DOCSLIB.ORG

The Telescope Lenses, Which Turned the Image Upside Down but Improved the Clarity Dramatically

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Telescope Lenses, Which Turned the Image Upside Down but Improved the Clarity Dramatically The image produced by the first refracting telescope was Name right side up. However, the clarity of the image was less than ideal. Johannes Kepler worked to improve the image produced by the refracting telescope. He used two convex The Telescope lenses, which turned the image upside down but improved the clarity dramatically. His design soon became popular By Phyllis Naegeli and remains in use today. Do you like to lie on your back and gaze One problem associated with the refracting telescope was at the stars? What constellations can you the rainbow halo it produced around the object in view. Sir name? Have you ever used a telescope to Isaac Newton did not care for the halo produced by the get a closer look at the universe? Do you refracting telescope. He set out to improve the design, know how a telescope works? which led him to work on the reflecting telescope. The design used a curved mirror to collect light from an object. A telescope is used to see distant objects A secondary flat mirror reflected the image to the side of up close. There are two basic types of the tube where it is viewed through an eyepiece. Newton telescopes - the refracting telescope and also used a shorter, fatter tube allowing magnification to be the reflecting telescope. Each will help increased by using larger mirrors. Newton's design you to see the planets, moon, or stars. Both eliminated the rainbow halo produced by the convex lenses use a tube and have an eyepiece to focus the image for you of the refracting telescope. Today, the halo is eliminated by to see. However, each works in a different way. coating the lenses. A refracting telescope uses glass lenses to help you see A famous reflecting telescope is the Hubble Space objects in space. An objective lens collects light from the Telescope. It orbits the earth on a satellite, allowing it to object you want to view. An eyepiece lens works as a view objects in space without distortion from the earth's magnifying glass to enhance and enlarge the image atmosphere. The mirror used on the Hubble is eight feet in received by the telescope. As you look through the diameter, giving it the ability to see planets, stars, and eyepiece, the picture is viewed. The tube of a refracting galaxies that have never been viewed before. Now when a telescope is long and thin. In order to increase new discovery is made, Hubble's amazing capabilities give magnification, the tube must be lengthened. us a close up of the object. Hubble's price tag of two billion dollars has given us a priceless view of the universe we live The first refracting telescope used one convex and one in. concave lens. Galileo used this type of telescope in his work in astronomy in the early 1600s. With it, he Telescopes are amazing tools to use to watch the night sky. discovered four of Jupiter's moons. He was also able to see From the amateur to the scientist, this important invention the moon up close for the first time. Although it was helps us see far more than we can with the naked eye. Who believed the moon was smooth, Galileo discovered its knows what we will discover next! many craters, mountains, and valleys. 5. Who worked to improve the telescope because he did Name not like the halo that appeared around the image? A. Johannes Kepler B. Galileo The Telescope C. Sir Isaac Newton D. none of the above Questions 6. How much did the Hubble telescope cost? 1. A refracting telescope shows an image right side up. A. two billion dollars A. true B. two hundred billion dollars B. false C. two thousand dollars D. two hundred million dollars 2. What did Johannes Kepler do to improve the clarity of the image seen with the refracting telescope? 7. Which mirror in a reflecting telescope collects light from the object to be viewed? A. He lengthened the tube. B. He used two convex lenses. C. He used two concave lenses. D. He coated the lenses. 3. Which of the following is not a part of a telescope? A. tube B. mirror 8. Today, refracting telescopes use a special coating on C. prism the lenses to eliminate the rainbow halo. D. lens A. true 4. How is the magnification on a reflecting telescope B. false increased? A. by decreasing the size of the lens If you could spend a day in space, what do you think you would see? B. by lengthening the tube Where would you go? C. by increasing the size of the mirror D. by using two concave lenses Name.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Galileo and the Telescope
    Galileo and the Telescope A Discussion of Galileo Galilei and the Beginning of Modern Observational Astronomy ___________________________ Billy Teets, Ph.D. Acting Director and Outreach Astronomer, Vanderbilt University Dyer Observatory Tuesday, October 20, 2020 Image Credit: Giuseppe Bertini General Outline • Telescopes/Galileo’s Telescopes • Observations of the Moon • Observations of Jupiter • Observations of Other Planets • The Milky Way • Sunspots Brief History of the Telescope – Hans Lippershey • Dutch Spectacle Maker • Invention credited to Hans Lippershey (c. 1608 - refracting telescope) • Late 1608 – Dutch gov’t: “ a device by means of which all things at a very great distance can be seen as if they were nearby” • Is said he observed two children playing with lenses • Patent not awarded Image Source: Wikipedia Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own – 3x magnification. • Similar to what was peddled in Europe. • Learned magnification depended on the ratio of lens focal lengths. • Had to learn to grind his own lenses. Image Source: Britannica.com Image Source: Wikipedia Refracting Telescopes Bend Light Refracting Telescopes Chromatic Aberration Chromatic aberration limits ability to distinguish details Dealing with Chromatic Aberration - Stop Down Aperture Galileo used cardboard rings to limit aperture – Results were dimmer views but less chromatic aberration Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own (3x, 8-9x, 20x, etc.) • Noted by many for its military advantages August 1609 Galileo and the Telescope • First observed the
    [Show full text]
  • 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Class 359 Optical: Systems And
    CLASS 359 OPTICAL: SYSTEMS AND ELEMENTS 359 - 1 359 OPTICAL: SYSTEMS AND ELEMENTS 1 HOLOGRAPHIC SYSTEM OR ELEMENT 197.1 .Using a periodically moving 2 .Authentication element 3 .Having particular recording 198.1 ..With particular mount or driver medium for element 4 ..Recyclable 199.1 ...Oscillating driver 5 ...Magnetic material 199.2 ....Electrostatically driven 6 ...Sandwich having photoconductor 199.3 ....Electromagnetically driven 7 ...Crystalline material 199.4 ....Electromechanically driven 8 ..Having nonplanar recording 200.1 ...Bearing or shaft for rotary medium surface driver 9 .For synthetically generating a 200.2 ....Specific shaft material or hologram structure (e.g., ceramic ring) 10 .Using modulated or plural 200.3 .....Grooved shaft reference beams 200.4 ....Fluid pressure bearing 11 ..Spatial, phase or amplitude 200.5 .....Dynamic fluid bearing modulation 200.6 ...Electrostatic driver 12 .Copying by holographic means 200.7 ...Electromagnetic driver 13 .Head up display 200.8 ...Electromechanical driver 14 ..Holograph on curved substrate 201.1 ..With multiple scanning elements 15 .Using a hologram as an optical (e.g., plural lenses, lens and element prism, etc.) 16 ..With aberration correction 201.2 ...Reflective element (e.g., 17 ..Scanner mirror, reflector, etc.) 18 ...Flat rotating disk 202.1 ...X-Y scanners 19 ..Lens 203.1 ...Having a common axis or 20 ...Multiple point hologram (e.g., rotation fly-eye lens, etc.) 204.1 ..Utilizing multiple light beams 21 .Having defined page composer 204.2 ...Including modulated light
    [Show full text]
  • Solar System Solar System
    Delta Science Reader SolarSolar SystemSystem Delta Science Readers are nonfiction student books that provide science background and support the experiences of hands-on activities. Every Delta Science Reader has three main sections: Think About . , People in Science, and Did You Know? Be sure to preview the reader Overview Chart on page 4, the reader itself, and the teaching suggestions on the following pages. This information will help you determine how to plan your schedule for reader selections and activity sessions. Reading for information is a key literacy skill. Use the following ideas as appropriate for your teaching style and the needs of your students. The After Reading section includes an assessment and writing links. OVERVIEW Students will: discover facts about the Solar System In the Delta Science Reader Solar System, students take a tour of the Sun and the explore the planets and other objects in the planets. Other space objects such as dwarf Solar System planets, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids discuss the function of a table of contents, are explored. Students read about the headings, and a glossary rotation and revolution of the planets and interpret photographs and graphics to the causes of night and day, seasonal answer questions changes, and the phases of the Moon. The book describes the work of a planetary complete a KWL chart geologist. In addition, students discover organize information in a variety of ways how telescopes work. delta science modules Solar System 119 © Delta Education LLC. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Spherical Mirror Parabolic Mirror Ray Diagrams for Mirrors
    Ray Diagrams for Mirrors September 8, 2015 1:24 PM Light rays travel in straight lines and so when we see one we assume it is coming straight towards us. But as physics students we know that light can be refracted and bent. Plane Mirror Object Image Plane mirrors form images at the same distance to the mirror as the object. This image is a virtual image as it is behind the mirror and impossible to project on a piece of paper in the real world. Question: Do we see more of ourselves as we get closer to the mirror or less? Question: What size of mirror do we need to see all of ourselves? Question: In a plane mirror is the images height larger, smaller or equal to the objects? Plane Mirrors: Are flat reflective surfaces that create a virtual image with the same height as the object and at the same distance from the mirror as the object. Concave Mirrors These are mirrors that are curved with their outer edges closer to you then their centers. Just like a parenthesis ")". They reflect light towards their focal points. The most ideal curved mirror is a Parabolic Mirror but these are extremely difficult to produce accurately. Most Parabolic Mirrors are approximations created from taking a small portion of a spherical mirror. Parabolic Mirror Spherical Mirror Optics Page 1 Parabolic Mirror Spherical Mirror Principal Axis = focal point = center of circle Convex Mirrors Convex Mirrors are just the opposite of a concave mirror. They are like a backwards parenthesis "(". They reflect light away from the mirrors focal point, which is located on the back side of the mirror.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 Geometric Optics
    CHAPTER 25 | GEOMETRIC OPTICS 887 25 GEOMETRIC OPTICS Figure 25.1 Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. (credit: NASA Goddard Photo and Video, via Flickr) Learning Objectives 25.1. The Ray Aspect of Light • List the ways by which light travels from a source to another location. 25.2. The Law of Reflection • Explain reflection of light from polished and rough surfaces. 25.3. The Law of Refraction • Determine the index of refraction, given the speed of light in a medium. 25.4. Total Internal Reflection • Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. • Describe the workings and uses of fiber optics. • Analyze the reason for the sparkle of diamonds. 25.5. Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms • Explain the phenomenon of dispersion and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. 25.6. Image Formation by Lenses • List the rules for ray tracking for thin lenses. • Illustrate the formation of images using the technique of ray tracking. • Determine power of a lens given the focal length. 25.7. Image Formation by Mirrors • Illustrate image formation in a flat mirror. • Explain with ray diagrams the formation of an image using spherical mirrors. • Determine focal length and magnification given radius of curvature, distance of object and image. Introduction to Geometric Optics Geometric Optics Light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. 888 CHAPTER 25 | GEOMETRIC OPTICS Our lives are filled with light.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Optical Astronomy, by Caroline Herschel and Lyman Spitzer
    Online Modules from The University of Chicago Multiwavelength Astronomy: The History of Optical Astronomy, by Caroline Herschel and Lyman Spitzer http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/multiwavelength-astronomy/optical/history/index.html Subject(s): Astronomy/Space Science Grade(s) Level: 9-12 Duration: One Class Period Objectives: As a result of reading The History of Optical Astronomy, students will be able to • Discriminate between reflecting and refracting telescope designs and describe the differences between them; • Explain how a telescope focuses light; • Articulate the limitations of ground-based telescopes and propose solutions to these limitations; • Identify important astronomical discoveries made and personages working in the optical regime; • Discuss examples of problem-solving and creativity in astronomy. Materials: Internet connection and browser for displaying the lesson. Pre-requisites: Students should be familiar with the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Before using the lesson, students should familiarize themselves with all vocabulary terms. Procedures: Students will read the lesson and answer assessment questions (listed under evaluation). Introduction: In reading this lesson, you will meet important individuals in the History of Optical Astronomy. They are: Caroline Lucretia Herschel was a German-born British astronomer and the sister of astronomer Sir William Herschel. She is the discoverer of several comets, in particular, the periodic comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet, which bears her name. Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr. was an American theoretical physicist, astronomer and mountaineer. He carried out research into star formation, plasma physics, and in 1946, conceived the idea of telescopes operating in outer space. Spitzer is the namesake of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. 1 Online Modules from The University of Chicago William Herschel was an astronomer and composer.
    [Show full text]
  • Curved Mirror - Wikipedia
    2018/11/5 Curved mirror - Wikipedia Curved mirror A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface. The surface may be either convex (bulging outwards) or concave (bulging inwards). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices. The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects, since spherical mirror systems, like spherical lenses, suffer from spherical aberration. Distorting mirrors are used for entertainment. They have convex and concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images. Contents Convex mirrors Uses of convex mirror Image Concave mirrors Reflections in a spherical convex Uses mirror. The photographer is seen Image reflected at top right Mirror shape Analysis Mirror equation, magnification, and focal length Ray tracing Ray transfer matrix of spherical mirrors See also References External links Convex mirrors A convex mirror, diverging mirror, or fish eye mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source.[1] Convex mirrors reflect light outwards, therefore they are not used to focus light. Such mirrors always form a virtual image, since the focal point (F) and the centre of curvature (2F) are both imaginary points "inside" the mirror, that cannot be reached. As a result, images formed by these mirrors cannot be projected on a screen, since the image is inside the mirror. The image is smaller than the object, but gets larger as the object approaches the mirror. A collimated (parallel) beam of light diverges (spreads out) after reflection from a convex mirror, since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror.
    [Show full text]
  • Tools of Astronomy Notes Light Is a Form of Electromagnetic Radiation
    Name_________________________________________Date____________________Period__ Tools of Astronomy Notes Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Scientists call the light you can see visible light. If you shine white light through a prism, the light spreads out to make a range of different colors with different wavelengths, called a spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum includes the entire range of radio waves, microwaves infrared, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Telescopes are instruments that collect and focus light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. A telescope that uses lenses or mirrors to collect and focus visible light is called an optical telescope. The two major types of optical telescopes are refracting telescopes and reflecting telescopes. Telescopes used to detect radio waves from objects in space are called radio telescopes. Most radio telescopes have curved, reflecting surfaces. As with optical telescopes, the larger a radio telescope is, the more radio waves it can collect. Radio telescopes can be used day or night. They can also be used during cloudy weather because radio waves can pass through clouds. Most ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays are blocked by Earth’s atmosphere. To detect these wavelengths, astronomers have placed the Hubble space telescope in space. Some space telescopes also detect visible light or infrared radiation. The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with of these forms of radiation. By placing a telescope in space astronomers get a clearer picture of the universe. Spectroscopes are another useful tool for astronomers. A spectroscope breaks the light from a star into a spectrum. Each element has a unique spectrum. This allows astronomers to compare the spectrum of a star to known elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Infinity 60AZ and 70AZ Manual (Size: 2.3
    www.meade.com MEADE INSTRUCTION MANUAL 60mm | 2.4” Alt-azimuth Refracting Telescope 70mm | 2.8” Alt-azimuth Refracting Telescope INFINITY SERIES 60 & 70mm Telescopes WARNING! Never use a Meade® telescope to look at the Sun! Looking at or near the Sun will cause instant and irreversible damage to your eye. Eye damage is often painless, so there is no warning to the observer that damage has occurred until it is too late. Do not point the telescope at or near the Sun. Do not look through the telescope or viewfinder as it is moving. Children should always have adult supervision while observing. INTRODUCTION determines how much detail you will be Your telescope is an excellent beginner’s able to see in your telescope. The focal instrument, and is designed to observe length information will help later on to 1 objects in the sky and also on land. It can calculate magnification. be your personal window on the universe or allows you to intimately study the behavior of Setting up your telescope involves these nesting birds on a distant hillside. simple steps: • Setting up your tripod The telescope is shipped with the following • Attach the accessory tray parts: • Attach the optical tube to the mount • Optical tube • Attach the viewfinder • Aluminum tripod with accessory tray • Attach the diagonal mirror and eye- • Two 1.25” eyepieces: MA25mm, MA9mm piece • 90 degree erect image diagonal mirror • Align the viewfinder • 2X Barlow • Red-dot viewfinder with bracket Study the picture on the next page and • Yoke-style mount become acquainted with the parts of your telescope.
    [Show full text]
  • The UTB/TSC Physics and Astronomy Department, the Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, and the Brownsville Alliance for Science Education Host Mars Viewing
    The UTB/TSC Physics and Astronomy Department, the Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, and the Brownsville Alliance for Science Education Host Mars Viewing Quick Guide to the Mars Opposition of August 2003 What is Mars? Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, or the next planet out from the Earth. Often visible with the unaided eye, it has long been a source of fascination. Mars is about half the size of the Earth (in diameter). Its atmosphere is much thinner than the Earth's, and is mostly carbon dioxide. The average temperature on Mars is -45° C (-50° F), although it can range from -100° to 0° C (-150° to 30° F). Liquid water cannot exist on Mars on the surface. The time for Mars to complete one orbit around the Sun, the Martian year, is 687 days or 1.88 of our years. But Mars rotates on its axis once every 24 hours and 37 minutes, very similar to our day. The surface of Mars is rock and dust. There are many craters from the impacts of comets and asteroids, but there are also vast plains with extinct volcanoes larger than any on Earth, a rift Mars as seen by the Viking 1 valley the length of the United States, and channels apparently cut by running water sometime orbiter. Valles Marineris in the past. Mars appears orange with dark brown regions of wind-blown dust. There are also (Mariner Valley) cuts across the white polar caps of ice and dry ice (frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide) which expand center from left to right.
    [Show full text]
  • Picture Perfect Page 1 of 2
    Imaging Notes - March/April 1999 - Picture Perfect Page 1 of 2 Picture Perfect It will be the ultimate Kodak moment when the IKONOS satellite captures its first 1-meter image. By Frans Jurgens, technology writer and consultant, Rochester, N.Y. Imagine a telescope no bigger or heavier than a small desk, yet powerful enough to tell the difference between a car and a truck from 400 miles in space. The challenge of building such a telescope was part of an even larger project facing system designers and engineers at Rochester, N.Y.-based Eastman Kodak Co. (Kodak). Relying on 35 years of remote sensing expertise and in-house resources, Kodak designed and built identical digital camera systems for use aboard IKONOS 1 and IKONOS 2, Thornton, Colo.-based Space Imaging's eagerly awaited 1-meter remote sensing satellites. Each camera system comprises an optical telescope, panchromatic and multispectral imaging sensor arrays, and processing electronics. But the IKONOS cameras are unique in several ways. The near-perfect optical sharpness of their telescopes has never been achieved in any space camera. And, instead of acquiring multispectral imagery in three bands (red, green, blue) across separate photo detectors, each focal plane features four bands (including the near-infrared band) on a single integrated array, a manufacturing coup for the industry. The focal plane unit (above) Optical Perfection containing the digital Kodak engineering teams worked for two years to create a 10-meter focal length telescope for each IKONOS imaging sensors is located camera by perfecting a three-mirror optical form rarely used in visible-light telescopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Parabolic Mirrors with TI92 Plus/TI89
    Exploring Parabolic Mirrors with TI92 Plus/TI89 Vlajko L. Kocic Department of Mathematics, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, LA 70125, e-mail: [email protected] Reflecting telescope, flashlights, satellite dish antenna, optical illusions like “levitating penny” and “inverted light bulb”… What do they have in common? The answer is in the title of this paper: parabolic mirror. What is a parabolic mirror? It is a mirror whose reflecting surface is in the shape of a paraboloid (surface whose all cross sections are parabolas). Why parabolic mirror? Well, it has a property that the incident rays parallel to the axis of the parabola (for example, those that are coming from distant objects, like planets, stars, galaxies, or electromagnetic signals from satellites) after being reflected from the mirror, pass through the same point – the focus of a parabola. This paper focuses on the reflection from a parabolic mirror and involves activities designed for students enrolled in at least Calculus I. Part III deals with solving differential equations and is suitable for some Calculus II students (where basic differential equations topics are covered) or for students taking Differential Equations course. Part I is suitable as a classroom activity, while part II is more appropriate as a homework assignment or project. Part III might be used as an introduction to Lagrange and Clairaut type differential equations (if they are covered in the course). TI92 Plus scripts for solving Lagrange and Clairaut types of differential equations are given in the Appendix. In this paper we provide the TI92 Plus script for all activities.
    [Show full text]