Basic Design Theory and its Historical Development
Bearbeitet von Raymond N Wilson
Neuausgabe 2007. Buch. xvi, 570 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 40106 3 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1149 g
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1 Historical introduction...... 1 1.1 Period 1608–1672 ...... 1 1.2 Period 1672–1840 ...... 11 1.3 William Herschel’s telescopes ...... 15
2 Basic (Gaussian) optical theory of telescopes ...... 21 2.1 Basicfunctionofatelescope...... 21 2.2 The ideal optical system, geometrical optics andGaussianoptics ...... 23 2.2.1 TheidealopticalsystemandGaussianconcept...... 23 2.2.2 Geometricalopticsandgeometricalwavefronts...... 26 2.2.3 TheGaussianopticsapproximation...... 27 2.2.4 Theconventionaltelescopewithanocular...... 36 2.2.5 Basicformsofreflectingtelescope ...... 40 2.2.6 The scale of astronomical telescopes and the magnification in afocal use of compound telescopes . . . 54 2.2.7 “Wide-field”telescopesandmulti-elementforms...... 55
3 Aberration theory of telescopes ...... 57 3.1 Definitionofthethirdorderapproximation...... 57 3.2 Characteristic Function and Seidel (3rd order) aberrations: aberrationtheoryofbasictelescopeforms ...... 59 3.2.1 TheCharacteristicFunctionofHamilton...... 59 3.2.2 The Seidel approximation: thirdorderaberrationcoefficients ...... 63 3.2.3 Seidel coefficients ofsomebasicreflectingtelescopesystems...... 65 3.2.4 Analytical (third order) theory for 1-mirror and2-mirrortelescopes ...... 69 3.2.5 Higherorderaberrationsandsystemevaluation...... 82 3.2.6 Analytical expressions for a 1-mirror telescope and various forms of 2-mirror telescopes (Classical, Ritchey-Chr´etien, Dall-Kirkham, Spherical Primary) . . 88 3.2.7 Other forms of aplanatic 2-mirror telescopes (Schwarzschild,Couder)...... 111 XIV Contents
3.2.8 Scaling laws from normalized systems torealaperturesandfocallengths...... 126 3.3 Nature of third order aberrations and conversion formulae fromwavefrontaberrationtootherforms...... 128 3.3.1 Spherical aberration (SI )...... 128 3.3.2 Coma (SII)...... 131 3.3.3 Astigmatism (SIII) and field curvature (SIV ) ...... 135 3.3.4 Distortion (SV ) ...... 138 3.3.5 Examplesofconversions...... 139 3.3.6 ConversionsforGaussianaberrations ...... 139 3.4 Thetheoryofasphericplates ...... 140 3.5 The role of refracting elements in modern telescopes: chromatic variations of first order and third order aberrations 146 3.6 Wide-fieldtelescopes...... 148 3.6.1 The symmetrical stop position: the Bouwers telescope . 148 3.6.2 TheSchmidttelescope...... 151 3.6.3 TheMaksutovtelescope...... 165 3.6.4 More complex variants of telescopes derived from the principles of the Schmidt, BouwersandMaksutovsystems...... 174 3.6.5 Three-ormulti-mirrortelescopes(centered) ...... 223 3.7 Off-axis (Schiefspiegler) and decentered telescopes ...... 255 3.7.1 Two-andthree-mirrorSchiefspiegler...... 255 3.7.2 The significance of Schiefspiegler theory in the centering of normal telescopes: formulae for the effects of decentering of 2-mirror telescopes...... 261 3.8 Despaceeffectsin2-mirrortelescopes ...... 279 3.8.1 Axialdespaceeffects...... 279 3.8.2 Transversedespaceeffects...... 287 3.9 Zernikepolynomials ...... 288 3.10Diffractiontheoryanditsrelationtoaberrations ...... 293 3.10.1 The Point Spread Function (PSF) due to diffraction atarectangularaperture...... 293 3.10.2Coherence...... 297 3.10.3 The Point Spread Function (PSF) due to diffraction atacircularaperture...... 298 3.10.4 The Point Spread Function (PSF) due to diffraction atanannularaperture...... 302 3.10.5 The diffraction PSF in the presence ofsmallaberrations...... 304 3.10.6 The diffraction PSF in the presence ofsmallaberrationsandanannularaperture...... 310 Contents XV
3.10.7 The diffraction PSF in the presence of larger aberrations:theOpticalTransferFunction(OTF).... 312 3.10.8 Diffraction effects at obstructions in the pupil otherthanaxialcentralobstruction...... 322
4 Field correctors and focal reducers or extenders ...... 325 4.1 Introduction...... 325 4.2 Asphericplatecorrectors...... 327 4.2.1 Primefocus(PF)correctorsusingasphericplates..... 327 4.2.2 Cassegrain or Gregory focus correctors usingasphericplates...... 340 4.3 Correctorsusinglenses...... 348 4.3.1 Primefocus(PF)correctorsusinglenses ...... 348 4.3.2 Secondaryfocuscorrectorsusinglenses...... 372 4.4 AtmosphericDispersionCorrectors(ADC)...... 392 4.5 Focalreducersandextenders...... 404 4.5.1 Simple reducers and extenders in front of the image. . . 404 4.5.2 Wide-field focal reducers (FR) as a substitute foraprimefocus...... 406 4.5.3 OtherCassegrainfocalreducers...... 414
5 Major telescopes from Lord Rosse to about 1980 ...... 419 5.1 Major telescopes in the speculum mirror epoch to 1865 ...... 419 5.2 Glass optics telescopes up to the Palomar 200-inch...... 431 5.3 Reflectors after the 200-inch Palomar Telescope up to about 1980 ...... 449
Appendices ...... 465 A. Listofmathematicalsymbols...... 467 B. Portraitgallery...... 487
References ...... 502
List of Figures ...... 513
List of Tables ...... 527
Name Index ...... 531
Subject Index ...... 536