25 Geometric Optics
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
The Telescope Lenses, Which Turned the Image Upside Down but Improved the Clarity Dramatically
The image produced by the first refracting telescope was Name right side up. However, the clarity of the image was less than ideal. Johannes Kepler worked to improve the image produced by the refracting telescope. He used two convex The Telescope lenses, which turned the image upside down but improved the clarity dramatically. His design soon became popular By Phyllis Naegeli and remains in use today. Do you like to lie on your back and gaze One problem associated with the refracting telescope was at the stars? What constellations can you the rainbow halo it produced around the object in view. Sir name? Have you ever used a telescope to Isaac Newton did not care for the halo produced by the get a closer look at the universe? Do you refracting telescope. He set out to improve the design, know how a telescope works? which led him to work on the reflecting telescope. The design used a curved mirror to collect light from an object. A telescope is used to see distant objects A secondary flat mirror reflected the image to the side of up close. There are two basic types of the tube where it is viewed through an eyepiece. Newton telescopes - the refracting telescope and also used a shorter, fatter tube allowing magnification to be the reflecting telescope. Each will help increased by using larger mirrors. Newton's design you to see the planets, moon, or stars. Both eliminated the rainbow halo produced by the convex lenses use a tube and have an eyepiece to focus the image for you of the refracting telescope. -
Molecular Materials for Nonlinear Optics
RICHARD S. POTEMBER, ROBERT C. HOFFMAN, KAREN A. STETYICK, ROBERT A. MURPHY, and KENNETH R. SPECK MOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR NONLINEAR OPTICS An overview of our recent advances in the investigation of molecular materials for nonlinear optical applications is presented. Applications of these materials include optically bistable devices, optical limiters, and harmonic generators. INTRODUCTION of potentially important optical qualities and capabilities Organic molecular materials are a class of materials such as optical bistability, optical threshold switching, in which the organic molecules retain their geometry and photoconductivity, harmonic generation, optical para physical properties when crystallization takes place. metric oscillation, and electro-optic modulation. A sam Changes occur in the physical properties of individual ple of various applications for several optical materials molecules during crystallization, but they are small com is shown in Table 1. pared with those that occur in ionic or metallic solids. The optical effects so far observed in many organic The energies binding the individual molecules together materials result from the interaction of light with bulk in organic solids are also relatively small, making organic materials such as solutions, single crystals, polycrystal molecular solids mere aggregations of molecules held to line fIlms, and amorphous compositions. In these materi gether by weak intermolecular (van der Waals) forces . als, each molecule in the solid responds identically, so The crystalline structure of most organic molecular solids that the response of the bulk material is the sum of the is more complex than that of most metals or inorganic responses of the individual molecules. That effect sug solids; 1 the asymmetry of most organic molecules makes gests that it may be possible to store and process optical the intermolecular forces highly anisotropic. -
EMT UNIT 1 (Laws of Reflection and Refraction, Total Internal Reflection).Pdf
Electromagnetic Theory II (EMT II); Online Unit 1. REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE (Laws of Reflection and Refraction and Total Internal Reflection) (Introduction to Electrodynamics Chap 9) Instructor: Shah Haidar Khan University of Peshawar. Suppose an incident wave makes an angle θI with the normal to the xy-plane at z=0 (in medium 1) as shown in Figure 1. Suppose the wave splits into parts partially reflecting back in medium 1 and partially transmitting into medium 2 making angles θR and θT, respectively, with the normal. Figure 1. To understand the phenomenon at the boundary at z=0, we should apply the appropriate boundary conditions as discussed in the earlier lectures. Let us first write the equations of the waves in terms of electric and magnetic fields depending upon the wave vector κ and the frequency ω. MEDIUM 1: Where EI and BI is the instantaneous magnitudes of the electric and magnetic vector, respectively, of the incident wave. Other symbols have their usual meanings. For the reflected wave, Similarly, MEDIUM 2: Where ET and BT are the electric and magnetic instantaneous vectors of the transmitted part in medium 2. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (at z=0) As the free charge on the surface is zero, the perpendicular component of the displacement vector is continuous across the surface. (DIꓕ + DRꓕ ) (In Medium 1) = DTꓕ (In Medium 2) Where Ds represent the perpendicular components of the displacement vector in both the media. Converting D to E, we get, ε1 EIꓕ + ε1 ERꓕ = ε2 ETꓕ ε1 ꓕ +ε1 ꓕ= ε2 ꓕ Since the equation is valid for all x and y at z=0, and the coefficients of the exponentials are constants, only the exponentials will determine any change that is occurring. -
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Class 359 Optical: Systems And
CLASS 359 OPTICAL: SYSTEMS AND ELEMENTS 359 - 1 359 OPTICAL: SYSTEMS AND ELEMENTS 1 HOLOGRAPHIC SYSTEM OR ELEMENT 197.1 .Using a periodically moving 2 .Authentication element 3 .Having particular recording 198.1 ..With particular mount or driver medium for element 4 ..Recyclable 199.1 ...Oscillating driver 5 ...Magnetic material 199.2 ....Electrostatically driven 6 ...Sandwich having photoconductor 199.3 ....Electromagnetically driven 7 ...Crystalline material 199.4 ....Electromechanically driven 8 ..Having nonplanar recording 200.1 ...Bearing or shaft for rotary medium surface driver 9 .For synthetically generating a 200.2 ....Specific shaft material or hologram structure (e.g., ceramic ring) 10 .Using modulated or plural 200.3 .....Grooved shaft reference beams 200.4 ....Fluid pressure bearing 11 ..Spatial, phase or amplitude 200.5 .....Dynamic fluid bearing modulation 200.6 ...Electrostatic driver 12 .Copying by holographic means 200.7 ...Electromagnetic driver 13 .Head up display 200.8 ...Electromechanical driver 14 ..Holograph on curved substrate 201.1 ..With multiple scanning elements 15 .Using a hologram as an optical (e.g., plural lenses, lens and element prism, etc.) 16 ..With aberration correction 201.2 ...Reflective element (e.g., 17 ..Scanner mirror, reflector, etc.) 18 ...Flat rotating disk 202.1 ...X-Y scanners 19 ..Lens 203.1 ...Having a common axis or 20 ...Multiple point hologram (e.g., rotation fly-eye lens, etc.) 204.1 ..Utilizing multiple light beams 21 .Having defined page composer 204.2 ...Including modulated light -
Spherical Mirror Parabolic Mirror Ray Diagrams for Mirrors
Ray Diagrams for Mirrors September 8, 2015 1:24 PM Light rays travel in straight lines and so when we see one we assume it is coming straight towards us. But as physics students we know that light can be refracted and bent. Plane Mirror Object Image Plane mirrors form images at the same distance to the mirror as the object. This image is a virtual image as it is behind the mirror and impossible to project on a piece of paper in the real world. Question: Do we see more of ourselves as we get closer to the mirror or less? Question: What size of mirror do we need to see all of ourselves? Question: In a plane mirror is the images height larger, smaller or equal to the objects? Plane Mirrors: Are flat reflective surfaces that create a virtual image with the same height as the object and at the same distance from the mirror as the object. Concave Mirrors These are mirrors that are curved with their outer edges closer to you then their centers. Just like a parenthesis ")". They reflect light towards their focal points. The most ideal curved mirror is a Parabolic Mirror but these are extremely difficult to produce accurately. Most Parabolic Mirrors are approximations created from taking a small portion of a spherical mirror. Parabolic Mirror Spherical Mirror Optics Page 1 Parabolic Mirror Spherical Mirror Principal Axis = focal point = center of circle Convex Mirrors Convex Mirrors are just the opposite of a concave mirror. They are like a backwards parenthesis "(". They reflect light away from the mirrors focal point, which is located on the back side of the mirror. -
Antireflective Coatings
materials Review Antireflective Coatings: Conventional Stacking Layers and Ultrathin Plasmonic Metasurfaces, A Mini-Review Mehdi Keshavarz Hedayati 1,* and Mady Elbahri 1,2,3,* 1 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany 2 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht 21502, Germany 3 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Aalto 00076, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.K.H.); mady.elbahri@aalto.fi (M.E.); Tel.: +49-431-880-6148 (M.K.H.); +49-431-880-6230 (M.E.) Academic Editor: Lioz Etgar Received: 2 May 2016; Accepted: 15 June 2016; Published: 21 June 2016 Abstract: Reduction of unwanted light reflection from a surface of a substance is very essential for improvement of the performance of optical and photonic devices. Antireflective coatings (ARCs) made of single or stacking layers of dielectrics, nano/microstructures or a mixture of both are the conventional design geometry for suppression of reflection. Recent progress in theoretical nanophotonics and nanofabrication has enabled more flexibility in design and fabrication of miniaturized coatings which has in turn advanced the field of ARCs considerably. In particular, the emergence of plasmonic and metasurfaces allows for the realization of broadband and angular-insensitive ARC coatings at an order of magnitude thinner than the operational wavelengths. In this review, a short overview of the development of ARCs, with particular attention paid to the state-of-the-art plasmonic- and metasurface-based antireflective surfaces, is presented. Keywords: antireflective coating; plasmonic metasurface; absorbing antireflective coating; antireflection 1. -
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions. -
9.2 Refraction and Total Internal Reflection
9.2 refraction and total internal reflection When a light wave strikes a transparent material such as glass or water, some of the light is reflected from the surface (as described in Section 9.1). The rest of the light passes through (transmits) the material. Figure 1 shows a ray that has entered a glass block that has two parallel sides. The part of the original ray that travels into the glass is called the refracted ray, and the part of the original ray that is reflected is called the reflected ray. normal incident ray reflected ray i r r ϭ i air glass 2 refracted ray Figure 1 A light ray that strikes a glass surface is both reflected and refracted. Refracted and reflected rays of light account for many things that we encounter in our everyday lives. For example, the water in a pool can look shallower than it really is. A stick can look as if it bends at the point where it enters the water. On a hot day, the road ahead can appear to have a puddle of water, which turns out to be a mirage. These effects are all caused by the refraction and reflection of light. refraction The direction of the refracted ray is different from the direction of the incident refraction the bending of light as it ray, an effect called refraction. As with reflection, you can measure the direction of travels at an angle from one medium the refracted ray using the angle that it makes with the normal. In Figure 1, this to another angle is labelled θ2. -
Curved Mirror - Wikipedia
2018/11/5 Curved mirror - Wikipedia Curved mirror A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface. The surface may be either convex (bulging outwards) or concave (bulging inwards). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices. The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects, since spherical mirror systems, like spherical lenses, suffer from spherical aberration. Distorting mirrors are used for entertainment. They have convex and concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images. Contents Convex mirrors Uses of convex mirror Image Concave mirrors Reflections in a spherical convex Uses mirror. The photographer is seen Image reflected at top right Mirror shape Analysis Mirror equation, magnification, and focal length Ray tracing Ray transfer matrix of spherical mirrors See also References External links Convex mirrors A convex mirror, diverging mirror, or fish eye mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source.[1] Convex mirrors reflect light outwards, therefore they are not used to focus light. Such mirrors always form a virtual image, since the focal point (F) and the centre of curvature (2F) are both imaginary points "inside" the mirror, that cannot be reached. As a result, images formed by these mirrors cannot be projected on a screen, since the image is inside the mirror. The image is smaller than the object, but gets larger as the object approaches the mirror. A collimated (parallel) beam of light diverges (spreads out) after reflection from a convex mirror, since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror. -
Physics I Notes Chapter 14: Light, Reflection, and Color
Physics I Notes Chapter 14: Light, Reflection, and Color Characteristics of light • Light is an electromagnetic wave . As shown below, an electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave consisting of mutually perpendicular oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves are ultimately produced by an accelerating charge. A changing electric field produces a changing magnetic field which in turn produces a changing electric field and so on. Because of this relationship between the changing electric and magnetic fields, an electromagnetic wave is a self- propagating wave that can travel through a vacuum or a material medium since electric and magnetic fields can exist in either one. Animation of e.m. wave with vibrating charge Scroll down after webpage loads for animation. http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=35.0 • All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. Electromagnetic waves are distinguished from each other by their differences in wavelengths and frequencies (wavelength is inversely related to frequency) . c=f λλλ c = speed of light = 3.0 x 10 8 m/s in a vacuum = 300,000 km/s = 186,000 miles/s A light year is the distance that light travels in one year in a vacuum. So haw many miles would that be? What would a light-minute be? • The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength. Visible light is only a small portion of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Page 1 of 8 • Brightness or intensity of light decreases by the square of the distance from the source (inverse square law). -
Fiber Optics Standard Dictionary
FIBER OPTICS STANDARD DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http://www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet users can search catalogs, examine subject-specific resource centers and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com. Visit Chapman & Hall's Internet Resource Center for information on our new publications, links to useful sites on the World Wide Web and an opportunity to join our e-mail mailing list. Point your browser to: bttp:/Iwww.cbapball.com or http://www.thomson.com/chaphaWelecteng.html for Electrical Engineering A service of I ® JI FIBER OPTICS STANDARD DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION MARTIN H. WEIK SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v. JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http://www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet users can search catalogs, examine subject specific resource centers and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com. Cover Design: Said Sayrafiezadeh, Emdash Inc. Copyright © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1997 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 3rd edition 1997 Ali rights reserved.