Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 369204, 32 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/369204

Review Article Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae): A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of This Medicinal Plant

Juliana Félix-Silva,1 Raquel Brandt Giordani,2 Arnóbio Antonio da Silva-Jr,1 Silvana Maria Zucolotto,2 and Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa1

1 Laboratorio´ de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmaceuticaˆ (TecBioFar), Programa de Pos-graduac´ ¸ao˜ em Cienciasˆ Farmaceuticas(PPgCF),UniversidadeFederaldoRioGrandedoNorte(UFRN),RuaGeneralCordeirodeFarias,s/n,ˆ Petropolis,´ 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil 2 Laboratorio´ de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmacia,´ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, Petropolis,´ 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa; [email protected]

Received 24 February 2014; Revised 1 May 2014; Accepted 1 May 2014; Published 5 June 2014

Academic Editor: Shi-Biao Wu

Copyright © 2014 Juliana Felix-Silva´ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), widely known as “bellyache bush,” is a medicinal plant largely used throughout Africa and America. Several human and veterinary uses in traditional medicine are described for different parts and preparations based on this plant. However, critical reviews discussing emphatically its medicinal value are missing. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the traditional uses, as well as the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity data of J. gossypiifolia species, in view of discussing its medicinal value and potential application in complementary and alternative medicine. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated significant action of different extracts and/or isolated compounds as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, and anticancer agents, among others, supporting some of its popular uses. No clinical trial has been detected to date. Further studies are necessary to assay important folk uses, as well as to find new bioactive molecules with pharmacological relevance based on the popular claims. Toxicological studies associated with phytochemical analysis are important to understand the eventual toxic effects that could reduce its medicinal value. The present review provides insights for future research aiming for both ethnopharmacological validation of its popular use and its exploration as a new source of herbal drugs and/or bioactive natural products.

1. Introduction is derived from the Greek words “jatros,”whichmeans “doctor” and “trophe,” meaning “food,” which is associated The Euphorbiaceae family, which is considered one of the with its medicinal uses [3]. The Jatropha genus is divided largest families of Angiosperms, covers about 7,800 species into two subgenera, Jatropha and curcas, from which the distributed in approximately 300 genera and 5 subfamilies subgenus Jatropha has the widest distribution, with species worldwide. These species occur preferentially in tropical and found in Africa, India, South America, West Indies, Central subtropical environments [1, 2]. America,andtheCaribbean[4]. Jatropha species are used in Among the main genera belonging to this family, there traditional medicine to cure various ailments in Africa, Asia, is Jatropha L., which belongs to the subfamily Crotonoideae, and Latin America or as ornamental plants and energy crops Jatropheae tribe and is represented by about 200 species. [3]. Several known species from genus Jatropha have been This genus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical reported for their medicinal uses, chemical constituents, and regions of Africa and the Americas [1]. The name “Jatropha” biological activities such as Jatropha curcas, Jatropha elliptica, 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Jatropha gossypiifolia,andJatropha mollissima,amongothers 2. Methodology [3]. From these species, Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Figure 1) An extensive review of the literature was undertaken in is discussed here. It is a vegetal species widely known different national and international scientific sources, such as “bellyache bush” and is a multipurpose medicinal plant as Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (http://www.crd largelyusedinfolkmedicineforthetreatmentofvarious .york.ac.uk/CRDWeb/), The Cochrane Library (http://www diseases [3, 5, 6]. It is widely distributed in countries of .thecochranelibrary.com), PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm tropical, subtropical, and dry tropical weather and tropical .nih.gov/pubmed/), Science Direct (http://www.science- semiarid regions of Africa and the Americas [7]. In Brazil, it direct.com/), Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/), Lilacs predominates in the Amazon, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest (http://lilacs.bvsalud.org/), Scielo (http://www.scielo.org/ and is distributed throughout the country in the North, php/index.php), Web of Knowledge (http://apps.webof- Northeast, Midwest, South, and Southeast regions [8]. knowledge.com), and the Brazilian database of thesis and Several human and veterinary uses in traditional dissertations “Dom´ınio Publico”´ (http://www.dominiopubli- medicine are described for different parts (leaves, stems, co.gov.br/pesquisa/PesquisaPeriodicoForm.jsp). The study roots, seeds, and latex) and preparations (infusion, decoction, database included original articles, theses, books, and and maceration, among others) based on this plant, other reports that preferentially had been judged for by different routes (oral or topical). The most frequent academic quality (peer-reviewed), covering several reports concern its antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, aspects of the vegetal species (botany, phytochemistry, antiophidian, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial, healing, traditional uses, pharmacology, or toxicology), dating antianemic, antidiabetic, and antihemorrhagic activities, from 1967 (first scientific report) to November 2013, among many other examples [3, 5, 7, 9]. Other uses are also without language restriction. The search strategy was related to this plant, such as biodiesel production, pesticide, constructed based on the scientific name, synonyms, and insecticide, vermifuge, ornamentation, and even its use in main popular names of the species identified by the botanical religious rituals [3, 6, 10–13]. databases “Flora do Brasil” (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br), An important feature of J. gossypiifolia species is that, due Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org), The Plant List (http:// to its important potential medicinal applications, in Brazil, it www.theplantlist.org), and NCBI Taxonomy Browser (http:// is included in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy). The search strategy to the Brazilian Public Health System (Relac¸ao˜ Nacional de contained the combination of the following terms: “Jatropha Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao Sistema Unico´ de Saude´ gossypiifolia”OR“Jatropha gossypifolia”OR“Jatropha Brasileiro—RENISUS),whichisareportpublishedbythe gossipyifolia”OR“Manihot gossypiifolia”OR“Adenoropium BrazilianHealthMinistryinFebruary2009thatincludes71 gossypiifolium”OR“Adenoropium elegans”OR“Jatropha species of medicinal plants that have the potential to generate elegans”OR“Jatropha staphysagriifolia”OR“pinhao˜ roxo” pharmaceutical products of interest to public health of Brazil OR “pinhao-roxo”˜ OR “piao˜ roxo” OR “piao-roxo”˜ OR “peao-˜ [14]. roxo” OR “peao˜ roxo” OR “batata-de-teu” OR “bata de teu” Regarding its phytochemical constitution, alkaloids, OR “erva-purgante” OR “erva purgante” OR “jalapao”˜ OR coumarins, flavonoids, lignoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, “mamoninha” OR “raiz-de-teiu”´ OR “raiz de teiu”´ OR “peao-˜ tannins, and terpenoids were already detected in different curador” OR “peao˜ curador” OR “peao-paj˜ e”´ OR “peao˜ paje”´ extracts from different parts of this plant [15]. OR “piao-caboclo”˜ OR “piao˜ caboclo” OR “black physicnut” Among the main activities already studied for this OR “bellyache bush”. The Endnote X.3.0.1 reference manager species (including various types of extracts from differ- was used. The software ACD/ChemSketch Freeware Version ent parts of the plant), the antihypertensive, antimicrobial, 12.01 was used to draw the chemical structures. anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplasic activities mainly stand out, supporting some of its popular uses [3, 16]. 3. Botanic Information Some toxicity studies have shown that despite the known toxicity of Jatropha species, J. gossypiifolia presented low Jatropha gossypiifolia Linneus is a Euphorbiaceae plant toxicity in some in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, popularly known worldwide as “bellyache bush” or “black some studies have indicated that ethanolic extract from the physicnut”. It is a pantropical species originating from South leaves, in acute oral use, is safe for rats, but with chronic use, America that is cultivated in tropical countries throughout it could be toxic [17–19]. the world [20–22]. So,inviewofthepotentialapplicationsofthisplant, In Brazil, it is known by various popular names and the this review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the most common are “pinhao-roxo,˜ ”“piao-roxo,˜ ”“peao-roxo,˜ ” traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity “batata-de-teu,”“erva-purgante,”“jalapao,˜ ”“mamoninha,” data of different parts from J. gossypiifolia,whichcouldbesig- “raiz-de-teiu,´ ”“peao-curador,˜ ”“peao-paj˜ e,´ ”“piao-caboclo,˜ ” nificant in providing insights for present and future research and “piao-preto,˜ ”amongothers[5, 8, 23]. There are also the aimed at both ethnopharmacological validation of its popular following vernacular names for J. gossypiifolia:“frailecillo,” use, as well as its exploration as a new source of herbal drugs “frailejon,´ ”“purga de fraile”(Colombia);ˆ “frailecillo”(Costa and/or bioactive natural products. The medicinal value and Rica); “frailecillo,”“SanJuanDelCabre,”“tuat´ ua,´ ”“tuba pharmacological and/or biotechnological potential of this tuba” (Cuba); “baga”(Malinke´ et Dioula); “higuereta species are also discussed in this paper. cimarrona,”“tuat´ ua´ ” (Puerto Rico); “tuat´ ua´ ”(Santo Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

(a) (b)

Figure 1: Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (a) aerial parts of plant. (b) flowers detail. Photography by Julianaelix-Silva. F´

Domingo); “frailecillo,”“sibidigua,”“tuatua´” (Venezuela); reported, in general, the presence of fatty acids, sugars, alka- “pignut,”“fignut,”“lapalapa,”“binidasugu,”“oluluidi,”“bot- loids, amino acids, coumarins, steroids, flavonoids, lignans, uje red,”“botuge pupa” (Nigeria); “athalai,”“lal bherenda” proteins, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, as can be seen in (´India); “parroty grass” (Nicaragua); “babatidjin” (Africa); Table 1. “pin˜on,´ ”“pinon-colorado,˜ ”“pin˜on´ negro,”“pinon-rojo,˜ ” Accordingly reviewed by Zhang et al. [15], the main “purga de huane”(Spanish);“herbe amaldeventre,` ”“med- compounds isolated from Jatropha genus are the terpenoids. icinier cathartique,”“medicinier sauvage” (French); “bellya- Infact,manyofthemwereisolatedfromdifferentparts chebuhs,”“bellyache bush,”“bellyache nettlespurge,” of J. gossypiifolia. Another very important class from J. “black physicnut,”“purge nut,”“red fig-nut flower,”“wild gossypiifolia is the lignoids, since a good number of them was cassada”(English);“babatidjin,”“balautandoiong,”“cassava already isolated and identified. marble,”“cotton-leaf physicnut,”“figus nut,”“kishka,” However,itisimportanttonotethatmostofthe “lansi-lansinaan,”“medicinier´ batard,ˆ ”“medicinier´ noir,” phytochemical studies found in literature are not about “medicinier´ rouge,”“quelite de fraile,”“sosori,”“tagumbau-a- isolation of compounds, but only about the phytochemical nalabaga,”“tatua,”“tauataua,”“tautuba,”“tuatua´ blanca,” screening of the major classes through chemical qualitative “tuatua´ morada,”“tubang morado,”“tuba sa buaia,” reactions or more sensitive and specific methods such as “tuba-tuba”(Achanti);“satamanˆ ” (Bambara) [22, 24–31]. thin layer chromatography (TLC). Relative to other Jatropha The complete taxonomy of the species is Eukaryota; species, few studies have isolated chemical compounds from Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Streptophytina; Embryophyta; J. gossypiifolia (Table 2). In addition, up till now it is not Tracheophyta; Euphyllophyta; Spermatophyta; Magno- clear which are the major bioactive compounds in the plant, liophyta; eudicotyledons; core eudicotyledons; rosids; fabids; since only a few studies were conducted by bioassay-guided Malpighiales; Euphorbiaceae; Crotonoideae; Jatropheae; isolation. Jatropha; and Jatropha gossypiifolia [32]. Adenoropium Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, there are no gossypiifolium (L.) Pohl, Manihot gossypiifolia (L.) Crantz, phytochemical studies regarding the use of water as solvent Adenoropium elegans Pohl, Jatropha elegans Kl., Jatropha for the extraction of J. gossypiifolia constituents. This is staphysagriifolia Mill., Jatropha gossypifolia, and Jatropha important to note since popular use occurs more frequently gossipyifolia are botanical synonymous of J. gossypiifolia with infusions or decoctions, and little is known about the species [8, 32–34]. constitution of this type of extract. In this context, it is J. gossypiifolia is a small shrub with dark green or important to conduct studies to evaluate the phytochemical more frequently purplish-red dark leaves, with 16–19 cm of constitution of these extracts. More commonly, the studies length per 10–12.9 cm of width; they are alternate, palmate, usesolventsormixturesofsolventswithnonpolarcharacter- and pubescent, with an acuminate apex, cordate base, and istics, which could contribute to further characterization of serrated margin. The flowers are unisexual, purple, and in nonpolar compounds, such as terpenoids and lignoids. Polar cymose summits, with the calyx having five petals, which in compoundssuchasflavonoids,tannins,andsugarsarepoorly male flowers may form a petaloid tube. The fruit is capsular, described in the species so far, probably due to this fact. with three furrows, containing a dark seed with black spots [5, 35, 36]. Regarding the microscopic aspect of the plant leaves, 5. Traditional Uses some studies have shown key and important features for botanical identification of this species among other Jatropha Various medicinal properties for the species J. gossypiifolia species [21, 35–37]. are reported by traditional medicine, as shown in Table 3. Some properties related to J. gossypiifolia arealsocommonto 4. Chemical Constituents other species of the Jatropha genus [3, 9, 25], where human Various chemical constituents have been detected in extracts and veterinary uses are described. Different parts of this from different parts of J. gossypiifolia,theliteraturehaving plant, such as leaves, stems, roots, seeds, and latex, are used 4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 45 45 , , , 51 51 51 41 53 53 53 52 52 52 55 55 39 38 43 45 30 47 56 50 50 54 54 54 42 49 48 40 46 44 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 19 19 23 [ [ [ Reference ,and 296.0 ± 3.5 , 106.0 ± 2.3 , 45.0 ± 1.0 L. described in the literature. ∗ mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of crude extract C for 6 h with 0.1 M NaCl. Thematerial centrifugedwas and limpid the ∘ -butanol extracts presented, respectively, Leaves obtained by micropropagation were maceratedat in 4 liquid nitrogen and extracted Isolated from dichloromethane : methanol (1 :chromatography 1, on v/v) silica extract gel after successivecolumn Isolated from dichloromethane : methanol (1 :chromatography 1, on v/v) silica extract gel after successivecolumn supernatant was dialyzed againstremove nonprotein water compound at with low molecular temperature mass below in 3.5 a kDa cellulose membrane to Quantitative analysis showed that the petroln ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and Isolated from dichloromethane : methanol (1 :chromatography 1, on v/v) silica extract gel after successivecolumn 128.5 ± 1.1 Isolated from dichloromethane : methanol (1 :chromatography 1, on v/v) silica extract gel after successivecolumn Jatropha gossypiifolia Table 1: Chemical constituents of — — Quantitative analysis showed 0.26% on leaves — Quantitative analysis showed 2.41% on leaves ——— Quantitative analysis showed 8.6% on leaves Detected by phytochemical screening reactions of Identified chloroform on and leaves methanol by extracts qualitative phytochemical screening reactions — Quantitative analysis showed 7.4% on leaves — Identified on leaves by qualitative phytochemical screening reactions Vitexin/isovitexin Isomers identified in different types of extracts leaves from Vitexin Identified in ethyl acetate fraction from ethanol extract Schaftoside/isoschaftoside Isomers identified differentin types of extracts leaves from Orientin/isoorientin Isomers identified in different types of extracts leaves from Isovitexin Identified in ethyl acetate and methyl ethyl ketone fractions ethanol from extract Jatrophan Isolated from petrol ether extract —— Quantitative analysis showed 2.81% on Not leaves specified Gadain Isolated from petrol ether extract after successive column chromatography on silica gel —Apigenin Identified in ether fraction from ethanol extract Identified on leaves by qualitative phytochemical screening reactions CompoundPropacin Arylnaphthalene lignan Extract type and/or preparation — IsolatedGossypiline from petrol ether extract after successivecolumn chromatography on silica gel Ricinine— Detected by phytochemical screening reactions of ethanol extract Compound isolated from ethyl acetate extract from senescent leaves Detected by phytochemical screening reactions of chloroform and methanol extracts Venkatasin Not specified Gossypifan— Isolated from petrol ether extract after successive column chromatography on silica gel Citlalitrione — Detected by phytochemical screening reactions of ethanol extract Jatrophenone — Detected by phytochemical screening reactions of ethanol extract — Detected by phytochemical screening reactions of ethanol extract Phenols Phlobotannins Proteins Cardiac glycosides Flavonoids Coumarin-lignoids Flavonoids Alkaloids Lignans Phenols Diterpenes Steroids Tannins Triterpenoids Plant partWhole plant Classification Stem, roots, and seeds Coumarin-lignoids Aerial parts Leaves Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 13 13 61 52 52 52 52 52 57 57 58 59 63 65 65 62 50 60 66 64 64 64 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ Reference ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Isolated from the ethanol extract afterchromatography successive on partition silica procedures and gelcolumn and preparative TLC Isolated from the ethanol extract afterchromatography successive on partitions procedures silica and gel column and preparative TLC Isolated from petrol ether fraction fromchromatography the on methanol silica extract gel after successivecolumn Isolated from petrol ether fraction fromchromatography the on methanol silica extract gel after successivecolumn Not specified Compound isolated from ethyl acetate fractionchromatography stems on after silica successive gel column Compound isolated from hexane extract fromchromatography dried on stems silica after gel successivecolumn Compound isolated from petrol ether extracton after silica successive gel column chromatography Table 1: Continued. , 20S)-2,24,25- 𝛽 , 20S)-2,24,25- ,14 𝛽 𝛼 -Demethyl retrochinensin ,14 ,13 O 𝛼 -Hydroxyjatrophone Isolated from petrol ether extract after successive column chromatography on silica gel -Hydroxy-5,6-isojatrophone Isolated from petrol ether extract after successivecolumn chromatography on silica gel -Hydroxyjatrophone Isolated from petrol ether extract after successive column chromatography on silica gel 𝛼 - 󸀠 𝛽 𝛽 𝛼 (2 (13 —— Quantitative analysis showed 5.14% on leaves Detected on leaves by qualitative phytochemical screening reactions — Detected on leaves by qualitative phytochemical screening reactions Jatropholone A Not specified — Detected by phytochemical screening reactions of methanol extract Falodone —— Quantitative analysis showed 4.15% on Identified on leaves leaves by qualitative phytochemical screening reactions Citlalitrione — Identified on leaves by qualitative phytochemical screening reactions 2 — Identified on leaves by qualitative phytochemical screening reactions 2 4 2 Compound Extract type and/or preparation — Quantitative analysis showed— 2.16% of alkaloid on stems Quantitative analysis showed 1.6% on roots Isogadain Not specified Gossypidien Cleomiscosin A Jatrodien Prasanthaline Not specified —Quantitativeanalysisshowed1.2%onstems ——— Quantitative analysis showed 0.13% on Quantitative stems analysis showed 2.18% on stems Quantitative analysis showed 1.36% on stems Jatropholone BJatrophone———— Not specified Isolated from ethanol extract Quantitative analysis showed 1.75% on Quantitative analysis roots showed 0.24% on roots Quantitative analysis showed 2.83% on Quantitative roots analysis showed 2.73% on roots Trihydroxylanosta-1,7-dien-3-one Trihydroxylanost-7-en-3-one Triterpenes Terpenoids Tannins Steroids Saponins Reducing sugars Coumarin-lignoids Diterpenes Alkaloids Alkaloids Flavonoids Phenols Saponins Tannins Flavonoids Phenols Saponins Tannins Plant part Classification Stems Roots 6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 , , , , , , , , , , , , 51 51 51 51 51 71 73 72 72 67 67 20 69 68 68 68 68 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ Reference ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Isolated from hydrophilic fraction from thechromatography ether extract, by countercurrent Quantitative analysis showed 6 g/kg on seeds Quantitative analysis showed 2.37 on seeds Table 1: Continued. — Not specified — Quantitative analysis showed 2.36% on seeds Cyclogossine BImidazole alkaloid Isolated Isolated from from the ethyl plant acetate exudates extract by gel filtrationcolumn chromatography Compound Extract type and/or preparation Cyclogossine A Not specified — Not specified —12-Deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol Quantitative analysis showed 30.32% on seeds Piperidine Isolated from the plant exudates — Quantitative analysis showed 3.52% on seeds — Arachidic acid Identified in petrol ether extract Caprilic acidLauric acidLignoceric acidLinoleic acidMyristic acidOleic acidPalmitic acidPalmitoleic acidRicinoleic acidStearic acidVernolic acid Identified in petrol ether extract Identified in petrol Identified ether in extract petrol ether extract Identified in petrol ether extract Identified in petrol ether extract Identified Identified Identified in in in petrol petrol petrol ether ether ether extract extract extract Identified in petrol ether extract Identified in Identified petrol in ether petrol extract ether extract — Quantitative analysis showed 9.25% on seeds ——— Quantitative analysis showed 2.26% on seeds Quantitative analysis showed 0.18% on seeds Quantitative analysis showed 13.40% on seeds Abiodone Not specified Amino acids Alkaloids Alkaloids Carbohydrates Esters Tannins Saponins Fatty acids Fibers Flavonoids Phenols Proteins Diterpenoids Thecomplete version of paperthe was not accessible, informationthe so obtained was its from abstract. Plant part Classification Seeds LatexNot specified Proteins ∗ Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7 ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 72 58 72 42 59 [ in vitro —[ L. described in the literature. Stems — [ LeavesNot specified Insecticide Stems, roots, and seeds — [ Stems — [ Jatropha gossypiifolia O O OH OH OMe OH 2 O CH OMe O Table2:Mainisolatedcompoundsfrom MeO N O OMe O -demethyl retrochinensin C O O O H N - 󸀠 HO N Imidazole alkaloid Not specified — [ Ricinine Piperidine 4 Arylnaphthalene lignan A Cleomiscosin ClassificationAlkaloids Compound Plantpart Biological activityReference 8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] ] ] ] 43 60 61 62 —[ Stems, roots, and seeds StemsStems —Stems — [ — [ [ Table 2: Continued. O O OMe OMe O O O O O O COOMe H H MeOOC O O MeOOC MeOOC Jatrodien O O O O O O Gossypidien O O Gadain Isogadain Classification CompoundCoumarin-lignoids Plantpart Biological activityReference Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 ] ] ] ] ] 44 63 38 64 39 [ in vitro in vivo —[ Antileukemic and Stems, roots, and seeds Stems —Whole plant — [ Roots [ Table 2: Continued. O 3 3 O CH CH O O O OMe 3 OAc OAc H Me CH OMe O OMe H O O OMe MeO O C 3 OMe H HO Propacin -Hydroxyjatrophone C 3 O O O O 2𝛼 Jatrophan HO Prasanthaline H Venkatasin Wholeplant — [ Classification Compound Plantpart Biological activityReference 10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] ] ] ] ] ] 73 64 64 13 40 13 [ [ [ [ in vitro in vitro in vitro in vitro in vivo in vivo Antileukemic and Antileukemic and Whole plant — [ Roots Roots Roots —Roots Anticancer [ Table 2: Continued. 3 3 3 3 CH CH CH CH 3 3 H O CH CH O -isojatrophone OH 6 O , O O 5 O O O C 3 O O O H C C 3 3 H -Hydroxyjatrophone H -Hydroxy- H 2𝛽 2𝛽 HO HO Citlalitrione Falodone Abiodone Not specified Anticancer Classification Compound Plantpart Biological activityReference Diterpenes Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 ] ] ] ] 41 65 65 66 [ [ in vitro in vitro in vivo Anticancer and Whole plant Antibacterial RootsRoots —Roots — [ [ Table 2: Continued. H O O O O OH OH H O H H O O Jatropholone A Jatropholone Jatrophenone H AcO Jatropholone B Jatropholone Jatrophone Classification Compound Plantpart Biological activityReference 12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] 71 ] ] ] , 69 46 47 15 Seeds Irritant to mouse earAerial parts [ —Aerial parts [ —Latex — [ [ Table 2: Continued. OH 4 O Trp O OCOMe OCOMe O 5 H OH 3 O H H O Leu OH Thr O 6 2 -hydroxylphorbol Gly 16 Ala HO HO 1 7 O -Deoxy- O O MeO MeO Leu Val 12 Gossypifan Gossypiline A Cyclogossine ClassificationEsters CompoundLignans Plantpart Biological activityProteins Reference Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13 ] 20 ] ] , 15 57 57 LatexLeaves — — [ Leaves [ — [ -one 3 Table 2: Continued. -en- OH OH 7 , 1 HO HO 4 5 Leu Ala H H -Trihydroxylanost- 25 , -one 3 3 -Trihydroxylanosta- 6 24 , 25 2 , Ala Trp 24 S)- -dien- , 7 2 20 H H , S)- 2 7 20 14𝛽 , Ile , Leu 14𝛽 13𝛼 , , 1 8 2𝛼 O 13𝛼 ( O ( Gly Cyclogossine B Cyclogossine Leu HO HO Classification CompoundTriterpenes Plantpart Biological activityReference 14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine in different forms of preparation (infusion, decoction, and at 500 and 1000 mg/kg oral doses, was able to inhibit the maceration, among others), by different routes and forms acute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and (oral, topical, baths, etc.). The most frequent reports refer to 100 mg/kg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet- its anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antiophidian, analgesic, induced granuloma formation in rats. Additionally, the J. antipyretic, antimicrobial, healing, antianemic, antidiabetic, gossypiifolia leaf paste (0.5 and 1 mg/ear) showed significant and antihemorrhagic activities, among many other examples reduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes in [3, 5, 7, 9]. mouse ear edema model [28]. Some properties are attributed to specific parts of the In another study, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic plant, while others are assigned to different parts. Interest- properties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerial ingly, in some cases certain uses may appear contradictory, parts of J. gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]. such as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulant At 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, during 7 days, by oral route, and antihemorrhagic. One hypothesis is that this difference only the methanol extract presented significant analgesic may be related with the dose used, since, for example, the activity in Eddy’s hot plate and tail-flick models and anti- laxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic events inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema with this plant. [92]. The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from J. gossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was also 6. Pharmacological Activities demonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats [115]. Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data from In a recent study, using the in vitro human red blood Jatropha species, J. gossypiifolia has been scarcely studied cell membrane stabilization method, Nagaharika et al. [118] regarding biological activities (Table 4). Studies showing the suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J. gossypiifolia biological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far, which leaves have anti-inflammatory activity. According to the is important to be mentioned since the most popular use authors, since human red blood cell membranes are similar of this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion). Among the to the lysosomal membrane components, the prevention of main activities that have been studied the antihypertensive, hypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells could anticancer, antimicrobial, healing, anti-inflammatory, and betakenasameasureinestimatingtheanti-inflammatory analgesic activities stand out. property of compounds [118]. The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from the leaves of J. gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-induced 6.1. Antihypertensive Action. Basedonpopularuseofteas writhing test in mice, where highly significant inhibition from J. gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts, the hypotensive was seen of 67.56 and 65.14% at 200 and 400mg/kg oral and vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerial doses, respectively [111]. Similar results were observed in the parts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al. [45]. The methanolic extract from fruits [110]. study revealed that the extract (125 and 250 mg/kg/day, over 4 weeks, by oral route in rats), in a dose-dependent manner, produced a reduction of systolic blood pressure 6.4. Healing Action. The healing action of the ethanol crude in conscious normotensive animals. This hypotensive effect extract of J. gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) was could be attributed to its vasorelaxant action, since it pro- evaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall of duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolated rats, through tensiometric measurement and macro- and endothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted with microscopic aspect of postoperative period. The extract, norepinephrine or calcium. Moreover, it inhibited, in a which was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of concentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner, the 100 mg/kg single dose in the peritoneal cavity, presented more contractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl2 in intense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greater thesamepreparation[45]. strain evaluation and vascular neoformation. However, a greater inflammatory process was also observed, and other 6.2. Antimicrobial Action. The antibiotic activity of differ- histological parameters were similar to the control group, ent extracts from J. gossypiifolia is frequently reported, as indicating that, in general, the extract presented poor wound observed in Table 4. In general, some extent of antibacterial, healing properties in the used model [124]. antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral activity was observed. Another study evaluated the healing action of the The only report of J. gossypiifolia isolated compound with hydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J. gossypiifolia antimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro- in the healing process of sutures performed on the bladder phenone, which presented significant in vitro antibacterial of rats, and similar results were presented, although some activity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]. improvement might have been observed in some parameters. In general, the authors concluded that no favorable heal- 6.3. Anti-Inflammatory and/or Analgesic Action. Many imp- ing effect was observed with the administration of single ortant popular uses of J. gossypiifolia are related to inflamma- intraperitoneal dose of J. gossypiifolia L. [108]. In another tory process. Bhagat et al. [28] showed that the methanolic study analyzing the morphological aspects of the healing extract of leaves of this species has significant systemic process occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topical acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity. The extract, administration of raw extract from J. gossypiifolia (details Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 85 75 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 88 , , 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 , 81 81 83 78 78 78 25 25 82 76 77 79 88 89 29 30 30 30 30 30 20 80 80 80 86 90 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 74 87 84 [ [ [ Reference ,by with leaves of J. gossypiifolia ” (mutton tallow) and heated Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Sebo de Holanda and aerial parts of L. described in the literature. Decoction by oral route Fresh crushed leaves are used in cases of cutaneous and nasal bleeding Not specified Decoction by oral route Decoction Decoction by oral route Decoction by oral route Not specified Decoction of the association of leavesPetiveria of alliacea Decoction by oral route Leaf juice Not specified oral route Ash of leaves Not specified Decoction Decoction by oral route Decoction “Tea” Leaves anointed with “ in the fire are used ascompress for headaches Jatropha gossypiifolia Table 3: Popular medicinal uses of Wound healing Not specified Anti-infective Antihemorrhagic Dysphonia Not specified Antidiabetic Antidiarrheal Anticonvulsivant Not specified AntithromboticAntiulcerogenic Boils Decoction or infusion Application of the pounded leaves Dyscrasia Not specified Antipyretic Decoction Anticancer Analgesic (headache and otitis) Not specified Antiseptic Bath prepared from the leaves Antimicrobial Not specified Analgesic (pain in general)Analgesic (toothache)Antianemic Decoction or infusion Decoction or infusion Analgesic (headache) Not specified Antipyretic Analgesic (toothache) Not specified Analgesic (eye pain) Not specified Abscess Bath Anti-inflammatory Not specified PopularuseAnalgesic (headache) Antianemic (malaria treatment) Preparationand/ormodeofuse Decoction, used by oral route Alopecia Ash leaves Plant part Whole plant Aerial parts 16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 92 ] ] ] 88 , 3 3 5 12 81 91 91 91 93 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 82 92 92 79 79 79 79 89 89 29 , 30 30 80 80 94 94 90 90 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 3 88 [ [ Reference Combretum and whole ,sugar,honey and copper and Nicotiana tabacum Azadirachta indica Combretum ghasalense Gossypium arboreum , by oral route or for steam baths Ocimum canum Decoction or infusion Decoction Bath prepared from the leaves Used in association with leaves of Used in association with leaves of Decoction by oral route Decoction sulphate, boiled in water, and used as steam directed at the anal region Not specified sp., boiled, for steam bathsUsed and in by association oral with route leaves of Used in association with seeds of bee, and fat of ram, prepared by grinding, applied topically Ash of leaves Not specified Decoction by oral route plant of Table 3: Continued. derrame,” ıdo,” “panema,” ´ ” ˜ ae-do-corpo ¸a-do-ar,” “m Healing Hemorrhoids Gonorrhoea Ash of leaves Malaria Hemostatic Decoction or infusion Gingivitis Leaf juice EmeticGastrointestinal disorders Not specified Squeezed, the juice obtained is drunk Eczema Ash of leaves DepurativeDetoxificant Squeezed, the juice obtained Not is specified drunk Contraceptive and oxitotoxic Not specified Vertigo Not specified Vermifuge Ash of leaves Vaginal infectionVeneral diseases Slightly boiled, used as vaginal wash Not specified Treatment of “cultural syndromes,” “ “espante,”“quebrante,” “vento-ca “doenc Thrush (oralcandidiasis) Ash leaves of Syphilis Ash of leaves Popularuse Preparationand/ormodeofuse Leprosy Leaf juice Itching skin Application of the pounded leaves Hepatitis Not specified Burns Skin diseasesStomachic Not specified Scabies Ash of leaves PurgativeRheumatism Ash of Not leaves specified Psychoactive Not specified Mycosis Ash of leaves Mastitis Pounded leaves applied on swollen breasts Plant part Leaves Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17 ] ] ] 98 ] ] , 102 ] 101 , ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] , ] 92 ] ] ] ] 97 100 92 , 3 3 3 5 9 , , 91 91 91 91 73 73 83 82 82 95 92 77 77 , 79 79 79 79 24 79 29 89 30 26 26 96 91 101 [ [ [ [ 101 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 3 [ , , 70 92 [ 99 9 [ , [ , 70 Reference [ 3 22 [ [ and Commelina erecta, Cyperus with the whole plant of Chiococca alba, Citrus aurantifolia, Desmodium canum, , and sugar, by oral route Roystonearegia,Sennaoccidentalis,Stachytarphetajamaicensis, Waltheria indica rotundus, Decoction of the association of rootsJ. of gossypiifolia Decoction by oral or topical route Root bark used for cancer of the lungs Decoction by oral route Bath of the leaves Decoction used as baths for cleaning wounds in dogs Not specified Table 3: Continued. derrame,” ıdo,” “panema,” ´ ” ˜ ae-do-corpo ¸a-do-ar,” “m LeprosySnakebites Not Not specified specified Urinary painUterus diseases Not specified Decoction by oral route Impotence RheumatismThick blood Not specified Not specified Malaria Decoction by oral route Emmenagogue Decoction of barks Anticancer Decoction by oral or topical route AntiulcerogenicContraceptive and oxitotoxicDepurativeEmeticGastrointestinal disordersLeprosyMycosisPsychoactivePurgativeTreatment of “cultural syndromes,” “ “espante,”“quebrante,” “vento-ca “doenc Not specified Seed oil Not specified Not specified Not specified Seed oil Not specified Seed oil Not specified Antianemic Decoction by oral route Analgesic (headache)AntigripalAntihemorrhagic Not specified Not specified Used in strong colds PopularuseAnalgesic (toothache)Anticancer Preparationand/ormodeofuse Not specified Analgesic (body pain) Not specified AnticonvulsivantAntimicrobial Not specified Root bark used in bacterial infections Wounds and rashes Wound disinfectant Slightly boiled, used as wound wash Vaginal infectionWound infection Slightly boiled, used as vaginal wash Slightly boiled, used as wound wash Antidiarrheal Not specified Plant part Stem Roots Seeds 18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] 95 ] ] ] , ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 89 75 ] ] 80 86 20 , 5 , 5 9 6 6 , 78 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 , 27 27 95 77 77 77 77 89 89 89 89 89 , 80 80 80 80 [ [ [ [ [ 103 102 104 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 5 [ [ [ 74 25 20 [ 24 [ [ [ , Reference 9 [ when they ∗ garrafada of the powder fruit ∗ ∗ ∗ in natura garrafada garrafada garrafada Massaging pregnant women’s bellies with tea or Drink or massage the affected areawith latex Cotton soaked with latex kept in contact with the sore tooth Application of latex at theDrink or affected massage the site affected sitewith latex Not specified Afewdropsoffreshlatexinwater Not specified Not specified Application of fresh latex at the affected site are in pain Table 3: Continued. Skin disease Applied locally Purgative Not specified PopularuseAnalgesic Alopecia Preparationand/ormodeofuse Not specified ToothacheArthritis Toothpowder Applied locally Analgesic (eye pain)Analgesic (pain in general) Drink or massage the affected area Notwith specified latex Wounds in lips and tongue Topical application Analgesic (toothache) Stop of itching of cuts andSyphilis scratchesThrush (oralcandidiasis) VermifugeWound healing Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Numbness after bug stings Tea or MycosisPurgative RheumatismScabies Not specified Not specified Not specified AnticancerAntihemorrhagic Not specified Not specified Skin burns Analgesic (toothache)Laxative Tea or Ingestion Analgesic (headache) Tea or Leprosy Not specified GonorrheaHemostaticInfected wounds Not specified Application of fresh latex Not at specified the affected site Antithrombotic Oral route EczemaGingivitis Not specified Not specified Diuretic A few drops of fresh latex in water Bite of venomous animals Application of fresh latex at the affected site Antiulcerogenic Not specified Plant part Fruits Latex Resin Oil Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19 ] ] ] ] ] 106 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] , ] ] ] ] 28 66 108 22 5 5 5 5 , , 13 , 95 95 , 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 45 45 45 [ [ [ [ 105 107 109 45 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ 13 , 13 [ 45 [ [ [ Reference 28 [ Poultices Not specified Poultices Used as bath Table 3: Continued. Snake and scorpion bites Not specified Regulate mensesRheumatism Not specified Not specified Purgative Not specified Obstructions of the abdominal tract Not specified Leprosy Not specified Hydropsy Not specified Healing Not specified Gum infection Not specified Eczema Not specified Diuretic Not specified Detoxication Not specified Coughs and colds Bark juice (4 spoonfuls, 3 times a day) by oral route Antiulcerogenic Not specified Antiseptic Not specified Antipyretic Not specified Antidiarrheal Not specified Anticancer Not specified Analgesic Anti-inflammatory Not specified Antihypertensive Not specified PopularuseAlopecia Preparationand/ormodeofuse Tea applied locally in dogs Wounds Venereal diseases Not specified Stomach pain Not specified : preparation done by macerating plant parts in alcohol or hydroalcoholic mediums, in general, brandies. Garrafada Plant part Not specified ∗ 20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 52 87 92 88 50 50 111 113 113 112 114 110 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ Reference , nor and Bacillus in vitro ∗ and Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Streptococcus , , Staphylococcus Bacillus subtilis , and Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Candida albicans in vitro Pseudomonas Staphylococcus aureus, , Salmonella typhimurium. Shigella dysenteriae Escherichia coli ,and and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Shigella dysenteriae Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhi and antifungal activity against and antifungal activity against against , against Bacillus pumilus Aqueous fraction was active Streptococcus penumoniae Streptococcus penumoniae , against and and in vitro in vitro . Acetone and ethanol fractions were in vitro Listeria monocytogenes, mycoides Micrococcus luteus , Salmonella typhi in vitro , var ∗ Escherichia coli. Did not produce inhibition zones against Did not produce inhibition zones against antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, ,and , in vitro L. described in the literature. Lvolumeinhibited and antifungal activity Bacillus cereus . Benzene fraction was the most active, against both 𝜇 Staphylococcus aureus Presented bactericidal effect At 0.5 and 1 mg/mL, showedagainst significant antibacterial activity Candida albicans. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Shigella dysenteriae, Candida albicans. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella tyhimurium Presented antibacterial activity against aeruginosa, Bordetella bronchiseptica Presented antibacterial activity against aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans At 200 and 400 mg/kg, byinhibited oral the route writhing in responses mice, induced highly byAt significantly acetic 200 acid and 400 mg/kg, bythe oral writhing route responses in induced mice, by significantly acetic inhibited acid At 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, over 7methanol days, extract by presented oral significant route analgesic in activityplate mice, and only in Eddy’s hot tail-flack the models At 100 Both fractions, at 1 mg, didEscherichia coli not produce zones of inhibition for faecalis Petrol ether fraction was inactive against active only against against both microorganisms, although to athe much other lesser fractions. degree than All extracts were active subtilis microorganisms. Chloroform and methanol fractions wereonly active against comparable to penicillin Presented The ethyl acetate fraction (1 aureus mg/mL) was against active The petrol ether fraction (1 mg/mL)aeruginosa inhibited Jatropha gossypiifolia Dichloromethane : methanol (1 : 1, v/v) extract Methanol extract Methanol and petrol ether extracts Water and ethyl acetate fractions from methanol extract Fractions obtained by sequential extraction of the vegetal material with petrol ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water Methanol, chloroform, and water extracts Petrol ether and ethyl acetate fractions from ethanol : dichloromethane (1 : 1, v/v) extract Table 4: Pharmacological studies of Latex Not specified Leaves Leaves Chloroform extract FruitsLeaves Methanol extract Methanol extract Aerial parts Latex Crude latex Aerial parts Leaves Whole plant Jatrophenone Pharmacological activity Plant partAnalgesic Extract/compounds Detail Antibacterial Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 89 111 115 117 114 110 116 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ Reference , Water but was Aspergillus and Channa and and Escherichia ,and Microsporus in vitro g/mL. For the Candida albicans 𝜇 and Saccharomyces Streptococcus , against Bacillus cereus in vitro Salmonella and , and in vitro Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger. in vitro Escherichia coli, but was inactive against Candida albicans in vitro and but was inactive against Aspergillus flavus, of 71 and 100%. The methanol and , but was inactive against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, , in vitro and antifungal activity upon Staphylococcus aureus for both fractions, was 1 against Candida albicans Penicillium notatum, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, of 0.05 mg/mL , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 50 , Candida albicans ,and Candida albicans in vitro Acetone extract inhibited Methanol extract inhibited and . Chloroform extract inhibited Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus L, only the methanol extract showed and , 𝜇 Escherichia coli and none of the fraction presented inhibitory activity g/100 Microsporus canis, Microsporus gypseum, Microsporus fulvum, 𝜇 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Candida albicans , , Salmonella typhi , -Hexane extract had inhibitory activity niger antibacterial activity upon pyogenes, extract was active Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, but was inactive against Shiguella boydi, Aspergillus fumigatus, AspergillusAspergillus flavus niger. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Aspergillus fumigatus,Aspergillus Aspergillus niger. flavus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Klebsiella aerogenes Shiguella boydi inactive against Aspergillus niger At 200 Aspergillus niger typhi fraction presented IC coli At 2 mg/mL concentration, the ethylpresented acetate and inhibitory methanol activities fractions fungus gallinae, n Inhibited time- and dose-dependently the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwatermarulius air breathing fish At 200 and 400 mg/kg, byinduced oral diarrhea route in mice, inhibited the castor oil The minimal concentration producing 75%against of inhibition or higher At 200 and 400 mg/kg, byinduced oral diarrhea route in mice, inhibited the castor oil cerevisiae Table 4: Continued. -hexane, chloroform, Methanol and petrol ether extracts from bark Fractions obtained by sequential extraction of the vegetal material with ethyl acetate and methanol Extracts obtained by sequential extraction of the vegetal material with n acetone, methanol, and water Water and ethyl acetate fractions from methanol extract Leaves Not specified LatexFruits Lyophilized latex Aerial parts Methanol extract Leaves Methanol extract Pharmacological activity Plant part Extract/compoundsAntibacterial and antifungal Detail Anticholinesterase Antidiarrheal Antifungal (antidermatophytic fungi) 22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 13 81 55 73 92 28 48 66 64 115 118 118 119 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ Reference ∗ in DPPH of about 50 -butanol n in vitro the acetylcholine and in vitro ,withIC in vitro in vitro in vitro Plasmodium falciparum ,aswellasfortheEagle’s g/mL 𝜇 in vitro against cells derived from human of 120 and 50 the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro in vivo g/mL, significantly prevented the lysis of human red in vitro 𝜇 against ∗ g/mL, significantly prevented the lysis of human red blood against four standard animal tumor systems in vitro 𝜇 ginhibited g/mL 𝜇 𝜇 At 500 and 1000 mg/kg,carrageenan-induced by paw oral edema. route At 50 in and rats,in 100 inhibited rats, mg/kg, inhibited by the oral the route cottonrats. pellet At 0.5 induced and granuloma 1 formation mg/ear,response the in in leaf mouse paste ear reduced edemaAt the model 200 inflammation mg/kg, by oral routecarrageenan-induced in paw rats, edema both extracts reduced the cells in membrane stabilization method At 100 Active blood cells in membrane stabilization method Showed potent proliferation inhibitory activity againstcancer A-549 cell human line, with IC carcinoma of the nasopharynx and lymphocyticin vivo leukemia P-388 and free radical, ferric thiocyanate, and nitric oxide scavenging methods Presented antineoplasic activity upon P-388 lymphocytictest leukemia system both carcinoma of the nasopharynx test system At 100 and 200 At 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, over 7methanol days, extract by presented oral significant route anti-inflammatory in activitycarrageenan-induced on mice, paw only edema the The ethanol extract, as wellinhibitory jatrophone, as activity exhibited significant All extracts showed significant antioxidant activity At 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg, bysignificant oral antispasmodic route activity in mice, mouse in showed intestinalandtransit at model 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0calcium-induced mg/mL contractions inhibited of isolated rat jejunum.organic Only fraction the of the extract hadwhereas a both calcium-antagonist chloroformic effect, and aqueous fractionseffect had anticholinergic All extracts showed only poor DPPHantioxidant capacity scavenging activity. was The higher total in ethylextracts, acetate having and the petrol ether andactivity. The chloroform lipid showing peroxidation only was poor inhibited onlyextracts, partially with the by the ethyl acetate beingether the being most the active least and the petrol 35 - 𝛽 Table 4: Continued. -butanol n -hydroxyjatrophone, 𝛽 -Hydroxyjatrophone, 2 𝛼 Methanol extract and leaf paste Methanol and petrol ether extracts from bark Ethanol extract Dichloromethane extract Falodone diterpenes isolated from petrol ether extract Aqueous extract Methanol and petrol ether extracts Aqueous extractEthanolic extract and jatrophone 30 Methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extract Ethanol extract, fractions, and subfractions extracts 2 hydroxy-5,6-isojatrophone and 2 Petrol ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and Not specified Not specified Abiodone Not specified Leaves Aerial parts Leaves Roots Leaves Whole plant Pharmacological activity Plant partAnti-inflammatory Extract/compounds Detail Antimalarial Antineoplasic Antioxidant Antispasmodic Aerial parts Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 121 114 101 123 125 122 127 128 124 107 126 108 120 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ Reference ex 50 of 1.7 and 1.5 to water 50 in treatment preinfection and herpes simplex virus-l. Sindbis virus 2 Sindbis virus g/mL increased the proliferation of mouse 𝜇 g/mL), while in treatment postinfection, the IC ∗ 𝜇 g/mL, both fractions presented 100% of inhibition 1 𝜇 < 50 in vitro in vivo ) endothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted with g/mL. For murine cytomegalovirus, IC 𝜇 Although some improvement could be observedventral in abdominal suture wall healing of of rats treated(intraperitoneal with instillation 100 intraperitoneal mg/kg cavity), of in extract general,poor only a healing activity wasAt observed. 0.1 mL volume, by topicalsignificant application, the differences concerning crude extract macroscopic the presented aspectsand microscopic of healing process occurring in open skin lesions in rats At 200 mg/kg, by intraperitoneal routeprocess in of rats, gastrorrhaphies favored the and healing reducedreaction the acute inflammatory At 200 mg/kg, by intraperitoneal route,and decreased increased the inflammation vascular neoformationcompared and to collagen the deposition control group when inperformed healing on process the of sutures bladder ofhealing rats. However, effect in was general, observed. no favorable of plaque-forming ability of protocol (IC vivo norepinephrine or CaCl spleen cell At 1, 10, and 100 At 450 mg/kg/day, over 21 days,activity in by female oral mice route, causedAt an 1 antifertility mL/kg dose, by intraperitonealactivity route in in healing rats, presented process beneficial of colonic anastomosis At 200 mg/kg/day, over 7 days, bypresented oral hepatoprotective route activity in in rats, carbon both tetrachlorideliver extracts induced damage, with the petrol ether beingmethanol the being most the active least and the At 125 and 250 mg/kg/day, overdose-dependent manner, 4 reduced weeks, the by systolic oral bloodproduced route pressure a and in concentration-dependent relaxant rats, effect in a ratin isolated ( At 100, 200, and 400 Both extracts presented significant local anestheticanesthesia activity in frogs plexus by of water fraction increased to 51237 and acetate fraction increased to and ethyl acetate fractions were observed,preinfection respectively, in protocol. treatment In the treatmentinhibition was postinfection, observed however, in no this microorganism Partially active against Inactive against human poliovirus Table 4: Continued. Not specified Ethanolic extract Water and ethyl acetate fractions from methanol extract Petrol ether, methanol, and water extracts Methanol and aqueous extracts AerialpartsLeaves Ethanol70%extract Not specified Hydroethanol extract Aerial parts Aerialparts Ethanol70%extract Aerial parts Ethanolic extract Not specified Methanol extract frombarks Pharmacological activity Plant partAntiviral Extract/compoundsBronchodilatorContraceptive Detail Stems LeavesHealing Aqueous extract Ethanol extract Hemostatic The extract was inactive inHepatoprotective bronchodilator activity in guinea pigs Hypotensive and vasorelaxant Latex Aerial parts ImmunomodulatoryLocal anesthetic Whole plant Crude fresh latex Not specified Petrol ether extract Decreased clotting and bleeding time in healthy subjects 24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ] ] ] 111 110 129 [ [ [ Reference At 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, thecalcium-evoked ethanolic contractile extract response reduced of the the uterinewell smooth as muscle, the as chloroformic fraction.only slight The effect aqueous fraction presented At 200 and 400 mg/kg, byin oral the route hole in cross mice, test; presented At sedativehole 200 effect board mg/kg, test; presented anxiolytic At 400 activityelevated mg/kg, in plus-maze presented test anxiolytic activity in At 200 and 400 mg/kg, byin oral the route hole in cross mice, test; presented At sedativehole 200 effect board mg/kg, test; presented At anxiolytic 400 activityplus-maze mg/kg, in test presented anxiolytic in elevated Table 4: Continued. Ethanolic extract and chloroformic and aqueous fractions Aerial parts Fruits Methanol extract Leaves Methanol extract : concentration that inhibits 50% of the referred activity. 50 Thecomplete version of paperthe was not accessible, informationthe so obtained was its from abstract. Pharmacological activityRelaxant effect on uterine smooth muscle (tocolytic Plantactivity) partSedative and anxiolytic Extract/compounds Detail ∗ IC Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25 about extract preparation and plant part not specified), the of flavonoids [55]. On the other hand, a study showed that authorsalsoobservedanabsenceofhealingaction,although different extracts (petrol ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and some histological improvement was shown [125]. n-butanol) from whole plant of J. gossypiifolia had only partial However, studying the influence of J. gossypiifolia on the antioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging, total antioxidant healing process of colonic anastomosis in rats, Servin et al. capacity, and lipid peroxidation tests [48]. Among them, the showed that the administration of 1 mL/kg single dose of ethyl acetate extract was the most active, which correlates the hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficial positively with its higher content of phenolic compounds in effect on the healing process [122]. However, according to comparison with the other extracts [48]. these authors, on the seventh day of the experiment, there was a decrease in the action of the extract, suggesting 6.8. Contraceptive Action. Based on its popular use, J. gossypi- that the extract, in this experiment, was less active in later ifolia was assessed for its antifertility activity, as an alternative stages of healing process [122]. A plausible hypothesis, not to oral contraceptive agents. J. gossypiifolia leaf extract, by raised by the authors, could be the fact that the extract was oral route, altered the major hormones involved in estrous administered in a single dose, which may not have been cycle regulation, indicating its antifertility effect on mice sufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of the [121]. Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and early experiment. Additionally, Vale et al. showed that the ethanolic abortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extract extract from aerial parts of J. gossypiifolia, at single intraperi- wasoncemoredemonstratedlater[130]. toneal dose of 200 mg/kg, favored the healing process of gastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reaction in vivo [123]. 6.9. Tocolytic Action. Based on the ethnopharmacological application of the plant as tocolytic remedy, the effects on 6.5. Hemostatic Action. The use of J. gossypiifolia,especially calcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of the the latex, is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventing ethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129]. The bleeding disorders. The results of whole blood clotting time crude extract and, to a higher extent, the chloroformic frac- using Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivy’s tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of the method were significantly reduced when stem latex was uterine smooth muscle, promoting a rightward displacement introduced, suggesting procoagulant activity [101]. Regarding of calcium cumulative curves, as well as reducing the maximal the possible mechanism of action, based on experiments contractions [129]. that show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovine albumin, the authors suggest that the latex precipitates 6.10. Antineoplasic Action. One of the most well-known clotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors into pharmacological activities of J. gossypiifolia is its antineopla- close contact, and then the activation of coagulation cascade sic action, which is frequently associated with the content leads to the generation of thrombin and formation of a of lignoids and terpenoids. One of the first reports was clot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared to made by Kupchan et al. [66], when the authors found that the control experiment, which took minutes to complete the ethanolic extract from roots, as well as the isolated coagulation [101]. It is important to emphasize that, to the best diterpene jatrophone, exhibited significant inhibitory activity of our knowledge, this is the only study performed on human in vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of the subjects. nasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivo against four standard animal tumor systems, such as sarcoma 6.6. Anticholinesterase Action. Basedonthecholinergic 180, Lewis lung carcinoma, P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, hypothesis, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely used and Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66]. Later, to treat Alzheimer’s disease. J. gossypiifolia presented an three new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolated important anticholinesterase activity since the methanolic from petrol ether extracts from roots of J. gossypiifolia:2𝛼- 𝛽 𝛽 extract from leaves showed an IC50 of 0.05 mg/mL [117]. hydroxyjatrophone, 2 -hydroxy-5,6-isojatrophone, and 2 - Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of the hydroxyjatrophone [64]. Recently, two other diterpenes with plant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently the potent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J. gossypi- acetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwater ifolia: falodone and abiodone. Falodone was isolated from air breathing fish Channa marulius [116]. methanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferation inhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]. Abiodone, a lathyrane diterpenoid compound, was isolated 6.7. Antioxidant Action. The antioxidant activity of extracts from J. gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity from J. gossypiifolia was evaluated by Kharat et al. [55]. In this [73]. work the high content of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids in the leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the leaves. DPPH free radical, ferric thiocyanate, 6.11. Local Anesthetic Action. The local anesthetic action of and nitric oxide scavenging methods were used to analyze the J. gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs antioxidant activity in vitro of methanol, ethyl acetate, and [128]. The authors observed that the aqueous and methanol aqueous extracts, demonstrating positive results. The authors extract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes- attributedthefreeradicalscavengingactivitytothepresence thetic action when compared to control group. 26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

6.12. Neuropharmacological Action. The neuropharmacolog- substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev- ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J. gossypi- els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glu- ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al. [111]. The authors observed tamate pyruvate transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, that in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg, by total bilirubin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase [126]. The oral route, showed significant sedative effect in mice. In hole authors also discuss the close relationship between the hep- board test, the extract showed highly significant anxiolytic atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidant activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg, whereas the same activity was mechanism present in the extracts. observed at 400 mg/kg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]. Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]. 7. Other Actions and Biotechnological Applications 6.13. Antidiarrheal Action. Although it may seem contradic- In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences of tory as shown in Table 3, J. gossypiifolia species is popularly the pharmacological properties of J. gossypiifolia,several used both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy. However, studies have demonstrated the potential of this species to in literature, there are interesting results about the antidiar- obtain molecules with various applications, thus showing its rheal properties of different extracts of this species. multipurpose character. At 200 and 400 mg/kg oral doses in mice, the methanol Among the main applications described, the use of extract of J. gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi- J. gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could be cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrhea, mentioned. Jatropha species has drawn the attention of decreasing the mean number of stool and total weight of fecal researchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highly output when compared to control group [111]. Similar results suitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11]. Among were observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]. the species, J. gossypiifolia, J. curcas, and J. pohliana produce Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of J. seeds with high oil content [11]. In a study investigating gossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agent, the potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ- Silva et al. [119] have investigated the effect of this extract ing J. gossypiifolia), the authors observed that the studied on intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunum. physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are in At 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg, by oral route in mice, the the acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel engines, extract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouse showing a promising economic exploitation of these raw intestinal transit model when compared to control. At 0.5, materials [131]. 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL, the crude extract inhibited in vitro the Studieshaveshownthepotentialofthespeciesforthe acetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolated development of new tools for biochemical analysis. A recent rat jejunum. The chloroform and aqueous fractions were study showed that the diluted fresh latex J. gossypiifolia can be obtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac- used as precipitating agent for biochemical determination of tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect, whereas proteins in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, with values both chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergic comparable to those obtained from the conventional protein effect, suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J. gossypi- precipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]. ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic and According to the authors, the precipitating potential could calcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]. be related to the capacity of the latex to form clots when applied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folk 6.14. Immunomodulatory Action. The immunomodulatory medicine [24]. Another study showed the potentiality of the action of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by the juice extracted from the fresh leaves of J. gossypiifolia as assay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro and an anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86]. 0.1 mL of compared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of J. extract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtaining gossypiifolia, since it is a natural source of this kind of plasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven- compound [127]. The authors showed that both synthetic tional anticoagulants [86]. However, the authors emphasize and naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans could that the extract must be purified to remove interfering positively modulate the immunity of the host, since they substances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemical significantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cell analysis [86]. in vitro [127]. Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of J. gossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules. Bullang- poti et al. [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extract 6.15. Hepatoprotective Action. Despite some studies having from senescent leaves, the main compound responsible for shown the hepatotoxic potential of J. gossypiifolia,astudywas the toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvae, performed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action of thus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choice extracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver to chemical insecticides. In another study, Bullangpoti et damage in rats [126]. In fact, the petrol ether, methanol, al. [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J. gossypiifolia and water extracts from the aerial parts of J. gossypiifolia in association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarach presented significant hepatoprotective action in this model, was toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27 frugiperda larvae, demonstrating once more the potentiality by a bioguided isolation, the irritant polyunsaturated ester of the species as insecticide agent. Calatayud et al. [56] 12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the ether showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxic extract from the seeds of J. gossypiifolia by countercurrent activity upon Phenacoccus herreni, another type of insect. chromatography [69]. The irritant activity was visualized in In this work, the authors performed a strategy of extrac- mouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions and tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds, being able to isolated compounds [69]. demonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidal The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvae proteins [56]. Leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia reduced the test revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organ fecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pests unspecified) showed low toxicity138 [ ]. An earlier study Tribolium castaneum [133]. showed that the water and ethyl acetate fraction of a methanol The potential molluscicidal activity of J. gossypiifolia has extract from aerial parts of J. gossypiifolia did not present also been evaluated as an alternative mode of prevention toxicity against the same organisms [114]. of schistosomiasis. Sukumaran et al. [134] showed that the A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicity methanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of J. of the ethanolic root extract of J. gossypiifolia at 10, 20, and gossypiifolia wastoxicagainsteggsandadultsoftwospeciesof 30 mg/kg by oral route [139]. The authors observed that the freshwater snails, Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustus. extract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urea The results indicated that n-butanol extract was the most retention in the blood, as observed by histological studies and effective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults biochemical analysis of blood [139]. [134]. A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crude ethanol extract from J. gossypiifolia leaves showed that the extract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistar 8. Toxicology rats [18, 19]. Rats treated with single doses of 1.2–5.0 g/kg by oral route were observed for 14 days, and the most Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential important signs of toxicity were ptosis, reduction of body [135, 136]. This toxicity is related primarily to latex and weight, and hind limb paralysis. Other significant alterations seeds.Thelatexisreleasedfromtheaerialpartsofthe occurred only in males treated with 5.0 g/kg dose: increase plant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic and in creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, sodium and potas- irritatingtoskinandmucousmembranes.Theseedsare sium seric levels, reduction of urea and albumin, leucopenia rich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysis and small alteration in color, and consistency of viscera. to erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types and The median lethal dose (LD50) was higher than 4.0 g/kg contain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis for males and higher than 5.0 g/kg for females [19]. In the [3, 12, 135]. The symptomatology consists, in general, of histopathological evaluation some alteration was observed gastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, in liver and lung only at 5.0 g/kg, suggesting the relatively and diarrhea). Additionally, the clinical course can bring low toxicity of the extract [18]. However, in the chronic cardiovascular, neurological, and renal complications [136]. toxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment), this extract Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruit showed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17]. The most and seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]. significant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activity Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxic in the central nervous system and digestive disturbances. properties of J. gossypiifolia, while others show the absence of The histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity and toxicity. However, it is important to observe the models used, pulmonary damages. The lethality was 46.6% and 13.3% doses administrated, and types of extract employed (solvent among males and females under the higher tested dose and plant part), among other aspects, to make the proper (405 mg/kg), respectively [17].Basedonthis,Marizetal.[7] conclusions about the toxicity. discussed that the development of herbal medicine based on The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showed this species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of the that the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of crude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions, which should be 40 g/kg was lethal to these animals [137]. The clinical and tested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy. pathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac- Another study, on the other hand, evaluating the oral terized by digestive, lung, and heart disturbances and also acute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leaves by slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renal of J. gossypiifolia, did not show any sign of toxicity in up histological examinations [137]. However, as observed by to 2 g/kg in rats, enabling the authors to conclude that this Mariz et al. [7], it is important to note that the medicinal extract could be considered safe [118].Thisisaninteresting useoftheplantisrarelyin natura, but instead by different resultsinceinmostcasestheplantisusedpopularlyastea preparations, such as infusions or decoctions, sometimes of (aqueous extract). the dried material, which could inactivate the possible toxic The toxicity of the stem latex of J. gossypiifolia was studied components. However, this is only a hypothesis, and so the in Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex on toxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded. incised skin daily for 18 days, based on the popular use One of the first studies relating the identification of the of the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140]. The constituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatropha authors observed that the application of the latex did not species was published by Adolf et al. [69]. In this work, produce any significant difference in results of biochemical 28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine and hematological parameters obtained from the control and [5] L. C. Di Stasi and C. A. Hiruma-Lima, Plantas medicinais na experimental animals, leading to the conclusion that the stem Amazoniaˆ e na Mata Atlanticaˆ ,UNESP,Sao˜ Paulo, Brazil, 2nd latex has no harmful effects140 [ ]. edition, 2002. [6]M.D.F.Agra,K.N.Silva,I.J.L.D.Bas´ılio, P. F. De Freitas, and J. M. Barbosa-Filho, “Survey of medicinal plants used in the 9. Conclusions region Northeast of Brazil,” Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, As demonstrated by this review, J. gossypiifolia presents an vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 472–508, 2008. important potential for the generation of pharmacological [7] S. R. Mariz, A. C. R. Borges, M. F. F. Melo-Diniz, and I. A. and/or biotechnological products, based on popular uses Medeiros, “Possibilidades terapeuticasˆ e riscos toxicologicos´ and biological studies scientifically showing its properties. de Jatropha gossypiifolia L.: uma revisao˜ narrativa,” Revista Brasileira De Plantas Medicinais,vol.12,no.3,pp.346–357,2010. However, regarding specifically its medicinal properties, further studies are still necessary to assay important folk [8] I. Cordeiro and R. Secco, “Jatropha gossypiifolia L. 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