Amphibians and Reptiles from Meade County, Kentucky V

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Amphibians and Reptiles from Meade County, Kentucky

JAMES E. CRADDOCK and W. L. MINCKLEY

Reprinted from

THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST Vol. 71, No. 2, April, 1 964, pp. 382-391 University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana Amphibians and Reptiles from Meade County, Kentucky' =

JAMES E. CRADDOCK and W. L. MINCKLEY3 University of Louisville, Kentucky, and Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo

ABSTRACT: Fifty-seven species of amphibians and reptiles were obtained from Meade and adjacent counties in northern Kentucky. Records of Pseudotriton tuber, Pseudotriton montanus, and Plethodon richmondi are extensions of known ranges toward the west; Gastrophryne carolinensis represents a range extension to north central Kentucky; and populations of Cnemidophorus sexlineatus and Lam propeltis calligaster are near the eastern peripheries of their ranges. Distributions of the animals in relation to the physiographic areas of northern Kentucky are discussed, and ecological observations on most of the species are included. INTRODUCTION Amphibians and reptiles were obtained in Meade County, Ken- tucky, from February 1959 to January 1962, in the course of field work on the ecology of Doe Run (Minckley, 1963). Supplemental data on specimens from that vicinity, housed in the University of Louisville Collection of Vertebrates, are included, so that this paper represents a compilation of notes. Some pertinent information was provided by Tons Fuller of the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, and Roger Conant read and criticized the manu- script. Our specimens are deposited at the University of Utah. In the scant literature dealing with the amphibians and reptiles of Kentucky, little reference is made to the fauna of the physiographic region known as the Pennyroyal, or of areas immediately adjacent to the Ohio River. Meade County lies about 30 miles south'- west of Louisville and is bordered on the north by the Ohio River. The land surface in the eastern half of the county, or Pennyroyal portion (Sauer, 1927), is a mature, karst upland lying between 600 and 750 feet above sea level, but with scattered hills standing as outliers of a generally higher land surface to the south that rises to nearly 1,000 feet in elevation. The uplands represent a residual surface formed in late Tertiary (McFarlan, 1943), and the southern edge of the Pleistocene glacial advances lies well to the north of the Ohio River at this point (Leverett, 1929). Most of our collections are from the vicinity of Doe Run, a creek draining karst parts of the county. ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Daudin).—Five hell- benders were collected by hand on July 10-11, 1961, after application of emulsifiable roten,one to the downstream portion of Doe Run.

1 Contribution No. 67 (New Series) from the Department of Biology, Uni- versity of Louisville, Louisville 8, Kentucky. 2 This work was supported in part by U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. AT-(40-1)-2595 with the University of Louisville. 3 Present address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University. Tempe. 382 1964 CRADDOCK ET AL.: AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 383

Another specimen from Meade County was collected in the Ohio River near Brandenburg in March 1941 (UL 4320). The five from Doe Run were alive when captured, but in an apparently weakened condition, and died within 48 hours presumably from the effects of rotenone. They vary from 407 to 502 mm in total length (II), and are females. One has mature follicles averaging five mm in diameter after preservation; the others have firm, undeveloped ovaries. Cryptobranchus occurs in the Ohio River and its larger tributaries (Stein and Smith, 1959), and is generally most common in larger waters rather than creeks (Bishop, 1947:60) ; the specimens from Doe Run may have moved into the creek from the Ohio River. Necturus maculosus maculosus (Rafinesque).— One N. maculosus was collected by rotenone on July 10, 1961, near the Ohio River in Doe Run (female, 232 mm ti). Ambystoma texanum (Matthes). — Our single specimen of A. texanum is an adult female, 74 mm in snout-vent length (sv). collected February 18, 1961, in a temporary sinkhole pond. Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst) .—Three larval marbled salamanders were found on June 3, 1961, in a marsh near Doe Run, and these transformed in the laboratory. Two additional specimens (UL 4112 and 4760), both adults, were obtained from sinkhole ponds in wooded, hilly areas near Rockhaven in October 1948 and Septem- ber 1951, respectively. According to the attached labels, both were selected from "large breeding colonies." Diemictylus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque).—Aquatic adults varying from 38.2 to 51.1 mm sv, and larvae, were common in shal- low, vegetated sinkhole ponds. The sizes of larvae were greatest in more permanent ponds, up to 33.2 mm vv. There is a specimen of D. viridescens in the University of Louis- ville Collections from one mile W of Rockhaven (UL 6561). Desmognathus fuscus fuscus ( Rafinesque) .—The dusky salamander was the most common and most variable in color pattern of the species in Meade County. Our specimens seem to be D. f. fuscus rather than D. f. welteri Barbour. Barbour and Hays (1957) indicated D. f. welteri as occurring throughout Kentucky; however, its taxonomic status and geographic distribution are not yet adequately defined. The specimens were taken near small, high-gradient streams in densely wooded areas, never more than a few feet from permanent water. Sizes are to 64.9 mm sv for males (to 123.0 mm ti), and to 52.9 mm sv for females (to 99.0 mm t1). Brooding females were taken in the last week of July and first week of August 1961. Other specimens from Meade County are UL 4235-49 (from near Rock- haven) and UL 4339-41 ("Fort Knox") .4

4 The town of Fort Knox, Kentucky, lies in Hardin County a few miles from the Meade County line; however, the Fort Knox Military Reservation includes a portion of Meade County. Some confusion exists in labeling of specimens from that area because some collectors merely noted "Fort Knox, Kentucky." Records in the literature and in the University of Louisville Collections from Fort Knox are arbitrarily considered as in Meade County. 384 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 71(2)

Plethodon dorsalis dorsalis Cope.—A series of 18 zigzag salamanders and one additional specimen were obtained (20.0 to 52.4 mm sv; 28.0 to 103.0 mm ti) near cave springs on steep, wooded slopes. In Jefferson County, Kentucky, P. dorsalis was abundant in wooded areas on the floodplain of the Ohio River in 1960 and 1961, and ap- peared most concentrated near bluffs adjacent to the river (see Smith and Minton, 1957). Plethodon glutinosur glutinosus (Green). Thirteen specimens (24.0 to 86.4 mm sv; 41.5 to 168.0 mm ti) are from scattered localities along Doe Run, and two additional specimens (UL 4733-34) are from Rockhaven. Most were at the bases of steep cliffs beneath rubble, but some were in rotted logs and stumps of wooded uplands. Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Sonnini).—Our specimens, and a single spuimen from Fort Knox ( UL 4342), supplement the extension of the known range of the red salamander northward in central Ken- tucky to the Ohio River (Wilson, 1962). Grant's (1936) records of Gyrinophilus porphriticus (Green) from "Fort Knox, Kentucky," are, however, probably based on Pseudotriton. G. porphriticus has limits of its known range some distance from Meade County (Conant, 1958: Map 186). Juveniles were found in precipitous, rocky, wooded areas. Larger individuals were most often beneath logs in open fields near Doe Run, where they inhabited burrows of small mammals and moved rapidly into the runways when disturbed. Wilson (1962) found two specimens of P. ruber moving about near Morgan's Cave in Otter Creek Park (Meade County) at night. Our transformed specimens vary from 66.5 to 148.0 mm ti (42.9 to 96.8 mm sv). Three larvae from a small tributary of Doe Run averaged 45.0 mm ti in July 1961. Seven of the 11 stomachs of large specimens contained foods or other materials as follows (item followed by number of stomachs in which it occurred and by the number of individual food items where applicable) : annelids (earthworms), 3, 6; Eurycea bislineata, 3, 3: carabids (ground beetles), 1, 2; blattids (cockroaches), 1, 1; lepidop- terans (caterpillars), 1, 1; molluscs (slug), 1, 1; plant remains, 3; and pebbles, 1. Eurycea bislineata (Green). This species was the second most abundant salamander in our collections (59 specimens, 21.5 to 47.5 mm sv, and to 95.0 mm ti); individuals were found usually in small streams. Individuals in more terrestrial habitats were along bluffs in autumn and winter, and beneath logs in open fields in spring in association with small rodents and P. ruber. An additional specimen of E. bislineata from Meade County is UL 4250 from near Rockhaven. Our specimens are referable to E. b. bislineata. Eurycea longicauda (Green).—Forty-five specimens of long-tailed salamanders were obtained in and near caves, on wooded slopes, and near small, permanent streams in association with E. bislineata. Speci- mens vary from 37.0 to 62.0 mm sv, and to 165 mm ti. When E. longicauda and E. bislineata were found together the former was beneath stones on the banks and to the water's edge, whereas the latter 1964 CRADDOCK ET AL.: AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 385 was typically in the water. In late July and early August 1961, after the downstream valley of Doe Run had been cleared of trees in preparation for impoundment, large concentrations of E. longicauda were in a small, permanent spring brook immediately above the line of clearing. Possibly these animals had moved from the disturbed area into the more favorable habitat; no evidence of breeding N% as observed. A large proportion of our specimens are strongly blackened on the sides and agree well with E. 1. pernix Mittleman (1942) only in color pattern (and in having a long series of vomerine teeth [11 to 17]). However, that subspecies is not recognized by Conant (1958: 248) and is questioned by Smith (1961:44) . Our material is re- ferred to E. 1. longicauda on the basis of distinct, vertical black tail bars and on geographic grounds. Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque. — Fifteen cave salamanders were found beneath stones and litter in or near visible cave openings in both open fields and wooded areas. The specimens vary from 28.0 to 63.0 mm Sr and 58.7 to 141.0 mm ti. Complete habitat separation was not obvious in the Meade County area (see Meyers, 1958) ; all three species of Eurycea were taken in the twilight zones of caves, and both E. lucifuga and E. longicauda beyond the point of visible light penetration. Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook. Two specimens of B. americanus were obtained, both from upland areas. Bufo woodhousei fowleri Hinckley. -- This species was found throughout the county, and was the second most abundant anuran in our collections. The peak of the breeding season, as judged by male choruses, was in May, but occasional choruses were heard throughout July. Two additional specimens, UL 4732, were collected near Rockhaven in 1951. Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper.—Blanchard's cricket frog was the most abundant anuran in our collections. Numerous Acris were active in partially flooded fields along Doe Run in December 1960, and in January 1961. Other specimens from Meade County are UL 2449-88 and 4729. Hyla crucifer crucifer Wied.—This species was abundant in the spring at certain upland sinkhole ponds. We selected 27 specimens from breeding choruses, and two other collections are available from Meade County (UL 2447 and 2731) . Hyla versicolor versicolor (LeConte) .—Gray tree frogs were generally found in breeding aggregations near temporary ponds in May, and as transforming young in July and August. When H. versicolor and H. crucifer were chorusing together, the former was in the water and the latter called from grasses and sedges. One advantage of the calling behavior of H. crucifer was shown in May 1960 when a large Natrix was caught in the midst of a chorus and immediately regurgi- tated six H. versicolor, but no H. crucifer. Choruses of H. versicolor in the absence of H. crucifer usually included individuals calling from the banks and from low shrubs and trees. 386 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 71(2)

Two easily discernible call-types were present in most choruses of H. versicolor (see Johnson, 1959). Pseudacris triseriata Wied.—Meade County lies in a zone of inter- gradation between P. t. triseriata and P. t. feriarum (Baird). A ma- jority of our specimens seem to be the former. The earliest chorus was heard on February 18, 1961, in a temporary sinkhole pond. Cho- rusing occurred through May. Pseudacris bred in the same ponds as Hyla spp., but earlier in the season. Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook). — Our records of the narrow-mouthed toad in Meade County (eight adults and five transforming young), are a northward extension of the known range of the species in Kentucky. According to Barbour (1946), only three collection sites were known in the state at that time (see also Conant, 1958: Map 230). Our adult specimens are from beneath logs in a small clearing of a wooded area and from runways of small mammals beneath a log in an open pasture. The young were obtained August 4, 1961, from a drying sinkhole pond, along with transforming Hyla spp. The time of breeding is unknown, but a few isolated individuals were heard on the night of July 13, 1961. All of our localities were in uplands, which contrasts with the findings of Smith and Minton (1957) in Illinois. Sea phi° pus holbrooki Harlan.—One specimen of eastern spade- foot was collected by Fuller at Fort Knox (in Hardin County), and another was heard on the floodplain of the Ohio River near the mouth of Doe Run in July 1961, but was not collected. Rana catesbeiana Shaw.—Bullfrogs were most abundant in permanent sinkhole ponds. Specimens from Rockhaven are UL 4727-28. Rana clamitans melanota Latreille.—Green frogs were widespread, but nowhere common. This was the only ranid taken along small, high-gradient streams. Rana pipiens sphenocephala Cope.—This was the most abundant ranid along low-gradient streams and near small, grassy sinkhole ponds. Breeding of this, and the preceding two species in the karst region, is apparently restricted to upland ponds. Rana palustris LeConte. — One specimen of R. palustris was obtained with a series of R. pipiens from a low-gradient stream near the source of Doe Run. Chelydra serpentina serpentina (Linnaeus) .—Snapping turtles are in the Ohio River, in pools behind mill dams in the upper parts of Doe Run, and in large sinkhole ponds. Terra pene carolina carolina (Linnaeus) .—Eastern box turtles are in the upland, wooded areas. The species was considered rare by Holman (1960) in Johnson County, Indiana, about 100 miles north of Meade County, Kentucky. The upland occurrences in Meade County contrast with "bottomlands" habitat described by Bush (1959) in eastern Kentucky. Our smallest specimen, 32 mm in plas- tron length, was, however, found swimming in the lower part of Doe Run. After periods of heavy rainfall, box turtles were often seen foraging along the sides of newly flooded sinkholes. 1964 CRADDOCK ET AL.: AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 387

Graptemys geographica LeSueur.—One specimen was obtained in a mill pool of Doe Run. Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz.—This species is common in the larger sinkhole ponds of Meade County, and in spring it invades many of the smaller, temporary sinkholes. Pseudemys scripta elegans Wied. — This turtle was commonly found in association with Chrysemys, but occurred more often than the latter in small, temporary ponds. After periods of heavy rainfall, both were often found moving overland. Since both species occurred in temporary sinkholes in spring and summer, overland movement to larger ponds for overwintering is indicated. Trionyx spinifer (LeSueur).—We saw one individual of T. spinifer in the downstream part of Doe Run. Sceloporus undulatus hyancinthynus (Green). — Fence lizards were on dry cliffs and in or near dry woodlands. The smallest specimen obtained measures 27.1 mm so and 56.6 mm ti (collected August 24, 1961). Seven young taken in the first two weeks of October 1961 range from 29.0 to 33.0 mm so and from 65.5 to 76.0 mm ti. On January 28, 1962, a young Sce/oporus was basking on a log in open sunlight near the source of Doe Run. The air temperature was in the high 40's F, but had fluctuated from 30 to 60 degrees that week. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus (Linnaeus) .—Two specimens and one sight record of C. sexlineatus were obtained in dry, open areas along Doe Run. Minton (1944) and Smith and Minton (1957) recorded the species from similar areas in southern Indiana, and sug- gested that those populations were isolated relicts rather than extensions of the range toward the east. It seems probable, however, that the racerunner occurs throughout the karst uplands of central Ken- tucky. Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus). — This is a woodland inhabitant in Meade County that appears to be more confined to forested areas than is Sce/oporus, but less so than Lygosoma. Seven specimens were preserved and two are at the University of Louisville (UL 4638-39). Lygosoma laterale (Say) .—Seven specimens were preserved. They were obtained from dry, heavily wooded areas beneath leaf litter. Natrix sipedon (Linnaeus).—Populations of N. sipedon in Meade County appear to be intergrades between the subspecies sipedon and pleuralis (Cope), though most tend toward the former. Of note is a record of an adult swimming actively in Doe Run on February 12, 1959, when snow was covering the ground; the temperature of the spring water, however, was 55 F. Storeria dekayi (Holbrook).—Three specimens are in the Uni- versity of Louisville Collection (UL 2126, 4644, and 4735) ; two were taken near Otter Creek and the other on the floodplain of the Ohio River. Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linnaeus) .—Five were collected from separate grassy situations, one from an island in Doe Run, one from the floodplain of the Ohio River, and the others in upland areas. Two of the last three were crossing the road on October 28, 1961, 388 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 71(2) after several nights of heavy frost, and later than our other activity records of snakes (except Natrix). Late seasonal activity of T. sirtalis was also recorded by Fitch (1959) in Kansas. Virginia valeriae elegans Kennicott. — A single specimen of V. valeriae from Meade County ( UL 4745) was reported by Collins (1962) in a summary of the distribution of the species in Kentucky. Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille.—Individuals of this species were collected in diverse habitats throughout Meade County, the Ohio River floodplain, creek bottomlands, and both wooded and open uplands. Of eight preserved specimens, one is of the gray phase. Diadophis punctatus edwardsi ( Merrem). — Ring-neck snakes were found in woodlands or adjacent pastures. Six specimens have immaculate bellies, six have scattered spots on the venter, and two have an almost complete row of rather large spots; none has an in- dication of a break in the neck ring. Two young collected on September 8, 1961, and one from Octo- ber 1, 1961, average 130.0 mm ti (127.5 to 135.5 mm). An additional record from Meade County is UL 4232 from near Brandenburg. Carphophis amoenus helenae ( Kennicott). Worm snakes were in moist woodlands, and were associated with fallen trees or deep leaf litter. Of six preserved specimens, four have the internasals and prefrontals fused, and two have them separated. There are no apparent differences between specimens other than the variable head scalation. Sizes vary from 118.0 to 240.0 mm ti, there are 113 to 127 ventral scales (ay. 121.3), and 26 to 35 caudal scales (ay. 30.8). Coluber constrictor ( Linnaeus). Our specimens appear to be the subspecies pria pus Dunn and Wood on the basis of the variably enlarged hemipenial spines (Conant, 1958:147), but may be intergrades between C. c. priapus and C. c. constrictor (the lower halves of the supralabials are, however, usually light colored). Black racers were most often in open upland areas; however, one was on an island in Doe Run, and four were seen swimming in thacstream or foraging along its banks. Additional records are all from near Brandenburg ( UL 2271, 2798-99, and 2832). Opheodrys aestivus (Linnaeus) .—We obtained two rough green snakes, and two others from Meade County are UL 2127 and 2846. Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta (Say).—Black rat snakes were commonly seen, but only two were preserved. Additional specimens, UL 4794- 96, are from near Brandenburg. Lampropeltis getulus niger ( Yarrow). — A black kingsnake was found crossing the road in a dry, upland, cultivated area. Larnpropeltis doliata triangulum (Lacepede). One specimen of L. doliata is at the University of Louisville ( UL 4327) ; it was collected near Fort Knox. Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster ( Harlan) .—Four prairie king- snakes were obtained from open, upland areas in pastures. Agkistrodon contortrix mokeson ( Daudin). — Two copperheads were seen on steep bluffs bordering streams. One extant specimen is from near Rockhaven (UL 3568). 1964 CRADDOCK ET AL.: AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 389

Crotalus horridus (Linnaeus) .—A large rattlesnake was seen along a dry cliff near Doe Run.

SUPPLEMENTARY RECORDS Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw) .—Four specimens are from Bullitt County (UL 4111 and 6514[3]), all from upland ponds in the Knobs area. Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum (Green). — Five specimens from Jefferson County (UL 2711, 4924-25, and 6550-51) and one from Oldham County (UL 4023) are from lowland areas. Plethodon riclzmondi Netting and Mittleman.—Fifty-seven specimens of this species were taken on the floodplain of the Ohio River just east of Louisville in 1951 (UL 4721). Collections made by us in the same area in 1961 include both P. richmondi and P. dorsalis. The western extension of the known range of the former is to be reported on by William M. Clay. Pseudotriton montanus diasticus Bishop. — Thirteen specimens from Jefferson County (UL 4029-44) and three from Bullitt County ( UL 2300-01 and 2770) are in the University of Louisville Collec- tions, and represent a small extension of the known range in northern Kentucky. Pseudacris brachyphona (Cope).—Specimens of this frog have been taken by Fuller in Bullitt County. Natrix kirtlandi (Kennicott).—Forty-five specimens of this generally northern species were taken prior to 1940 in the area now enclosed within the city limits of Louisville (UL 2061, 2757, 2767- 79, 2782, 2865-85, 4157-59, and 6717-31). Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata (Storer).—One specimen is from near Harrod's Creek in Oldham County (UL 2125). Tantilla coronata coronata Baird and Girard.—Seven specimens of T. coronata are from the Knobs area of Bullitt County (UL 6610-17).

DISCUSSION The 57 species of amphibians and reptiles recorded from Meade and adjacent counties include most of the kinds expected to occur in the area, and some additional species that represent extensions of known ranges. Pseudotriton r. ruber in Meade County, P. montanus diasticus in Jefferson and Bullitt counties, and Plethodon richmondi in Jefferson County, seem to be at the western limits of their known ranges in northern Kentucky, and represent geographic localities out- side their previously known areas of occurrence. Specimens of Gas- trophryne carolinensis appear to be the first from along the Ohio River in north central Kentucky, and both Cnemidophorus sexlineatus and Lampropeltis calligaster are near the eastern peripheries of their ranges in Meade County. Subspecies intergrading in the Meade County area are Pseudacris triseriata: triseriata X feriarunz, Natrix sipedon: sipedon X pleuralis, 390 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 71 (2 ) and possibly Coluber constrictor: constrictor X priapus. Records of Virginia valeriae elegans and Larri_kropeltis doliata trianoltem may also represent intergrades between eastern and western subspecies in the Ohio River valley (see maps of Conant, 1958). Many of the species obtained are widespread in the eastern half of the United States; however, some of them appear to have used specific physiographic regions in their dispersal into Meade County. Pseudemys scripta elegans, Coluber constrictor pria pus, Nat rix sipedon pleuralis, Rana pipiens sphenocephala, and possibly Scaphiopus holbrooki, appear to have entered the area from the southwest, using the Ohio River valley as a dispersal route. For the aquatic or riparian species this is easily attributed to the presence of the river. Scaphiopus may have moved up the valley in response to alluvial soils along the stream as opposed to clays and other relatively impervious soils of areas away from the river. Natrix kirtlandi and Plethodon rich mondi used the Ohio valley to enter the area from the north and east, respectively. East of Meade County, in Hardin, Bullitt, and western Jefferson counties, and circling the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky on the south and east, lies a physiographic region called the Knobs (McFarlan, 1943) . This region is characterized by steep, wooded slopes, and by numerous small streams and seeps in heavily shaded, moist ravines. Pseudotriton ruber, P. montanus, Pseudacris brachyphona, and possibly some other species discussed below, appear to have used this as an avenue of dispersal from the south and east, around the Bluegrass Region, from centers of abundance in the Appalachians. A third possible route is the Pennyroyal uplands. This region is an extensive, karst upland that was generally barren of woody vege- tation in prehistoric and early historic times (Allen, 1876) , being maintained as a grassland through periodic burning by resident Indians. It seems probable that Lam pro peltis calligaster and Cnemido phorus sexlineatus, both of which favor open, grassy situations, entered Meade County from the southwest along the corridor provided by the open Pennyroyal. Gastrophryne carolinensis may also have used this corridor, but more likely moved northward along the west side of the Knobs in more forested areas. Although records from the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky are not discussed here, it seems worthwhile to point out the apparent avoid- ance of that area by many species of reptiles and amphibians (see maps in Conant, 1958) . Examples of this are found in Lygosoma laterale, Virginia valeriae, Storeria occipitomaculata, Elaphe obsoleta, Pseudotriton ruber, and P. montanus, to name a few, and the periph- ery of the Bluegrass Region, or the Knobs, forms the eastern limits of distribution of a number of other species along the Ohio River in northern Kentucky. This region would seem to offer great possibilities in the study and interpretation of factors limiting the distributions of a number of species of reptiles and amphibians, and probably other animals. 1964 CRADDOCK ET AL.: AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 391

REFERENCES ALLEN, J. A. 1876. The American bisons, living and extinct. Mem. Geol. Surv. Ky., 1:i-ix, 1-246. BARBOUR, R. W. 1946. Additional records of the narrow-mouthed toad in Ken- tucky. Copeia, 1946(l):44. - AND R. M. HAYS. 1957. The genus Desmognathus in Kentucky. 1. Desmognathus fuscus welteri Barbour. Am. Midl. Nat., 58(2) :352-359. BISHOP, S. C. 1947. Handbook of Salamanders. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, N. Y. 555 p. BUSH, F. M. 1959. The herpetofauna of Clemon's Fork, Breathitt County, Ken- tucky. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci., 20( 1-2 ) 11-18. COLLINS, J. T. 1962. Notes on Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard in Kentucky. Herpetologica, 18(2) :136-137. CONANT, R. 1958. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the United States and Canada East of the 100th Meridian. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass., 366 p., 40 pls. FITCH, H. S. 1956. Temperature responses of free living amphibians and reptiles of northeastern Kansas. Univ. Kans. Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 8(7) : 417-476. GRANT, C. 1936. Herpetological notes from Fort Knox, Kentucky. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 45:334. HOLMAN, J. A. 1960. Physiographic provinces and distributions of some reptiles and amphibians in Johnson County, Indiana. Copeia, 1960(1) :56-58. JOHNSON, C. 1959. Genetic incompatibility in the call races of Hyla versicolor LeConte in Texas. Ibid., 1959(4) :327-335. LEVERETT, F. 1929. The Pleistocene of northern Kentucky. Ky. Geol. Sure., Ser. IV, 31 :i-xiv, 1-80. MCFARLAN, A. C. 1943. Geology of Kentucky. Univ. Ky. Press, Lexington, Ky., xviii-531 p., 117 pls. MEYERS, C. W. 1958. Notes on the eggs and larvae of Eurycea lucifuga Rafi- nesque. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci., 21:125-130. MINCKLEY, W. L. 1963. The ecology of a Spring Stream, Doe Run, Meade County, Kentucky. Wildl. Monograph, 11:1-124. MINTON, S. A., JR. 1944. Introduction to the study of the reptiles of Indiana. Am. Midi. Nat., 32(2) :438-477. MITTLEMAN, M. B. 1942. A new long tailed Eurycea from Indiana, and notes on the longicauda complex. Proc. New England Zool. Club, 21:101-105. SAUER, C. 0. 1927. Geography of the Pennyroyal. Ky. Geol. Surv., Ser. VI, 5: i-xii, 1-249. SMITH, P. W. 1961. The amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. III. Nat. Hist. Sure. Bull., 28(1) :1-298. AND S. A. MINTON, JR. 1957. A distributional summary of the herpetofauna of Indiana and Illinois. Am. Midl. Nat., 58(2) :341-351. STEIN, H. A. AND P. W. SMITH. 1959. The hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, in Illinois. Copeia, 1959(2) :178-179. WILSON, N. 1962. An extension of the known range of the northern red salamander, Pseudotriton ruber Tuber. Herpetologica. 18(2) :139.