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Genus <Emphasis Type= Proc. lndian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.), Vol. 99, No. 6, December 1989, pp. 567-578. P¡ in India. Genus Blachia Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) in India N P BALAKRISHNAN and T CHAKRABARTY* Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore 641 003, India *Botanical Survey of India, Central National Herbarium, Howrah 711 103, India MS received 7 January 1989; revised 25 October 1989 Abstraet. A revision of the genus Blachia Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) for India and adjoining countries is presented. Three species are recognized. Blachia reflexa Benth. is conspeeific with Blachia umbellata (Willd.) BailE, while Blachia denudata Benth. represents a subspecies of Blachia andamanica (Kurz) Hook.f. Keywords. Euphorbiaceae;Blachia. 1. lntroduction The Asiatic genus Blachia was established by Baillon in the year 1858 with a single species B. umbellata, originally described as a Croton by Willdenow (1805) based on material from peninsular India. The generic name is after M Blache, a petty official and friend of Baillon. Subsequently, the genus was reduced by Mueller (1866) to a section of Codiaeum A Juss. but was soon reinstated to generic rank by Bentham (1878, 1880). As per the recent classification of the family Euphorbiaceae (Webster 1975), the genus Blachia is placed under the t¡ Codiaeae (Pax) Hutch. of the subfamily Crotonoideae Pax along with another 18 genera. Of these, the monotypic genus Pantadenia Gagnep. (of Indo-China and Thailand) is the nearest relative of Blachia, differing in the presence of conspicuous glands on abaxial leaf-surface, on the apex of the petals and on the staminal connectives, in the di0ecious habit, in the undulate cupular-annular male disk and in the non-accrescent female sepais (Airy Shaw 1969). The species of Blachia are readily recognizable by the umbellate to racemiform (cymose) inflorescences, the conspicuous stipules, the ebracteate flowers, the apetalous female flowers and the female sepals being mostly somewhat accrescent in fruit (except in B. andamanica). 2. Distribution and ecology Blachia is at present known to be represented by about 10 species, occurring in Sri Lanka, peninsular India, north-east India to south-east Asia (excluding Burma!) and lndo-China to Malesia (Malaya, Philippines, Celebes). More than half of the species (about 6) occur in Indo-China and two in Thailand, while only one species extends to Malesia. B. andamanica (ssp. andamanica) is the most widespread species, hitherto known to occur in north-east India, Bangladesh, Indo-China, Thailand, Malaya, Andamans, Philippines and Celebes. The species is also represented in peninsular India by the subsp, denudata. So lar as the other Indian species are concerned, both B. calycina and B. umbellata are of restricted dist¡ occurring in peninsular India. The latter also extends to Sri Lanka. Species of Blachia are found mostly in the evergreen forests but may also grow in 567 568 N P Balakrishnan and T Chakrabarty semi-evergreen forests or mixed forests or even beach forests (B. andamanica), up to about 900 m altitude. In addition, the plants in peninsular India may frequently be seen along water courses (e.g. streams, rivers). Blachia Baill., • G› Euphorb. 385, t. 19, figures 18-20. 1858; Benth. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17: 226. 1878 and in Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. PI. 3: 301. 1880; Hook.f., FI. Brit. India 5: 402. 1887; Pax in Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. III, 5: 87. 1890; Trimen, Handb. F1. Ceylon 4: 53. 1898; Brandis, Indian Trees 580. 1906; Cooke, F1. Pres. Bombay 2: 603. 1906; Bourd., For. Trees Travancore 505. 1908; Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. and Sind. 2: 474. 1911; Pax and Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV. 147. iii: 36. 1911 and in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 19c: 159. 1931; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 1337. 1925; Whitmore in Tree F1. Malaya 2: 68. 1973; Ramamoorthy in Saldanha and Nicolson, F1. Hassan 332. 1976. Codiaeum A Juss. sect. Blachia (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 1118. 1866; Bedd., For. Man. 213. 1873 (sphalm 'Blackia'). Type species: Blachia umbellata (Willd.) Baill. Shrubs or small trees, monoecious, evergreen, mostly entirely glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple, or rarely lobed (B. jatrophifolia), mostly elliptic-oblong to obovate, entire, membranaceous to thinly coriaceous, penninerved or sometimes weakly to clearly trinerved at the base, short-petioled; stipules inconspicuous. Male inflorescences terminal, cymose, umbellate to racemiforrn, few-flowered, peduncled. FIowers: Ebracteate; pedicels slender; sepals 4-5, free, imb¡ petals 4-5, smaller than the sepals, hyaline; disk glands 4-5, alternating with petals, scale-like; stamens 10--40, free, arranged in whorls on raised receptacle; anthers 2-celled (the cells coherent at tip), adnate to the broad connective; pisti!lode 0. Female inflorescences axillary and terminal, often borne at or near the base of male inflorescences, cymose, mostly umbellate (2-8-flowered), sometimes solitary, frequently shortly peduncled. Flowers: Ebracteate; pedicels stout, tape¡ downwards; sepals 4-6, same as in the male but shortly connate and accrescent in fruit or deciduous (B. andamanica); petals 0; disk glands connate in a ¡ or occasionally shortly cupular; ovary 3-5-1oculed; locules uniovulate; ovules anatropous; styles 3-5, erect to reflexed, bifid. Fruits schizocarpic, 3-5-1obed; seeds t¡ with a broad convex back, smooth, marbled. Pollination is anemophilous. The chromosome number reported so far is for only one species, B. calycina, having 2n= 36 (Krishnappa and Reshme 1980). The pollen grains conforto to the typical 'crotonoid' pattern (Punt 1972). There is no report available so far of the uses of the plants, if any. Key to the species la. Female sepals deeiduous; leaves often weakly to clearly trinerved at the base; first pair of lateral nerves distinct, not weaker than subsequent pairs; tertiary nerves predominantly scalariform (percurrent) to reticulate... 1. B. andamanica b. Female sepals persistent or accrescent; leaves penninerved; first pair of lateral nerves not distinct, weaker than subsequent pairs; tertiary nerves predominantly branching into veins of higher order ............................... 2 Genus Blachia in India 569 2a. Female sepals large, 5-15 x 2.5-9 mm; fruits 4-5-coccous ...... 2. B. calycina b. Female sepals small, 2-5 • 1-3 mm; fruits tricoccous ......... 3. B. umbellata 1. Blachia andamanica (Kurz) Hook.f., F1. Brit. India 5: 403. 1887; Brandis, Indian Trees 581. 1906; Pax and Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV, 147. iii: 38. 1911; Parkins., For. FI. Andaman Is. 236. 1923; Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 121. 1969 and 26: 223. 1972 and in Kew Bull. Add. Ser. IV: 57. 1975; Whitmore, Tree FI. Malaya 2: 68. 1973. Codiaeum andamanicum Kurz in J. As. Soc. Bengal 42(2): 246. 1973 and For. F1. Brit. Bur~a 2: 405. 1877. Types: India, south Andamans: without exact locality, n.d., Kurz s.n., Herb. Acc. No. 412141 (CAL--Lectotype---chosen herein); ibid., s.n., Herb. Acc. Nos. 412142/43/46/47 (CAL). Dimorphocalyx andamanicus (Kurz) Benth. in Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. PI. 3: 302. 1880. Blachia umbellata sec. Kanjilal et al., F1. Assam 4: 198. 1940, non (Willd.) Baill. 1858. India, Assam, Nowgong dist.: Lumding, 12 Nov. 1913, Kanjilal 2926 (Assam). Key to subspecies la. Female sepals 5; ovary dense!y pubescent .............. la. ssp. andamanica b. Female sepals 4; ovary glabrous or occasionally minutely and thinly pubescent. ................................................. lb. ssp. denudata la. ssp. andamanica Shrubs or trees, 1-4 m tall; all parts (except ovary and fruits) glabrous; bark brownish or light grey; branchlets brown and shiny, terete, 2-5 mm thick, angled when young. Leaves broadly to narrowly oblong-elliptic to obovate, 7-22 cm long, 3-10 cm broad, rounded or obtuse or acute or cuneate at base, entire or sometimes subentire at margins, bluntly to acutely acuminate to subacuminate (acumen up to 3 cm long) or sometimes caudate at apex, membranaceous to coriaceous, glossy, brown or blackish-brown or dark reddish-brown above when dry, pale brown or coppery or greenish beneath, weakly to clearly trinerved at the base; lateral nerves 5-10 (-12) pairs (the first pair frequently opposite and extending up to about halfway up the lamina), faint to prominent above, distirtct beneath; tertiary nerves obscure to prominent above, faint to distinct beneath, scala¡ (unbranched or branched) to reticulate, sometimes tending to branch into higher order; petioles 3-15 mm long, 1-2 mm thick, channelled above. Male inflorescences subumbellate to racemiform, often subcorymbose, 1"5-5 cm long (peduncle 1-4 cm long, rachis 5-10 mm long). Flowers: Pedicels 5-16 mm long, 0.2-0-4 mm thick; sepals 5, orbicular, 2-3-5 mm long, 2-5-3.5 mm broad, sometimes minutely ciliate at margins; petals 5, broadly obovate to orbicular or flabellate-unguiculate, 0.8-1"5 mm long, 0"8-2 mm broad; disk glands 5, of va¡ shape (mostly obcordate), reddish-brown; sometimes 20-23, 3-4 mm long; anthers ellipsoid to orbicular, 0.5-0.8 mm long. Female inflorescences umbeUate, sometimes racemiform (up to 5cm long), occasionally tending towards dichasial branching, 2-5 (-8)-flowered, frequently 570 N P Balakrishnan and T Chakrabarty 3-10mm long pedunculate. FIowers: Pedicels 3-16mm tong, 1-2-8mm thick towards apex, 0"8-1-2 mm thick towards base, sometimes sparsely adpressed greyish- puberulous; sepals 5, ovate to oblong or triangular, 1-6 mm long, 0-6-2-5 mm broad, shortly acuminate to acute, often minutely white-ciliate at margins, continuously enlarging but deciduous (often 1-2 may persist while fruiting); disk glands connate in a ring, undulate; ovary subglobose, 1.5-2mm dia., 3-1obed, densely adpressed fulvous to whitish-pubescent; styles 3, 3-6 mm long, bifid. Fruits subgloboSe, often somewhat depressed, strongly 3-1obed, 8-10 mm long, 11-13 mm dia., scattered and adpressed fulvous-strigose, black when dry; seeds oblong- ellipsoid or ovoid, 5-8 mm long, 3-5 mm dia.
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