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PENAMPAKAN DAN FENOMENOLOGI SEJARAH DALAM NOVEL HIKAYAT KADIROEN DAN STUDENT HIDJO (Historical Phenomena in Two Novel Hikayat Kadioroen and Student Hidjo)

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PENAMPAKAN DAN FENOMENOLOGI SEJARAH DALAM NOVEL HIKAYAT KADIROEN DAN STUDENT HIDJO (Historical Phenomena in Two Novel Hikayat Kadioroen and Student Hidjo) SAWERIGADING Volume 15 No. 3, Desember 2009 Halaman 390—401 PENAMPAKAN DAN FENOMENOLOGI SEJARAH DALAM NOVEL HIKAYAT KADIROEN DAN STUDENT HIDJO (Historical Phenomena in Two Novel Hikayat Kadioroen and Student Hidjo) Ahyar Anwar Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra Universitas Negeri Makassar Jalan Daeng Tata Parantambung Makassar Telepon: (0411) 863540, pos-el: [email protected] Diterima: 4 September 2009; Disetujui: 2 November 2009 Abstract This writing is a study about historical phenomena in two early novel which published in 1918 and 1920 in Indonesia. It use hermeneutic and genetic structuralism analysis to find actual relevance and historical exegesis in those two novels of Modern Indone- sian Literature. It becomes the basic of fundament relation between literary and his- tory also in historical respond context of Indonesia literature. Novel Hikayat Kadiroen and Student Hidjo are the part of Indonesia historical movement it self. Firstly, since the position of novel has been in accordance with the birth of national movement or- ganisation at pre-liberation era in Indonesia. Secondly, since the author of Novel Hi- kayat Kadiroen, Semaoen and novel student Student Hidjo,Mas Marco Kartodikromo were activist of national movement at their era. Historically important aspect is con- troversial side of both of the novels in history of Indonesian literature caused by being consideredas “left ideology” novel which were radical at that time. Keywords : historic expression, hisitoris reflection, existention of historis Abstrak Tulisan ini mengkaji fenomena sejarah yang diangkat dalam dua novel pertama yang terbit pada tahun 1918 dan 1920 di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan analisis herme- neutika dan strukturalisme genetik akan ditemukan relevansi aktual serta tafsir sejarah yang terdapat dalam dua novel pertama yang ditulis dalam sejarah sastra Indonesia Modern. Penelitian ini menjadi basis dari relasi fundamental antara sastra dan sejarah maupun dalam konteks respon historis dalam karya-karya sastra Indonesia. Novel Hi- kayat Kadiroen dan Student Hidjo, merupakan bagian dari sejarah pergerakan Indone- sia itu sendiri. Pertama karena posisi novel yang sangat terkait dengan lahirnya or- ganisasi pergerakan nasional di Indonesia prakemerdekaan, Kedua karena pengarang novel Hikayat Kadiroen yaitu Semaoen dan pengarang novel Student Hidjo yaitu Mas Marco Kartodikromo adalah tokoh aktivis pergerakan nasional pada masanya. Aspek penting secara historis adalah sisi kontroversi dua novel tersebut dalam sejarah sastra Indonesia, karena dianggap sebagai novel dengan ideologi kiri yang radikal pada ma- sanya. Kata kunci: ungkapan sejarah, refleksi sejarah, eksistensi sejarah 390 Ahyar Anwar: Penampakan dan Fenomenologi Sejarah …. 1. Pendahuluan tra sangat kuat, terutama dalam cuplikan Dua novel pertama yang muncul historis dan latar historis yang menjadi dalam sejarah sastra Indonesia Modern, bagian dari konstruksi imajinasi penga- yang ditulis pada akhir dekade kedua abad rang. Eksistensi novel Student Hidjo dan 20, adalah novel yang sangat penting Hikajat Kadiroen sama pentingnya den- dalam konstalasi sejarah sastra Indonesia gan sudut pandang sejarah dalam sastra maupun dalam sisi kandungan sejarah seperti pada novel Max Havelaar karya yang terdapat di dalamnya. Novel Student Multatuli dengan kronik sejarah “tanam Hidjo, karya Mas Marco Kartodikromo, paksa”, atau novel historis karya Pramoe- diterbitkan dalam bentuk cerita bersam- dya Ananta Toer berupa tetralogi yaitu bung dalam surat kabar Sinar Hindia novel Bumi Manusia, Anak Semua dalam tahun 1918. Sementara novel Hi- Bangsa, Jejak Langkah, dan Rumah Kaca kayat Kadiroen, karya Semaoen, diterbit- yang berisi latar belakang sejarah kan pada tahun 1920 juga pada surat kabar pergerakan nasional Indonesia pada Sinar Hindia. rentang tahun 1898-1918. Hingga novel Kedua novel tersebut, tidak disebut September karya Noorca M Massardi yang dalam kelahiran sastra Indonesia Modern. diterbitkan tahun 2006 yang Selama era Orde Lama dan Orde Baru, se- menggambarkan fase krusial dalam jarah sastra Indonesia hanya mencatat ke- pengalihan kekuasaan era Orde Lama oleh lahiran novel Azab dan Sengsara karya Soekarno ke Soeharto. Merari Siregar pada tahun 1921 dan roman Sitti Nurbaja karya Marah Rusli pada ta- 2. Metode Penelitian hun 1922 sebagai tonggak kelahiran sastra Metode penelitian yang digunakan Indonesia modern dengan istilah angkatan adalah hermeneutika yang dikembangkan Balai Pustaka (Teeuw, 1953 :32). Terdapat Paul Ricouer (Bleicher, 2003). Metode misteri sejarah yang kuat dibalik upaya hermenutika digunakan untuk melakukan mengaburkan eksistensi dua novel penting investigasi historis dalam tiga tingkatan dalam sejarah sastra Indonesia dan sejarah makna atas novel Student Hidjo dan Hika- pergerakan nasional Indonesia itu sendiri. jat Kadiroen. Tingkatan makna pertama Mengapa novel Student Hidjo dan adalah semantik historis untuk melakukan novel Hikajat Kadiroen dieliminasi dalam investigasi epistemologis makna historis sejarah sastra Indonesia selama lebih em- dalam karya sastra, terutama dalam bentuk pat dekade. Sebuah pertanyaan penting ekspresi-ekspresi historis yang tersirat dan yang sangat menarik dalam eskalasi se- dituangkan secara simbolik dalam dua jarah sastra Indonesia kontemporer. Tetapi novel tersebut. Tingkatan makna kedua secara historis, pertanyaan tentang misteri adalah tingkatan refleksi historis dalam sejarah yang terdapat dalam isi dua novel bentuk investigasi atas relasi antara penga- kontroversi tersebut adalah aspek yang rang sebagai interpretator sejarah dengan sangat menarik dalam relasi sastra dan se- peristiwa sejarah itu sendiri. Tingkatan jarah. refleksi historis ditegaskan oleh Ricouer Eksistensi novel Student Hidjo dan (2002) sebagai upaya epistemologis untuk Hikajat Kadiroen, mengandung serang- memahami sejarah dengan cara memahami kaian kronik ataupun replika sejarah cara pandang seseorang atas sejarah itu. penting pada fase awal munculnya per- Tingkatan makna ketiga adalah eksistensi gerakan nasional Indonesia. Menurut Ar- historis, berupa interpretasi atas kesadaran thur Koestler (1967) relasi sejarah dan sas- historis atau membongkar misteri teka-teki 391 Sawerigading, Vol. 15, Edisi Khusus, Oktober 2009: 390—401 historis yang terdapat di balik munculnya toris. Kualitas sejarah dalam suatu karya kedua novel tersebut. sastra hanya bisa dipahami secara utuh Metode Strukturalisme Genetik dalam relasi-relasi keseluruhan dengan adalah metode yang digunakan untuk pengarang dan situasi sosial-historis pada melengkapi metode Hermenutika. Struk- masanya. turalisme Genetik di kemukakan oleh Mas Marco Kartodikromo, penga- Lucien Goldmann (1975). Goldmann rang novel Student Hidjo, adalah tokoh membangun konsep teoretik tentang aktivis pergerakan Sarekat Islam (SI). hubungan sastra dan pengarang. Menurut Pada tahun 1911 Mas Marco Kartodik- Goldmann, karya sastra adalah ekspresi romo menjadi sekretaris Sarekat Islam (SI) dari pandangan dunia pengarang secara di Solo, dan juga mendirikan Ikatan War- imajiner, sehingga dalam karya sastra tawan Hindia atau Inlandsche Journalisten terkandung pandangan dunia pengarang Bond (IJB) di Surakarta, sekaligus mener- yang dapat ditemukan melalui tokoh- bitkan surat kabar “Doenia Bergerak”. Su- tokoh, objek-objek, dan relasi-relasi rat Kabar Dunia Bergerak merupakan antartokoh dan objek yang berlangsung Surat Kabar pergerakan yang anti secara imajiner. Kolonial. Isinya hampir kerap menyerang Bagi Goldmann, pengarang kebijakan Pemerintah, sehingga akibatnya membutuhkan pengalaman sosial yang tidak heran kalau Mas Marco yang juga memadai untuk membangun relasi-relasi pimpinan redaksinya keluar masuk imajiner dalam karya sastranya. penjara. Pada tahun yang sama terjadi Goldmann, setidaknya menemukan konsep perkembangan baru dalam pergerakan dialektika dari perspektif Marx tentang politik. hubungan antara individu (pengarang) dan Disetujuinya Sarekat Islam sebagai masyarakat sebagai hubungan antara hasil “Badan Hukum” oleh Gubernur Jenderal karya sastra dengan eskpresi dialektikal. AWF Idenburg (1909-116). Tahun 1913, Dialektika adalah sebuah proses yang tidak Serikat Islam (SI) mencapai puncak hanya berhenti pada suatu karya sastra kejayaan anggotanya mencapai puluhan tetapi model-model sosial dan hubungan- ribu orang. Pada masa awal pembentukan hubungan yang ada antara infrastruktur, SI Surakarta, Mas Marco memegang suprastruktur, ekonomi, sejarah, dan peranan yang cukup penting. Meskipun ia ideologi. Maka untuk menjelaskan sebuah bukanlah orang Surakarta, namun di kota makna dan nilai karya sastra, fungsi-fungsi inilah ia memulai karier pergerakannya. hubungan-hubungan dialektikal harus Namun eksistensi Sarekat Islam mulai dipahami. berkurang. Para priyayi, yang menjadi anggota utama SI, beramai-ramai lari 3. Pembahasan meninggalkan SI Surakarta. Dalam situasi 3.1 Struktur Genetika Historis yang terpecah itulah, Mas Marco yang Sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh berani, radikal, dan lugas beralih, Goldman (1981), kandungan sastra hanya memegang kendali menjadi pemimpin mungkin diketahui dengan membongkar pergerakan SI. Pada tahun 1924, setelah H. relasi dialektika antara pengarang, situasi Misbach, tokoh SI yang memproklamirkan sosial zamannya, dan karya sastra itu Islam Komunis, dibuang ke Manokwari, sendiri. Untuk itu sangat penting mema- Papua dan akhirnya meninggal setelah hami siapa kedua pengarang dan bagai- diterjang penyakit malaria, Marco lah yang mana situasi sosial zamannya secara his- memegang kendali organisasi. Dia 392 Ahyar Anwar:
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