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The Changing Dynamics of Middle East Politics: Implications For The Changing Dynamics of Middle East Politics: Implications for Pakistan 2001-2015 This thesis is submitted to University of the Punjab in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in International Relations Submitted by Uzma Naz Roll no 01 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore. 2018 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICENT AND THE MOST MERCIFUL Declaration I hereby declare that thesis is a presentation of my original research work and I have not submitted this thesis to any other University or Institute for any degree whatsoever. Wherever contributions of others are involved, every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature, and acknowledgement of collaborative research and discussions. The research work was done under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid, at the Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Researcher’s Name: Uzma Naz Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ___________________________________________ In my capacity as supervisor of the candidate’s thesis, I certify that the above statements are true to the best of my knowledge. Supervisor’s Name: Prof. Dr.Iram Khalid Signature: ______________________________ Date: ___________________________________ i Research Completion Certificate This is to certify that MissUzma Naz, Roll No: 01, Doctor of Philosophy research scholar, Session (2014-18) has successfully completed his thesis under my supervision. I also certify that the research has been carried out and completed by the researcher. Supervisor: Professor Dr. Iram Khalid Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore Signature: Date: ii Certificate of Approval This is to certify that, Mrs. Uzma Naz has successfully completed his thesis. The thesis has been approved by the DDPC of Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, for the award of Doctoral of Philosophy degree in International Relations. Approved by DDPC Chairperson: _______________________________ Supervisor: ________________________________ External: __________________________________ iii Dedication My Parents (Ch. Nazir Ahmad Late, Mumtaz Begum) My supervisor (Dr. Iram Khalid) My Siblings (Ch. Babar Nazir, Najma Nazir) My Brother in Law (Ghazanfar Iqbal) iv Abstract This study is planned to examine the changing dynamics of Middle Eastern politics and implications to Pakistan. Middle East is one of the consequential regions of the world in term of oil richness, geopolitical situations and holy places. The internal politics of Middle East is rotating around ideological, ethnic and territorial disputes of states. The security situation of the Middle East is becoming complex in nature due to involvement of external forces as well. Another aspect of this research work is to explore the implications of the incidents taking place in the Middle East. Pakistan, in the context of inter-regional implications of Middle Eastern political scenario, is taken in to account as case study. The strategic, economic and political magnetism has brought together major powers around the Middle Eastern region with multiple interests and motivations. In the prevailing security complex of Middle Eastern region these superpowers have not only a significant role but also a crucial strategic posture. Since the time of mandate system superpowers have exert their presence and they have played their role. Especially in the aftermath of Arab Spring, US, Russia and China have great role to play in the consolidation of this region. Power politics between US and Russia and between Iran and Saudi Arabia has generated Middle Eastern in-groups that are composed of Iran and Russia, US and Saudi Arabia. The consequent conflicts of realistic nature generated by above mentioned groups carry out the goals of establishing hegemony on regional and eventually on global level. It seems ass the purpose of this hegemony is to control natural resources of the Middle East along with the containment of their rival groups by all possible ways and means. While in the Middle Eastern region identity is constituted on both ethnic and religious basis which provides ample room for political disorientation. The effects of Middle Eastern conflict are not bound to regional borders. The Middle East based challenge like religious fundamentalism, sectarian aggression also influence Pakistan a lot. The study concluded that, in such grim political scenario consensus building process is suggested to be built on the humanitarian basis rather than on the basis of any political connotation. In order to give this consensus a legitimate semblance, there is dire need to flourish political socialization and a participative political culture to bring about political consensus on humanitarian basis and a workable regional political mechanism. As hypothesized for this research, unless these complex security issues are taken up with the prescribed sagacity, viable peace in the region would be a far cry. v Acknowledgements After sending Quintillions of Darood-o-Salam on the last Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), I am grateful to Allah Subhanahuwata’ala for His Countless Blessings and Mercies who provided me the strength and sources to complete this long journey. It is equally true that such kind of research is nearly impossible to be done without the help and support of the people around us. I am grateful to all those kind figures who were always there when I struck in any difficulty during this enormous research. My fathomless gratitude goes to my supervisor Professor Dr. Iram Khalid, Department of Political Science for her untiring support and meticulous readings of innumerable drafts of this thesis. Her prodigious knowledge, patience, guidance, motivation, encouragement, continued support and understanding of international affairs are cornerstones in completing this study. Her wisdom, intellect and optimism remained unconditional and intrinsic components in this most arduous task. I could not have imagined having a better Supervisor and mentor for my Ph.D. study. She also escorted and guided me in compiling list of interviewee. Besides my supervisor I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid, chairperson, Political Science department Dr. Rana Eijaz Ahmad, Dr Rehana Saeed Hashmi and the entire faculty of the Political Science Department for their expertise and insightful comments, but also for the hard questions which incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. I am also hugely appreciative to Dr. Pervaiz Ahmad Khan Chairman Chief Minister Inspection Team (CMIT) especially for sharing his expertise so willingly, and for being so dedicated to guide me for interviews to other officials and their precious insight provided multiple directions of this research project. My profound gratitude goes to Farhan Aziz Khawaja, directing staff NSPP National Management College who has been a truly dedicated to help me in collecting questionnaire and arranging interviews, he was encouraging and generous with their time. My cordial thanks to Mr. Ali Ahmad Arain Director General Foreign Office, Dr. Israr Hussain, Ambassador, Mr. Ameer Khurram Rathore DCM Pak Embassy Berlin. They extended their support and valuable comments about this research Project. It is necessary to quote there have been thoughtful vi discussions with some important dignitaries who have shared valuable information pertaining to their own particular field. My sincere gratifications are for all the diplomats, bureaucrats, politicians, analysts and academicians who provided me their valuable time for interviews and requisite data for this study. Although it was not an easy task to manage time and commitment from ambassadors and officials of foreign office, as they have busy schedules. I am thankful to the staff of Seminar Library of the Department of Political Science, University of Punjab, the Central Library of the University of Punjab, Center of South Asian Studies, Pakistan Study Center, Quaid-i-Azam Library, Lahore, the Punjab Public Library Lahore and all those individuals who helped me in collecting and arranging material and relevant data. This research also included field work. I am thankful to all students and general public for providing their generous views. At the same place all those individual thanks who helped me in conducting surveys and collecting and arranging acquired data. I am grateful to my sibling and parents who have provided me through moral and emotional support in my life. I am also grateful to my other family members and friends who have supported me along the way. Uzma Naz vii List of Abbreviations ADL Anti-defamation League AIOC Anglo Iranian Oil Company AIPAC America Israel Public Affairs Committee ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CIA Central Intelligence Agency CISADA Comprehensive Iran Sanction and Disinvestment Act CENTO Central Treaty Organization CPEC China Pakistan Economic Corridor EU European Union ECO Economic Cooperation Organization EIA Energy information Administration GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product IAEA International Atomic energy Agency ILSA Iran- Libya Sanctions Act IRGC Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ICMS Inter Continental Ballistic Missile ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria IAEC International Atomic Energy Commission IFRL International Freight Rail Line JAF Jordanian armed forces JCPOA Joint comprehensive plan of action viii KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia LNG Liquified
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