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Home , Liturgical book, Michaelmas, Missal

Liturgical Comparison of the 1540 Roman and the 1612 Through a study of the and the The of Common Prayer, we see the liturgical The Mass The Holiday Calendar became more important to witness the process The contains a schedule of all Protestant contrasts between the Catholic and Anglican “The sacrifice of the Mass, the act by which the of . Witnessing the and Holy Days in their order. During this time of reformation, holidays th world was renewed and the church was faiths, brought by the Reformation in 16 and constituted, the Body of the corporas the worshipping through prayer was often believed created disputes among reformers as they each shared opinion th 17 century Europe. emblem and the instrument of all truly human to make you a more devout Christian.4 about the godliness of their worship. Many accused them as being embodiment, whether it was understood as purely superstitious, not holy. In some areas, law enforcement was The Roman Missal and the individual wholeness or as rightly ordered For those worshipping in the Church of , put in place to maintain observation of these holidays. Others Book of Common Prayer human community.”3 Mass was a part of Mass was more focused on lessons from the believed punishment for disobedience came from a heavenly everyday life for people living in Early Modern New and that would be read to manifestation. A Missal is a that is used in Catholic Europe. them.5 An important part of their service was worship services. The version of the missal found the Morning and Evening Prayer that occurred One example was in 1589 “when an ale wife, making no exception in this study is the 1540 version produced by the For those who worshipped in the Catholic daily. The Protestant Mass also consisted of of days, would needs brew upon St Mark’s day; but lo, the Roman in Milan, Italy. This missal Church , Communion was a very important part what is called the Divine office which included marvelous days, would needs brew upon St Mark’s day; but lo, the was published in Latin. The publication date of of their Mass. During the Early Modern Period, it Plain Chants throughout the service. marvelous works of God! While she was thus laboring, the top of this book came after the division between the the chimney took fire, and before it could be quenched her house in 1534. Similarly, as found in was quite burnt. Surely a gentle warning to them that violate and Image 4 the Book of Common Prayer, this missal also profane forbidden days.”11 contains a schedule of Catholic masses that were The Roman Missal, being published in Latin, suggests that only learned and trained clergy could read and study it. Meanwhile the Book of to be conducted during various stages of the Many holidays came from Pagan holidays, which was of great Common Prayer is in the of the lay membership of the Church year. It was used in church services by the concern to the Protestant church once they split from the church of England. This allowed the members to study it themselves. The picture above shows a section of the book in near letter-like form that members of the clergy, as they were primarily the of Rome. The Christian calendar consisted of over 100 Holy Days invites the Christian to study more form its pages. only people that studied and understood dedicated to the and religious celebrations.12 In 1536, King Latin. The Catholic clergy also performed the Henry VIII decisively cut down the number of Holy Days to prevent Access to Holy Texts version of plainchant interspersed throughout the men from becoming slothful and idle. Holy Days, Festivals, Feasts In the Early Modern Period, few people had access to a book. Also found within the wooden binding is a and Fasts were scheduled throughout the year, avoiding the days bible. Only select men with clerical authority were handwritten note in Latin.1 of labor necessary for the livelihoods of the community. July 1 given access to the Latin text of the Roman through 29 was strictly untouched by Holiday Missal. were very expensive, restricting it’s The Book of Common Prayer is a used celebration because of the harvest.13 availability; a complete bible could cost over a month in Anglican worship services. The original book, of wages for a typical artisan. Education was also which was published in 1549 in the reign of expensive, and only offered to the elite, meaning Edward VI, was a product of the English primarily wealthy people could read and write.15 In the Reformation following the break from Rome. The Anglican church, the Bible was seen as the ultimate version cited in this study is the 1604 version source of truth, where all Christians could have access published by Robert Washington Oats. The prayer to its words.16 In the Catholic Church, oral and visual book contains the words of structured liturgical modes of communication were implemented: services of worship. The introductory sections of including preaching, , music, images, and the book include the orders for and Image 2 rites. Catholic lay members used the bible as a way to , matrimony, visitation of the sick, Examples of the Roman Missal Plainchant (left) and the Plainchant found in the Book of Common Prayer (right). retain information that had already been learned and services. The section titled “the through other sources.17 propers” lays out a month by month schedule for daily Morning and Evening Prayer. Each day is People and Worship divided into lessons which would include a Psalm, For the people of this time, worship was a daily and and a from the Old Testament, Apocrypha, Plainchant in the worship This was started by Guido of Arezzo around common occurrence to represent how devout one and or the which were included in 1030AD. The first known book printed this way Image 3 was. Everyone in the community was involved in Mass services was in Rome 1071.8 “The Propers,” as found in The Book of Common Prayer outlined a month by month the Book of Common Prayer. Bounded in this which occurred several times throughout the day.18 The music of Mass, as found in both of these • “Neumes do not indicate pitch precisely, nor schedule for daily Morning and Evening Prayer. Each day is divided into lessons which book with the Book of Common Prayer, are the would include a Psalm, and a reading from the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and or the How often a person attended mass showed how texts, originally was named , do they communicate measurable rhythmic 1612 Geneva Bible, as well as a section of .2 New Testament. Also included in the are the the lists of holidays and saints devout one was. Some community members even after Roman Catholic Pope Gregory I in 540-604. values.” This is why psalms and prayers were days recognized by the Anglican Church. went to Mass several times a day. Those that were Its name is Plainchant or Plainsong, able to be spoken and chanted together. 9 The official calendar became 27 holy days 14: involved with the Mass and daily worship were those stemming from the Latin term, cantus planus. • Circumcision of our Lord Jesus Christ (January 1) of wealth, power, influence, and standing. This could • Chanting was not meant to comfort and reassure This musical notation has three degrees of • Epiphany (January 6, Twelfth day) be an “individual, family, or large group” such as the the listener and participant; it was highly complexity 10: • Purification of the Blessed Virgin (February 2, ) gilds.19 Individuals with these qualities could influence • demanding and physically challenging on the 1. Neumatic- Small Phrases of notes (between St Matthias the Apostle (February 24) what prayers were said, how many candles were lit, • Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin (March 25, Lady day) monks at that time.6 Chants were not seen as a 2-15) accompany each syllable • the type and amount of artwork, and who could get musical performance for the congregation. It 2. Melismatic- the melody expands into a St. Mark the Evangelist (April 25) • SS Philip and James the Apostles (May 1, May day) buried in the church/parish. layered phrase on a single syllable was an outreach to the Almighty for grace, • Ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ (movable) forgiveness, hope, and help. They were sung 3. Syllabic- each syllable has a corresponding • Nativity of St John the Baptist (June 24, Midsummer day) Conclusion memorized from the heart, and mostly out of note • St Peter the Apostle (June 29) Through a study of the Roman Missal and the Book of the book of Psalms.7 When the Church of • St. James the Apostle (July 25) Common Prayer, we see the liturgical contrasts England broke off from the Roman Catholic During the near 100 year gap between these • St Bartholomew the Apostle (August 24) brought by the Reformation in 16th and 17th century • church, they took a similar structure to their two books there is an obvious evolution of St. Matthew the Apostle (September 21) • St the (September 29, Michaelmas) Europe. This time brought change in who had access to music and its notation. The five staff lines and church worship, but changed most of the liturgy. • St Luke the Evangelist ( 18) these holy books of scripture. The Catholic clergy neume shape, as found in the Book of Common • SS Simon and Jude the Apostles (October 28) continued to preach in Latin, while the Anglicans • Figures in written music, called NEUMES, Prayer, are some of these differences. Written in • All Saints (November 1) worshiped in the vernacular of the lay membership. Image 1 were named after the Greek word neuma, the cover of this book is the schedule of when • St Andrew the Apostle (November 30) The Christian calendar had made its way into the daily Comparing the Catholic Church’s Roman Missal (Left) and The Church of • St Thomas the Apostle (December 21) England’s Book of Common Prayer (Right). Both were used in their respective meaning gesture or sign. Four lines were in songs would be sung throughout the day and routines of all participants in the church. These books • Nativity of our Lord (December 25) church’s liturgy. The Roman Missal was published in Latin and used by Catholic place with lines “F” and “C” often notated during mass. (see image 3) A psalm, scripture, or • St Stephen the (December 26) contain evidence of how this reformation influenced in their Catholic Mass. It contained psalms and excerpts of the Bible. greeting was sung by a or congregation The Book of Common Prayer contained ”the propers” (Image 3), instruction on with letters or colors. Some scripts placed • St John the Evangelist (December 27) ceremonial worship, singing, prayer, and holidays in religions ceremonies as well as the 1612 Geneva Bible (Image 1). letter-clefs aside every staff line. alone or in unison. • Holy Innocents (December 28, Childermas) the Anglican and Catholic faiths.

1. Missale romanvm : nuper ad optatum co[m]modum quorumcu[m]q[ue] sacerdotum summa diligentia distinctu[m], [et] ex orthographia castigatum, atq[ue] ita ex nouo ordine digestu[m], vt 7. David Hiley, Gregorian Chant (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009) 15. R.A. Houston, in Early Modern Europe (New York, NY: Routledge, 2013), 1 appositis introitibus gradualibus offertoriis, [et] co[m]munionibus: o[mn]es misse sint in suis locis i[n]tegre, luinordinario celebrationis misse. In quo etia nouissime preter ca queprius edita erant 8. Hiley, Gregorian Chant, 194 16. Houston, Literacy in Early Modern Europe, 37 Rachel Brighton addita est Dissasancti Fracisci de paula fundatoris fratrum minorum, 1540. (Hatch 26/4/16). Utah State University. Special Collections and Archives. 9. Hiley, Gregorian Chant, 181 17. Houston, Literacy in Early Modern Europe, 67, 161 2. The Bible: that is, the Holy Scriptures contained in the Old & New Testament, 1612. (HATCH 26/5/16). Utah State University. Special Collections and Archives Department. 10. Hiley, Gregorian Chant, 195 18. Duffy, The stripping of the , 98-99 Sylvan Needham 3. Eamon Duffy, The stripping of the altars: traditional religion in England, c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), 91 11. David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells (London: George Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989), 9 19. Duffy, The stripping of the altars, 100 4. Duffy, The stripping of the altars, 119 12. Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, 4 Brynli Randall 5. The Bible: that is, the Holy Scriptures contained in the Old & New Testament, 1612. (HATCH 26/5/16). Utah State University. Special Collections and Archives Department. 13. Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, 5 6. David Foil, Gregorian Chant and Polyphony (New York, NY: Black Dog Music ,1995), 14 14. Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, 6 Martha Sperry