Latin Books Published in Paris, 1501-1540 Sophie Mullins This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 6 September 2013 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Sophie Anne Mullins hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 76,400 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2007 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2007; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between [2007] and 2013. (If you received assistance in writing from anyone other than your supervisor/s): I, …..., received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of [language, grammar, spelling or syntax], which was provided by …… Date 2/5/14 signature of candidate ……… 2. 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I also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: (iii) Embargo on both [all or part] of printed copy and electronic copy for the same fixed period of 5 years (maximum five) on the following ground(s): (delete those not applicable) publication would be commercially damaging to the researcher, or to the supervisor, or the University; publication would preclude future publication; Date 2/5/14 signature of candidate …… signature of supervisor ……… A supporting statement for a request for an embargo must be included with the submission of the draft copy of the thesis. Where part of a thesis is to be embargoed, please specify the part and the reasons. Abstract This is a study of the Parisian Latin book industry in the first four decades of the sixteenth century. It challenges the assumption that the Reformation brought about a profound change in the European print world. Luther’s engagement with a mass audience is believed to have led to an increase in the number of vernacular publications produced by printers throughout Europe. This was not the case in Paris. Parisian booksellers traded on their established expertise with certain genres, such as theological texts, educational books, and works by classical authors, to maximise their readership both in Paris and farther afield. Working in close proximity inspired the Parisian bookmen to unity and collaboration rather than enmity and direct competition. When printers, booksellers and publishers collaborated they were able to undertake bigger and riskier projects. Such projects might have involved testing new markets or technologies (such as Greek or music printing), or simply producing a book which required a high capital investment. The familial unity extended to the widows of printers, some of whom were able to capitalise on this and build substantial businesses of their own. This high level of collaboration and the continued focus on the established Latin market give the Parisian book world its very specific character. It also helped Paris build an international reputation for high- quality books. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 4 List of Figures 6 Abbreviations and Conventions 10 Chapter 1: Introduction 12 The arrival of print in Paris 13 Paris and her place in the European book world 19 Following the data trail 25 Chapter II. Printing in Paris, 1501-1540 36 Having it both ways: from the deconstruction of the individual copy to putting print runs in context 36 Statistical analysis of printing in Paris, 1501-1540 43 Bibliographical Background 45 Chronological analysis 51 Development of the book 59 Content 66 Belles Lettres 67 Classical Books 69 Educational Books 70 Jurisprudence 72 Religious Books 73 Scientific Books 75 Conclusions 76 Chapter III: Bold Beginnings 78 Antoine Vérard and Jean Petit, two turn-of-the-century Parisian publishers 78 Antoine Vérard: “Marchant libraire et bourgeois de Paris” 80 Jean Petit 101 2 Paris and beyond 104 Humanist Piety 109 Two sides of the same coin? 124 Chapter IV: Affordable Piety 126 A most precious and singular possession 127 The rich history of the Book of Hours 128 The complex market for books of hours, breviaries and missals 133 Following orders: Thielman Kerver, Didier Maheu and the continuing influence of Jean Petit 136 A Family Business for a Family Book 140 Commissions without borders and international trade: Didier Maheu and the Bishop of Senlis 142 The movement of books: François Regnault 144 Louis Royer and merchants for the Spanish Market 155 Provincial Markets 158 Chapter V: The Business of Education 165 The Reformation and French educational reform 165 Educational reform and the Paris printing industry 169 Reform, in theory 171 Humanism and Business 175 Beyond Business 193 Chapter VI: Later Revolutions 207 Delaying destiny 207 Widowhood: La Liberté? 209 What’s in a name? ‘Veuve feu Jehan du Pré’, Charlotte Guillard and Yoland(e) Bonhomme 213 The pedestrian arrival of Greek in Paris 224 Gilles de Gourmont: exceptionnellement imprimeur or imprimeur exceptionnel? 225 3 Imprimeur du Roi: ‘honnorable homme sire michel de vascosan marchand libraire’ 234 Conclusion 239 Conclusion 242 Bibliography 245 4 Acknowledgments Thanks is due to all the professors, lecturers and tutors who taught and inspired me at the universities of East Anglia, Lausanne, Cambridge and St Andrews. At East Anglia Joad Raymond was an especially generous and influential advisor. The decision to move from Cambridge to join the Universal Short Title Catalogue project was made easier by the welcome I received during the interview. This atmosphere of friendship and academic generosity persists in the project team, and this thesis benefits from the thoughtfulness of team members past and present. Sara Barker has provided valued friendship and advice, particularly concerning classical authors in translation. Alexander Wilkinson helped towards an understanding of the different approaches to editions and states. Philip John and Graeme Kemp provided technical support and keen debate. Natasha Constantinidou gave me John Harthan’s Books of Hours, which is now a much-treasured possession. She also translated a number of Greek colophons into English. A conversation with Matt McLean about Joachim Vadian provided a new perspective on the printer Chrétien Wechel. Prior to relocating to the University of Rennes, Malcolm Walsby was a knowledgable second supervisor. Arjan van Dijk has been very generous in adding to my academic library. I have also been inspired by the huge variety of papers given at the annual Book History conferences held at the University of St Andrews. Beyond the university, the librarians at the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal (Paris), the Archives nationales (Paris), and the Bibliothèque royale de Belgique (Brussels) were especially helpful. The person to whom most acknowledgement is due is my supervisor Andrew Pettegree who has gone beyond the call of duty more times than I can recall. His home is a second home to his graduate students, and his family graciously welcoming. His office door has always been open and his insightful advice freely given. Jane Pettegree 5 also read the final text and her input was very much appreciated. Being a part of the book project family is an honour and I am grateful to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for the funding that allowed me to join it. My own family have offered much-appreciated assistance: Jean-Michel and Suzy Haziza welcomed me into their home in Paris for months at a time whilst I was on research trips. The final and most profound thanks go to my parents, Alan and Elizabeth Mullins, who have provided unstinting support in what must have seemed a never- ending journey. I owe them everything. 6 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Centres of print exceeding 1,000 titles by 1500 Figure 1.2: Latin publications versus all other languages in Paris and Europe Figure 1.3: Liste et origine des Imprimeurs Ordinaires du Roi tirée de cette histoire Figure 1.4: Essais ou Modèles des Caractères d’Imprimerie (Paris: veuve d’Antoine Chrétien, 1689) Figure 2.1: Processes of Print Figure 2.2: Graph comparing five-year moving average and the raw data for Latin titles printed in Paris Figure 2.3: Graph showing five-year moving average