Molecular Materials for Nonlinear Optics
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
25 Geometric Optics
CHAPTER 25 | GEOMETRIC OPTICS 887 25 GEOMETRIC OPTICS Figure 25.1 Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. (credit: NASA Goddard Photo and Video, via Flickr) Learning Objectives 25.1. The Ray Aspect of Light • List the ways by which light travels from a source to another location. 25.2. The Law of Reflection • Explain reflection of light from polished and rough surfaces. 25.3. The Law of Refraction • Determine the index of refraction, given the speed of light in a medium. 25.4. Total Internal Reflection • Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. • Describe the workings and uses of fiber optics. • Analyze the reason for the sparkle of diamonds. 25.5. Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms • Explain the phenomenon of dispersion and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. 25.6. Image Formation by Lenses • List the rules for ray tracking for thin lenses. • Illustrate the formation of images using the technique of ray tracking. • Determine power of a lens given the focal length. 25.7. Image Formation by Mirrors • Illustrate image formation in a flat mirror. • Explain with ray diagrams the formation of an image using spherical mirrors. • Determine focal length and magnification given radius of curvature, distance of object and image. Introduction to Geometric Optics Geometric Optics Light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. 888 CHAPTER 25 | GEOMETRIC OPTICS Our lives are filled with light. -
Antireflective Coatings
materials Review Antireflective Coatings: Conventional Stacking Layers and Ultrathin Plasmonic Metasurfaces, A Mini-Review Mehdi Keshavarz Hedayati 1,* and Mady Elbahri 1,2,3,* 1 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany 2 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht 21502, Germany 3 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Aalto 00076, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.K.H.); mady.elbahri@aalto.fi (M.E.); Tel.: +49-431-880-6148 (M.K.H.); +49-431-880-6230 (M.E.) Academic Editor: Lioz Etgar Received: 2 May 2016; Accepted: 15 June 2016; Published: 21 June 2016 Abstract: Reduction of unwanted light reflection from a surface of a substance is very essential for improvement of the performance of optical and photonic devices. Antireflective coatings (ARCs) made of single or stacking layers of dielectrics, nano/microstructures or a mixture of both are the conventional design geometry for suppression of reflection. Recent progress in theoretical nanophotonics and nanofabrication has enabled more flexibility in design and fabrication of miniaturized coatings which has in turn advanced the field of ARCs considerably. In particular, the emergence of plasmonic and metasurfaces allows for the realization of broadband and angular-insensitive ARC coatings at an order of magnitude thinner than the operational wavelengths. In this review, a short overview of the development of ARCs, with particular attention paid to the state-of-the-art plasmonic- and metasurface-based antireflective surfaces, is presented. Keywords: antireflective coating; plasmonic metasurface; absorbing antireflective coating; antireflection 1. -
Download the Chemical Engineering Major Handbook
2020 - 2021 Undergraduate Handbook DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING INFORMATION FOR MAJORS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Fall 2020 Updated July 2020 Quick Reference Guide Chemical Engineering Curriculum - Prerequisite Flowchart *Sophomore year has two variants; ChE 210 may be taken in sophomore or freshman year. Total Requirements - 48 classes Basic Courses: A. Mathematics - 4 classes D. Design and Communication - 3 classes Chemical Engineering Curriculum - Prerequisite Flowchart q MATH 220-1 (220) q MATH 228-1 (230) q q ENGLISH & DSGN 106-1,2 q MATH 220-2 (224) q MATH 228-2 (234) q COMM ST (Speech) 102, or B. Engineering Analysis - 4 classes PERF ST (Performance) 103 or 203 q q q q GEN ENG 205-1,2,3,4 E. Basic Engineering - 5 classes C. Basic Sciences - 4 classes q CHEM ENG 210 q q PHYSICS 135-2,3 (plus labs) q CHEM ENG 211 q q CHEM 131,132, or 151,152, q MAT SCI 301 or 171,172 (plus labs) q CHEM ENG 312 or IEMS 303 q CHEM ENG 321 Distribution Requirements: F. q Social Sci/Humanities (Theme) - 7 classes G. q Unrestricted Electives - 5 classes Core Curriculum: H. Major Program – 11 required classes + 5 technical electives q CHEM 210-1: Organic Chemistry q CHEM ENG 322: Heat Transfer q CHEM 210-2: Organic Chemistry (plus lab) q CHEM ENG 323: Mass Transfer q CHEM ENG 212: Phase Equilibrium and q CHEM ENG 341: Dynamics and Control Staged Separations of Chemical and Biological Processes q CHEM ENG 275: Cell & Molecular Biology q CHEM ENG 342: Chemical Engineering Lab for Engineers or BIOL SCI 215 or 291 or q CHEM ENG 351: Process Economics, 201 or 202 Design & Evaluation q CHEM ENG 307: Kinetics & Reactor q CHEM ENG 352: Chemical Engineering Engineering Design Projects q Technical Electives - 5 classes You may choose an area of specialization: (OR follow technical elective guidelines - Section IIIB) Bioengineering, Chemical Process Engineering, Design, Environmental Engineering and Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering, or Polymer Science and Engineering Table of Contents I. -
Fiber Optics Standard Dictionary
FIBER OPTICS STANDARD DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http://www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet users can search catalogs, examine subject-specific resource centers and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com. Visit Chapman & Hall's Internet Resource Center for information on our new publications, links to useful sites on the World Wide Web and an opportunity to join our e-mail mailing list. Point your browser to: bttp:/Iwww.cbapball.com or http://www.thomson.com/chaphaWelecteng.html for Electrical Engineering A service of I ® JI FIBER OPTICS STANDARD DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION MARTIN H. WEIK SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v. JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http://www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet users can search catalogs, examine subject specific resource centers and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com. Cover Design: Said Sayrafiezadeh, Emdash Inc. Copyright © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1997 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 3rd edition 1997 Ali rights reserved. -
Fiber Optic Communications
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Optical Fibers Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit signals over long distances. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Fiber Optic Data Transmission Systems Fiber optic data transmission systems send information over fiber by turning electronic signals into light. Light refers to more than the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is near to what is visible to the human eye. The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of visible and near -infrared light like that transmitted by fiber, and all other wavelengths used to transmit signals such as AM and FM radio and television. The electromagnetic spectrum. Only a very small part of it is perceived by the human eye as light. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Fiber Optics Transmission Low Attenuation Very High Bandwidth (THz) Small Size and Low Weight No Electromagnetic Interference Low Security Risk Elements of Optical Transmission Electrical-to-optical Transducers Optical Media Optical-to-electrical Transducers Digital Signal Processing, repeaters and clock recovery. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Types of Optical Fiber Multi Mode : (a) Step-index – Core and Cladding material has uniform but different refractive index. (b) Graded Index – Core material has variable index as a function of the radial distance from the center. Single Mode – The core diameter is almost equal to the wave length of the emitted light so that it propagates along a single path. -
COATING TRACES Coating
Backgrounder COATING TRACES Coating HIGH REFLECTION COATING TRACES ND:YAG/ND:YLF ..........................................................................................................T-26 TUNABLE LASER MIRRORS .........................................................................................T-28 Coating Traces MISCELLANEOUS MIRRORS ........................................................................................T-30 ANTI-REFLECTION COATING TRACES ANTI-REFLECTIVE OVERVIEW ....................................................................................T-31 0 DEGREE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ............................................................................T-33 Material Properties 45 DEGREE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ..........................................................................T-36 CUBES AND POLARIZING COMPONENTS TRACES .........................................................T-38 Optical Specifications cvilaseroptics.com T-25 HIGH REFLECTION COATING TRACES: Y1-Y4, HM AT 0 DEGREE INCIDENCE Optical Coatings and Materials Traces Y1 - 1064nm - 0 DEGREES Y2 - 532nm - 0 DEGREES Y3 - 355nm - 0 DEGREES Y4 - 266nm - 0 DEGREES HM - 1064/532nm - 0 DEGREES P-POL: UNP: - - - - - S-POL: 0°: - - - - - - T-26 cvilaseroptics.com Backgrounder Coating HIGH REFLECTION COATING TRACES: Y1-Y4, HM, YH, AT 45 DEGREE INCIDENCE Y1 - 1064nm - 45 DEGREES Y2 - 532nm - 45 DEGREES Coating Traces Material Properties Y3 - 355nm - 45 DEGREES Y4 - 266nm - 45 DEGREES Optical Specifications HM - 1064/532nm - 45 DEGREES YH - 1064/633nm - 45 DEGREES -
Antireflection Coatings for High Power Fiber Laser Optics Authors: Gherorghe Honciuc, Emiliano Ioffe, Jurgen Kolbe, Ophir Optics Group, MKS Instruments Inc
Antireflection Coatings for High Power Fiber Laser Optics Authors: Gherorghe Honciuc, Emiliano Ioffe, Jurgen Kolbe, Ophir Optics Group, MKS Instruments Inc. INTRODUCTION Finally, a long service life of the optics is important for the High-power kilowatt-level fiber lasers (wavelength in spec- user in order to minimize downtime of the laser machine. tral range 1.0 – 1.1µm) are used in important applications This can be achieved only if absorption of the AR coatings in macro material processing, particularly for cutting and is very low. welding metal sheets. In these applications, optics (lenses, In this paper, we review the materials, coating technolo- protective windows) are needed to work properly at corre- gies and measurement techniques used at Ophir Optics spondingly high laser power and power density levels. For for high-performance low absorption fiber laser optics these optics, absorption losses are of crucial importance: manufacturing. absorption of laser radiation leads to increased tempera- ture and a correspondingly higher refractive index of the RAW MATERIAL optics. This changes the properties of the transmitted la- There are two material categories regarding the ser beam and can therefore impair the performance of the absorption of fused silica: manufacturing process. In addition, temperature increase • (a) Fused silica with absorption greater than 1 ppm/cm, can cause internal mechanical stress and eventually dam- e. g. Corning 7980 age the optics. To avoid this, optics with lowest possible • (b) Fused silica with absorption less than 1 ppm/cm, [1] absorption losses must be used. e. g. Suprasil 3001 . The most common raw material for these optics is fused Due to the high cost of material of category (b), it should silica which is available with sufficiently low absorption. -
Bottom-Up Nano-Technology: Molecular Engineering at Surfaces
BESSY – Highlights 2003 – Scientific Highligths 1 Max-Planck-Institut für Bottom-up nano-technology: Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, 2 molecular engineering at surfaces Lehrstuhl für 1 1 1 1 2 Physikalische Chemie I, S. Stepanow , M. Lingenfelder , A. Dmitriev , N. Lin , Th. Strunskus , Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ch. Wöll2, J.V. Barth3,4, K. Kern1,3 3 Institut de Physique des Nanostructures, A key issue in nanotech- acid (terephthalic acid - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de nology is the development tpa) and 1,2,4-benzenetri- Lausanne, Schweiz of conceptually simple carboxylic acid (trimellitic 4 construction techniques acid - tmla) on the Advanced Materials and Process for the mass fabrication Cu(100) surface. Mol- Engineering Laboratory, of identical nanoscale ecules of this type are University of British Columbia, structures. Conventional frequently employed in Vancouver, Canada top down fabrication 3-D crystal engineering techniques are both top [3] and have proven to be down fabrication techniques are both energy useful for the fabrication of nanoporous intensive and wasteful, because many supramolecular layers [4-7]. The molecules production steps involve depositing unstruc- tpa and tmla with their respective twofold tured layers and then patterning them by and threefold exodentate functionality are removing most of the deposited films. shown in Fig. 1. While the formation of Furthermore, increasingly expensive fabrica- organic layers and nano-structures can be tion facilities are required as the feature size nicely monitored by STM, X-ray photoelectron decreases. The natural alternative to the top- spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray down construction is the bottom-up ap- absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) resolve proach, in which nanoscale structures are conclusively the deprotonation of carboxylic obtained from their atomic and molecular acid group and molecular orientation. -
Nanotechnology: a Slightly Different History Peter Schulz School of Applied Sciences UNICAMP Brazil [email protected]
Nanotechnology: a slightly different history Peter Schulz School of Applied Sciences UNICAMP Brazil [email protected] Originally published in Portuguese as a diffusion of Science article Nanotecnologia - uma história um pouco diferente Ciência Hoje 308, October 2013, p.26-29 Many introductory articles and books about nanotechnology have been written to disseminate this apparently new technology, which investigate and manipulates matter at dimension of a billionth of a meter. However, these texts show in general a common feature: there is very little about the origins of this multidisciplinary field. If anything is mentioned at all, a few dates, facts and characters are reinforced, which under the scrutiny of a careful historical digging do not sustain as really founding landmarks of the field. Nevertheless, in spite of these flaws, such historical narratives bring up important elements to understand and contextualize this human endeavor, as well as the corresponding dissemination among the public: would nanotechnology be a cultural imperative? Introduction: plenty of room beyond the bottom Nanotechnology is based on the investigation and manipulation of matter at the scale of billionths of a meter, i.e., nanometers; borrowing approaches from academic disciplines, which until recently were perceived more or less as isolated from each other: Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Material Sciences. Different groups, ranging from the scientific community to the general public, when asked about the history of nanotechnology seem to be satisfied with a tiny set of information spread out from site to site in the web. Within the most disseminated allegedly origins of nanotechnology, we can find the so called grandfather and launching act of nanotechnology, namely the famous physicist Richard Feynman (1918 - 1988) and his 1959 talk There is plenty of room at the bottom1. -
Chapter 19/ Optical Properties
Chapter 19 /Optical Properties The four notched and transpar- ent rods shown in this photograph demonstrate the phenomenon of photoelasticity. When elastically deformed, the optical properties (e.g., index of refraction) of a photoelastic specimen become anisotropic. Using a special optical system and polarized light, the stress distribution within the speci- men may be deduced from inter- ference fringes that are produced. These fringes within the four photoelastic specimens shown in the photograph indicate how the stress concentration and distribu- tion change with notch geometry for an axial tensile stress. (Photo- graph courtesy of Measurements Group, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina.) Why Study the Optical Properties of Materials? When materials are exposed to electromagnetic radia- materials, we note that the performance of optical tion, it is sometimes important to be able to predict fibers is increased by introducing a gradual variation and alter their responses. This is possible when we are of the index of refraction (i.e., a graded index) at the familiar with their optical properties, and understand outer surface of the fiber. This is accomplished by the mechanisms responsible for their optical behaviors. the addition of specific impurities in controlled For example, in Section 19.14 on optical fiber concentrations. 766 Learning Objectives After careful study of this chapter you should be able to do the following: 1. Compute the energy of a photon given its fre- 5. Describe the mechanism of photon absorption quency and the value of Planck’s constant. for (a) high-purity insulators and semiconduc- 2. Briefly describe electronic polarization that re- tors, and (b) insulators and semiconductors that sults from electromagnetic radiation-atomic in- contain electrically active defects. -
Chemical Engineering - CHEN 1
Chemical Engineering - CHEN 1 Chemical Engineering - CHEN Courses CHEN 2100 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (4) LEC. 3. LAB. 3. Pr. (CHEM 1110 or CHEM 1117 or CHEM 1030 or CHEM 1033) and (MATH 1610 or MATH 1613 or MATH 1617) and (P/C CHEM 1120 or P/C CHEM 1127 or P/C CHEM 1040 or P/ C CHEM 1043) and (P/C MATH 1620 or MATH 1623 or P/C MATH 1627) and (P/C PHYS 1600 or P/C PHYS 1607). Application of multicomponent material and energy balances to chemical processes involving phase changes and chemical reactions. CHEN 2110 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS (3) LEC. 3. Pr. (CHEM 1030 or CHEM 1033 or CHEM 1110 or CHEM 1117) and (MATH 1620 or MATH 1623 or MATH 1627) and (CHEN 2100) and (P/C PHYS 1600 or P/C PHYS 1607) and (P/C CHEN 2650). This course is intended to comprehensively introduce the thermodynamics of single- and multi-phase, pure systems, including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, equations of state, simple processes and cycles, and their applications in chemical engineering. CHEN 2610 TRANSPORT I (3) LEC. 3. Pr. (PHYS 1600 or PHYS 1607) and CHEN 2100 and (P/C MATH 2630 or P/C MATH 2637) and (P/C ENGR 2010 or P/C CHEN 2110). CHEN 2100 requires a grade of C or better. Introduction to fluid statics and dynamics; dimensional analysis; compressible and incompressible flows; design of flow systems, introduction to fluid solids transport including fluidization, flow through process media and multiphase flows. CHEN 2650 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES (3) LEC.