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Population and Range Fluctuations of Asian Dowitcher <I>Limnodromus

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Population and Range Fluctuations of Asian Dowitcher <I>Limnodromus Melnikov: Populationand rangefluctuations of AsianDowitcher Ltmnodromus semtpalmatus in the centralAsian arid zone Population and range fluctuations of Asian Dowitcher Limnodromussemipalmatus in the central Asian arid zone Yu.I. Melnikov Melnikov,Y.I. 1998.Population and range fluctuations of AsianDowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatusin the centralAsian arid zone. InternationalWader Studies 10: 351-357. Themain breeding range of theAsian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus lies within the limitsof the arid zonein south-westernSiberia, Mongolia and China. Furthernorth, up to 56-57øN,it is patchilydistributed on isolatedareas of relictsteppe. At the end of the 19thcentury several hundredpairs were known to bebreeding at thenorthern limits of thespecies' breeding range. Theirpopulation during this period was probably stable. Since the mid-1970sthe populationhas increasedto 6,000birds. Thisis mainlydue to extremedroughts in the southernparts of the breedingrange and an expansionof at least1,000 km in the extentof the northernboundary. This increaseoccured very rapidly overa periodof abouttwo years. The subsequentpopulation decreasewas slow, lasting more than ten years. Currently(1990-1991) the populationis similarto that at the beginningof the century.A slowdecrease in numbersin the northernpart of the breedingrange after the droughtended in the southindicates that the speciesis bothhighly site- faithfuland very mobile. The species' expansion is characterisedby markedirruptions during extremedroughts, their scale depending on the sizeof the areassuffering from drought.This behaviouris a characteristicadaptation to existencein arid regions. Yu.I. Melnikov, East-SiberianSection ASRIF, SedovStr., 41, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia. Mea•,•I•SOS,IO. I4. t998. Koae6a•ma •½ae•i,oc•r• • rpanm/apeaaay aa•a•r½soro6esa½os•/•ioro •epe•re•I•m•aLimnodromus semipalmatus • ap•g•IOil ao•e Cpeg•eil Aa•. InternationalV•ader Studies 10: 351-357. Oc.oB•ioilrHeaAoBoil apeaa aasaTcsoro 6esacoss/;•ioro BepeTeH.s•a Limn•romus semipalmams pacnoao•e.• npe•eaaxap•o• ao.• .a •re 3anaa.o•C•6sp•, s Monroa• • K•ae. •sep.ee a•oro•rso.a, ao 56-57ø c.m., yqact•axpeA•KTOBO• CTeH•. •3BecTHO, qTO B •oH6e t9-oro ne•a HeC•OAbKO coTell nap •x.• pa•onaxo6aacts rneaaosanss, sesa.Meaae..• cnaaq•caeHH•T• B cesep.o• nanux pa•onaxysaa•aeT HaTO, qTO BH•y cso•cTse..a n•cosas cTenenb sas r.eaAonoro so•cepnaT•aMa,Tas • noAsu•TU. Pacm•.ue a•aa cTpaga•x OT•cyxs. Tas• no•ae.se - xapasTep• Introduction zoneonly extendsinto Russiaat the border,the Publications from recent decades have shown that characteristicsof thisphenomenon could only be studied for the northern boundaries of the waders the spatialstructure of the rangesof waderssuch as AvocetRecurvirostra avosetta, Black-winged Stilt breedingin thesearid areas.The groupof waders Himantopushimantopus, Marsh Sandpiper Tringa that usethe narrow habitatspectrum in the arid stagnatitisand AsianDowitcher Limnodromus regionare of specialinterest, as most of them are semipalmatusbreeding near the waterbodies of the includedin the RussianRed Data Book'sregional arid zoneof CentralAsia arevery variable listsof endangeredspecies and thusrequire special (Melnikov 1986a,1986b; Osipova 1986). As the arid measuresfor their protection.An important elementof suchwork is the analysisof those 351 International Wader Studies 10: 351-357 80OE 100OE 120øE 140øE 160øE Study Lake Baikal Figure1. AsianDowitcher breeding range: 1 - WestSiberian concentration; 2 - the LargeLakes depression (Mongolia); 3 - Selengariver basinconcentration (Mongolia); 4 - Russian-Mongolian-Chineseconcentration; 5 - Cicikarconcentration (China); ß - recordsof AsianDowitchers during invasionsto northernrange limits. populationprocesses for speciesof which only we collecteddata on the changesin numbersof thrs limited data exist. The Asian Dowitcher is used as speciesin south-easternSiberia, as well as detailed an exampleof thisanalysis of fluctuationsin informationon the ecologyof Asian Dowitcherat numbersand changesin breedingrange the Selengariver delta (1973-1980)and the Irkut boundaries. river mouth(1983-1987). The mostprobable breedingareas were also surveyed (Melnikov 1985, The AsianDowitcher is a rare,poorly studied 1986a,1991), and all publisheddata were analysed. waderspecies, included in theIUCN RedData Book Totalcounts were made at the Selengadelta once and in the Red Data Books of several countries everytwo or threeyears using specially designed within the CIS.-The totalpopulation was estimated methods(Melnikov 1986c). Reproductive success not longago at 1,000birds. Surveysat the was estimatedaccording to Mayfield (1975), winteringgrounds in south-easternAsia made it modifiedby Payevsky(1985). The nest-historiesof possibleto updatethis figure to 5,000birds in 1984. a total of 625 nests were recorded: 531 nests at the After a furtherinventory of the winteringgrounds Selengadelta and 94 at the Irkut river mouth. in 1989,the populationwas estimatedat 15,000- 20,000birds (Howes& Parish1989). Surveysmade Results and Discussion within its breedingrange in Russiain yearswhen largenumbers of birdswere present estimated less The breedingrange occupies a narrowbelt in the than half this number (lessthan 6,000birds; forest-steppes,steppes and semi-desertsfrom Melnikov 1986a),whilst the datafrom otherparts of south-westernSiberia across the Baikalregions, the breedingrange are insufficient for evena Mongolia,and northernChina to the shoresof the preliminaryestimate of populationsize. PrimoryeTerritory. The main part of the breeding rangeis situatedwithin the arid zone,where birds Methods inhabitextremely variable wetland ecosystems. The characteristicdistribution is due to the fact that they Informationpresented in thispaper is basedon 20 chooseto breedin rather.flat, swampy meadows yearsof studiesfrom 1972-1991.During thisperiod with low grasscover, which often have numerous 352 Melnikov. Populationand rangefluctuations of AsianDowitcher L•mnodromus semipalmatus in the centralAsian arid zone shallowtemporary water bodies, as well as the Onelarge concentration where breeding occurs shallowwaters and mudflats of temporarylakes in regularlyis situatedin the Nonni and the the steppeareas. Most of the recordsfrom the Sunkhuaztsyanriver basins and probablyat the northernboundary of thebreeding range have been Sungaririver basin, from where birds spread to in areasof steppeor similarhabitats. Judging from KhankaLake and the Zeya water reservoir.This publisheddata (Pevtsov1883; Kozlova 1930) the breedingconcentration is probablyconnected with sameis true alsofor the southernboundary of the the previousone as the ratherlow Kinganmountain species'breeding range. rangeprobably does not act as a barrier. Available data (Taczanowski1873; Velizhanin & The most characteristic feature of such arid areas is Velizhanin1929; Zalessky 1934) suggest that several the sharpcyclic fluctuations of waterlevel in lakes hundred birds bred at the northern limits of the and otherwater bodies (Shnitnikov 1957;Maksimov species'range (in Russia)in the late 19th- early 20th 1984;Melnikov 1986b;Krivenko 1991). Suchcyclic centuries.The specieswas consideredto be changesin the watertableaffect breeding conditions extremelyrare and probablygoing extinct. for shorebirdsand waterfowl. Consequently the Sometimes,according to theseobservations, the existenceof locationswhere breeding is always numbers of Asian Dowitcher would fluctuate, possible,only occursin vastswampy areas which althoughthe datafor thatperiod are insufficient haveoptimal habitat diversity (Melnikov, 1986b). evenfor a generalanalysis. The appearanceof the The distributionof suchareas is determinedby speciesin ratherlarge numbers there during the landscapeconditions and, as a result,they are 1970swas rather unexpected (Melnikov 1979; situatedwell apartfrom eachother. In betweenare Gluschenko& Shibnev1979; Yurlov 1981). rathersmall swampy areas which cansupport only Accordingto maximumestimates made in different a few breedingAsian Dowitchers, often only in very areasin thenorth of thebreeding range, numbers of favourableyears (Figure 1). Asian Dowitchers at that time reached 6,000 birds (Melnikov 1986a). Sincethen the number of One of thesebreeding concentrations is situatedin breedingbirds has decreased and currently the south-west Siberian lowland. This area is well fluctuates from 700 to 1,000 - 2,000 individuals. The isolatedfrom the easternparts of the species' largestnumber, about 4,500 birds, was recordedat breedingrange, a factreflected both in the migration the SelengaDelta (Melnikov1979, 1985). routesof thesebirds and the positionof their winteringgrounds in north-eastAfrica and, The changesin numbersand in the structureof the probably,the Near East(Liedel 1982; Melnikov AsianDowitcher's breeding range are rather 1990).Although we do not rejectthe possibilitythat complicatedand aredetermined by geographicand birdsfrom Mongolia can penetrate to Western climaticconditions. As the latterchange cyclically, Siberia,especially in big expansionyears, we it is possiblethat theyinfluence breeding success. considerthis breeding population to be separateand In thissituation we canassume that thebiggest well-isolatedfrom the main part of thebreeding differencesin breedingsuccess would be recognised rangeand restrictedto Russia.The relativelysmall at thebeginning and end of a climatichydrological population,which comprises less than 1.0%of the cycle. Our data showsthe tendencytowards world populationof AsianDowitchers, means that increasingbreeding success
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