Wynkyn De Worde and Richard Pynson, and Include Biographical and Bibliographical Surveys, As Well As Case Studies of Each Printer‘S Liturgical Printing
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Sarum Liturgical Printing in Tudor London Thesis submitted to Royal Holloway College, University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Jenifer Raub 2011 2 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Jenifer Raub, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: ................................................................................. Date: 9th September 2011 3 ABSTRACT This thesis consists of an archival study of early liturgical printing in Tudor London, focusing specifically on contextual and bibliographical examinations of the printed books of the Sarum rite (Use of Salisbury). Chapter 1 provides an introduction and background to Sarum liturgical books and the early book trade. Chapters 2 and 3 examine the work of two early London printers, Wynkyn de Worde and Richard Pynson, and include biographical and bibliographical surveys, as well as case studies of each printer‘s liturgical printing. Chapter 4 presents evidence of individual and institutional ownership of liturgical books and analyzes the market for liturgical books. Chapter 5 considers the last manifestations of Sarum liturgical printing, examining the impact of the liturgical reforms of the late Henrician and Edwardian churches, as well as the re-imposition of Catholicism under Mary I, on the production and provision of Sarum books. The three appendices present a database of printed copies of Sarum liturgical books and the total printed output of Wynkyn de Worde and Richard Pynson. 4 CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................... 22 CHAPTER ONE Background................................................................ 24 The Use of Salisbury and Sarum Liturgical Books ............................... 24 Sarum liturgical books ..................................................................... 25 Books for the Mass ........................................................................... 27 The Missal .................................................................................................... 27 The Gradual ................................................................................................. 32 Books for the Office .......................................................................... 36 The Breviary ................................................................................................ 36 The Antiphoner ........................................................................................... 41 The Hymnal and the Processional ................................................. 44 The Hymnal ................................................................................................. 44 The Processional ......................................................................................... 48 Manuscript Traditions............................................................................... 53 Books for the Mass ........................................................................... 54 Books for the Office .......................................................................... 55 The Hymnal and the Processional ................................................. 56 Early Printing in England ......................................................................... 58 Early Music Printing in England ............................................................. 65 The Early Book Trade in London ............................................................ 73 Sarum Books and debates about Print culture ...................................... 78 CHAPTER TWO Printers & Publishers I: Wynkyn de Worde (d. 1534/5) .......................................................................... 93 Biographical Survey .................................................................................. 94 5 Bibliographical Survey .............................................................................. 99 De Worde‘s Printed Output ............................................................ 99 De Worde‘s Liturgical Books ........................................................ 106 De Worde and the Early Book Trade .................................................... 111 De Worde‘s Liturgical Printing .............................................................. 119 Latin liturgical books ..................................................................... 119 Type/Paper/Illustration ............................................................... 131 Case Study I: Three Missals Commissioned by de Worde ................ 137 Case Study II: Hymnals from de Worde‘s Workshop ........................ 152 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 166 CHAPTER THREE Printers & Publishers II: Richard Pynson (1449/50-1529) ................................................................. 170 Biographical Survey ................................................................................ 171 Bibliographical Survey ............................................................................ 175 Pynson‘s published output ........................................................... 175 Pynson‘s liturgical books .............................................................. 178 Pynson and the Early Book Trade ......................................................... 182 Pynson‘s Liturgical Printing ................................................................... 184 Pynson‘s music printing ................................................................ 186 The Morton Missal ......................................................................... 187 Case Study I: Pynson‘s Officia Nova Breviaries .................................... 197 Case Study II: Pynson‘s 1504 Missal ..................................................... 205 Type and ink ................................................................................... 205 Paper and watermarks ................................................................... 210 Devices and Illustration ................................................................. 212 Case Study III: Pynson‘s 1502 Processional and Bishop Foxe‘s Redaction ......................................................................................... 216 Evidence of Workshop Practice and Wholesale Book Prices ............ 225 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 233 CHAPTER FOUR Evidence of Ownership & Market ................... 237 Evidence of Personal Ownership .......................................................... 237 PCC wills: a case study in book ownership ................................ 242 6 Marian Sarum Processionals: a case study in provenance ....... 272 Evidence of Institutional Ownership .................................................... 281 Requirements .................................................................................. 283 Evidence from the visitations of Kent ......................................... 288 Evidence from London Churches ................................................ 296 The Market for Liturgical Books ............................................................ 301 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 308 CHAPTER FIVE Sarum liturgical books after 1534 ....................... 310 Sarum liturgical books of the late Henrician church .......................... 310 Sarum liturgical books in the reign of Edward VI .............................. 323 Sarum liturgical books in the reign of Mary I ..................................... 329 Books for the Choir ........................................................................ 335 Antiphoners and Graduals ...................................................................... 335 Hymnals ..................................................................................................... 336 Books for the Priest ........................................................................ 347 Missals ........................................................................................................ 347 Processionals ............................................................................................. 361 Breviaries ................................................................................................... 366 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 371 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 378 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... 381 Primary Sources ....................................................................................... 381 Early printed book collections ...................................................... 381 National Archives........................................................................... 386 Secondary Sources ..................................................................................