Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair 1 Volume 1987

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair 1 Volume 1987 Union Calendar No 277 100th Congress 1st Session S Rept No 100-216 H Rept No 100-433 Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair Appendix B Volume 24 Depositions Daniel K Inouye Chairman Senate Select Committee Lee H Hamilton Chairman House Select Committee U.S Senate Select Committee U.S House of Representatives On Secret Military Assistance to Iran Select Committee to Investigate And the Nicaraguan Opposition Covert Arms Transactions with Iran November 13 1987.-Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed November 17 1987.-Ordered to be printed Washington 1988 United *tats matt SELECTCOMMITTEEONSECRETMILITARY ASSISTANCETOIRANANDTHENICARAGUANOPPOSITION WASHINGTONDC20510-6480 555.5.1555 March1 1988 HonorableJohnC Stennis Presidentpro tempore unitedStates Senate WashingtonD.C DearMr President Wehavethe pleasureto transmitherewith pursuantto SenateResolution23 AppendixBto the final Reportof the SenateSelect CommitteeonSecretMilitaryAssistanceto Iran andthe NicaraguanOpposition Wewill submitsuchother volumes of Appendicesto the Reportas are authorizedandas they become available Sincerely DanielK In,uye Warren Rudman Chairman ViceChairman III HG U.S HOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES SELECTCOMMITTEETOINVESTIGATE COVERTARMSTRANSACTIONSWITHIRAN sss UNITEDSTATESCAPITOL WASHINGTONDC20515 (202)225-7902 March1 1988 TheHonorableJimWright Speakerof the House U S Capitol WashingtonDC 20515 DearMr Speaker Pursuantto the provisionsof HouseResolutions12and 330andHouseConcurrentResolution195 100thCongress1st Session I transmitherewithAppendixBto the Reportof the CongressionalCommitteesInvestigatingthe Iran-ContraAffair HouseReportNo 100-433100thCongress1st Session AppendixBconsists of the depositionstakenbythe Select Committeesduringthe investigation Thecontentsof AppendixBhavebeendeclassifiedfo elease to the public Si er ly yours V United States Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance To Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition Daniel K Inouye Hawaii Chairman Warren Rudman New Hampshire Vice Chairman George J Mitchell Maine Sam Nunn Georgia Paul S Sarbanes Maryland Howell T Heflin Alabama David L Boren Oklahoma James A McClure Idaho Orrin G Hatch Utah William S Cohen Maine Paul S Trible Jr. Virginia Arthur L Liman ChiefCounsel Mark A Belnick Paul Barbadoro ExecutiveAssistant DeputyChiefCounsel To the ChiefCounsel Mary Jane Checchi ExecutiveDirector LanceI Morgan Press Officer VI United States House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran Lee H Hamilton Indiana Chairman Dante B Fascell Florida Vice Chairman Thomas S Foley Washington Peter W Rodino Jr. New Jersey Jack Brooks Texas Louis Stokes Ohio Les Aspin Wisconsin Edward P Boland Massachusetts Ed Jenkins Georgia Dick Cheney Wyoming Ranking Republican Wm S Broomfield Michigan Henry J Hyde Illinois Jim Courter New Jersey Bill McCollum Florida Michael DeWine Ohio John W Nields Jr ChiefCounsel W Neil Eggleston DeputyChiefCounsel KevinC Miller StaffDirector ThomasR Smeeton MinorityStaffDirector GeorgeW Van Cleve ChiefMinorityCounsel RichardJ Leon DeputyChiefMinorityCounsel VII United States Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition ArthurL Liman ChiefCounsel MarkA Belnick PaulBarbadoro ExecutiveAssistant DeputyChiefCounsel to theChiefCounsel MaryJaneChecchi ExecutiveDirector LanceI Morgan PressOfficer AssociateCounsels CH AlbrightJr W T McGoughJr DanielFinn RichardD Parry C H Holmes JohnD Saxon JamesE Kaplan TerryA Smiljanich CharlesM Kerr TimothyC Woodcock JoelP Lisker Committee Staff AssistantCounsels StevenD Arkin* StaffAssistants JohnK Appleby IsabelK McGinty RuthBalin JohnR Monsky RobertE Esler VictoriaF Nourse KenFoster* LegalCounsel PhilipBobbitt MartinH Garvey Intelligence/ForeignRandH Fishbein RachelD Kaganoff* PolicyAnalysts ThomasPolgar CraigL Keller Investigators LawrenceR HawleyK EmbreySr Manwarring DavidE Faulkner StephenG Miller HenryJ Flynn JennieL Pickford* PressAssistant SamuelHirsch MichaelA Raynor GeneralAccounting JohnJ Cronin JosephD OfficeDetailees OlgaE Johnson Smallwood* JohnC Martin KristinK Trenholm MelindaSuddes* ThomasE Tremble RobertWagner BruceVaughn LouisH Zanardi AdministrativeStaff LauraJ Ison SecurityOfficer BenjaminC HilaryPhillips Marshall WinifredAWilliams* SecurityAssistants Georgiana Secretaries NancyS Durflinger Badovinac ShariD Jenifer DavidCarty KathrynA Momot KimLasater CindyPearson ScottR Thompson DebraS Sheffield* ChiefClerk JudithM Keating* Receptionist RamonaH Green DeputyChiefClerk ScottR Ferguson ComputerCenter PrestonSweet Detailee VIII Committee Members Designated Liaison SenatorInouye PeterSimons SenatorBoren SvenHolmes SenatorRudman WilliamV Cowan BlytheThomas ThomasC Polgar SenatorMcClure JackGerard SenatorMitchell RichardH SenatorHatch DeeV Benson Arenberg JamesG Phillips SenatorNunn EleanoreHill SenatorCohen JamesDykstra JeffreyH Smith L BrittSnider SenatorSarbanes FrederickMilihiser SenatorTrible RichardCullen SenatorHeflin ThomasJ Young Part Time* AssistantCounsel PeterV Letsou DocumentAnalyst LyndalL Shaneyfelt HearingsCoordinatorJoanM Ansheles Historian EdwardL Keenan StaffAssistants EdwardP Volunteers LewisLiman FlahertyJr CatherineRoe BarbaraH Hummell SusanWalsh Interns DavidG Wiencek NonaBalaban EdwardE EldridgeIII ElizabethJ Glennie StephenA Higginson LauraT Kunian JuliaF Kogan CatherineL Udell *ThestaffmemberwasnotwiththeSelectCommitteewhentheReportwasfiledbuthad during thelifeoftheCommitteeprovidedservices IX United States House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran Majority Staff JohnW NieldsJr ChiefCounsel W NeilEggleston DeputyChiefCounsel KevinC Miller StaffDirector SpecialDeputy CharlesTiefer Systems CatherineL ChiefCounsel Administrator Zimmer StaffCounsels KennethMBallen Systems CharlesG Ratcliff PatrickJ Carome Programmer/ StephenM V Thomas Analysts Rosenthal FrymanJr ExecutiveAssistant ElizabethS Wright PamelaJ StaffAssistants BonnieJ Brown Naughton ChristinaKalbouss JosephP Saba SandraL Koehler PressLiaison RobertJ Havel JanL Suter ChiefClerk EllenP Rayner KatherineE Urban AssistantClerk DebraM Cabral KristineWillie ResearchDirector LouisFisher MaryK Yount ResearchAssistants ChristineC Birmann JuliusM Genachowski RuthD Harvey JamesE Rosenthal Minority Staff ThomasR Smeeton MinorityStaffDirector GeorgeW VanCleve ChiefMinorityCounsel RichardJ Leon DeputyChiefMinorityCounsel AssociateMinority RobertW MinorityStaff MichaelJ Malbin Counsel Genzman Editor/Writer AssistantMinority KennethR Buck MinorityExecutive MollyW Tully Counsel Assistant MinorityResearch BruceE Fein MinorityStaff MargaretA Director Assistant Dillenburg X Committee Staff Investigators RobertA SecurityOfficers RafaelLuna Jr Bermingham TheresaM Martin JamesJ Black MilagrosMartinez ThomasN ClaytonC Miller Ciehanski AngelR Torres WilliamA Davis Editor JosephFoote III DeputyEditor LisaL Berger ClarkB Hall AssociateEditor NinaGraybill AllanE Hobron ProductionEditor MaryJ Scroggins RogerL Kreuzer HearingEditors DavidL White DonaldRemstein StephenG Regan JackW Taylor PrintingClerk GR Beckett TimothyE Traylor DirectorofSecurity BobbyE Pope Associate Staff Representative MichaelH Representative MichaelW Sheehy Hamilton VanDusen Boland ChristopherKojm Representative RobertH Brink Representative R SpencerOliver Jenkins Fascell BertD Hammond Representative StevenK Berry VictorZangla Broomfield DavidS Addington Representative HeatherS Foley Representative DianeS Doman Foley WernerW Brandt Hyde Representative M ElaineMielke Representative DennisE Teti Rodino JamesJ Courser Schweitzer Representative TinaL Westby Representative WilliamM Jones McCollum Brooks Representative NicholasP Wise Representative MichaelJ O'Neil DeWine Stokes RichardM Giza GeneralCounselto StevenR Ross Representative RichardE Clark theClerk Aspin WarrenL Nelson XI Contents Volume 24 Preface.XXI Rugg John J.1 Russo Vincent M.33 Sanchez Nestor.124 Scharf Lawrence.241 Schweitzer Robert L.319 Sciaroni Bretton G.889 Secord Richard V.983 Depositions Volume 1 Airline Proprietary Project Officer Alvarez Francisco J Allen Charles Arcos Cresencio Volume 2 Armitage Richard Artiano Martin L Associate DDO (CIA) Baker James A. III Barbules Lt Gen Peter Barnett Ana Bartlett Linda June Bastian James H Brady Nicholas F Brown Arthur E. Jr Volume 3 Byrne Phyllis M Calero Adolfo Castillo Tomas ("W") Cave George W C/CATF Volume 4 Channell Carl R Chapman John R (With Billy Ray Reyer) Chatham Benjamin P CIA Air Branch Chief CIA Air Branch Deputy Chief CIA Air Branch Subordinate CIA Chief CIA Communicator CIA Identity "A XV Volume 5 CIA Officer Clagett C Thomas Jr Clark Alfred (With Gregory Zink) Clarke George Clarridge Dewey R Cline Ray S C/NE Cohen Harold G Volume 6 Collier George E Cole Gary Communications Officer Headquarters CIA Conrad Daniel L Volume 7 Cooper Charles J Coors Joseph Corbin Joan Corr Edwin G Coward John C Coy Craig P Crawford Iain T.R Volume 8 Crawford Susan Crowe Adm William J Currier Kevin W DCM Country 15 DEA Agent 1 DEA Agent 2 DEA Agent 3 deGraffenreid Kenneth de la Torre Hugo Deputy Chief "DC Volume 9 Duemling Robert W DIA Major Dietel J Edwin Dowling Father Thomas Dutton Robert C Earl Robert XVI Volume 10 Farber Jacob Feldman Jeffrey Fischer David C Floor Emanuel A Former CIA Officer Fraser Donald Fraser Edie Fuller Craig L Volume 11 Furmark Roy Gadd Richard Gaffney Henry Gaffney Henry (With Glenn A Rudd) Galvin Gen John R Gantt Florence Garwood Ellen Clayton Gast Lt

  1162
Recommended publications
  • The Changing Dynamics of Middle East Politics: Implications For
    The Changing Dynamics of Middle East Politics: Implications for Pakistan 2001-2015 This thesis is submitted to University of the Punjab in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in International Relations Submitted by Uzma Naz Roll no 01 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore. 2018 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICENT AND THE MOST MERCIFUL Declaration I hereby declare that thesis is a presentation of my original research work and I have not submitted this thesis to any other University or Institute for any degree whatsoever. Wherever contributions of others are involved, every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature, and acknowledgement of collaborative research and discussions. The research work was done under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid, at the Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Researcher’s Name: Uzma Naz Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ___________________________________________ In my capacity as supervisor of the candidate’s thesis, I certify that the above statements are true to the best of my knowledge. Supervisor’s Name: Prof. Dr.Iram Khalid Signature: ______________________________ Date: ___________________________________ i Research Completion Certificate This is to certify that MissUzma Naz, Roll No: 01, Doctor of Philosophy research scholar, Session (2014-18) has successfully completed his thesis under my supervision. I also certify that the research has been carried out and completed by the researcher. Supervisor: Professor Dr. Iram Khalid Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore Signature: Date: ii Certificate of Approval This is to certify that, Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy
    Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs August 14, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32048 Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy Summary Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests, including the security of the Persian Gulf region. In 2014, a common adversary emerged in the form of the Islamic State organization, reducing gaps in U.S. and Iranian regional interests, although the two countries have often differing approaches over how to try to defeat the group. The finalization on July 14, 2015, of a “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA) between Iran and six negotiating powers could enhance Iran’s ability to counter the United States and its allies in the region, but could also pave the way for cooperation to resolve some of the region’s several conflicts. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran’s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies. A perceived potential threat from Iran’s nuclear program emerged in 2002, and the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to try to ensure that the program is verifiably confined to purely peaceful purposes. The international pressure contributed to the June 2013 election as president of Iran of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani, who campaigned as an advocate of ending Iran’s international isolation.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's New Security Environment Imperatives
    Iran’s New Security Environment Imperatives: Counter Containment or Engagement with the US Naser Hadian* and Shani Hormozi Abstract The Iran-US relations since 1979 Revolution have remained tension-ridden. Various efforts towards resolution of the sensitive and critical issues between them have failed to bear fruit. The present article looks into the state of these relations from the vantage of Iran’s security environment and how the U.S. policies, particularly since the 2001 occupation of Afghanistan and 2003 war of choice in Iraq, have dramatically affected Iran’s immediate security environment. The paper argues that as a result of the removal of the Taliban and Ba’athist regimes and the emergence of pro-Iran ruling coalitions in Afghanistan and Iraq, Iran’s regional stature and influence was enhanced, which also coincided with simultaneous shrinking of US material and symbolic resources in the region. The article also tries to shed light on the parameters of Iran 's security environment, decision making processes, sources of security and defense policies, which would help towards a better understanding of the reasons and rationale for the still tumultuous relations with the US, including in particular on Iran’s nuclear program. A review of the past U.S. strategies in dealing with Iran as well as of the alternative strategies currently on the table – Containment, Comprehensive and Selective Engagements, Military option – and Iran’s Counter Containment strategy, indicates that given the actual situation in the region a mere continuation of the past might simply prove impossible. A full-scale confrontation or a major reconciliation appears to be the only possible scenarios for the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Hostage Crisis
    Iran Hostage Crisis Summarize ½ pages Background In subsequent decades, this foreign intervention—along with issues like unequal development, political repression, corruption, pro-Israeli policies, and the un-Islamic opulent Western lifestyle of the Iranian elite—united radical Islamists and leftists, spurring the overthrow of the Shah's regime in the Iranian revolution. The Shah was exiled in January 1979. Following the Shah's overthrow, the U.S. attempted to mitigate the damage by finding a new relationship with the de facto Iranian government, but on October 22, 1979, the Shah, ailing from cancer, was admitted to the U.S. for medical treatment. This caused widespread anger in Iran. Furious at what he called "evidence of American plotting," revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini intensified rhetoric against "Great Satan," i.e. the United States. Events Muslim student followers of the Imam's line burn the American flag on the wall of the American Embassy in Tehran, shortly after seizing the compound.PlanningThe original idea to seize the American embassy was contrived by Ebrahim Asgharzadeh in September of 1979. The heads of the Islamic associations of the main universities of Tehran, including University of Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (polytechnic of Tehran), and the Iran University of Science and Technology, gathered. The students have denied that Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was involved.[ They wanted to inform him of their plan through Ayatollah Musavi Khoeyniha, but Musavi Khoeyniha couldn't inform him before the hostages were taken, so he only became aware of the action when hostages were taken. Later, Ruhollah Khomeini supported the seizure and called it, "The second revolution: The take-over of the American spy den in Tehran." Public opinion in Iran following the admission of the Shah to the United States on November 1, 1979, Iran's new Supreme Leader, the Islamic radical Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini urged his people to demonstrate against United States and Israeli interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Book
    HIZB' ALLAH IN LEBANON Hizb'allah in Lebanon The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis Magnus Ranstmp Department of International Relations University of St Andrews Fife Foreword by Terry Waite, CBE pal grave macmillan © Magnus Ranstorp 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997 978-0-333-64700-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1997 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-68401-6 ISBN 978-0-230-37750-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230377509 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Transferred to digital printing 2002 Published in the United States of America 1997 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran: Internal Politics and U.S
    Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options Updated March 6, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32048 Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options Summary Ever since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, the United States and Iran have been at odds, although to varying degrees of intensity. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran’s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran’s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. In 2010, the Obama Administration orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The pressure contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the July 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement—the “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA). That agreement exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran’s nuclear program, but did not contain binding limits on Iran’s ballistic missile program or any curbs on its regional influence or its human rights abuses. The Trump Administration cited these deficiencies of the JCPOA in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the JCPOA and re-impose all U.S. secondary sanctions by November 4, 2018. The stated intent of Trump Administration policy is to apply maximum economic pressure on Iran to compel it to change its behavior on the various issues of concern to the United States, particularly its support for pro-Iranian regimes and armed factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract of Dissertation
    Cooperation and Conflict Between Iran and America At The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Submitted by Maryam Moradi to the University of Exeter as a Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Research March 2010 This thesis is available for library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. 1 Acknowledgement I would like to express my thanks to Professor David J. Armstrong, my supervisor at the Department of Politics for his excellent advice, good supervision, many corrections and comments. I am extremely grateful to him for his tremendous support and encouragement for my field trip to The Hague. My acknowledgement also goes to Dr. John Heathershaw, my second supervisor, who gave his helpful comments. I must express my thanks to my external examiner Dr. Shahira Samy and my internal examiner Prof. Mick Dumper for their corrections, comments and help. I would also like to thank Exeter University, the Department of Politics, the Main Library, and the Law Library of Exeter University for the services and facilities they provided during my study. I would also like to appreciate the Peace Palace Library of the Netherlands for the service and sources they provided during my stay in The Hague. My appreciation also goes to the Library of the Bureau for the International Legal Services of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Intelligence Review, Volume 24, Number 24, June 6, 1997
    EIR Founder and Contributing Editor: Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. Editorial Board: Melvin Klenetsky, Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., Antony Papert, Gerald Rose, From the Associate Editor Dennis Small, Edward Spannaus, Nancy Spannaus, Jeffrey Steinberg, Webster Tarpley, William Wertz Associate Editor: Susan Welsh inally, the international press has begun to report on the genocide Managing Editors: John Sigerson, F Ronald Kokinda being perpetrated in Zaire by Laurent Kabila’s soldiers, backed by Science Editor: Marjorie Mazel Hecht Uganda’s Museveni and the British oligarchy. Had it not been for the Special Projects: Mark Burdman Book Editor: Katherine Notley role of EIR in forcing into public view the evidence of crimes against Advertising Director: Marsha Freeman humanity, the coverup would certainly still be going on. Even now, Circulation Manager: Stanley Ezrol you hear people say that we should not “demonize” Kabila; that we INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORS: “have to give him a chance to stabilize his government,” etc. Exactly Asia and Africa: Linda de Hoyos Counterintelligence: Jeffrey Steinberg, what was said in 1933, when Adolf Hitler came to power. Paul Goldstein Economics: Marcia Merry Baker, Since 1994, readers of EIR have known exactly what was going William Engdahl on in Africa’s Great Lakes region: History: Anton Chaitkin • Ibero-America: Robyn Quijano, Dennis Small Our cover story of Aug. 19, 1994, “The British Hand Behind Law: Edward Spannaus the Horror in Rwanda,” forecast that “without effective intervention Russia and Eastern Europe: Rachel Douglas, Konstantin George to bring a halt to British geopolitical designs for the destruction of United States: Kathleen Klenetsky the African nation-states and depopulation of the African continent, INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS: the horrific events that have taken place in Rwanda since early April Bogota´: Jose´ Restrepo Bonn: George Gregory, Rainer Apel 1994, will be repeated, on a far greater scale, in country after country.” Buenos Aires: Gerardo Tera´n • On Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism Victims Sue to Enjoin Sanctions Relief Under the Iran Nuclear Agreement
    Legal Sidebar Terrorism Victims Sue to Enjoin Sanctions Relief under the Iran Nuclear Agreement 08/27/2015 A group of plaintiffs who hold terrorism-related judgments against Iran has sued the State Department and the Department of the Treasury in order to preclude the Obama Administration from releasing Iranian frozen assets they say Congress intended for judgment-holders to use to satisfy the compensatory portions of their judgments, which amount to about $153 million, according to the complaint. They seek to preclude implementation of sanctions relief under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) to the extent that it unblocks frozen bank accounts. Each of the plaintiffs holds a judgment against Iran under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) exception for state sponsors of terrorism for its support of the terrorist acts that caused their injuries. The plaintiffs in this case represent a small portion of the total number of judgment creditors of Iran who have been awarded damages under the terrorism exception. Iran has racked up a debt of some $43.5 billion of unsatisfied damages in U.S. courts, about $20 billion of which represents compensatory damages. (See this chart.) The plaintiffs seek to satisfy the compensatory portions of their judgments by attaching Iranian blocked assets pursuant to section 201 of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA), which provides that: Notwithstanding any other provision of law... in every case in which a person has obtained a judgment against a terrorist party on a claim based upon an act of terrorism, or for which a terrorist party is not immune under [the FSIA terrorism exception], the blocked assets of that terrorist party (including the blocked assets of any agency or instrumentality of that terrorist party) shall be subject to execution or attachment in aid of execution in order to satisfy such judgment to the extent of any compensatory damages for which such terrorist party has been adjudged liable.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Sanctions
    Iran Sanctions Updated January 4, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20871 {222A0E69-13A2-4985-84AE-73CC3D FF4D02}- RS-048044163098222232140238255021054168155246022026112079081144080116141042000141076242222124196162214089179213131247242198067057058070197232223159149235082053167227015117047146049185221227214157147041229233230070250208206233104195087061084080 Iran Sanctions Summary U.S. sanctions have been used extensively by successive Administrations to try to achieve change in Iran’s behavior. Sanctions had a substantial effect on Iran’s economy and on some major strategic decisions, but little or no effect on Iran’s regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran’s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and Iran was unable to repatriate more than $120 billion in reserves held in banks abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from the international and U.S. secondary sanctions as the U.S. Administration waived relevant sanctions, revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and sanctions imposed on Iran’s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran’s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N.
    [Show full text]
  • When Politics Matter: Unilateral Power and Critical Executive Orders
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WHEN POLITICS MATTER: UNILATERAL POWER AND CRITICAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS Gilbert David Nuñez, Doctor of Philosophy, 2017 Dissertation directed by: Professor Irwin L. Morris, Department of Government and Politics Our observations of the political world are filled with examples of presidents who move policy with the stroke of a pen. The executive order, one of several tools available to presidents, is a primary example of unilateral governance wherein presidents change policy, create programs, and reorganize the government without a single vote in Congress. In political science, we study these demonstrations of executive action by paying attention to a subgroup of so-called “significant” executive orders, those with policy implications that garner the attention of other institutional actors (including the press). However, this broad category still covers a wide range of salience that muddles our understanding of how and when presidents use unilateral action. In the dissertation, I identify an even narrower set of “critical” executive orders that represent the most impactful unilateral actions of presidents. Focusing on these orders, I study the political context in which they are issued so that we can better understand the dynamics associated with greater presidential prolificacy in their unilateral governance. I use count models to identify the political factors that shape a president’s ability to issue such orders and find that divided government, polarization, presidential approval, the economy, war, and other timing variables all provide clues to the president on whether he or she has a favorable environment for issuing such orders. I also find a difference in the factors that influence the issuance of critical executive orders when broken down by domestic versus foreign and defense-related policies.
    [Show full text]
  • 9Th Circuit Opinion
    (1 of 394) Case: 17-15589, 06/12/2017, ID: 10468371, DktEntry: 314-1, Page 1 of 86 FOR PUBLICATION FILED JUN 12 2017 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS STATE OF HAWAII; ISMAIL ELSHIKH, No. 17-15589 Plaintiffs-Appellees, D.C. No. 1:17-cv-00050-DKW-KSC v. DONALD J. TRUMP, in his official OPINION capacity as President of the United States; U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; JOHN F. KELLY, in his official capacity as Secretary of Homeland Security; U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE; REX W. TILLERSON, in his official capacity as Secretary of State; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendants-Appellants. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Hawai‘i Derrick Kahala Watson, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted May 15, 2017 Seattle, Washington Before: Michael Daly Hawkins, Ronald M. Gould, and Richard A. Paez, Circuit Judges. Per Curiam Opinion (2 of 394) Case: 17-15589, 06/12/2017, ID: 10468371, DktEntry: 314-1, Page 2 of 86 OPINION1 PER CURIAM: We are asked to delineate the statutory and constitutional limits to the President’s power to control immigration in this appeal of the district court’s order preliminarily enjoining two sections of Executive Order 13780 (“EO2” or “the Order”), “Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States.” The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) gives the President broad powers to control the entry of aliens, and to take actions to protect the American public. But immigration, even for the President, is not a one-person show.
    [Show full text]