DOCSLIB.ORG

US-Iranian Relations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Atlantic Council 11th Floor, 1101 15th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20005 Address Services Requested U.S.-Iranian Relations: An Analytic Compendium of U.S. Policies, Laws, and Regulations U.S.-Iranian Relations: An Analytic Compendium of U.S. Policies, Laws, and Regulations The Atlantic Council is a non partisan organization that promotes constructive U.S. leadership and engagement in international affairs based on the central role of the Atlantic community in meeting the global challenges of the 21st century. 1101 15th St. NW • 11th Floor • Washington, DC 20005 • 202-778-4950 • acus.org February 2011 The Atlantic Council’s Board of Directors The Atlantic Council promotes constructive U.S. leadership and engagement in international affairs based on the central role of the Atlantic community in meeting the international challenges of the 21st century. The Council embodies a non-partisan network of leaders who aim to bring ideas to power and to give power to ideas by stimulating dialogue and discussion about critical international issues with a view to enriching public debate and promoting consensus on appropriate responses in the Administration, the Congress, the corporate and nonprofit sectors, and the media in the United States and among leaders in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. The Council is also among the few forums conducting educational and exchange programs for successor generations of U.S. leaders so that they will come to value U.S. international engagement and have the knowledge and understanding necessary to develop effective policies. Through its diverse networks, the Council builds broad constituencies to support constructive U.S. leadership and policies. Used different list for Feb 2011 Compendium Its program offices publish informational analyses, convene conferences among current and/or future leaders, and contribute to the public debate in order to integrate the views of knowledgeable individuals from a wide variety of backgrounds, 04-05-2011 - part of text PDF interests and experiences. A rapidly evolving and uncertain world – in which new challenges and threats can develop either suddenly or over time – demands a reevaluation of traditional security relationships and strategies. The Council’s Program on International Security examines U.S. relationships with allies and adversaries in an effort to build consensus around policies that contribute to a more stable, secure and well-governed world. U.S.-Iranian Relations: An Analytic Compendium of U.S. Policies, Laws, and Regulations February, 2011 Foreword U.S.-Iranian Relations: An Analytic Compendium of U.S. Policies, laws, and Regulations Adversarial relationships, such as those between the This analytic compendium was prepared by Dr. Katzman United States and Iran, are always subject to sudden in his personal capacity as a longtime expert on Iran. It change. In cases where this has occurred, adjusting to does not refl ect the views of the Congressional Research that change has always been more complicated than Service, where he is a Middle East expert, or of the Library anticipated. In the case of the United States and Iran, we of Congress or any Member of the U.S. Congress. must factor in the additional complication of three decades of estrangement that began with the November 4, 1979 This project is made possible by a grant from the seizure of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, and a subsequent United States Institute of Peace. The opinions, fi ndings, break in offi cial relations that continues today. Increasingly conclusions and recommendations expressed in this frequent offi cial contact concerning Iran’s nuclear program publication are those of the author and do not necessarily and its infl uence in Iraq and Afghanistan only increases refl ect the views of the United States Institute of Peace, the the urgency of considering the implications of a changed Atlantic Council or any others. relationship. Although the timing and conditions of a tipping point toward better U.S.-Iran relations cannot be foreseen, The Council also wants to thank Ken Katzman for his and although a worsening of those relations is also thorough research and insightful analysis. In addition, possible, it is nevertheless useful to think about how we we are grateful to Dick Nelson, the Project Director would proceed in a more positive direction. and to the Steering Group composed of Flynt Leverett, George Perkovich and Judith Yaphe for their important With that in mind, the Atlantic Council of the United States contributions to this effort. Magnus Nordenman helped edit in a project led by Dick Nelson and Kenneth Katzman and format the Compendium. provides here a crucial reference document of the policies, laws and regulations that currently govern U.S.-relations Frederick Kempe with Iran. This would be the starting point from which the President and CEO desired changes must proceed. It is part of an Atlantic Council series that deals with the process of reversing adversarial relationships once geopolitical conditions on both sides permit such changes. i Table .of .Contents Section .1 . .Overview . 1 Section .2 . .Major .Policy .Statements . .3 President Obama’s 2009 Nowruz Message . 3 President Obama’s Address at Cairo University, June 4, 2009 . 4 Statements by President Obama on the Iranian Presidential Election . 5 President Obama’s 2010 Nowruz Speech . 7 President Bush’s Nowruz Message in 2008 . 8 President Bush’s “Axis of Evil” State of the Union Message . 9 Memorandum Outlining “Grand Bargain” Between Iran and the United States . .10 Section .3 . .Terrorism-Related .Sanctions . ..13 State Department Report on Terrorism for 2009: Discussion of Iran . .13 Export Administration Act . .14 Arms Export Control Act . .23 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 . .28 List of Iran-Related Foreign Terrorist Organizations . .34 Foreign Terrorist Organizations . 34 Executive Order 13224 (September 23, 2001) . .36 Major Iranian Entities Designated Under 13224 . .39 Executive Order 13438 of July 17, 2007 . .40 Entities Designated Under Executive Order 13438 as Threatening Iraqi Stability . .42 Section .4 . .International .Sanctions . 45 Excerpts of 2003 IAEA Report Outlining Iran’s Nuclear Program . .45 2004 “Paris Agreement” . .49 Iran-EU Agreement on Nuclear Programme . .50 UN Security Council Resolution 1737 . .51 UN Security Council Resolution 1747 . .55 UN Security Council Resolution 1803 . .60 UN Security Council Resolution 1929 . .63 Text of Resolution 1929 . ..64 Section .5 . .U .S . .Proliferation .Sanctions . .73 Executive Order 13382 of June 28, 2005 . .73 Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and Energy Policy Act of 2005 . .79 Table of Contents (continued) Iran-Syria-North Korea Non-Proliferation Act (P.L. 106-178, March 14, 2000, as amended) . 81 Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 . .87 Section .6 . Trade .and .Investment .Sanctions . .91 Trade and Investment Ban: Executive Order 12959 of May 6, 1995 and Executive Order 13059 of August 19, 1997 . 91 Major Treasury Department Regulations Implementing or Modifying the Trade Ban . .94 The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) - A Major “Secondary Sanction” . .102 The Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (CISADA, P.L. 111-195) . 112 Section .7 . Banking .Sanctions . .127 Treasury Department Ban on Iranian Banks’ Access to U.S. Financial System . .127 Section 104 of CISADA (P.L. 111-195) . .128 Section .8 . Foreign .Assistance .Sanctions . .131 Foreign Assistance Act Restrictions on Aid to Iran (and Other State Sponsors of Terrorism) . .131 Withholding of United States Proportionate Share for Certain Programs of International Organizations . .132 Ban on Direct and Indirect Aid to Iran . .134 Secondary Sanction: Restriction on Aid to the Russian Federation for Assisting Iran . .134 Section .9 . Diplomatic .Interactions, .Exchanges, .and .Assets-Related .Issues . .137 Regulations Allowing People-To-People Contacts and Diplomatic Interaction . .137 Major Regulations Controlling the Dispostion of Iranian Assets Held in the United States . .144 Blocked Iranian Assets Held in the United States . .145 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002: Use of Iranian Assets to Pay Terrorism Judgments . .145 Section .10 . Human .Rights .and .Democracy .Promotion . ..
Recommended publications
  • Iran Nuclear Programme: Revisiting the Nuclear Debate

    Iran Nuclear Programme: Revisiting the Nuclear Debate

    Journal of Power, Politics & Governance June 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 223-227 ISSN: 2372-4919 (Print), 2372-4927 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development Iran Nuclear Programme: Revisiting the Nuclear Debate Khurshid Ahmad Mir1 The trajectory of the nuclear program of Iran dates back to the 1950s. The nuclear programme of Iran was assisted by the west in general and the United States of America in particular as part of the Atoms for Peace program (Roe, 2007). The United States and Western European governments continued to support the Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The revolution of 1979 toppled the Shah of Iran (Iran Affairs, 2006). It was 1957 when Iran and The United States of America signed a civil nuclear co-operation agreement. The agreement was signed as a part of the U.S. Atoms for Peace program. As a confidence building measure Iran signed the Partial nuclear test ban treaty (PTBT) on August 9, 1963: and ratified it on December 23, 1963. And more importantly, in July 1968 Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and latter ratified it. Therefore, there was a marriage between the West and Iran and under the Shah regime, Iran initiated a series of motivated nuclear projects that relied on assistance and backing from the United States of America and Europe. The support from the west made it possible for Iran to launch a nuclear programme which presently seems a global concern. The revolution of 1979 in Iran brought a tremendous change in the policies of the Iran.
  • Modernizing the Public Space: Gender Identities

    Modernizing the Public Space: Gender Identities

    MODERNIZING THE PUBLIC SPACE: GENDER IDENTITIES, MULTIPLE MODERNITIES, AND SPACE POLITICS IN TEHRAN A DISSERTATION IN Geosciences and Sociology Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by NAZGOL BAGHERI Bachelor of Architecture, 2004 Bachelor of Computer Science, 2006 Master of Urban Design, 2007 Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Kansas City, Missouri 2013 © 2013 NAZGOL BAGHERI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED MODERNIZING THE PUBLIC SPACE: GENDER IDENTITIES, MULTIPLE MODERNITIES, AND SPACE POLITICS IN TEHRAN Nazgol Bagheri, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2013 ABSTRACT After the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, surprisingly, the presence of Iranian women in public spaces dramatically increased. Despite this recent change in women’s presence in public spaces, Iranian women, like in many other Muslim-majority societies in the Middle East, are still invisible in Western scholarship, not because of their hijabs but because of the political difficulties of doing field research in Iran. This dissertation serves as a timely contribution to the limited post-revolutionary ethnographic studies on Iranian women. The goal, here, is not to challenge the mainly Western critics of modern and often privatized public spaces, but instead, is to enrich the existing theories through including experiences of a more diverse group. Focusing on the women’s experience, preferences, and use of public spaces in Tehran through participant observation and interviews, photography, architectural sketching as well as GIS spatial analysis, I have painted a picture of the complicated relationship between the architecture styles, the gendering of spatial boundaries, and the contingent nature of public spaces that goes beyond the simple dichotomy of female- male, private-public, and modern-traditional.
  • The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality Jacques E

    The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality Jacques E

    ROUNDTABLE: NONPROLIFERATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality Jacques E. C. Hymans* uclear weapons proliferation is at the top of the news these days. Most recent reports have focused on the nuclear efforts of Iran and North N Korea, but they also typically warn that those two acute diplomatic headaches may merely be the harbingers of a much darker future. Indeed, foreign policy sages often claim that what worries them most is not the small arsenals that Tehran and Pyongyang could build for themselves, but rather the potential that their reckless behavior could catalyze a process of runaway nuclear proliferation, international disorder, and, ultimately, nuclear war. The United States is right to be vigilant against the threat of nuclear prolifer- ation. But such vigilance can all too easily lend itself to exaggeration and overreac- tion, as the invasion of Iraq painfully demonstrates. In this essay, I critique two intellectual assumptions that have contributed mightily to Washington’s puffed-up perceptions of the proliferation threat. I then spell out the policy impli- cations of a more appropriate analysis of that threat. The first standard assumption undergirding the anticipation of rampant pro- liferation is that states that abstain from nuclear weapons are resisting the dictates of their narrow self-interest—and that while this may be a laudable policy, it is also an unsustainable one. According to this line of thinking, sooner or later some external shock, such as an Iranian dash for the bomb, can be expected to jolt many states out of their nuclear self-restraint.
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 63/Wednesday, April 1, 2020/Notices

    Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 63/Wednesday, April 1, 2020/Notices

    18334 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 63 / Wednesday, April 1, 2020 / Notices DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY a.k.a. CHAGHAZARDY, MohammadKazem); Subject to Secondary Sanctions; Gender DOB 21 Jan 1962; nationality Iran; Additional Male; Passport D9016371 (Iran) (individual) Office of Foreign Assets Control Sanctions Information—Subject to Secondary [IRAN]. Sanctions; Gender Male (individual) Identified as meeting the definition of the Notice of OFAC Sanctions Actions [NPWMD] [IFSR] (Linked To: BANK SEPAH). term Government of Iran as set forth in Designated pursuant to section 1(a)(iv) of section 7(d) of E.O. 13599 and section AGENCY: Office of Foreign Assets E.O. 13382 for acting or purporting to act for 560.304 of the ITSR, 31 CFR part 560. Control, Treasury. or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, BANK 11. SAEEDI, Mohammed; DOB 22 Nov ACTION: Notice. SEPAH, a person whose property and 1962; Additional Sanctions Information— interests in property are blocked pursuant to Subject to Secondary Sanctions; Gender SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of the E.O. 13382. Male; Passport W40899252 (Iran) (individual) Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets 3. KHALILI, Jamshid; DOB 23 Sep 1957; [IRAN]. Control (OFAC) is publishing the names Additional Sanctions Information—Subject Identified as meeting the definition of the of one or more persons that have been to Secondary Sanctions; Gender Male; term Government of Iran as set forth in Passport Y28308325 (Iran) (individual) section 7(d) of E.O. 13599 and section placed on OFAC’s Specially Designated [IRAN]. 560.304 of the ITSR, 31 CFR part 560. Nationals and Blocked Persons List Identified as meeting the definition of the 12.
  • Oman Embarks on New Yemen Diplomacy

    Oman Embarks on New Yemen Diplomacy

    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.13960 Monday JUNE 7, 2021 Khordad 17, 1400 Shawwal 26, 1442 Qatar calls for dialogue I know Bahrain like Tehran, Seoul expected Iran’s “Statue” tops at between Iran and back of my hand: to resume trade within VAFI & RAFI animation Arab neighbors Page 3 Dragan Skocic Page 3 3 months Page 4 festival Page 8 Candidates face each other in first televised debate Oman embarks on new TEHRAN – The first televised debates Some analysts said the debates had no among seven presidential candidates were clear winner and that candidates mostly held on Saturday afternoon. trade accusations against each other rather The hot debates took place between five than elaborate on their plans. principlist candidates - especially Saeed Hemmati was claiming that most can- See page 3 Jalili, Alireza Zakani, and Mohsen Rezaei didates were making attacks against him - with Nasser Hemmati. which was not fair. Yemen diplomacy The main contention was over an ap- A presidential candidate, Nasser Imani, proval of FATF and skyrocketing prices, said the days left to the election day are which most candidates held the central important. bank responsible for. Continued on page 2 Iran, EAEU soon to begin talks over establishing free trade zone TEHRAN - Iran and the Eurasian Economic tee, on the sidelines of the St. Petersburg Union (EAEU) are set to begin negotiations International Economic Forum. on a full-fledged joint free trade zone in “The EAEU made the appropriate de- the near future, the press service of the cisions regarding the launch of the nego- Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) tiations in December 2020.
  • See the Document

    See the Document

    IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways
  • Iran-Related Designation Updates; Issuance of Iran-Related General License; Publication of Iran-Related Frequently Asked Questions

    Iran-Related Designation Updates; Issuance of Iran-Related General License; Publication of Iran-Related Frequently Asked Questions

    Iran-related Designation Updates; Issuance of Iran-related General License; Publication of Iran-related Frequently Asked Questions The following changes have been made to OFAC's SDN List: AMIN INVESTMENT BANK (a.k.a. AMINIB), No. 51 Ghobadiyan Street, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1968917173, Iran; Website http://www.aminib.com [IRAN]. -to- AMIN INVESTMENT BANK (a.k.a. AMINIB; a.k.a. "AMIN 1B"), No. 51 Ghobadiyan Street, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1968917173, Iran; Website http://www.aminib.com; Additional Sanctions Information - Subject to Secondary Sanctions [IRAN] [IRAN-E013902]. BANK KESHAVARZI IRAN (a.k.a. AGRICULTURAL BANK OF IRAN; a.k.a. BANK KESHAVARZI), PO Box 14155-6395, 129 Patrice Lumumba St, Jalal-al-Ahmad Expressway, Tehran 14454, Iran; all offices worldwide [IRAN]. -to- BANK KESHAVARZI IRAN (a.k.a. AGRICULTURAL BANK OF IRAN; a.k.a. BANK KESHAVARZI), PO Box 14155-6395, 129 Patrice Lumumba St, Jalal-al-Ahmad Expressway, Tehran 14454, Iran; Website www.agri- bank.com; alt. Website www.bki.ir; Additional Sanctions Information - Subject to Secondary Sanctions; all offices worldwide [IRAN] [IRAN-E013902]. BANK MASKAN (a.k.a. HOUSING BANK (OF IRAN)), PO Box 11365/5699, No 247 3rd Floor Fedowsi Ave, Cross Sarhang Sakhaei St, Tehran, Iran; all offices worldwide [IRAN]. -to- BANK MASKAN (a.k.a. HOUSING BANK - OF IRAN), PO Box 11365/5699, No 247 3rd Floor Fedowsi Ave, Cross Sarhang Sakhaei St, Tehran, Iran; P.O. Box 11365-3499, Ferdowsi Ave, Cross Sarhang Sakhaie St, Tehran, Iran; Website www.bank-maskan.ir; Additional Sanctions Information - Subject to Secondary Sanctions; all offices worldwide [IRAN] [IRAN-E013902].
  • The Changing Dynamics of Middle East Politics: Implications For

    The Changing Dynamics of Middle East Politics: Implications For

    The Changing Dynamics of Middle East Politics: Implications for Pakistan 2001-2015 This thesis is submitted to University of the Punjab in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in International Relations Submitted by Uzma Naz Roll no 01 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore. 2018 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICENT AND THE MOST MERCIFUL Declaration I hereby declare that thesis is a presentation of my original research work and I have not submitted this thesis to any other University or Institute for any degree whatsoever. Wherever contributions of others are involved, every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature, and acknowledgement of collaborative research and discussions. The research work was done under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid, at the Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Researcher’s Name: Uzma Naz Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ___________________________________________ In my capacity as supervisor of the candidate’s thesis, I certify that the above statements are true to the best of my knowledge. Supervisor’s Name: Prof. Dr.Iram Khalid Signature: ______________________________ Date: ___________________________________ i Research Completion Certificate This is to certify that MissUzma Naz, Roll No: 01, Doctor of Philosophy research scholar, Session (2014-18) has successfully completed his thesis under my supervision. I also certify that the research has been carried out and completed by the researcher. Supervisor: Professor Dr. Iram Khalid Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore Signature: Date: ii Certificate of Approval This is to certify that, Mrs.
  • The Israeli Strategy Vis-À-Vis the Us Foreign Policy in the Iran Nuclear Deal

    The Israeli Strategy Vis-À-Vis the Us Foreign Policy in the Iran Nuclear Deal

    ULB- LUISS Double Degree Master’s Degree in International Relations, Major in: Political violence and Security Practices ( ULB) Geopolitical Scenarios and Political risk (LUISS) Master’s dissertation: THE ISRAELI STRATEGY VIS-À-VIS THE US FOREIGN POLICY IN THE IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL SUPERVISORS Prof. Christian Olsson (ULB) Prof. Giuseppe Scognamiglio (LUISS) CANDIDATE Michela Muscau (638382) CO-SUPERVISOR Prof. Gregory Alegi (LUISS) 0 1 Alla mia famiglia, A Davide e a mio Padre, a chi non smette di credere. 2 TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................................................................................................... II ACRONYMS/ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ........................................................................................................................... III SUMMARY. ............................................................................................................................................................................. I INTRODUCTION. .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: PREMISES AND THEORY. .......................................................................................... 5 METHODOLOGY. ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS.
  • Highlights of Iran's Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons

    Highlights of Iran's Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons

    INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY REPORT Highlights of Iran’s Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons By David Albright with Sarah Burkhard and the Good ISIS Team August 25, 2021 Iran’s Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons chronicles the Islamic Republic of Iran’s effort to acquire nuclear weapons. It started slowly, building to a crash nuclear weapons program in the early 2000s to create five nuclear weapons and an industrial complex to produce many more. Under international pressure, fearful of military attack, the program was driven to downsize and deeper secrecy. Nonetheless, Iran remains on the brink of becoming a nuclear weapons power; its nuclear material production capabilities stronger than ever, its weaponization capabilities lurking under the surface. But just how close did Iran get to nuclear weapons during its crash program and how close is it today? Up until the events of a cold, clear night in January 2018, the world could only guess. In a dramatic nighttime raid, the Israeli Foreign Intelligence Service Mossad broke into a warehouse in Tehran and seized a large cache of documents detailing Iran’s darkest and long- denied secret. The Amad Plan, the codename for its crash nuclear weapons program, was far larger and made much more progress than previously known. Containing many top secret details, the seized documents offer unprecedented insights into Iran’s progress—and the hurdles it faced in building nuclear weapons. With what Iran learned about building nuclear weapons during the Amad Plan, combined with its subsequent accomplishments, the Islamic Republic has developed a sophisticated capability to make nuclear weapons.
  • Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy

    Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy

    Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs August 14, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32048 Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy Summary Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests, including the security of the Persian Gulf region. In 2014, a common adversary emerged in the form of the Islamic State organization, reducing gaps in U.S. and Iranian regional interests, although the two countries have often differing approaches over how to try to defeat the group. The finalization on July 14, 2015, of a “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA) between Iran and six negotiating powers could enhance Iran’s ability to counter the United States and its allies in the region, but could also pave the way for cooperation to resolve some of the region’s several conflicts. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran’s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies. A perceived potential threat from Iran’s nuclear program emerged in 2002, and the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to try to ensure that the program is verifiably confined to purely peaceful purposes. The international pressure contributed to the June 2013 election as president of Iran of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani, who campaigned as an advocate of ending Iran’s international isolation.
  • Masaryk University, Brno

    Masaryk University, Brno

    MASARYK UNIVERSITY, BRNO Faculty of Social Studies Department of International Relations and European Studies Political influence of Iran in the Middle East after 2003 Bachelor‟s thesis Author: Oleg Kuznetsov (UČO 330969) MVZ-EVS 2013 Supervisor: PhDr. Pavel Pšeja, Ph.D. Brno 2013 I hereby declare that this thesis I submit for assessment is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Date: Signature 2 Acknowledgment: As the author of this thesis, first of all I would like to thank my supervisor PhDr. Pavel Pšeja Ph.D. for his patience, help, and advices during writing this work. I would like to acknowledge my family for giving me moral support during writing the thesis. I also would like to acknowledge Ms. Shahira Amin and Rohit Jobanputra for their support, kindness and friendship. 3 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 I) Iran’s overview ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Iran’s political system and overview of the country ......................................................................................