Telescopes in History E N C Y CLOPEDIA of a STRONOMY and a STROPHYSICS
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Galileo and the Telescope
Galileo and the Telescope A Discussion of Galileo Galilei and the Beginning of Modern Observational Astronomy ___________________________ Billy Teets, Ph.D. Acting Director and Outreach Astronomer, Vanderbilt University Dyer Observatory Tuesday, October 20, 2020 Image Credit: Giuseppe Bertini General Outline • Telescopes/Galileo’s Telescopes • Observations of the Moon • Observations of Jupiter • Observations of Other Planets • The Milky Way • Sunspots Brief History of the Telescope – Hans Lippershey • Dutch Spectacle Maker • Invention credited to Hans Lippershey (c. 1608 - refracting telescope) • Late 1608 – Dutch gov’t: “ a device by means of which all things at a very great distance can be seen as if they were nearby” • Is said he observed two children playing with lenses • Patent not awarded Image Source: Wikipedia Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own – 3x magnification. • Similar to what was peddled in Europe. • Learned magnification depended on the ratio of lens focal lengths. • Had to learn to grind his own lenses. Image Source: Britannica.com Image Source: Wikipedia Refracting Telescopes Bend Light Refracting Telescopes Chromatic Aberration Chromatic aberration limits ability to distinguish details Dealing with Chromatic Aberration - Stop Down Aperture Galileo used cardboard rings to limit aperture – Results were dimmer views but less chromatic aberration Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own (3x, 8-9x, 20x, etc.) • Noted by many for its military advantages August 1609 Galileo and the Telescope • First observed the -
The Telescope Lenses, Which Turned the Image Upside Down but Improved the Clarity Dramatically
The image produced by the first refracting telescope was Name right side up. However, the clarity of the image was less than ideal. Johannes Kepler worked to improve the image produced by the refracting telescope. He used two convex The Telescope lenses, which turned the image upside down but improved the clarity dramatically. His design soon became popular By Phyllis Naegeli and remains in use today. Do you like to lie on your back and gaze One problem associated with the refracting telescope was at the stars? What constellations can you the rainbow halo it produced around the object in view. Sir name? Have you ever used a telescope to Isaac Newton did not care for the halo produced by the get a closer look at the universe? Do you refracting telescope. He set out to improve the design, know how a telescope works? which led him to work on the reflecting telescope. The design used a curved mirror to collect light from an object. A telescope is used to see distant objects A secondary flat mirror reflected the image to the side of up close. There are two basic types of the tube where it is viewed through an eyepiece. Newton telescopes - the refracting telescope and also used a shorter, fatter tube allowing magnification to be the reflecting telescope. Each will help increased by using larger mirrors. Newton's design you to see the planets, moon, or stars. Both eliminated the rainbow halo produced by the convex lenses use a tube and have an eyepiece to focus the image for you of the refracting telescope. -
The Jesuits and the Galileo Affair Author(S): Nicholas Overgaard Source: Prandium - the Journal of Historical Studies, Vol
Early Modern Catholic Defense of Copernicanism: The Jesuits and the Galileo Affair Author(s): Nicholas Overgaard Source: Prandium - The Journal of Historical Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring, 2013), pp. 29-36 Published by: The Department of Historical Studies, University of Toronto Mississauga Stable URL: http://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/prandium/article/view/19654 Prandium: The Journal of Historical Studies Vol. 2, No. 1, (2013) Early Modern Catholic Defense of Copernicanism: The Jesuits and the Galileo Affair Nicholas Overgaard “Obedience should be blind and prompt,” Ignatius of Loyola reminded his Jesuit brothers a decade after their founding in 1540.1 By the turn of the seventeenth century, the incumbent Superior General Claudio Aquaviva had reiterated Loyola’s expectation of “blind obedience,” with specific regard to Jesuit support for the Catholic Church during the Galileo Affair.2 Interpreting the relationship between the Jesuits and Copernicans like Galileo Galilei through the frame of “blind obedience” reaffirms the conservative image of the Catholic Church – to which the Jesuits owed such obedience – as committed to its medieval traditions. In opposition to this perspective, I will argue that the Jesuits involved in the Galileo Affair3 represent the progressive ideas of the Church in the early seventeenth century. To prove this, I will argue that although the Jesuits rejected the epistemological claims of Copernicanism, they found it beneficial in its practical applications. The desire to solidify their status as the intellectual elites of the Church caused the Jesuits to reject Copernicanism in public. However, they promoted an intellectual environment in which Copernican studies – particularly those of Galileo – could develop with minimal opposition, theological or otherwise. -
Edwin Powell Hubble Papers: Finding Aid
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7b69n8rd Online items available Edwin Powell Hubble Papers: Finding Aid Processed by Ronald S. Brashear, completed December 12, 1997; machine-readable finding aid created by Xiuzhi Zhou and updated by Diann Benti in June 2017. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Edwin Powell Hubble Papers: mssHUB 1-1098 1 Finding Aid Overview of the Collection Title: Edwin Powell Hubble Papers Dates (inclusive): 1900-1989 Collection Number: mssHUB 1-1098 Creator: Hubble, Edwin, 1889-1953. Extent: 1300 pieces, plus ephemera in 34 boxes Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: This collection contains the papers of Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953), an astronomer at the Mount Wilson Observatory near Pasadena, California. as well as the diaries and biographical memoirs of his wife, Grace Burke Hubble. Language: English. Access Open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department. For more information, contact Reader Services. Publication Rights The Huntington Library does not require that researchers request permission to quote from or publish images of this material, nor does it charge fees for such activities. The responsibility for identifying the copyright holder, if there is one, and obtaining necessary permissions rests with the researcher. Preferred Citation [Identification of item]. -
Galileo and Bellarmine
The Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena VI ASP Conference Series, Vol. 441 Enrico Maria Corsini, ed. c 2011 Astronomical Society of the Pacific Galileo and Bellarmine George V. Coyne, S.J. Vatican Observatory, Vatican City State Abstract. This paper aims to delineate two of the many tensions which bring to light the contrasting views of Galileo Galilei and of Cardinal Robert Bellarmine with respect to the Copernican-Ptolemaic controversies of the 16th and 17th centuries: their respective positions on Aristotle’s natural philosophy and on the interpretation of Sa- cred Scripture. Galileo’s telescopic observations, reported in his Sidereus Nuncius, were bringing about the collapse of Aristotle’s natural philosophy and he taught that there was no science in Scripture. 1. Introduction This paper investigates the tensions between two of the principal protagonists in the controversies involved in the birth of modern science, Galileo Galilei and Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, and how they were resolved or not in a spirit of accommodation. Bellarmine’s fellow Jesuits at the Roman College confirmed Galileo’s Earth-shaking observations, reported in his Sidereus Nuncius. Aristotle’s physics was crumbling. Would Aristotelian philosophy, which was at the service of theology, also collapse? Controversies over the nature of sunspots and of comets seemed to hold implications for the very foundations of Christian belief. Some Churchmen saw the threat and faced it with an astute view into the future; others, though pioneers as scientists, could not face the larger implications of the scientific revolution to which they with Galileo con- tributed. Much of what occurred can be attributed to the strong personalities of the individual antagonists and Bellarmine will prove to be one of the most important of those personages. -
Article De Fond, Réalisation
ARTICLE DE FOND, RÉA LISATION QUATOR PLANETIS CIRCUM IOVIS : MEDICEA SIDERA Pierre Le Fur (MPSI, Institut Supérieur d'Électronique et du Numérique Toulon, formateur académique en astronomie –Nice) Résumé : Suivons les traces de Galilée en étudiant ses observations sur les quatre satellites médicéens de Jupiter telles qu’elles furent décrites dans le "sidereus nuncius". Nous montrerons qu’à partir de ces relevés on peut retrouver certaines lois ignorées du savant Toscan. Enfin nous proposerons la construction d’un "Jovilab" qualitatif, sorte de tables d’éphémérides de positions de ces quatre satellites. Si, en l’an de grâce 2009, nous souhaitons fêter quasi impossible à déterminer, aurait été dignement l’Année Mondiale de l’Astronomie, immédiate par simple différence entre l’heure la lecture de " sidereus nuncius ", œuvre solaire locale et cette "heure universelle jo- étincelante de Galileo Galilei, s’impose à nous. vienne"; cela aurait constitué une deuxième Elle constitue l’allumette déclenchant l’incendie révolution, moins intellectuelle mais économi- qui embrasa la physique aristotélicienne et ses quement et militairement exceptionnelle. partisans religieux. Les observations récoltées par Galilée pendant Cette œuvre peut être facilement consultée sur les années qui suivirent la publication de le site de l’Université de Strasbourg à "sidereus nuncius " lui permettront d’obtenir un l’adresse [10]. La force et la simplicité de cet outil de prévisions de la position de ces ouvrage apparaît d’emblée, même si l’on ignore satellites : le Jovilab. tout du latin… Les gravures intégrées au texte Je vous propose de suivre les traces de Galilée ; nous suggèrent autant le contenu des d’examiner ses observations médicéennes ; de découvertes décrites par Galilée que le génie de montrer comment on peut retrouver certaines son interprétation. -
The Reflecting Telescope
The Reflecting Telescope Lens telescopes exist since 1609 when the Dutch maker of The optical properties data of the AstroMedia* reflecting tel- spectacles, Jan Lippershey, sold the first telescopes, then as escope roughly correspond to those of the first instrument a curiosity, to his astonished customers. It was made out of a built by Newton. The mirror has a focal length f=450mm (”f” concave and a convex lens, produced an upright standing from the Latin ”focus” is the abbreviation of focal length). It’s image and had a 3 1/2 times magnification. Galileo Galilei curve is spherical, i.e. is has the same round surface as a (1564-1642) improved on this invention and was the first to globe. make astronomical observations with it. Today almost A spherical concave mirror has one disadvantage: the all lens telescopes are built according to the prin- light rays reflected from the edge meet a little nearer ciples of Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). His tel- to the mirror than those reflected from the centre, escope, based on two convex lenses, produced causing a slight focus distortion. However, since an upside down but much bigger and better this distortion is is not grave and such mirrors focused image which of course for observing are relatively easy to grind, they are neverthe- the heavens are the most important factors. less used in smaller telescopes. In telescopes Building larger telescopes however with larger openings and stronger mag- brings two problems with it: Firstly, nification mirrors with parabolic curves in a lens the light rays are broken, are used. -
Telescopes and Binoculars
Continuing Education Course Approved by the American Board of Opticianry Telescopes and Binoculars National Academy of Opticianry 8401 Corporate Drive #605 Landover, MD 20785 800-229-4828 phone 301-577-3880 fax www.nao.org Copyright© 2015 by the National Academy of Opticianry. All rights reserved. No part of this text may be reproduced without permission in writing from the publisher. 2 National Academy of Opticianry PREFACE: This continuing education course was prepared under the auspices of the National Academy of Opticianry and is designed to be convenient, cost effective and practical for the Optician. The skills and knowledge required to practice the profession of Opticianry will continue to change in the future as advances in technology are applied to the eye care specialty. Higher rates of obsolescence will result in an increased tempo of change as well as knowledge to meet these changes. The National Academy of Opticianry recognizes the need to provide a Continuing Education Program for all Opticians. This course has been developed as a part of the overall program to enable Opticians to develop and improve their technical knowledge and skills in their chosen profession. The National Academy of Opticianry INSTRUCTIONS: Read and study the material. After you feel that you understand the material thoroughly take the test following the instructions given at the beginning of the test. Upon completion of the test, mail the answer sheet to the National Academy of Opticianry, 8401 Corporate Drive, Suite 605, Landover, Maryland 20785 or fax it to 301-577-3880. Be sure you complete the evaluation form on the answer sheet. -
Find Your Telescope. Your Find Find Yourself
FIND YOUR TELESCOPE. FIND YOURSELF. FIND ® 2008 PRODUCT CATALOG WWW.MEADE.COM TABLE OF CONTENTS TELESCOPE SECTIONS ETX ® Series 2 LightBridge ™ (Truss-Tube Dobsonians) 20 LXD75 ™ Series 30 LX90-ACF ™ Series 50 LX200-ACF ™ Series 62 LX400-ACF ™ Series 78 Max Mount™ 88 Series 5000 ™ ED APO Refractors 100 A and DS-2000 Series 108 EXHIBITS 1 - AutoStar® 13 2 - AutoAlign ™ with SmartFinder™ 15 3 - Optical Systems 45 FIND YOUR TELESCOPE. 4 - Aperture 57 5 - UHTC™ 68 FIND YOURSEL F. 6 - Slew Speed 69 7 - AutoStar® II 86 8 - Oversized Primary Mirrors 87 9 - Advanced Pointing and Tracking 92 10 - Electronic Focus and Collimation 93 ACCESSORIES Imagers (LPI,™ DSI, DSI II) 116 Series 5000 ™ Eyepieces 130 Series 4000 ™ Eyepieces 132 Series 4000 ™ Filters 134 Accessory Kits 136 Imaging Accessories 138 Miscellaneous Accessories 140 Meade Optical Advantage 128 Meade 4M Community 124 Astrophotography Index/Information 145 ©2007 MEADE INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION .01 RECRUIT .02 ENTHUSIAST .03 HOT ShOT .04 FANatIC Starting out right Going big on a budget Budding astrophotographer Going deeper .05 MASTER .06 GURU .07 SPECIALIST .08 ECONOMIST Expert astronomer Dedicated astronomer Wide field views & images On a budget F IND Y OURSEL F F IND YOUR TELESCOPE ® ™ ™ .01 ETX .02 LIGHTBRIDGE™ .03 LXD75 .04 LX90-ACF PG. 2-19 PG. 20-29 PG.30-43 PG. 50-61 ™ ™ ™ .05 LX200-ACF .06 LX400-ACF .07 SERIES 5000™ ED APO .08 A/DS-2000 SERIES PG. 78-99 PG. 100-105 PG. 108-115 PG. 62-76 F IND Y OURSEL F Astronomy is for everyone. That’s not to say everyone will become a serious comet hunter or astrophotographer. -
C:\Data\WP\F\200\Catalogue Sections\Aaapreliminary Pages.Wpd
Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller, Inc. 325 West End Avenue, Apt. 10B New York City, New York, 10023-8145 Tel: 646 827-0724 Fax: 212 496-9182 E-mail: [email protected] Catalogue 200 Proofs Science, Medicine, Natural History, Bibliography, & Much More Introduction & Selective Subject Index on Following Pages Introduction TWO HUNDRED CATALOGUES in thirty-three years: more than 35,000 books and manuscripts have been described in these catalogues. Thousands of other books, including many of the most important and unusual, never found their way into my catalogues, having been quickly sold before their descriptions could appear in print. In the last fifteen years, since my Catalogue 100 appeared, many truly exceptional books passed through my hands. Of these, I would like to mention three. The first, sold in 2003 was a copy of the first edition in Latin of the Columbus Letter of 1493. This is now in a private collection. In 2004, I was offered a book which I scarcely dreamed of owning: the Narratio Prima of Rheticus, printed in 1540. Presenting the first announcement of the heliocentric system of Copernicus, this copy in now in the Linda Hall Library in Kansas City, Missouri. Both of the books were sold before they could appear in my catalogues. Finally, the third book is an absolutely miraculous uncut copy in the original limp board wallet binding of Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius of 1610. Appearing in my Catalogue 178, this copy was acquired by the Library of Congress. This is the first and, probably the last, “personal” catalogue I will prepare. -
Solar System Solar System
Delta Science Reader SolarSolar SystemSystem Delta Science Readers are nonfiction student books that provide science background and support the experiences of hands-on activities. Every Delta Science Reader has three main sections: Think About . , People in Science, and Did You Know? Be sure to preview the reader Overview Chart on page 4, the reader itself, and the teaching suggestions on the following pages. This information will help you determine how to plan your schedule for reader selections and activity sessions. Reading for information is a key literacy skill. Use the following ideas as appropriate for your teaching style and the needs of your students. The After Reading section includes an assessment and writing links. OVERVIEW Students will: discover facts about the Solar System In the Delta Science Reader Solar System, students take a tour of the Sun and the explore the planets and other objects in the planets. Other space objects such as dwarf Solar System planets, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids discuss the function of a table of contents, are explored. Students read about the headings, and a glossary rotation and revolution of the planets and interpret photographs and graphics to the causes of night and day, seasonal answer questions changes, and the phases of the Moon. The book describes the work of a planetary complete a KWL chart geologist. In addition, students discover organize information in a variety of ways how telescopes work. delta science modules Solar System 119 © Delta Education LLC. All rights reserved. -
The History of Optical Astronomy, by Caroline Herschel and Lyman Spitzer
Online Modules from The University of Chicago Multiwavelength Astronomy: The History of Optical Astronomy, by Caroline Herschel and Lyman Spitzer http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/multiwavelength-astronomy/optical/history/index.html Subject(s): Astronomy/Space Science Grade(s) Level: 9-12 Duration: One Class Period Objectives: As a result of reading The History of Optical Astronomy, students will be able to • Discriminate between reflecting and refracting telescope designs and describe the differences between them; • Explain how a telescope focuses light; • Articulate the limitations of ground-based telescopes and propose solutions to these limitations; • Identify important astronomical discoveries made and personages working in the optical regime; • Discuss examples of problem-solving and creativity in astronomy. Materials: Internet connection and browser for displaying the lesson. Pre-requisites: Students should be familiar with the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Before using the lesson, students should familiarize themselves with all vocabulary terms. Procedures: Students will read the lesson and answer assessment questions (listed under evaluation). Introduction: In reading this lesson, you will meet important individuals in the History of Optical Astronomy. They are: Caroline Lucretia Herschel was a German-born British astronomer and the sister of astronomer Sir William Herschel. She is the discoverer of several comets, in particular, the periodic comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet, which bears her name. Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr. was an American theoretical physicist, astronomer and mountaineer. He carried out research into star formation, plasma physics, and in 1946, conceived the idea of telescopes operating in outer space. Spitzer is the namesake of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. 1 Online Modules from The University of Chicago William Herschel was an astronomer and composer.