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Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary Journal Item How to cite: Stenhouse, Brigitte (2020). Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary. The Mathematical Intelligencer (Early Access). For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2020 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s00283-020-09998-6 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary BRIGITTE STENHOUSE ary Somerville’s life as a mathematician and mathematician). Although no scientific learned society had a savant in nineteenth-century Great Britain was formal statute barring women during Somerville’s lifetime, MM heavily influenced by her gender; as a woman, there was nonetheless a great reluctance even toallow women her access to the ideas and resources developed and into the buildings, never mind to endow them with the rights circulated in universities and scientific societies was highly of members. Except for the visit of the prolific author Margaret restricted. However, her engagement with learned institu- Cavendish in 1667, the Royal Society of London did not invite tions was by no means nonexistent, and although she was women into their hallowed halls until 1876, with the com- 90 before being elected a full member of any society mencement of their second conversazione [15, 163], which (Societa` Geografica Italiana, 1870), Somerville (Figure 1) women were permitted to attend.1 As late as 1886, on the nevertheless benefited from the resources and social nomination of Isis Pogson as a fellow, the Council of the Royal networks cultivated by such institutions from as early as Astronomical Society chose to interpret their constitution as 1812. -
Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 1
Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 1 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy The Project Gutenberg EBook of Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 2 License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy Author: George Biddell Airy Release Date: January 9, 2004 [EBook #10655] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE AIRY *** Produced by Joseph Myers and PG Distributed Proofreaders AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIR GEORGE BIDDELL AIRY, K.C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., HONORARY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, ASTRONOMER ROYAL FROM 1836 TO 1881. EDITED BY WILFRID AIRY, B.A., M.Inst.C.E. 1896 PREFACE. The life of Airy was essentially that of a hard-working, business man, and differed from that of other hard-working people only in the quality and variety of his work. It was not an exciting life, but it was full of interest, and his work brought him into close relations with many scientific men, and with many men high in the State. -
The Blurring Distinction Between Asteroids and Comets
Answers Research Journal 8 (2015):203–208. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v8/asteroids-and-comets.pdf The Blurring Distinction between Asteroids and Comets Danny R. Faulkner, Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, Kentucky, 41048. Abstract Asteroids and comets long had been viewed as distinct objects with regards to orbits and composition. However, discoveries made in recent years have blurred those distinctions. Whether there is a continuum on which our older conception of asteroids and comets are extremes or if there still is a gap between them is not entirely clear yet. Some of the newer views of comets and asteroids may challenge the evolutionary theory of the solar system. Additionally, the new information may challenge the idea that the solar system is billions of years old. For readers not versed in nomenclature of small solar system bodies, I discuss that in the appendix. Keywords: small solar system objects, comets, asteroids (minor planets) Introduction the sun, and their orbits frequently are inclined The differences between asteroids and comets considerably to the orbits of the planets. Because of At one time, we thought of asteroids and comets as their highly elliptical orbits, most comets alternately being two very different groups of objects. Comets and are very close to the sun when near perihelion and asteroids certainly looked different. Comets can be very far from the sun when near aphelion. Comets visible to the naked eye, and have been known since spend most of the time near aphelion far from the ancient times. They have a hazy, fuzzy appearance. sun, so that their ices remain frozen. -
The Reflecting Telescope
The Reflecting Telescope Lens telescopes exist since 1609 when the Dutch maker of The optical properties data of the AstroMedia* reflecting tel- spectacles, Jan Lippershey, sold the first telescopes, then as escope roughly correspond to those of the first instrument a curiosity, to his astonished customers. It was made out of a built by Newton. The mirror has a focal length f=450mm (”f” concave and a convex lens, produced an upright standing from the Latin ”focus” is the abbreviation of focal length). It’s image and had a 3 1/2 times magnification. Galileo Galilei curve is spherical, i.e. is has the same round surface as a (1564-1642) improved on this invention and was the first to globe. make astronomical observations with it. Today almost A spherical concave mirror has one disadvantage: the all lens telescopes are built according to the prin- light rays reflected from the edge meet a little nearer ciples of Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). His tel- to the mirror than those reflected from the centre, escope, based on two convex lenses, produced causing a slight focus distortion. However, since an upside down but much bigger and better this distortion is is not grave and such mirrors focused image which of course for observing are relatively easy to grind, they are neverthe- the heavens are the most important factors. less used in smaller telescopes. In telescopes Building larger telescopes however with larger openings and stronger mag- brings two problems with it: Firstly, nification mirrors with parabolic curves in a lens the light rays are broken, are used. -
Telescopes and Binoculars
Continuing Education Course Approved by the American Board of Opticianry Telescopes and Binoculars National Academy of Opticianry 8401 Corporate Drive #605 Landover, MD 20785 800-229-4828 phone 301-577-3880 fax www.nao.org Copyright© 2015 by the National Academy of Opticianry. All rights reserved. No part of this text may be reproduced without permission in writing from the publisher. 2 National Academy of Opticianry PREFACE: This continuing education course was prepared under the auspices of the National Academy of Opticianry and is designed to be convenient, cost effective and practical for the Optician. The skills and knowledge required to practice the profession of Opticianry will continue to change in the future as advances in technology are applied to the eye care specialty. Higher rates of obsolescence will result in an increased tempo of change as well as knowledge to meet these changes. The National Academy of Opticianry recognizes the need to provide a Continuing Education Program for all Opticians. This course has been developed as a part of the overall program to enable Opticians to develop and improve their technical knowledge and skills in their chosen profession. The National Academy of Opticianry INSTRUCTIONS: Read and study the material. After you feel that you understand the material thoroughly take the test following the instructions given at the beginning of the test. Upon completion of the test, mail the answer sheet to the National Academy of Opticianry, 8401 Corporate Drive, Suite 605, Landover, Maryland 20785 or fax it to 301-577-3880. Be sure you complete the evaluation form on the answer sheet. -
Jjmonl 1712.Pmd
alactic Observer John J. McCarthy Observatory G Volume 10, No. 12 December 2017 Holiday Theme Park See page 19 for more information The John J. McCarthy Observatory Galactic Observer New Milford High School Editorial Committee 388 Danbury Road Managing Editor New Milford, CT 06776 Bill Cloutier Phone/Voice: (860) 210-4117 Production & Design Phone/Fax: (860) 354-1595 www.mccarthyobservatory.org Allan Ostergren Website Development JJMO Staff Marc Polansky Technical Support It is through their efforts that the McCarthy Observatory Bob Lambert has established itself as a significant educational and recreational resource within the western Connecticut Dr. Parker Moreland community. Steve Barone Jim Johnstone Colin Campbell Carly KleinStern Dennis Cartolano Bob Lambert Route Mike Chiarella Roger Moore Jeff Chodak Parker Moreland, PhD Bill Cloutier Allan Ostergren Doug Delisle Marc Polansky Cecilia Detrich Joe Privitera Dirk Feather Monty Robson Randy Fender Don Ross Louise Gagnon Gene Schilling John Gebauer Katie Shusdock Elaine Green Paul Woodell Tina Hartzell Amy Ziffer In This Issue "OUT THE WINDOW ON YOUR LEFT"............................... 3 REFERENCES ON DISTANCES ................................................ 18 SINUS IRIDUM ................................................................ 4 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION/IRIDIUM SATELLITES ............. 18 EXTRAGALACTIC COSMIC RAYS ........................................ 5 SOLAR ACTIVITY ............................................................... 18 EQUATORIAL ICE ON MARS? ........................................... -
Further Reading: Michael Faraday
Further Reading: Michael Faraday General reading Geoffrey Cantor, Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist. A Study of Science and Religion in the Nineteenth Century, (London, 1991). David Gooding, Experiment and the Making of Meaning: Human Agency in Scientific Observation and Experiment, (Dordrecht, 1991). David Gooding and Frank A.J.L. James (eds.), Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791‐1867, (London, 1985). Frank A.J.L. James (ed.), ‘The Common Purposes of Life’: Science and society at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Aldershot, 2002). Frank A.J.L. James, Michael Faraday: A very short Introduction. (Oxford, 2010) Alan E. Jeffreys, Michael Faraday: A List of His Lectures and Published Writings, (London, 1960). Published books by Faraday, mainly collections of papers and lecture notes, some published after his death: Chemical Manipulation, Being Instructions to Students in Chemistry. (1827). Experimental Researches in Electricity, Vol I, II& III (1837, 1844, 1855) Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics (1859). W. Crookes. ed. A Course of six lectures on the Various Forces of Matter (1860) W. Crookes. ed. A Course of six lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle, (1861) W. Crookes. ed. On the Various Forces in Nature. (1873) The liquefaction of gases (1896.) Published texts by Faraday The vast majority of Faraday’s manuscripts, apart from letters, have been published on microfilm and cd. Frank A.J.L. James, Guide to the Microfilm edition of the Manuscripts of Michael Faraday (1791‐1867) from the Collections of the Royal Institution, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, The Guildhall Library [and] The Royal Society, (2nd ed., Wakefield, 2001). -
Respicite Astra: a Historic Journey in Astronomy Through Books
0 Respicite Astra: A Historic Journey in Astronomy through Books RReessppiicciittee AAssttrraa A Historic Journey in Astronomy through Books The Astronomiicall Sociiety of Mallta The Natiionall Liibrary of Mallta The Astronomical Society of Malta The National Library of Malta 1 Respicite Astra: A Historic Journey in Astronomy through Books Respicite Astra A Historic Journey in Astronomy through Books Exhibition held between 25 September – 18 October 2010-09-21 at the National Library, Valletta, Malta on the occasion of Notte Bianca 2010 Introductory Text Mr Victor Farrugia Captions Mr Leonard Ellul Mercer – Pgs 23-24, 57 Mr Alexander Pace – Pgs 25-26, 58, 63, 70 Prof Frank Ventura – Pgs 4, 6-13, 15-18, 21, 27-31, 33, 35-38, 40, 42- 43, 45-48, 50-56, 60-62, 65-69, 72-76, 80, 85, 87, 93 Acknowledgements The Committee of the Astronomical Society of Malta would like to acknowledge the following persons for their kind and generous help in setting up this Exhibition at the Main Hall of the National Library starting on 25th September 2010 during the Notte Bianca event: Mr Fabio Agius (MaltaPost Philatelic Archives) Ms C Michelle Buhagiar (National Library of Malta) Ms Maroma Camilleri National Library of Malta) Mr Leonard Ellul Mercer (Personal capacity) Victor Farrugia (Astronomical Society of Malta) Mr Alexander Pace (Astronomical Society of Malta) Arch Alexei Pace (Astronomical Society of Malta) Ms Joanne Sciberras (National Library of Malta) Mr Tony Tanti (Astronomical Society of Malta) Prof Frank Ventura (University of Malta) Staff of the National Library of Malta Front Image Great Orion Nebula by Mr Leonard Ellul Mercer Production The Astronomical Society of Malta P.O. -
About GRAS and ACP About Observing Plans Overall Plan Format
About GRAS and ACP Global Rent-a-Scope systems are based on a highly modified version of ACP, that we have customized in house. A number of key differences exist between the generic version and the GRAS version. Please review this document for the supported GRAS supported directives. About Observing Plans You can generate plans a number of ways: 1. One Click Image. If you are new to GRAS and ACP follow the “One Click Image” link, this will give you a menu of target currently visible from the observatory. You just click the target to start imaging it. 2. ACP can generate a simple plan via its web interface consisting of single target with multiple filters and exposure time, please see “Single Image” and “Color Series” links inside ACP. This plan will automatically start at the observatory. This is by far the easies way to get started with ACP. The plan it generates is called “last-plan-from-web.txt” and it can be download via the My Documents link inside ACP if you wish to view its contents. 3. GRAS has also implemented via its reservation system a Plan Generator which work the same way as point two. You can select a target, filters and exposure times. You can give you plan a name and it will save it. You can then use this plan via the Launch a Plan feature on the reservation system to start the plan at a given date and time. You can also start this plan manually via “Scripted Plan” link inside ACP. -
New Force at Large Distances
New force at large distances Daniel Grumiller Institute for Theoretical Physics Vienna University of Technology TEDx Vienna, November 2010 I What are the fundamental forces in Nature? I What is the nature of space, time and matter? Some questions physics cannot address: We live in the golden age of fundamental physics Goal: want to understand how the Universe works Some questions physics can address: I What is the Universe made of? (picture by NASA) D. Grumiller | New force 2/11 I What is the nature of space, time and matter? Some questions physics cannot address: We live in the golden age of fundamental physics Goal: want to understand how the Universe works Some questions physics can address: I What is the Universe made of? I What are the fundamental forces in Nature? (picture by lifesbalancebeam) D. Grumiller | New force 2/11 Some questions physics cannot address: We live in the golden age of fundamental physics Goal: want to understand how the Universe works Some questions physics can address: I What is the Universe made of? I What are the fundamental forces in Nature? I What is the nature of space, time and matter? (picture by spacescan.org) D. Grumiller | New force 2/11 We live in the golden age of fundamental physics Goal: want to understand how the Universe works Some questions physics can address: I What is the Universe made of? I What are the fundamental forces in Nature? I What is the nature of space, time and matter? Some questions physics cannot address: D. Grumiller | New force 2/11 What is the Universe made of? D. -
The Flint River Observer a Frac Special Edition The
1 How it happened is an intriguing tale. Many astronomers considered the change to be a long- THE overdue step in advancing astronomy as a science -- and as many others regarded it as a deception perpetrated by the International Astronomical FLINT RIVER Union (IAU). Curiously, both sides were right. I’ve written about it before, but this Special OBSERVER Edition of the Observer is broader in scope. Written 22 yrs. after the event, it tells both sides of NEWSLETTER OF THE FLINT the story in far greater depth than previously. RIVER ASTRONOMY CLUB (Incidentally, this project began as a brief “This ‘n That” newsletter item about an article that An Affiliate of the appeared in Astronomy Magazine but quickly grew Astronomical League into something much larger. You’ll see what I was writing about on p. 6.) Special Edition October, 2018 -Bill __________________________________________ * * * A FRAC SPECIAL EDITION THE PLUTO QUESTION: What is a Planet? Beginnings. The discovery of Neptune by William Lassell in 1846 brought the solar system’s planet total to eight. However, wobbles in the by Bill Warren orbital paths of Uranus and Neptune led the American astronomer, founder and director of __________________ Lowell Observatory, Percival Lowell, to conclude that a ninth planet -- he called it Planet X – lay Introduction. If you were born before 1990, you somewhere beyond Neptune and was tugging probably remember how upset people were when gravitationally on that planet and Uranus. Lowell Pluto was removed from the solar system’s family died in 1916, but in 1929 Vesto Slipher, his of planets in 1996. -
The Other Blue Planet Tapping, Ken
NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC The other blue planet Tapping, Ken This publication could be one of several versions: author’s original, accepted manuscript or the publisher’s version. / La version de cette publication peut être l’une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l’auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l’éditeur. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/23002752 Skygazing: Astronomy through the seasons, 2018-01-30 NRC Publications Record / Notice d'Archives des publications de CNRC: https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=e8d4ccca-5079-4df5-9083-db0517aff329 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=e8d4ccca-5079-4df5-9083-db0517aff329 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider.