New Force at Large Distances

New force at large distances

Daniel Grumiller

Institute for Theoretical Physics Vienna University of Technology

TEDx Vienna, November 2010 I What are the fundamental forces in Nature? I What is the nature of space, time and matter?

Some questions physics cannot address:

We live in the golden age of fundamental physics Goal: want to understand how the Universe works Some questions physics can address: I What is the Universe made of? (picture by NASA)

D. Grumiller — New force 2/11 I What is the nature of space, time and matter?

Some questions physics cannot address:

We live in the golden age of fundamental physics Goal: want to understand how the Universe works Some questions physics can address: I What is the Universe made of? I What are the fundamental forces in Nature? (picture by lifesbalancebeam)

D. Grumiller — New force 2/11 Some questions physics cannot address:

D. Grumiller — New force 2/11 We live in the golden age of fundamental physics Goal: want to understand how the Universe works Some questions physics can address:

I What is the Universe made of?

I What are the fundamental forces in Nature?

I What is the nature of space, time and matter? Some questions physics cannot address:

D. Grumiller — New force 2/11 What is the Universe made of?

D. Grumiller — New force 3/11 What is the Universe made of?

D. Grumiller — New force 3/11 I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I Diﬀerent explanations: change law of gravitation or predict Dark Matter to account for anomalies

I 1845: John Couch Adams and especially Urbain Le Verrier predict new planet and calculate its position

I 1846: Observational conﬁrmation by Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d’Arrest

Discovery of Neptune was ﬁrst success of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: Early success... Neptune: I 1821: Alexis Bouvard published tables of orbit of Uranus

(picture by NASA)

D. Grumiller — New force 4/11 I Diﬀerent explanations: change law of gravitation or predict Dark Matter to account for anomalies

I 1845: John Couch Adams and especially Urbain Le Verrier predict new planet and calculate its position

I 1846: Observational conﬁrmation by Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d’Arrest

Discovery of Neptune was ﬁrst success of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: Early success... Neptune: I 1821: Alexis Bouvard published tables of orbit of Uranus

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

(picture by NASA)

D. Grumiller — New force 4/11 I 1845: John Couch Adams and especially Urbain Le Verrier predict new planet and calculate its position

I 1846: Observational conﬁrmation by Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d’Arrest

Discovery of Neptune was ﬁrst success of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: Early success... Neptune: I 1821: Alexis Bouvard published tables of orbit of Uranus

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I Diﬀerent explanations: change law of gravitation or predict Dark Matter to account for anomalies (picture by NASA)

D. Grumiller — New force 4/11 I 1846: Observational conﬁrmation by Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d’Arrest

Discovery of Neptune was ﬁrst success of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: Early success... Neptune: I 1821: Alexis Bouvard published tables of orbit of Uranus

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I Diﬀerent explanations: change law of gravitation or predict Dark Matter to account for anomalies (picture by NASA) I 1845: John Couch Adams and especially Urbain Le Verrier predict new planet and calculate its position

D. Grumiller — New force 4/11 Discovery of Neptune was ﬁrst success of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: Early success... Neptune: I 1821: Alexis Bouvard published tables of orbit of Uranus

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I 1846: Observational conﬁrmation by Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d’Arrest

D. Grumiller — New force 4/11 Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: Early success... Neptune: I 1821: Alexis Bouvard published tables of orbit of Uranus

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I 1846: Observational conﬁrmation by Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d’Arrest

Discovery of Neptune was ﬁrst success of the Dark Matter concept!

D. Grumiller — New force 4/11 I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I Diﬀerent explanations: change law of gravitation or predict Dark Matter to account for anomalies

I 1859: Urbain Le Verrier predicts new planet and calculates its position

I 1860: Observational ‘conﬁrmation’ by Lescarbault

I 1915: Einstein explains perihelion shift of Mercury with General Relativity Non-discovery of Vulcan was ﬁrst failure of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: ...and early failure Vulcan: I 1840: Fran¸coisArago suggests problem of Mercury orbit to Urbain Le Verrier

(picture based on

Star Trek)

D. Grumiller — New force 5/11 I Diﬀerent explanations: change law of gravitation or predict Dark Matter to account for anomalies

I 1859: Urbain Le Verrier predicts new planet and calculates its position

I 1860: Observational ‘conﬁrmation’ by Lescarbault

I 1915: Einstein explains perihelion shift of Mercury with General Relativity Non-discovery of Vulcan was ﬁrst failure of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: ...and early failure Vulcan: I 1840: Fran¸coisArago suggests problem of Mercury orbit to Urbain Le Verrier

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

(picture based on

Star Trek)

D. Grumiller — New force 5/11 I 1859: Urbain Le Verrier predicts new planet and calculates its position

I 1860: Observational ‘conﬁrmation’ by Lescarbault

I 1915: Einstein explains perihelion shift of Mercury with General Relativity Non-discovery of Vulcan was ﬁrst failure of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: ...and early failure Vulcan: I 1840: Fran¸coisArago suggests problem of Mercury orbit to Urbain Le Verrier

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I Diﬀerent explanations: change law of gravitation or (picture based on predict Dark Matter to account for anomalies Star Trek)

D. Grumiller — New force 5/11 I 1860: Observational ‘conﬁrmation’ by Lescarbault

I 1915: Einstein explains perihelion shift of Mercury with General Relativity Non-discovery of Vulcan was ﬁrst failure of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: ...and early failure Vulcan: I 1840: Fran¸coisArago suggests problem of Mercury orbit to Urbain Le Verrier

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I Diﬀerent explanations: change law of gravitation or (picture based on predict Dark Matter to account for anomalies Star Trek) I 1859: Urbain Le Verrier predicts new planet and calculates its position

D. Grumiller — New force 5/11 I 1915: Einstein explains perihelion shift of Mercury with General Relativity Non-discovery of Vulcan was ﬁrst failure of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: ...and early failure Vulcan: I 1840: Fran¸coisArago suggests problem of Mercury orbit to Urbain Le Verrier

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I 1860: Observational ‘conﬁrmation’ by Lescarbault

D. Grumiller — New force 5/11 Non-discovery of Vulcan was ﬁrst failure of the Dark Matter concept!

Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: ...and early failure Vulcan: I 1840: Fran¸coisArago suggests problem of Mercury orbit to Urbain Le Verrier

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I 1860: Observational ‘conﬁrmation’ by Lescarbault

I 1915: Einstein explains perihelion shift of Mercury with General Relativity

D. Grumiller — New force 5/11 Astrophysics Dark Matter hypothesis: ...and early failure Vulcan: I 1840: Fran¸coisArago suggests problem of Mercury orbit to Urbain Le Verrier

I Observations deviate from tables: gravitational anomalies!

I 1860: Observational ‘conﬁrmation’ by Lescarbault

I 1915: Einstein explains perihelion shift of Mercury with General Relativity Non-discovery of Vulcan was ﬁrst failure of the Dark Matter concept!

D. Grumiller — New force 5/11 I Galactic rotation curves

I Pioneer anomaly? (pictures by NASA)

Astrophysics Modern gravitational anomalies Anomalies = diﬀerences between theory and observations Prominent examples:

D. Grumiller — New force 6/11 I Pioneer anomaly? (pictures by NASA)

Astrophysics Modern gravitational anomalies Anomalies = diﬀerences between theory and observations Prominent examples:

I Galactic rotation curves (pictures by Wikipedia)

A = Theory, B = Observation

D. Grumiller — New force 6/11 Astrophysics Modern gravitational anomalies Anomalies = diﬀerences between theory and observations Prominent examples:

I Galactic rotation curves

I Pioneer anomaly? (pictures by NASA)

Anomalous acceleration towards the Sun?

D. Grumiller — New force 6/11 I Fact 2: Neptune scenario seems likely, but Dark Matter has not been detected (yet) I Conclusion: some people have quasi-religious feelings about

Possible strategies to make progress: I Show that Vulcan scenario is correct I Show that Neptune scenario is correct Both strategies are currently out of reach!

My strategy: remain agnostic and rephrase the question

Are we in a Neptune or a Vulcan scenario? What is Dark Matter? Some crucial facts about the Dark Side of life: I Fact 1: Vulcan scenario seems unlikely for Dark Matter, but cannot be excluded

MOND, TeVeS, modiﬁed theories of gravity, ...

D. Grumiller — New force 7/11 I Conclusion: some people have quasi-religious feelings about

Possible strategies to make progress: I Show that Vulcan scenario is correct I Show that Neptune scenario is correct Both strategies are currently out of reach!

My strategy: remain agnostic and rephrase the question

Are we in a Neptune or a Vulcan scenario? What is Dark Matter? Some crucial facts about the Dark Side of life: I Fact 1: Vulcan scenario seems unlikely for Dark Matter, but cannot be excluded I Fact 2: Neptune scenario seems likely, but Dark Matter has not been detected (yet)

LSP, axion, WIMP, MACHO, ELKO, ...

D. Grumiller — New force 7/11 Possible strategies to make progress: I Show that Vulcan scenario is correct I Show that Neptune scenario is correct Both strategies are currently out of reach!

My strategy: remain agnostic and rephrase the question

vs.

D. Grumiller — New force 7/11 My strategy: remain agnostic and rephrase the question

Are we in a Neptune or a Vulcan scenario? What is Dark Matter? Some crucial facts about the Dark Side of life:

I Fact 1: Vulcan scenario seems unlikely for Dark Matter, but cannot be excluded

I Fact 2: Neptune scenario seems likely, but Dark Matter has not been detected (yet)

I Conclusion: some people have quasi-religious feelings about Possible strategies to make progress:

I Show that Vulcan scenario is correct

I Show that Neptune scenario is correct Both strategies are currently out of reach!

D. Grumiller — New force 7/11 Are we in a Neptune or a Vulcan scenario? What is Dark Matter? Some crucial facts about the Dark Side of life:

I Fact 1: Vulcan scenario seems unlikely for Dark Matter, but cannot be excluded

I Fact 2: Neptune scenario seems likely, but Dark Matter has not been detected (yet)

I Conclusion: some people have quasi-religious feelings about Possible strategies to make progress:

I Show that Vulcan scenario is correct

I Show that Neptune scenario is correct Both strategies are currently out of reach!

My strategy: remain agnostic and rephrase the question

D. Grumiller — New force 7/11 + Centrifugal + Einstein + Cosmological + Rindler + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4 + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2)

I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler)

I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances

I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances

I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton F/m = −M/r2 New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input:

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 + Centrifugal + Einstein + Cosmological + Rindler + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4 + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2)

I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton F/m = −M/r2 New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input: I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler)

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 + Centrifugal + Einstein + Cosmological + Rindler + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4 + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2)

I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton F/m = −M/r2 New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input: I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler) I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 + Centrifugal + Einstein + Cosmological + Rindler + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4 + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2)

I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton F/m = −M/r2 New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input: I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler) I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 + Centrifugal + Einstein + Cosmological + Rindler + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4 + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2)

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton F/m = −M/r2 New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input: I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler) I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 + Centrifugal + Einstein + Cosmological + Rindler + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4 + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2) New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input:

I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler)

I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances

I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances

I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton F/m = −M/r2

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 + Einstein + Cosmological + Rindler − 3M`2/r4 + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2) New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input:

I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler)

I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances

I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances

I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton + Centrifugal F/m = −M/r2 + `2/r3

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 + Cosmological + Rindler + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2) New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input:

I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler)

I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances

I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances

I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton + Centrifugal + Einstein F/m = −M/r2 + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 + Rindler − a (1 − `2/r2) New force arises in this model!

Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input:

I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler)

I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances

I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances

I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton + Centrifugal + Einstein + Cosmological F/m = −M/r2 + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4 + Λr

D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 Gravity at large distances Key question:

What is the most general eﬀective theory of gravity at large distances that can possibly exist?

Input:

I Make model as simple as possible (but not simpler)

I Assume spherical symmetry at large distances

I Assume absence of pathologies at lage distances

I ... and some (generally accepted) technical assumptions

Output: (if you are oﬀended by mathematics just ignore the formula) Force = Newton + Centrifugal + Einstein + Cosmological + Rindler F/m = −M/r2 + `2/r3 − 3M`2/r4 + Λr − a (1 − `2/r2) New force arises in this model! D. Grumiller — New force 8/11 New force at large distances Test this for galaxies Choose some value for Rindler force a:

F/m = −M/r2 − a

Result for velocity proﬁle:

0.001

0.0008

0.0006

0.0004

0.0002

r 1·1055 2·1055 3·1055 4·1055 5·1055

Note: a is positive!

D. Grumiller — New force 9/11 New force at large distances Test this for Pioneer anomaly Choose some value for Rindler force a: F/m = −M/r2 − a Matches perfectly the Pioneer trajectory!

Note: a is positive!

D. Grumiller — New force 10/11 Useful truism to take away from this talk:

If you get stuck with a question try to rephrase it or to avoid it

... this may shed light on the original question.

Conclusions Scientiﬁc conclusions: I Constructed simple model for gravity at large distances I New force at large distances predicted by this model I Observational data compatible with this Rindler force

D. Grumiller — New force 11/11 ... this may shed light on the original question.

If you get stuck with a question try to rephrase it or to avoid it

D. Grumiller — New force 11/11 Conclusions Scientiﬁc conclusions: I Constructed simple model for gravity at large distances I New force at large distances predicted by this model I Observational data compatible with this Rindler force Useful truism to take away from this talk:

If you get stuck with a question try to rephrase it or to avoid it

... this may shed light on the original question.

D. Grumiller — New force 11/11