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American Astronomer

American Astronomer

Past, present, future- it is all in the sky

Galileo Galilei(1564-1642)

 Physicist

 Philosopher Galileo Galilei

 Galileo was also named „the father of modern observational ” , „the father of modern ” , „the father of science” and „the father of modern science”

 Stephen Hawking said about him that he was responsible for the birth of modern science

 Galileo has also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass construction techniques.

 Galileo improved the telescopes

The discovery of the satellites of the Jupiter

One day while Galileo is looking at the planet Venus, using a telescope, he noticed 3 fixed, almost invisible stars. After a period of study, he realized that the stars the planet. After a while he noticed the 4th star that Galileo called the Medici Stars. Today the stars are called the Galilean Satellites The study of Saturn's rings

Galileo Galilei was the first to notice Saturn's rings. Initially he was believed that the rings were two celestial bodies. Repeated studies gave the astronomer a headache. However, he failed to identify them exactly. The study about the

After the discovery of the largest satellites of Jupiter, he observed a series of special elements about the moon. He discovers the phenomenon of libration. Then, he guesses that there are mountains and craters on the moon, aș a result of the shadows he sees. The „discover” of Neptun

After observing the Milky Way, Galileo looks through the telescope and unknowingly observes the planet . Without knowing it, he discovered a new planet. The heliocentric theory

Most of Galileo's astronomical theories confirmed the heliocentric theory that the Earth and other spin around the . Unfortunately, even if the theory was true, it was supported by only a few scientists, as a result of pressure from the Catholic Church, which supported the geocentric theory that the Earth is the center of the Universe. Conclusion

In conclusion we can say that Galileo Galilei was an enlightened mind, admired by many people, who made important discoveries for astronomy and for the world. Past, present, future- it is all in the sky

Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) General informations

Isaac Newton was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author who developed the concepts of modern physics, including the laws of motion and is known as one of the great minds of the 17th-century Scientific Revolution. Newton is considered to be one of the greatest scientists in history. He made important contributions to many fields of science. Unfortunately the famous story of Newton and the apple seem to be based more on fiction rather than fact. His discoveries and theories laid the foundation for much of the progress in science since his time. Newton was one of the inventors of the branch of called calculus. He also solved the mysteries of and , formulated the three laws of motion, and derived from them the law of universal gravitation. Newton's laws of motion are the most fundamental natural laws of classical mechanics. Newton's influence in astronomy Newton was one of the first to make a reflecting telescope. However, his most profound contribution to science is the formulation of three Laws of Motion, described in Philosophiae ,,Naturalis Principia Mathematica" in 1687, which also lays the foundation for the principle of universal gravitation. In ,,Principia" he states, "There is a power of pertaining to all bodies, proportional to the several quantities of matter which they contain." With this, Newton proposed that all objects in the Universe pulled on each other through gravity. It was the reason why planets move in and why objects fall to the Earth. However, this new knowledge brought difficulties since if each object affected every other, the resulting calculations of their motion were extremely complex. Newton admitted to being unable to calculate the orbits of the planets in the other than in a general way, though his results were better than his predecessors. He thought that the planets would gradually pull each other from their orbits and that God would have to intervene to re-order them. Backstory of the apple incident Newton himself said that he was inspired to write the theory of gravity by watching the fall of an apple from a tree. It is claimed that passed into popular knowledge after being related by Catherine Barton, Newton's niece, to François-Marie Arouet better known as Voltaire wich in turn wrote in his essay on epic poetry"Sir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens, had the first thought of his system of gravitation, upon seeing an apple falling from a tree." Though it has been said that the apple story is a myth and that he never arrived at the theory of gravity, associates of Newton do in fact confirm the incident though without the part were the apple hits Newton's François-Marie Arouet head. After death fame Newton's fame started in the 18th century when the mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange also known as Giuseppe Luigi said that Newton was the greatest genius to have ever lived and quoted: ,,the most fortunate, for we cannot find more than once a system of the world to establish." After this, Newton was mentioned by poets,until 1816 when a tooth said to have belonged to Newton himself was sold for £730 to an aristocrat in London that put the tooth on a ring. Even Albert Einstein had a picture of Newton on his study wall, alongside photos of ,a scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism, and , a scientist that worked in the field of mathematical physics. Joseph-Louis Lagrange Past, present, future- It is all in the sky

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer Personal data

• (December 27, 1571 - Weil der Stadt, Germany - November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and naturalist who formulated and confirmed the laws of planetary motion (Kepler's Laws). The Law of Areas: A line that connects a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. The Law of Periods: The Law of Orbits: All The square of the planets move in period of any planet is elliptical orbits, with proportional to the the sun at one focus. cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit.

Kepler’s Laws Other achievements

• He explained the passage of Mercury and Venus on the Sun's disk. • He explained the reddish light, which is seen during lunar eclipses. • He first issued the idea of a converging eyepiece for telescopes, put into practice by Christiaan Huygens. • He built an astronomical telescope (1611) Main works • Mysterium Cosmographicum, 1596 • Astronomia Nova, 1609 • Dioptrice, 1611 • Harmonices mundi, 1619 • De Cometis, 1619 • Tabulae rudolfinae, 1627 • Kepler also made many other contributions to science. He discovered a new star (a supernova); analyzed how the human eye works; he made improvements to the telescope, and made other contributions to the field of optics. He published accurate data on the position of stars and planets that were of immense value to navigators. The last years of life • His last important work, published during his lifetime, is Tabulae Rudolfinae ,which contains tables describing the movements of the planets. It will form the basis of any astronomical calculation for the next 200 years. In his memory, the University of Linz is called "Johannes-Kepler- Universität". Past, present, future- It is all in the sky John Couch Astronomer John Couch Adam’s most famous achievemet

His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune, using only mathematics. The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with 's orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton. At the same time, but unknown to each other, the same calculations were made by . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846, finding it within 1° of Le Verrier's predicted location (there was, and to some extent still is, some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery; see ). Discovery of Neptune

In 1821, Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus, making predictions of future positions based on Newton's laws of motion and gravitation. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body. Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the "perturbation" theory. Adams believed, in the face of anything that had been attempted before, that he could use the observed data on Uranus, and utilising nothing more than Newton's law of gravitation, deduce the , position and orbit of the perturbing body. On 3 July 1841, he noted his intention to work on the problem. Informations about Adams

• Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of from 1859 until his death. He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866. In 1884, he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain. • A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him, Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams. Neptune's outermost known ring and the are also named after him. The , presented by the , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune. His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library. • After his final examinations in 1843, Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations. While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge, he tutored undergraduates, sending money home to educate his brothers, and even taught his bed maker to read. • Apparently, Adams communicated his work to , director of the Cambridge Observatory, in mid-September 1845, but there is some controversy as to how. On 21 October 1845, Adams, returning from a Cornwall vacation, without appointment, twice called on Astronomer Royal in . Failing to find him at home, Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution, again without the detailed calculations. Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification. It appears that Adams did not regard the question as "trivial", as is often alleged, but he failed to complete a response. Various theories have been discussed as to Adams's failure to reply, such as his general nervousness, procrastination and disorganisation. Past, present, future- It is all in the sky

Călin Popovici (1910-1977)

Călin Popovici was a very important man in the history of romanianastronomi,astrofizic and geodeza.He was post-mortem member of ,,Academia Romana" He was teacher at the University from Bucuresti.Popovici has works of stelar fotometry,fizic of the sun and solar-terestrial,geodetic astronomy, cosmic triangulation and philosophy of astronomy.He dezvolted his work at the observatory in Bucharest.Conceived the method of the simultaneity circle and affected studies on meteors, the movement of the sun in space. He published numerous works to popularize astronomy and founded the Romanian school of variable stars.He fought astrology, Past, present, future- It is all in the sky

showing that the configuration of the zodiacal constellations shifted about a month from the appearance of this pseudoscience in the time of ancient Babylon, he wrote a valuable dictionary of astronomy. He is the one who taught for the first time in Romania the Astrophysics and Physics of the Sun Course (at the specialization group in Astronomy) and the Geodetic Astronomy course (at the Military Academy and the Bucharest Institute of Constructions). About Călin Popovici, it can be said that as a child he discovered his vocation for astronomy, having a "sea ocean" from his father, with whom he tried to look at the stars and the moon, which he propped up according to his own confessions "on a support improvised, fixed with a screw from a meat grinder ”. Over time, the game turned into a passion for the development of his astronomical activity, which began with the purchase of an 80 mm "Secret" telescope, brought from France "in a beautiful walnut box and a massive tripod." With this telescope, Călin Popovici made frequent observations of sunspots, followed the planet Mars and long-variable stars. Some of his notes he sent to an association of observers in Lyon (France). In parallel, he also wrote small notes for the "Friends of Heaven" Magazine. Then, together with his brother and some friends from Brăila, he set up an association of Romanian observers, "which also published some numbers from a bulletin on a sheet of paper".

Past, present, future- It is all in the sky

Magda Stavinschi

(Romanian astronomer)

Past, present, future- It is all in the sky

Magda Stavinschi was born on June 12, 1942, in Bucharest. She is a Romanian astronomer. She has a doctor in Astronomy. She was married to Victor Stavinschi, a Romanian astronomer, also from Bassarabia, but unfortunately he died. Areas: _ ASTROMETRY _ EARTH'S ROTATION _ ASTRONOMICAL TIME _ HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY _ ASTRONOMICAL EDUCATION Magda was director of the Astronomical Institution of the Romanian Academy, president of the Astronomical Committee. She received many diplomas of congratulations and respect for education. She is still alive and advancing at the age of 78.

Publications: -about 300 scientific papers, more than half in refereed journals

Coeditor for: - Theoretical and Observational Problems Related to Solar Eclipses (1997) -Advances in Solar Research at Eclipses from Ground and from Space (2000) -Leçons d’astronomie (2003) -14 Steps to the Universe (2015) Past, present, future- It is all in the sky

-More than 80 books in the Series „Science and Religion”, „Science, Spirituality, Society”, “Curtea Veche” Publishing.

EDWIN HUBBLE

• AMERICAN ASTRONOMER

Past, present, future- it is all in the sky ABOUT HIS WORK

Edwin, made probably the most important discovery in the astronomy history. His discoveries changed the scientific view of universe

WHY IS HE SO IMPORTANT?

• 100ars ago, most believed that our whole universe is just one galaxy, Milky Way. He was one of the firsts to recognize that in universe are more than one galaxy. • He proved that the galaxies are moving away from each other. • In his honor, it was built Hubble Space Telescope that was launched in space in 1990 and to this day is still there. NOTABLE WORKS AND HIS DISCOVERIES

• “The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies” • The Hubble law says: • „Hubble’s law” • „galaxies are moving away from the Earth at speeds proportional „Hubble Legacy Field” • to their distance. In other words, • „Hubble’s constant” the farther they are the faster • He helped Einstein they are moving away from Earth.” Dr. Edwin Hubble, and Dr. Richard Chase Tolman, right, a noted mathematician, inspect a model of a proposed 200-inch telescope for California. It was Hubble's observations and Tolman's calculations, that made Alfred Einstein change his mind about the Universe.

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