 143 mm - was shot at Relau Reservoir in the Province of Johore, Malaysia, but the description is not sufficient to identify the bird specifically. It could be L. scolopaceus or L. griseus (Medway & Wells 1976). It was not the Asian Dowitcher L. semipalmatus which is larger, with a wing length of 174-188 rum according to Prater et al. (1977), or 164-181 mm according to Medway & Wells (1976). Cramp & Simmons (1983) give the wing length for L. scolopaceus as 135-158 mm and for L. griseus as 135-155 mm. Ostapenko et al. (1980) reported the first record of the Long-billed Dowitcher for Mongolia. It was an adult female, collected on 22 July 1977 while feeding with Sharp-tailed Sandpipers in a shallow lake in the steppe. In eastern Asia it has been recorded more frequently only in Japan, where according to Sonobe & Robinson (1982), it is an uncommon winter visitor or transient, in shallow inland waters and estuaries. Two specimens are known from Japan, collected in the autumn and spring migration seasons - October and March (Cramp & Simmons 1983).

Other migratory waders Apart from the Long-billed Dowitcher, we saw two other species of waders, as single birds, on one occasion. These were the Green Sand­ piper and the Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. The Green Sandpiper migrates over a shorter distance than the rather similar Wood Sandpiper. For this reason it is probably not a regular visitor to most of the Indonesian islands. (For the distribution map see Cramp & Simmons 1983, p.570). Due to a lack of competent resident observers in these areas at present, the status there of this bird is not knowri. Some birds may not be recognised, and they are easily confused with Wood Sandpipers, which are common on Bali. We found a Green Sandpiper near Sanur in a freshwater swamp. A temple on a small island there is surrounded by water and a grassy swamp, and many waders were in this locality, including three Long-toed Stints and many snipe. We observed a Green Sandpiper feeding alone there. From a distance it looked almost black and white at first sight, but was larger than the Wood Sandpiper and had dark legs. It had very dark greenish-brown upperparts and blackish wings, contrasting sharply with the pure white rump and abdomen - especially conspicuous when seen later in flight. The almost black under-wing and white tail with wide black bars were also clearly seen. It took flight in a zig-zag manner and uttered a very loud, melodius 'weet-a-weet' call. Australia is the main wintering ground for the Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. During migration this species may be present on Bali in large numbers. AUSTRALIAN 192 KLAPSTE BIRD WATCHER

Very little is known about the migration of waders in this part of the world, although a Sharp-tailed Sandpiper banded in Australia was recovered in Java, just west of Bali (Anon. 1983). With its potential wader habitats, and their relatively easy access, Bali should receive better attention from wader specialists - the island may be very important in relation to the migration of waders to and from Australia. To the north of Bali, on Borneo, there are also some good coastal habitats for waders, worthy of attention - near Balikpapan and Bandjarmasin. The most abundant wader on Bali was the Curlew Sandpiper. Marsh Sandpipers were also common and about four hundred of them were present near the site where we saw the Long-billed Dowitcher. Other waders were seen in smaller numbers. Snipe - genus Gallinago - were common in freshwater habitats. I have listed them as one species G. megala, but others, especially the Pintail Snipe G. stenura, were almost certainly present as well. South­ eastern Asia generally is suitable for detailed study of snipe and for determining criteria for their field identification. Migratory birds other than waders were also observed. The Yellow Bittern was very common in many coastal localities but, rather surpris­ ingly, the Grey Wagtail and Yellow Wagtail were seen only once each, although on Sulawesi at about the same time both were quite common.

Rothschild's Myna The second Freiburger Moluccan Expedition from Germany stopped on Bali, on their way to Ceram, in the Moluccas, in early 1911. On 24 March 1911 Erwin Stresemann - the ornithologist of the expedition - collected there the strikingly beautiful White Myna, which he described a year later (Stresemann 1912). The expedition made a great contribution to the knowledge of Balinese ornithology (Stresemann 1913) . After returning to Europe, Stresemann worked on his Bali bird collection at the Tring Museum in England. There this new myna from Bali was named Leucopsar rothschildi in honour of Lord Rothschild; Leucopsar in ancient Greek means 'white starling'. On Bali, the myna is known locally as Jalak Putik 'the White King-bird'. However - as we found - not all Balinese know of the existence of this bird. The first live Rothschild's Mynas were sent to Europe in 1928 and the first successful breeding there in captivity is known from 1931. Later many of these birds were smuggled out of Bali for avicultura1 collections - as a rarity they were highly prized. The Rothschild's Myna - also called the Bali or White Myna - is a snowy-white bird, with a long pendant crest. The primaries and terminal band on the tail are black and the bare facial mask is bright blue. It is a rare and endangered species, now confined to a small area in western Bali. It is estimated that no more than 200-250 individuals now survive on Bali (Anon. n.d.). Naturally we wished to see the Rothschild's Myna in the wild. We were successful in the Bali Barat Nature Reserve north-east of Gilimanuk, four hours drive from Denpasar. Written permission for a visit to the VOL. 10 (6) JUNE 1984 Long-billed Dowitcher on Bali 193 reserve was obtained from the Directorate of Nature Conservation and Forestry office (PPA) in Denpasar. In general bird life is relatively rich in this reserve. The other, and similar, starling which occurs there is the Black-winged Starling. We saw this bird elsewhere on the island, near Sanur, flying in small groups into the mangroves behind the saltwork lagoons late in the afternoons.

Acknowledgements I thank John L. McKean for general information and practical advice about travel on Bali, and for useful suggestions as to where to look for some of the forest birds. I am grateful to Dr J. R . Blake for reading the manuscript and making suggestions for its improvement. Peter Klapste shared and discussed all the Bali bird observations with me.

References Alden, P. & Gooders, J. (1981) , Finding Birds Around the World, Andre Deutsch, London. Anon. (n.d.), 'Bali Barat National Park' Directorate, of Nature Conservation Denpasar, Bali. Anon. (1983) , 'Recovery round-up', Corella vol. 7, 114-116. Cramp, S. & Simmons, K. E. L. (Eds), (1983), The Birds of the Western Palearctic, vol. 3, OUP, Oxford. Cruickshank, A. D. (1977) , Cruickshank's Photographs of Birds of A meri ca, Dover Pub!., New York. Dalton, B. (1980) , Indonesia Handbook, 2nd edn., Moon Pub!., Chico, California. Jehl, J. R. Jr (1963), 'An investigation of fall-migrating dowitchers in New Jersey', Wilson Bull. vol. 75, 250-261. Johnsgaard, P. A. (1981), The Plovers, Sandpipers, and Snipes of the World, Univ. Nebraska Press, Lincoln & London. Klapste, J. (1975), 'Some notes from Mud Islands', A ust. Bird Watcher vol. 6, 79-82. Kolonin, G. V. (1980), 'Ornithological observations in Chukotka and Wrangel Island' (in Russian) , Ornitologiya vol. 15, 197-200. Martinez, E. F. (1979), 'Shorebird banding at the Cheyenne Bottoms waterfowl management area', Wader Study Group Bull. vol. 25, 40-41. Medway, Lord & Wells, D. R. (1976), The Birds of the Malay Peninsula, vol. 5, Witherby, London. Nisbet, I. C. T. (1980), 'Dowitchers in Great Britain and Ireland', in Sharrock, J. T. R. (ed.), 16-31. Ostapenko, V. A. & others (1980), 'Character of seasonal stay, distribution and some ecological habits of shorebirds in Mongolia' (in Russian) , Ornitologiya vol. 15, 49-62. Peterson, R. T. ( 1980), A Field Guide to the Birds East of the Rockies, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Prater, A. J., Marchant, J. H. & Vuorinen, J. (1977) , Guide to the Identification and Ageing of Holarctic Waders, British Trust for Ornithology, Guide 17, Tring. Sharrock, J. T. R. (ed.) (1980) , The Frontiers of Bird Identification, Macmillan, London. Sharrock, J. T. R. & Sharrock, E. M. (1976), Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland, Poyser, Berkhamsted. Sonobe, K. & Robinson, J. W. (eds) (1982) , A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan, Wild Bird Society of Japan, Tokyo. Stresemann, E. (1912), 'Some new birds collected during the second " Freiburger Molukken-Expedition",' Bull. B r. Om. Club vol. 31 , 4-6. Stresemann, E. (1913), 'Die Vogel von Bali', Novitates Zoo/. vol. 20, 325-387. Wallace, D. I. M. (1980) , 'Dowitcher identification: a brief review', in Sharrock, J. T. R ., (ed.), 78-88. Zasypkin, M. Y. (1981), 'Distribution of birds in Western Chukotka and zoo­ geographic analysis of its avifauna', (in Russian) , Ornitologiya vol. 16, 100-114. AUSTRALIAN 194 KLAPSTE BIRD WATCHER

Appendix List of birds observed on Bali, Indonesia on 24 November 1982 and from 16 December until 24 December 1982

1 Least Frigatebird Fregata ariel 43 Javan Turtle-Dove Streptopelia 2 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea bitorquata 3 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 44 Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia 4 Little Egret Egretta garzetta chinensis 5 Eastern Reef Egret Egretta sacra 45 Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica 6 Javan Pond Heron Ardeola speciosa 46 Grey-faced Green Pigeon Treron 7 Striated Heron Butorides striatus griseicauda 8 Black-crowned Night-Heron 47 Pied Imperial-Pigeon Ducu/a Nycticorax nycticorax bicolor 9 Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis 48 Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus 10 Milky Stork Mycteria cinerea affinis 11 Grey Teal Anas gibberifrons 49 Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta 12 Osprey Pandion haliaetus 50 Edible-nest Swiftlet Collocalia 13 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus inexpectata 14 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis 51 Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus cheela batasiensis 15 Japanese Sparrowhawk Accipiter 52 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo gularis caerulescens 16 Indian Black Eagle Ictinaetus 53 Collared Kingfisher Halcyon malayensis chloris 17 Green Jungle Fowl Gallus varius 54 Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops 18 White-breasted Waterhen philip pinus A maurornis phoenicurus 55 Pacific Swallow Hirundo tahitica 19 Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 56 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Lesser Golden Plover Pluvialis 20 57 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava dominica 21 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius 58 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea dubius 59 Large Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina 22 Mongolian Plover Charadrius novaehollandiae mongolus 60 Pied Triller Lalage nigra 23 Large Sand Plover Charadrius 61 Small Minivet Pericrocotus leschenaultii cinnamomeus 24 Ruddy Turnstone A renaria 62 Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus interpres flam meus 25 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 63 Black-winged Hemipus Hemipus 26 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola hirundinaceus 27 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus 64 Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus 28 Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes aurigaster 29 Common Sandpiper Tringa 65 Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus hypoleucos goiavier 30 Greenshank Tringa nebularia 66 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus 31 Redshank Tringa totanus 67 Tiger Shrike Lanius tigrinus 32 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 68 Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach 33 Swinhoe's Snipe Gallinago mega/a 69 Asian Magpie Robin Copsychus 34 Long-billed Dowitcher saularis Limnodromus scolopaceus 70 Pied Stonechat Saxicola caprata 35 Red Knot Calidris canutus 71 Sunda Warbler Seicercus 36 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris grammiceps acuminata 72 Ashy Tailorbird Orthotomus 37 Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis ruficeps 38 Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta 73 Mountain Leaf Warbler 39 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris Phylloscopus trivirgatus ferruginea 74 Bar-winged Prinia Prinia familiaris 40 Sanderling Calidris alba 75 Yellow-breasted Gerygone 41 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon Gerygone sulphurea nilotica 76 Little Pied Flycatcher Ficedula 42 Crested Tern Sterna bergii westermanni VOL. 10 (6) JUNE 1984 Notice 195

77 Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa 89 Java Sparrow Padda oryzivora ceylonensis 90 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer 78 Pied Fantail Rhipidura javanica montanus 79 Great Tit Parus major 91 Streaked Weaver Ploceus manyar 80 Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker 92 Glossy Starling Aplonis panayensis Dicaeum trochileum 81 Yellow-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia 93 Black-winged Starling Sturnus jugularis melanopterus 82 Mountain White-eye Zosterops 94 Asian Pied Starling Sturnus contra montana 95 Rothschild's Myna Leucopsar 83 Mangrove White-eye Zosterops rothschildi lutea 96 White-vented Myna Acridotheres 84 Javan Grey-throated White-eye javanicus Lophozosterops javanica 97 Black-naped Oriole Oriolus 85 Brown Honeyeater Lichmera chinensis indistincta 98 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus /eucophaeus 86 Javan Munia Lonchura 99 Black Drongo Dicrurus leucogastroides macrocercus 87 White-headed Munia Lonchura 100 White-breasted Woodswallow maja Artamus leucorhynchus 88 Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura 101 Slender-billed Crow Corvus enca punctulata •

NOTICE

XIX International Ornithological Congress

The XIX International Ornithological Congress will take place in Ottawa, Canada, from 22 to 29 June 1986. Prof. Dr Klaus Immelmann (West Germany) is President and Dr Henri Ouellet (Canada) is Secretary General. The programme is being planned by an international Scientific Programme Committee chaired by Professor J. Bruce Falls (Canada). The programme will include plenary lectures, symposia, contributed papers (spoken and posters), and films. There will be a mid-congress free day. Pre and post-congress excursions and workshops are planned in various interesting ornithological regions of Canada. Information and requests for application forms should be addressed to: Dr Henri Ouellet, Secretary General, XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologicus, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA OM8.