Number 3 April-June 1984 In This Issue ' The Mozambican - Floods ' South Af rican Talks Fol low On March 16, 1984, Mozambique and dock and rail use, and tourism . Drought South Africa signed a non-agression In this issue we try to answer some agreement which, if respected by both of the questions about how and why The worst drought in Mozambique's sides, would prevent either country talks between Mozambique and South recent history—lasting almost four from being used as a base for launch- African came about and to present years—has now been followed by one ing military actions against the other . documents and articles which explain of the worst floods of all time . Floods The Nkomati Agreement, as it is also what Mozambique's position has been which overran southern Mozambique known, was signed in a ceremony near in relation to these talks . To accom- at the end of January caused 109 the Nkomati River which borders both modate the material to do this, we deaths, dozens of disappearances and countries. The signing of the security have suspended from this issue some the loss of homes for over 49,000 peo- agreement was preceded by weeks of newsletter departments, which will pie. In addition, 350,000 people lost intense discussions between the two reappear in the next issue . their family farming plots. countries and immediately became Other articles of special interest in- The first floods came after 22 hours the subject of discussions and elude a report of SADCC talks by of continuous rainfall accompanied by speculations worldwide . Carol Thompson, who attended the hail on January 28. The cause of the After the Nkomati Agreement was last SADCC session this past storm was tropical hurricane "Do- signed, talks continued on the use of February, and an article on US- moina" whose winds blew at speeds energy from the Cahora Bassa hydro- Mozambique relations by historian of up to 50 miles per hour . The storm electric dam by South Africa, and Allen Isaccman . was devastating: waves in the port reached 22 feet, and the Salamange River rose more than 50 feet above its normal level. In the hours following the hurricane c ; r..{ ..-~ :.~r..!~H!:`X .. .. ,.~~~ : .- 3-.-! ~.ii ; 'AMY> ..Al.:_'(i :-_ : . . s::nt more than 600 persons were rescued by boats and helicopter . Five thou- sand people were forced to evacuate their homes. "Domoina" also hit regions of Swaziland and South Africa, which worsened the situation in Mozambi- que because receding waters from these regions must past through Mozambique. The country's National Disasters Commission estimated that the total cost of the damage done by floods is about $75 million . The cyclone and flood wiped out almost the entire cashew nut harvest, which is one of Mozambique's main export crops and was expected to have been especially large this year . Ten thousand tons of sugar were lost as well as 55,000 tons of maize, 15,000 tons of beans, 20,000 tons of vegetables and the entire bananna crop . Damage to the citrus crop was put at $6.5 million. At the time of the floods, thousands of families in Maputo were getting President Samora Machel delivering speech at ceremony for signing of accord, ready to harvest their first crops of with South African Prime Minister Pieter Botha to the left . (Continued on page 4) 1 Commentary on Nkomati Accord

que wanted. What does it mean when one of the because they have their hands full most progressive countries in Africa fighting back attacks from this same It is clear by now what Mozambique signs a security agreement with the hostile neighbor. wants—the cessation of war within its most racist, belligerent country on the You take your case to international own borders, an end to support for the continent? forums where your neighbor is verbal- MNR and an end to South African Many people in the United States ly condemned, but the international raids, air attacks and sabotage in who follow events in southern Africa forums have no mechanism for bring- Mozambique . But what did South have termed Mozambique's signing of ing your neighbor into line . Mean- Africa want? the Nkomati Agreement a "set-back," while, you are slipping more into debt, The most obvious answer would or a "retreat ." Some even go so far as food lines grow and you are spending seem to be an end to the ANC and its to call it a "sell-out ." They feel that money you could be using for food on activities . Yet on closer examination it Mozambique should never have even building up your army. Your people are must be clear, even to South Africa considered talking to South Africa, the very patient but even they are growing that the Nkomati Accords would not continent's arch villian, until South tired. accomplish this. The ANC's deter- Africa's internal and external political You know that your neighbor's mination to rid South Africa of apar- policies changed . The problem with strength comes from the support he theid is shared by millions of blacks this assessment is that it assumes op- gets from his stronger allies far away and others inside South Africa—many tions and other paths of action for who prefer your neighbor's political of whom are not ANC members . While Mozambique that either did not exist outlook over yours . You and others try the accord assures South Africa that or were more devastating. to talk to your neighbor's allies about black South Africans will not in the Some see the Nkomati Agreement the chaos the neighbor is causing in future be able to train militarily in only as a sign of victory for South your region. But in turn, they only want Mozambique and cross over into Africa, as if it were really a surrender to talk to you about your relationship South Africa, it does not and cannot agreement by Mozambique. The truth with their arch enemy thousands of diminish in the least the pressure for is that while difficulties in Mozambi- miles away . What are your options? change already within South Africa's que resulting from South Africa's Mozambique's options were few: own borders, or the ANC's ability to in- destabilization campaign are great, 1. They could sit tight and con- fluence it. Mozambique is not yet a beaten coun- tinue to do what they have been South Africa also saw certain eco- try. Mozambique is still strong in many doing in the hopes that they nomic benefits to be gained through areas. And while Mozambique desper- would be able to reverse the situa- improved country to country ately wants and needs peace within tion before time and money run relationship. its border, Mozambican officials have out. They could continue to build What South Africa gains most from stressed repeatedly they do not want up the army and devise new the accord is the propaganda points it "at any cost." strategies for fighting the MNR, to be made from the fact that it "ap- Mozambique's decision to pursue a which has access to arms and pears" to have taken a sudden turn security agreement with South Africa material equal to their own, while toward sanity . What must be remem- does not at all appear to be a decision at the same time building up bered is that occasionally even coun- they arrived at lightly. They better than defenses to ready themselves for tries like South Africa must oblige anyone, knew what choices they had an all out attack by South Africa their allies . In this case the current and understood the consequences at some future date. U.S. administration, with the upcom- they faced from each. That they chose 2. They could, if not concerned ing elections, needs to have this path means they saw in it a way about internationalizing the con- something concrete to show for its to get something they wanted without flict, call on friendly, stronger na- poorly conceived policy of "construc- giving up what they wanted to keep tions to give them direct military tive engagement" in southern Africa. most—their independence and their assistance in the defense of their The talks between Mozambique and commitment to an end to oppression country against the South South Africa as well as those between in the region. Africans. Angola and South Africa provide the Consider Mozambique's dilema. 3. They could, if not firm in their kind of highly visible return needed. Imagine for a moment that you are a convictions, disavow their There is also the added advantage to young, black socialist nation in political and social philosophies South Africa of being able to use the southern Africa. To the south you have in the hope of gaining favor with Nkomati agreement to break out of its a neighbor with internal and external South Africa and its allies so that diplomatic isolation. policies you are strongly opposed they would no longer be seen as a The Mozambique-South Africa talks to—as they are to yours . This neigh- threat to oppression and im- do not signal the start of a new friend- bor is militarily superior and can strike perialism in the region. ship between two enemies. Nor does at any time without warning . This 4. They could talk directly with it signal a return to the pre- neighbor also supports terrorism South Africa as one sovereign na- independence economic relations bet- within your borders and manipulates tion to another, offering ,South ween Mozambique and South Africa. your economy . You have other friends Africa something it wanted in ex- What the talks do present is the use of close by but they can't help you much change for something Mozambi- a new tactic on the part of both to ob- 2 (Continued on page 5) MNR Activity Continues During Talks

During the talks between Mozambi- que and South Africa, it is believed that the South African government supplied the MNR with large amounts of equipment and material to keep the pressure on Mozambique and to en- sure that even after the agreement was signed the MNR actions would not disappear overnight . The MNR in turn kept up its attacks against economic targets as well as against the Mozambican population. At the end of January, the pipeline connecting Beira and Zimbabwe was attacked . In the same month a bus traveling along the road between Maputo and the port city of Inham- bane was attacked . The bus attack resulted in 27 people killed and the in- jury of 23 people . The bus was am- bushed by MNR rebels who then burn- ed the bus with many victims believed to be still alive inside . Five of the vic- tims were members of one of Mozam- bique's leading dance groups who were touring Inhambane province at the time. On February 3, armed bands attack- ed a passanger train killing six and wounding 11 others. The train was sit- Train recently attacked by the MNR. ting in the station at Chinhanguanie (a small town in southern Maputo pro- vince about 38 miles from the South African border). While the train was awaiting orders to proceed to Magude, the next stop, it was hit by a bazooka Soviet Technicians Freed which exploded into instant fire . Most On August 21, twenty-four Soviet min- backers of those responsible for the kid- passangers managed to get out of the ing technicians were kidnapped by MNR napping . According to a South African train . But the rebels then sprayed the MNR forces from state mining facilities news report, Foreign Minister Pik Botha train cars with machine gun fire. in Murroa, in Zambezia Province (see said that South Africa helped "per- The station chief, who managed to Mozambican Note, September 1983). suade" the MNR to release the techni- escape during the attack, ran six and In a February 1 communique, the cians out of "general concern for the a half miles to the nearest station Mozambican Armed Forces announced well-being of civilians of any nationality where he telephoned the main station the release of twenty of the Soviet who were not involved in any action to report the attack. prisoners; of these prisioners, eight which could threaten South Africa's security." On February 26 the assistant editor were released as a result of military operations last September in Errurume, If this is true, why has the MNR, sup- of Maputo's daily newspaper Noticias last October in Murreremba and last ported by the South African govern- was murdered along with his family as December in Mongue--all localities in ment, targeted foreigners who are in- they traveled by car from Maci (Gaza Zambezi Province. volved in purely economic development Province) to Maputo . The armed On January 20 of this year, two thou- projects for murder and other acts of groups which blockaded the road, at- sand five hundred soldiers and five hun- terrorism? Fifty-two foreign technicans tacked four cars in all, killing five peo- dred members of the milita took part in from Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, France, ple and wounding two . Pedro Tivane, well planned operations against MNR England, Italy, Portugal, Sri Lanka and his wife and youngest child were in bases in the Morrumbala area, near the the Soviet Union have been kidnapped to date by the MNR . Twelve other Co- the second car and all died. frontier with Malawi. On January 26, twelve Soviet techni- operantes have been murdered . They in- According to eyewitness reports, cians who had been held capative were clude six Portuguese, two East Ger- the bandits waved down the vehicle. released . To gain the release of the mans, and four Soviets killed at the min- Tivane stopped, possibility thinking Soviet prisoners, the Soviet Union ap- ing camp in Zambezi . Could it be that that it was a FPLM road check . As he pears to have appealed directly to the economic development in Mozambique South African government, as the is considered a threat to South Africa's (Continued on page 17) security? Floods Follow Drought (Continued from page 1) Chronology corn, beans, and sweet potatos after The donations continue to come in, of Talks the long drought. State farms as well but more clothing, blankets, and food as family plots were washed away. are needed. Seeds are also badly But as in all stories of tragedy, there needed for replanting. Although atten- To many people the signing of a non- are heros. Men and women risked tion has most recently been focused agression agreement between Mozam- their lives to go in boats searching for on flood victims, the flood combined bique and South Africa happened very survivors before the state's rescue ef- with a prolonged drought has had suddenly. In fact, the accord is the forts could reach their areas. devastating consequences . The result of a long and multi-phased, Local citizens who wanted to give drought caused more than 100,000 Mozambican strategy which began what they could to help their neigh- deaths in Mozambique . While 350,000 shortly after independence. bors volunteered to help those af- others were affected by the loss of Below is a chronology of events fected by the flood . The first priority their crops in Maputo province alone leading up the the Nkomati Agreement was to provide clothing and house- as a result of the drought and an as outlined in the March 17 issue of wares to the more than 9,500 familes estaimted 1,411,771 were affected by Noticias. who had lost everything in the flood. the drought in six provinces including Donations were collected in the 96 Maputo. For the People's Republic of Mo- barros of the capital and a system was zambique's policy of co-existence to set up to collect and distribute all "I was sleeping in the hut . In the morn- become a reality it was necessary to items as needed . Local groupos ing, I woke up with water at knee level . I have a series of diplomatic contacts ran with my wife and the two children . We dinamizadores (dynamizing groups) with South Africa. put the children on our backs and climb- cooperated with the solidarity cam- The contacts began immediately ed the highest tree there. I climbed with after independence . Sergio Viegio and paign for flood victims to coordinate the children and afterwards cut a branch Brand Fourie were involved in these the efforts. to bring up my wife . When we finished do- Sizable contributions of food were ing this, the water was already rising conversations. also received from many nations. around the tree. Then I climbed a little Sergio Viera, the present Vice Some fifteen countries have promised more and took a belt and arranged the Minister of Defense, was at that time or already donated cereals and other two children on the highest branch. the Director of the Office of the Presi- food commodities. The U .S. govern- "We stayed there for four days . Sleep? dent. Brand Fourie was then the Direc- ment contributed large quantitiesof No, we had to stay awake to hold the tor General of Foreign Affairs in Cape children . We also didn't eat, we didn't eat maize, powdered milk, oil, butter and Town.He is now the South African Am- anything. cheese. Private charities and other bassador in Washington. "I was asleep when the water arrived . It The contacts between the iwo con- organizations in the US, such as the was very fast and I didn't know that it tinued after Sergio Vieira became the American Friends Service Committee, would rise so fast. I am going to look for also have made plans or already de- another place to live now ." Minister-Governor of the Bank of livered seed, clothing or other Daniel Gumele, Salamanga Mozambique, though there was no necessities to drought and flood (Maputo province) ministerial-level participation. victims . The first negotiations between the two governments at the ministerial level took place in Komatipoort, a South African city bordering on Maputo Province, in December 1982. Talks were again held at the same location in May 1983. In these contacts, the Mozambican delegation was led by Major-General Jacinto Veloso, then the Minister of Security. The South African delegation was led by the Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, Roelof Botha. In both meetings, Mozambique pre- sented the fundamental points for a non-aggression and good neighborli- ness accord: neither one of the ter- ritories must be a base for attacks against the other, obliging South Africa to immediately abandon its support for the armed bandits. The South African delegates insist- ed on economic accords, pretending ignorance of any links to the bandits, although the South African army train- Villagers walking in street covered by flood waters in Maputo Province. (Continued on page 6) 4

External Debt Rescheduled

At the beginning of February, the as well as Zimbabwean refugee cen- such as SADCC and its efforts to find Mozambican government announced, ters became targets of Rhodesian at- new investment monies to put into in- after a long and thorough analysis of tacks. When Mozambique, in compli- dustries and other areas dominated by the economic and financial situation ance with international sanctions, South Africa—to a large extent in the country, they had decided to re- closed its borders with Rhodesia, Mozambique still remains tied to the quest a rescheduling of their external Mozambique lost more than $550 previous pattern of dependence on debt by their creditors . The total being million. South Africa. discussed for rescheduling is $1 .5 bil- As an extra weapon to break The total cost of South Africa's non- lion owed to Western creditors. FRELIMO's determination, Smith declared war of aggression against Several factors contributed to the organized and sponsored a group of Mozambique was put at $3 .3 billion. need for the debt rescheduling, includ- anti-government armed bands— The break-down is as follows: ing managerial or operational prob- known as the MNR (Mozambique Na- •$2.547 billion—abandonment of lems in some of the enterprises run by tional Resistance) to operate inside South Africa's previously the state. Other factors involved situa- Mozambique . After Zimbabwe's in- established scheme of selling tions which the government was not dependence, South Africa assumed gold to Mozambique at a reduced responsible for and has no defense the sponsorship of the MNR. rate in quantities based on the against, including drought and the According to a Mozambican govern- number of Mozambicans working subsequent flood, and the world eco- ment report made at the time the re- in South African mines. This gold nomic depression . But the overwhelm- quest for debt rescheduling was an- was then sold on the world market ing cause of Mozambique's current nounced, direct and indirect South at the going rate. economic situation is the disasterous African aggressions accounted for a •$333 million—MNR aggressions state of affairs inherited from the Por- large share of Mozambique's current •$568 million—reduction in the tuguese at independence in 1975 . The economic stagnation . In the last two level of Mozambican workers in government has made important years more than 900 commerical es- South African mines from 120,000 strides to reverse these conditions. tablishments, over 490 primary at independence to 45,000 in 1982. Another factor is the fact that schools and over 140 villages were •$248 million—reduction of port Mozambique is a country which has destroyed. and rail usage by South AFrica been involved in wars for more than 20 from 6.8 million tons in 1973 to 1 .1 years. million tons in 1982. Since independence Mozambique A History of Dependence The French government agreed to has known only one brief period of In 1917, one-third of Mozambique's coordinate a group of Western short-lived peace—between the time revenues came from customs duties creditors belonging to the Organiza- Zimbabwe became independent and and shipping charges paid by South tion of Cooperation and Economic South Africa's attack on ANC houses Africa. When Mozambique became in- Development in the negotiations . The in Matola less than a year later. dependent in 1975 the country was Bank of Mozambique explained that Mozambique supported ZANU and the still overwhelmingly dependent on credit granted after February 1, 1984 people of Zimbabwe in their struggle these revenues and revenues from will not be affected by the reschedul- against Ian Smith's regime in Rho- trade with Rhodesia to offset their ing process. desia. As a result, economic projects balance of payments problems. Mozambican laborers were recruited Commentary to work in South African mines early MOZAMBICAN NOTES is published in the century to provide payments in quarterly by the Mozambican Resource Center, P.O. Box 2006, Madison Square (Continued from page 2) gold to the Portuguese colonial Station, New York, N .Y. 10159. Yearly authorities . And until recently, the subscriptions are $12 .00 for individuals thin some short term objectives each South African government continued and $15 .00 for institutions . Please add needs. But the diametrically opposed to make these payments. But in an ef- $7.00 for air mail subscriptions long-term objectives of each country fort to isolate Mozambique has yet to be addressed . While the economically, South Africa has reduc- signing of the accord may eventually ed its use of Mozambican ports by 16 MOZAMBIQUE: FROM COLONIALISM result in peace from MNR attacks percent over the last five years and the TO REVOLUTION 1900-1982 by Allen within Mozambique's borders, it does and Barbara Isaacman provides a com- number of workers in South African prehensive background for understan- not eliminate South Africa's potential mines has been cut by 60 percent. ding events in Mozambique today. In ad- as the greatest threat to peace in the Much of Mozambique's economy is dition to valuable historic information it region . True peace in southern Africa tied to South Africa . And although also contains present day accounts of will only come when the peoples of Mozambique's effort to build a new Mozambique has tried since in- socialist society . Softback copies of Namibia and South Africa have won dependence to break the cycle of the book are available to newsletter their battle against South African op- dependence—through its participa- subscribers for $8.00 from the Mozam- pression and apartheid. tion in regional economic formations bican Resource center . 5 Chronology of Talks maintenance of sovereignty. To this South African delegation, Roelof new and correct perception, add with Botha, Minister of Law and Order more clarity and consequence the Louis LeGrange, and Defense Minister comprehension that in southern Africa General Magnus Malan. (Continued from page,4) the Pretoria regime is the center of In the following week the Mozam- destabilization . It was not a surprise bican Council of Ministers approved ed and organized them . Mozambique then that Roelof Botha found many the principles of the non-aggression maintained its initial position: there doors closed when he went to Europe accord, which was then taken to the could not be any accord of an eco- just after the return of Samora Machel meetings in Cape Town March 4 . In nomic nature between the two coun- to Mozambique. both the principles and the proposal, tries without first having a security Shortly after his trip, the Mozam- the points of view presented by the accord. bican president received in Maputo Mozambican delegation at the first South Africa responded to these the first emissaries who, in the name meeting at Komatipoort in December two encounters with more aggression. of Prime Minister Pieter Botha, came 1982 remained fundamentally Pretoria increased its support for the with a South African request : South unchanged. bandits . The number of direct aggres- Africa wanted to return to the negotia- In Cape Town, the Mozambican del- sions also increased. tions process which Mozambique had egation, headed by Major-General In the majority of Western capitals, initiated. Jacinto Veloso, had a meeting with the dominant attitude was favorable And it was thus that the meeting of the South African Prime Minister to South African aggression . Western December 20, 1983, in Mbabane, Pieter Botha. governments continued to see the Swaziland came about. The communique of the final Cape conflict in southern Africa in the con- What followed were simultaneous Town meeting stated that the meet- text of the so-called East-West con- meetings in Maputo and Pretoria on ings between the two ministerial frontation. For these governments, January 16, 1984 . On February 20, delegations and Samora Machel on South Africa continued to be "allied there was another meeting in Maputo. February 20 and Pieter Botha on with the West"—even though apar- On that day President Samora Machel March 2 had been vital to the positives theid was verbally condemned—and received the three ministers of the steps which followed (which led to the Mozambique was viewed as a Nkomati Accord). "satellite of the Soviet Union ." In (Translation by MRC) Washington, Ronald Reagan's ad- ministration continued to analyze southern Africa only in terms of the global conflict with the Soviet Union. The fact that most Western media Cahora Bassa Discussions organizations have regional offices in South Africa, with South African pro- paganda, contributed to the poor understanding of events in southern Cahora Bassa (known as Cabora construction. This process was esti- Africa. Bassa before independence) is the se- mated to take about 35 years, or until This reality, dangerously adverse to cond largest dam in Africa . It was con- the year 2014 . By that time it would the national interests of Mozambique, structed over the Zambee River in Tete also be providing a large share of elec- was studied in detail at the Tenth ses- Province to provide hydro-electric tricity to Mozambique as well. sion of the central committee of the power to the region . The Portuguese Although Mozambique now owns a FRELIMO party in August 1982 . The originally began construction of the 18.4% share of the Cahora Bassa central committee took three deci- dam in the late 1960s using both their electricity project, Mozambique has sions at that time : to transform the own capital and capital they solicited never collected any revenues from Mozambican economy into a war from other Western countries, includ- operations. The R40-50 million paid by economy ; to launch a coordinated ing France and West Germany as well South Africa each year the dam was in military offensive against the armed as South Africa . FRELIMO which was operation, went to the Portuguese bandits, and to launch a diplomatic of- engaged in heavy fighting against the company Hydroelectrica de Cahora fensive in the West. Portuguese, saw Portugal's efforts to Bassa (HCB) which operates the dam. In August 1983, the armys offensive secure Western investors as an at- But even these payments have not began to bear fruit with the destruc- tempt to involve other couuntries in covered more than the basic operating tion of many bandit campsites in defending Portuguese colonialism in costs. various provinces of the country. Mozambique against the forces of For South Africa, the electricity pro- The trip of President Samora liberation. vided by HCB represents their cheap- Machel to the Western countries in In 1969, Portugal agreed to sell elec- est source of power. The other power October of last year broke the mount- tricity to South Africa for about 1/2 station, which uses coal to provide ing isolation of Mozambique . In Por- cent per kilowatt hour . When Mozam- electricity, does so at about 1 .79 cents tugal, France and England, Western bique became indepenent, the govern- per kilowat hour. A nuclear powered leaders finally came to understand ments of Mozambique and Portugal electricity plant which just began that Mozambique never was and never agreed to respect the previous accord operating, has projected costs two or will be a client of any foreign power. with the understanding that owner- three times higher than this . There is They understood conclusively that ship of the dam would gradually pass therefore great interest on the part of many of the difficulties the country is to Mozambique during the period of South Africa in continuing to receive facing come from the fact that the repayment of the loans used for its electricity from Cahora Bassa . Pre- FRELIMO chose above everything the (Continued on page 16) 6 Document: The Nkomati Accord

AGREEMENT On non-aggression and good neighbourliness between the against the territorial integrity or political independence of the government of the Republic of South Africa and the govern- other or may threaten the security of its inhabitants. ment of the People's Republic of Mozambique (2) The high contracting parties, in order to prevent the acts or the preparation of acts mentioned in paragraph (1) of this article, The government of the Republic of South Africa and the govern- undertaken in particular to: ment of the People's Republic of Mozambique, hereinafter referred a. forbid and prevent in their respective territories the to as the high contracting parties. organization of irregular forces or armed bands, including Recognizing the principles of strict respect for sovereignty and mercenaries, whose objective is to carry out the acts con- territorial integrity, sovereign equality, political independence and templated in paragraph (1) of this article, the inviolability of the borders of all states. b. eliminate from their respective territories bases, training Considering the internationally recognized principle of equal centers, places of shelter, accommodation and transit for rights of all peoples. elements who intend to carry out the acts contemplated in Considering the obligation of all states to refrain, in their inter- paragraph (1) of this article, national relations, from the threat or use of force against the ter- c. eliminate from their respective territories centers or depots ritorial integrity or political independence of any state. containing armaments of whatever nature, destined to be used Considering the obligation of states to settle conflicts by by the elements contemplated in paragraph (1) of this article, peaceful means, and thus safeguard international peace and d. eliminate from their respective territories command posts or security and justice. other places for the command, direction and co-ordination of Recognizing the responsibility of states not to allow their ter- the elements contemplated in paragraph (1) of this article, ritory to be used for acts of war, aggression or violence against e. eliminate from their respective territories communication other states. and telecommunication facilities between the command and Conscious of the need to promote relations of good the elements contemplated in paragraph (1) of this article, neighbourliness based on principles of equality of rights and f. eliminate and prohibit the installation in their respective ter- mutual advantage. ritories of radio broadcasting stations, including unofficial or Convinced that relations of good neighbourliness between the clandestine broadcasts, for the elements that carry out the high contracting parties will contribute to peace, security, stability acts contemplated in paragraph (1) of this article, and progress in southern Africa, the continent and the world. g. exercise strict control in the respective territories over Have solemnly agreed to the following: elements which intend to carry out or plan the acts con- Article One templated in paragraphs (1) of this article, h. prevent the transit of elements who intend or plan to com- The high contracting parties undertake to respect each other's mit the acts contemplated in paragraph (1) of this article, from sovereignty and independence and, in fulfilment of this fundamen- a place in the territory of other to a place in the territory of the tal obligation, to refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of other or to a place in the territory of any third state which has the other. a command boundary with the high contracting party against Article Two which such elements intend or plant to commit the said acts, i. take appropriate steps in their respective territories to pre- (1) The high contracting parties shall resolve differences and vent the recruitment of elements of whatever nationality for disputes that may arise between them and that may likely en- the purpose of carrying out the acts contemlated in paragraph danger mutual peace and security or peace and security in the (a) of this article, region, by means of negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, j. prevent the elements contemplated in paragraph (1) of this arbitration or other peaceful means, and undertake not to resort, article from carrying out from their respective territories by individualy or collectively, to the threat or use force against each any means acts of abduction or other acts, aimed at taking other's sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence. citizens of any nationality hostage in the territory of the other (2) For tie purposes of this article, the use of force shall include high contracting party, and inter-alia k. prohibit the provision on their respective territories of any a. attacks by land, air or sea forces, logistic facilities for carrying out the acts contemplated in b. sabotage, paragraph (1) of this article. c. unwarranted concentration of such forces at or near interna- tional boundaries of the high contracting parties. Article Four d. violation of the international land, air or sea boundaries of The high contracting parties shall take steps, individually and either of the high contracting parties. collectively, to ensure that the international boundary between (3) The high contracting parties shall not in any way assist the their respective territories is effectively patrolled and that the armed forces of any state or group of states deployed against the border posts are efficiently administered to prevent illegal cross- territorial sovereignty or political independence of the other. ings from the territory of a high contracting party to the territory of the other, and in particular, by elements contemplated in article Article Three three of this agreement . (1) The high contracting parties shall not allow their respective territories, territorial waters or air space to be used as a base, Article Five thoroughfare, or in any other way by another state, government, The high contracting parties shall prohibit within their territory foreign military forces, organizations or individuals which plan or acts of propaganda that incite a war of aggression against the prepare to commit acts of violence, terrorism or aggression other contracting party and shall also prohibit acts of propaganda 7

aimed at inciting acts of terrorism and civil war in the territory of ment and the settlement of disputes over infringements of the other high contracting party. alleged infringements. (5)The high contracting parties shall determine the mandate of Article Six their respective representatives in order to enable intermin The high contracting parties declare that there is no conflict bet- measures to be taken in cases of duly recognized emergency. ween their commitments in treaties and international obligations (6)The high contracting parties shall make available all the and the commitments undertaken in this agreement. facilities necessary for the effective functioning of the commis- Article Seven sion and will jointly consider its conclusions and recommenda- tions . The high contracting parties are commited to interpreting this agreement in good faith and will maintain periodic contact to en- Article Ten sure the effective application of what has been agreed. This agreement also be known as "The Accord of Nkomati". Article Eight Article Eleven Nothing in this agreement shall be construed as detracting from (1)This agreement shall enter into force on the date of the the high contracting parties right to self-defense in the even of signature thereof. armed attacks, as provided for in the charter of the United Nations. (2)Any amendment to this agreement agreed to by the high con- trcting parties shall be effected by the exchange of notes between Article Nine them. (1) Each of the high contracting parties shall appoint high rank- ing representatives to serve on a joint security commission with In witness whereof, the signatures, in the names of their respec- the aim of supervising and monitoring the application of this tive governments, have signed and sealed this agreement, in agreement. quadruplicate in the English and Portuguese languages, both texts (2)The commission shall determine its own working procedure. being equally authentic. (3)The commission shall meet on a regular basis and may be specically convened whenever circumstances so require. Thus done and signed at the common border the banks of the Nkomati River, on this sixteenth day of March 1984. (4) The commission shall a. consider all allegations of infringements of the provisions ' Pieter Willem Botha Samora Moises Machel of this agreement, Prime Minister of the Marshal of the Republic b. advise the high contracting parties of its conclusions, and Republic of South Africa President of the People's c. make recommendations to the high contacting parties con- Republic of Mozambique cerning measures for the effective application of this agree-

Document: Samora Machel Speaks At Nkomati

Below we reprint the text of Mozambican President Samora terests of our two countries. Machel's speech at the signing of the Nkomati Accord on We have undertaken here a solemn commitment not to March 16, 1984. launch aggressive actions of any sort against one another, and we have created conditions for the establishment, with honour and dignity, of a new phase of stability and security The signing of the Agreement of Non Aggression and on our common borders. Good Neighbourliness is a high point in the history of rela- We do not want Southern Africa, and our two countries tions between our two states and a high point in the history in particular, to be the theatre for a generalised conflict. of our region. That is why we have enshrined in the Accord of Nkomati The principles we have enshrined in the Accord of the principle that our states will not be used by any other Nkomati are universally valid ones that govern relations state or group of states to jeopardise the sovereignty, ter- between sovereign states regardless of their political, ritorial integrity or independence of our countries. economic and social systems . They are principles that We are thus laying the foundation for a definitive break open new perspectives for the relationship between our of the cycle of violence that has been estabished in this states, in so far as they guarantee a solid and lasting region of the continent . A violence that was above al the peace between the two neighbouring countries . They are result of the burdensome legacies we carry with us. A principles that establish a new situation in our region, a violence that began some centuries ago, when the dignity situation of peace and good neighbourliness. and personality of African peoples were trampled on by the The Accord of Nkomati is a unique document among the aggression, domination and exploitation of European col- states of our region . The need for it arose not so much from onialism . Africa was ravaged by the brutality of slave wars the differences between us, but above all from the process and colonial conquest, which brought division, humiliation, of confrontation that developed and created the awareness poverty and destruction to the peoples of the continent. that this was not the road that would best serve the in- We are a continent of survivors . We survived slavery, we 8 survived wars of conquest and we survived the brutality of to play, as there can be no development without peace and repression when we wanted to become masters of our own tranquility. destinies. We have established relations of cooperation with the For that reason we are fully cognisant of the value of states of Southern Africa in the framework of SADCC. peace and of the need to reject the legacies that divide us. As we have already had occasion to state, SADCC was We thus assume, before the world and before history, not created against South Africa. Its central objective is to responsibility for guaranteeing the perpetuity of this Agree- eliminate hunger, wretchedness and illiteracy and to im- ment and eliminating the root causes of violence, war and prove the standard of living of the peoples of the region . Its confrontation. member states refuse economic dependence on South The differences between our political, economic and Africa as on any other country. social concepts are great and even antagonic. These objectives are solemnly proclaimed in the Lusaka We recognised these differences honourably on the hard Declaration which created SADCC, and we would like to and difficult road of frank and open talks that led us to this reaffirm once again our total fidelity to these principles. Aggreement . We shall continue to be aware of the remain- ing contradictions but we recognise that we are in- Our states have been able to map out the path of coex- dissolubly linked by geography and by proximity. istence . They have been able to discuss between Peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, and relations of themselves . Between themselves they have been able to good neighbourliness are the only rational alternative for define their interests and objectives . Many have been sur- our future to be free of the spectre of violence and prised at the speed with which we found answers, and by destruction. our ability to do so without external interference. The People's Republic of Mozambique cherishes peace We, the Mozambican people, want to develop friendly as the most precious possession of mankind, the deepest relations with the South African people . None of us, aspiration of all peoples . Peace and coexistence are writ- Mozambicans or South Africans, have another country . We ten into our Constitution . Based on our socialist policy of are not foreigners to our continent or countries. peace we have proposed, since the first meeting between We have to live together on a basis of mutual respect, our governments on 17 December 1982, that we should freedom, equality and justice . These are fundamental prin- agree, formally or informally, to let peace and coexistence ciples of our state, principles that are the very essence of prevail between our states. our concept of a free and democratic society . They are Peace is when there is respect between states for principles with which we remain consistent and to which sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. we are intransigently loyal. Peace is when there is harmony, and physical, material, Our objective is that our region should assert itself as a spiritual and social tranquility. model of peace . We do not want Southern Africa or our Peace is when the life, liberity, equality and dignity of continent to be the basis for any armed conflicts . In par- man is respected without any discrimination. ticular we do not want to be the ones to trigger off a con- Peace generates the conditions of progress, economic frontation on a worldwide scale. development and social wellbeing. The liberation struggle of the African peoples was a After a long period of armed conflict, hopes of peace are struggle to achieve peace. emerging . They must be converted into reality . They must The whole of Africa is continuing the struggle to become be fertilised and enriched so that they may blossom and a zone of peace, and for her oceans to be thoroughfares of grow. peace, unity, friendship and cooperation between peoples. The prospect of peace opens possibilities for developing The whole of Africa is fighting to avert the horrors of a the vast resources in which our region abounds. These nuclear holocaust from the continent. resources must as a matter of priority be exploited for the The peoples of Africa have always struggled to eliminate benefit of the people, while always safeguarding the na- the motive causes of conflicts, tension and wars . They tional interests of each state. have always struggled to eradicate foreign domination and Economic relations between our states must develop in exploitation, and to build progress, prosperity and hap- a healthy and correct manner. piness in peace. We neither can nor should ignore the fact that our rela- In this struggle to affirm the dignity and personality of tions have a historic tradition, which enhanced the the African man the Organisation of African Unity was and geographical contiguity of the two countries. continues to be an important instrument for materialising But we must also recognise that relations of economic the legitimate aspirations of the people of our continent. dependence are not conducive to stability and harmonious We cannot lose this opportunity to pay our tribute to progress. For this reason our state rejects any type of rela- those who founded and inspired the OAU . More than twen- tionship that might in any way limit its independence or ty years ago a galaxy of illustrious African leaders had the make it economically dependent on another country. lucidity, the historical vision and the courage to give form In the economic sphere let us find ways of developing to the aspiration of unity so that the struggle of the African resources, infrastructures, and circumstances which, be- people for the liberation of our continent could continue. ing part of the experience of our relations, are likely to In this great epic, the liberation of Africa, many were the bring reciprocal advantages and benefits on the basis of heroes who sacrificed their lives for the noble cause. It is equality. with deep emotion that at this moment we evoke their It is within this context that the Agreement of Non Ag- memories. They will remain immortalised with affection gression and Good Neighbourliness has an important role and respect in the history of Africa. We would like to emphasise the decisive role of the

9 leaders of the Front Line States with which we have been region . In 1974, ten years later, that objective was attained. united for a long time in the cause of the liberation of our Another ten years have elapsed, and we are here to continent and in the search for peace and progress, for establish the basis for a climate of good neighbourliness justice and equality, in this region of Africa. and peace to prevail between two states of the Southern We salute Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere and Doc- region of our continent. tor Kenneth David Kaunda, those distinguished figures who transformed their peoples into firm and unwavering The effort to achieve peace required determination, a cor- . This allies in the liberation of the Mozambican people rect historical perspective and steadfastness. The moment respectful tribute to the peoples of Tanzania and Zambia is has come when for us, what counts for more than legal extensive to all peoples who made our struggle for peace texts and formulations is the given word, the sense of com- and freedom their own. mitment and good faith. The Agreement we have concluded is a significant con- The Government of the People's Republic of Mozambi- . Furthermore it tribution towards these noble objectives que will keep its word both in letter and in spirit. enables the region to concentrate its efforts on the prime struggle of the continent and humanity—the struggle against hunger, disease, ignorance, poverty and We have always fought for peace, equality and progress underdevelopment. proclaiming FRELIMO's watchword, THE STRUGGLE Let Africa emerge as a region of progress where reason CONTINUES! prevails over hate and prejudice and where the efforts of Today the struggle continues for equality, for Man are concentrated on the struggle for development and democracy, for justice so that on our continent we should wellbeing. all be equal. Peace, security, stability and progress have always been Today, for peace, stability, good neighbourliness and objectives of the Mozambican people's struggle. progress, In 1964 our people launched the armed struggle against , A LUTA CONTINUA Portuguese colonialism to win national independence and Thank you very much eliminate one of the factors that disturbed peace in our

Document: OAU Statement on Situation in Southern Africa

5. DEMANDS the immediate and unconditional withdrawal Meeting in Addis Ababa in early March, the OAU Council of of the South African occupation army from the territory of Ministers adopted the following statement on the situation in southern Africa. Angola, according to the pertinent resolutions of the United Nations Security Council and the OAU; The OAU Council of Ministers, 6. FULLY SUPPORTS the efforts and measures undertaken 1. EXPRESSES its deep concern for the undeclared war by the Angolan Government, according to Article 51 of the being waged by racist South Africa against the independent United National Charter in order to guarantee and safeguard States of Southern Africa, which constitutes a serious the territorial integrity and national sovereignty; threat to peace and security in Africa and international 7. CONDEMNS the South African barbaric raids against the peace in general; Kingdom of Lesotho and against the People's Republic of 2. VIGOUROUSLY DENOUNCES the intensification of de- Mozambique; stabilizing military, political and economic actions carried 8. DEMANDS the immediate cessation of acts of aggres- out by the racist regime of South Africa against the indepen- sion and destabilization carried out by the Pretoria regime dent States in the region, particularly Angola, Lesotho and against the independent and sovereign States of the region; Mozambique; 9. REAFFIRMS that the policy of Apartheid, a crime against 3. CONDEMNS the South African regime for its destabiliz- the conscience and dignity of the whole mankind, is incom- ing policy against neighbouring countries and particularly patible with the Charters of the United Nations and the OAU the recruitment, training and financing of armed bandits and and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; mercenaries directed against the independent and sover- 10. PAYS TRIBUTE to the Frontline States and to the King- eign States in the region; dom of Lesotho for the sacrifices made in resisting against 4. STRONGLY CONDEMNS the military occupation of parts the policy of blackmail and intimidation of the Apartheid of the territory of the People's Republic of Angola by the regime aiming at forcing them to give up their firm and racist South African army in violation of its national sover- courageous position which they have always adopted eignty and territorial intergrity and of the elementary prin- towards the struggles of the Peoples of Namibia and South ciples of international law; Africa;

10 11. EXPRESSES sympathy and deep understanding for the loving peoples to give their political, diplomatic and material diplomatic efforts undertaken by the governments of the support to the independent States in the region in particular People's Republic of Angola and the People's Republic of to Angola, Lesotho and Mozambique. Mozambique in order to preserve their independence and 13. UNDERTAKES to take all necesary steps to consider ap- national sovereignty, thus giving their contribution in seek- propriate ways and means of helping the liberation ing a solution to the serious situation prevailing in southern movements in southern Africa to pursue the struggle for the Africa; independence of Namibia and the elimination of Apartheid 12. URGES all the African States and all justice and peace- in South Africa.

Document: Final Communique of Recent Frontline State Meeting

The Frontline States' Summit Meeting was held in Arusha, gle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO . ~ he Tanzania, on Sunday, 29th April 1984 to consider the recent Heads of State and Government expressed their support for the developments in Southern Africa . The Heads of State and Angolan actions against the externally supported armed bandits Government present were : President Quell Masire of Botswana; who are causing death and misery to the Angolan people and President Samora Machel of Mozambique ; President Julius K. destruction to the economic infrastructure of the state. Nyerere of Tanzania; President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia ; and Prime Minister Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe . Also in attendance The Heads of State and Government and the leaders of the were: Comrade Oliver Tambo, President of ANC of South Africa; Liberation Movements exchanged views on the Nkomati Accord Comrade Sam Nujoma, President of Swapo of Narnbia. between Mozambique and the South African government . They expressed the hope that the South African government will live The leaders stood for one minute of silence in tribute to the up to the commitment to cease its acts aimed at the destabiliza- late Edward Moringe Sokoine whose very valuable and practical tion of Mozambique through the use of armed bandits and gave contributions to the liberation struggle of South Africa will be their support to the Mozambican actions aimed at the total greatly missed by the Frontline States and the Liberation elimination of these vicious bandits . They expressed apprecia- Movements. tion of Mozambique's commitment to continued moral, political, and diplomatic support for the ANC in the struggle against apar- The Heads of State and Government and the leaders of the theid and for the majority rule in South Africa. Liberation Movements reaffirmed their total and unqualified commitment to the liberation struggles of the people of Namibia The Heads of State and Government and the leaders of the against colonialism, and of the people of South Africa against Liberation Movements declared that the immediate objective for apartheid . They reassured their conviction, and that of the Namibia is and must be rapid implementation of UN Security Organization of African Unity, that the total liberation of Africa Council Resolution 435 of 1978, in order that Namibia may attain from colonialism and apartheid is essential for the security of all full and internationally recognized independence on the basis of the independent states of the Continent, in particular the self-determination by all the people of that country . They Frontline States. reiterated the continuing role of the UN Security Council and of the Secretary-General in the implementation of Resolution 435. Further, they reiterated that the root cause of the problems in The leaders of the Frontline States reaffirmed their support for Southern Africa is apartheid itself . Apartheid is the cause of SWAPO as the sole and authentic representative of the Nami- Africa 's hostility to the South African racist regime and of the ex- bian people. istence of South African and Namibian refugees. None of these things is caused by the Frontline or other states neighboring For South Africa, the objective of the Frontline States and South Africa . Apartheid has been condemned in categorical Liberation Movements is the abolition of apartheid by whatever terms by the United Nations, and by the leaders of Europe, means necessary. America, Australia, and Asis, as well as by Africa . It cannot be made acceptable by the use of South Africa 's mercenaries and The leaders present again reiterated their strong preference traitors. The Heads of States and Government and the leaders of for apartheid to be brought to an end by peaceful means . This can the Liberation Movements exchanged views on the understan- be achieved only through a process agreed upon in free discus- ding reached by the Peoples Republic of Angola and the Pretoria sions between the present South African regime and genuine regime and welcomed South Africa's commitment to withdraw representative of the people of South Africa, who are its troops from Angola and hoped that it will honour its commit- unrepresented in the present government structure of the coun- ment to withdraw from Angola . This withdrawal will constitute an try. A pre-requisite for any such discussions would be the uncon- opportunity for the immediate and unconditional implementation ditional release from prison, detention, house arrest or "bann- of Security Council Resolutions 435 of 1978 . They welcomed ing " , of Nelson Mandela and all other political leaders . Difficult Angola's reaffirmation of its continued commitment to the strug- as this step may be in the eyes of the present South African

11 government, there is no way to peace in Southern Africa except these were defined when the free states achieved their political through discussions between the South African government and independence. the African people of South Africa . To avoid any misunderstan- ding, they stressed that the phrase "African People" includes all The Heads of State and Government of the Frontline States those who have been classified as being citizens of the so-called and the leaders of the Liberation Movements condemned, independent homelands in South Africa . The denial of their without reservation, the open and the covert aggressive actions South African citizenship is not recognized in international law, of South Africa directed at the destabilization of African states, nor by any independent state apart from South Africa. and those aimed against refugees from Namibia and apartheid South Africa . There is no excuse in international law or civilized The alternative to free negotiations within South Africa aimed practice for these actions . The Heads of State and Government at the ending of apartheid will inevitably be continued struggle and the leaders of the Liberation Movements also repeated their against that system by others means, including armed struggle. rejection of the attempt to link the freedom of Namibia with any This struggle is being and will be conducted and led by the peo- Angolan government decision relating to its security re- ple of South Africa themselves, on their own initiative, and within quirements and its internal political structure. their own country . However, their struggle is, and is seen by Africa to be a struggle for the freedom and security of all the The political and the armed struggles being waged by the peoples of this continent, and for the human dignity of all men peoples of Namibia and South Africa led by SWAPO and ANC, and women, regardless of colour . It therefore receives, andwill respectively are taking place inside those two countries . The continue to receive, the full supoort of the peoples and the na- struggle is between the people of Namibia and the occupying tions represented by the Heads of Government of the Frontline power, and between the people of South Africa and the apartheid States. regime . Therefore, the strategy of the Liberation Movements is that of internal struggle, firmly based on the people's will and Involved in this struggle for the total liberation of Africa from determination . Devious political machinations, whether directed colonialsim and racism is the consolidation of the freedom and against the people inside Namibia and South Africa or against the security of the states which have already achieved in- the free states of Africa, can not defeat the idea of freedom and dependence. To that end, and in the light of the difficult cir- racial equality. cumstances which do, from time to time, confront such states, the leaders of the Frontline States and the Liberation The struggle will be long and hard . It will be carried on until Movements reaffirmed their understanding of steps which are final victory . taken for this purpose by states which are fully committed to the liberation struggles . They also reaffirmed their commitment to A LUTA CONTINUA the internationally recognized boundaries in South Africa as

Document: Noticias Editorial

The following is a reprint of an editorial that appeared in lence. Twenty-seven months later, the Nkomati Accord did the Maputo-based daily Noticias the day after the signing not contain a word against the right of each State to allow of the Nkomati accord. whomever they wished to live within their territory . Mozam- The Nkomati Accord will have come as a surprise in bique continues to maintain ANC offices in Mozambique some political circles which were expecting to see in the and its political, diplomatic and moral support to the move- text something like the surrender of a "small country" ment remains unchanged. (Mozambique) to a "military power" (South Africa). What the Accord does stipulate is that neither one of the The text does not reflect anything like this . On the con- parties can permit their territory to be used as a departure trary it reflects that the South African government admitted point of aggression against the other. that in the history of the last two years in the sub-continent In no part of the Accord does it say that both parties they played the role as the belligerent. recognize the internal politics of the other. Unchanged is When the ministerial delegations of the two countries Mozambique's position of non-recognizion of Apartheid met for the first time in Komatipoort in December 1982, and the bantustans, just as South Africa continues its Mozambique proposed that the two sides arrive at a secur- disapproval of Mozambique's socialist policy. ity agreement without which it would be impossible to But, what the Accord does say, in the third article, is that maintain any type of relationships in various other areas. neither of the parties will organize or permit the organiza- The South Africans rejected this position, proposing eco- tion of "armed bands" in their territory, "including nomic relations and insisting that Mozambique accept the mercenaries ." History is still too fresh in people's minds to idea of Apartheid, the bantustans and expel all members of forget South Africa's recent strategy of destabilization the ANC from Mozambican territory. against Mozambique which makes it clear that that is what The conversations followed an intensification of vio- ,is being referred to in the Accord. 12 of Cheringoma, Sofala Province, where they looted food and other products . They Chronology of South African Aggressions threaten the civilian population, Against Mozambique assasinating two persons.

February 25 - FPLM forces kill more than 15 MNR members when they try to loot the What follows is a chronology of South African agression against Mozambique as vila of Gorongosa . The MNR kills one published in TEMPO magazine . It gives a clear idea about the level of intensity of the civilian and wounds three. South African assault on Mozambique . It does not however give details about all of the March 10 - Mozambican Information hundreds of MNR attacks during the period or of all of the Mozambicans, and other na- Agency, citing military sources, an- tionals, killed, disfugured, injured or kidnapped . Nor does it reveal much about all of the hundreds of successful FPLM assaults on MNR positions or acts of bravery of local nounces the destruction of a MNR base in militia men and women in defending their villages. Papatane, near Vial Mabote, in the center of the country. In the operaion, FPLM The chronology highlights only a few of the better known South African backed forces killed 13 MNR members and cap- military activities intended to destablize the country . But is is a reminder of the reign of tured seven . They also captured diverse terror unleased by South Africa against Mozambique, and Angola, that should not be overlooked. war material. August 17 - A letter bomb kills Ruth First, professor at the University of Eduardo Matola River, were captured by the 3rd Mondlane in Maputo . Several co-workers 1980 Company of Influlene's Order and Security are also wounded including one American Force during the year. (See September 1983 MOZAMBICAN April 18 - The Independence of Zim- December 7 - FPLM units destroy a MNR NOTES). babwe base in Garagua near Machaze district, in August 22 - During the early morning July 1 - FPLM (Mozambican Armed Manica. hours two Mozambicans, one Portuguese Forces) launched a successful assault on December 20 - Armed bands assasinate were assasinated by a group of South the principal base of the MNR at Sitatonga. two Portuguese citizens who worked for African commandos who also kidnapped 1981 the electric company in Revue in Guro three Mozambicans about 2½ miles from district on Manica province. Namaacha. January 30 - South African commandos, March 6 - President Machel, states in including mercernaries assasinated 12 1982 Chibuto Gaza District that FPLM opera- South African refugees in an attack on tions in the area has reduced the activities three houses in Maputo . The body of one of January 20 - Armed bands launch an at- of MNR bands in the area. the attackers is left behind in the retreat. tack on several commercial March 17 - An incursion of South African establishments in Inhaminga in the district (Continued on page 19) armed forces is repelled when they penetrated a mile into Mozambican ter- ritory at Ponta do Ouro. September- - Armed bands cut off the ears of three peasants at Machaze, in the district of Mossurize. October 14 - Three members of the South African army are killed by FPLM while they were preparing to mine the Beira- Machipanda railroad in Manica province. Also killed were three MNR collaborators accompaning them. October 30 - A group of South African sabotuers dynamite two bridges over the Pungoe River, one a roadway and the other a railway and an oil pipe line which carried oil from Beira to Zimbabwe. December 2 - It is annonced that five South African agents who enteerd into Mozambique to destroy the bridges on the Villagers whose ears were cut off by armed bandits in Gorongosa in 1979 . 13 .-Mozambique Relations: to Maputo by Assistant Secretary of U.S State for African Affairs Chester Crocker and his deputy Frank Wisner. An Overview of Recent Developments According to Mozambican leaders, it was at these high level meetings that the American representatives begrudingly accepted the proposition by Allen Issacman that Mozambique was an independent, non-aligned state and not a puppet of In an attempt to reduce the spiral of Despite this gesture, relations be- the Soviet Union. Speaking to the Por- rural impovershment and terrorist at- tween Mozambique and the U .S. did tuguese newspaper Diario de Noticias tacks, Mozambique has turned in- not improved substantially. And when in late 1983, Samora Machel emphasiz- creasingly and . more publicly_ to the Ronald Reagan came into office, his ed that "The American administration West for economic, diplomatic and administration intensified American has, without a doubt, a more lucid at- even military assistance in the past economic and military ties with South titude toward cooperation with two years . This strategy does not Africa. Mozambique . They discuss things represent a reversal of its committ- Relations between Maputo and with us frankly and we appreciate ment to a socialist path of develop- Washington deteriorated further in this." ment but rather is seen as one ele- 1981 when the Mozambicans expelled Whether the Reagan administration ment in Mozambique's creation of an four US embassy , personel who they actually accepted the Mozambican autonomous foreign policy that best accused of spying for the CIA and pro- claim of non-alignment or calculated serves its national interest . It also viding the South Africans with stra- that there were other strategic advan- reflects a realization that the socialist tegic informaton that facilitated tages to be gained through dialogue is countries may not be able to provide Pretoria's attack on Matola in 1981 . The unclear. The fact of the matter is that the aid and development capital which Mozambicans produced a lengthy this flurry of diplomatic activity has Mozambique desperately needs and document detailing the charges. produced some important results . The that these resources may be available Since 1982 there has been a percep- U.S. appointed a new Ambassador in from the West . In addition, only the tible thaw in relations with October 1983, after leaving the post West can pressure South Africa to Washington, and a descernible in- vacant since Mozambique expelled cease its military aggression. crease in diplomatic activity. The thaw the four diplomats accused of being For their part, the Western Euro- began in the fall of 1982 when Mozam- CIA agents . Mozambique's first am- pean countries have shied away from bican Foreign Minister Joaquim bassador to the U.S. was also named their cold war sterotypes and have Chissano met with US Secretary of at that time. begun to accept Mozambique's State Shultz at the United Nations . It American food aid, which had been domestic and international orientation was soon followed by a series of visits (Continued on page 15) on its own terms . To be sure, Mozam- bique's "Opening to the West" poses new sets of contradictions, but it is nevertheless perceived in Maputo as a necessary risk if Mozambique is to ex- perience peace and to obtain foreign capital; both of which are prere- quisites for any meaningful social transformation. It is against this backdrop of an overall policy of "opening to the West" that relations with the United States must be examined, keeping in mind that since 1978 Maputo has sought to enter into frank negotiations with Washington based on the prin- cipals of "strict equality, absolute respect for sovereignty, non-inter- ference in internal affairs and recipro- city of benefits ." Indeed, at a 1978 meeting between President Samora Machel and President Jimmy Carter in New York, the Mozambican leader of- fered "to wipe the slate clean" and forget the long history of U .S. support President Samora Machel with Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Chester for the Portuguese colonial regime. Crocker during a visit this year to Mozambique 14

MOZAMBICAN NOTES US-Mozambique Newsletter Editors and Contributors: Relations Lisa Brock Jim Cason (Continued from page 14) Mike Fleshman Jennifer Garvey terminated in retaliation for the expul- continue to destroy Mozambique's Allen Isaacman sions, was also renewed. In a sharp economic and social infrastructure Melba Kgositsile reversal of previous policy the Reagan and should the West, in general and Deborah Shanks administration allocated more emer- the United States in particular, Atiba Wesa gency food aid for Mozambique than countenance South African violations Roberta Washington for any other African country and of the negotiated security agreement, there are reports that the 1984 US AID Machel's government will have few op- ANNOUNCEMENTS supplemental food package, estimat- tions left . "If international measures ed at $90 million, contains substantial are not taken to stop South Africa TRIPS TO MOZAMBIQUE emergency assistance for Mozambi- from escalating its aggression," que. Coming in the aftermath of a Foreign Minister Chissano recently Although MRC's trip to Mozambique will devastating three year drought which warned, "Mozambique, in the long run only take place in 1985, there are two has left hundreds of thousands of may require more and more military groups with past study group tour ex- Mozambicans on the verge of starva- assistance from the socialist coun- perience which are planning visits to tion, the 78,000 tons of grain sent dur- tries . . . [most of whom] belong to the Mozambique this year. ing the past two years, as well as the Warsaw Pact ." Such a decision, which March 1984 announcement that the would further internationalize the con- They are the African American Heritage U.S. would provide funding to repair flict in Southern Africa, carries pro- Studies Program whose trip in August 4-26 the critical Umbeluzi water treatment found implications which extend and includes stops in Kenya, Zimbabwe, plant, has certainly helped to improve beyond the continent . It would also Mozambique, Tanzania, Ethiopia and bilateral relations. represent a serious setback in Egypt . About a week will be spent in But the criticial issue remains FRELIMO's long-term effort to for- Mozambique. whether the Reagan administration mulate an autonomous foreign policy and the other Western nations are that best serves its national interest. Our Developing World plans their tour prepared to condemn publicly South for June 21 - July 20 . The trip is confined to African aggression and to continue to Zimbabwe and Mozambique with a week pressure privately the Pretoria regime "The Lusaka Accord (Between Angola and and a half in Mozambique. to cease its policy of destabilizing South Africa( and the Nkomati Accord are Mozambique . As of early 1984, Wash- gestures which could significantly alter the rela- For more information contact: ington's long-term policy remained tionship between forces on the southern corner of The African American Heritage Studies ambiguous, at best. The United States our continent." Program did condemn South African aggres- "We take note of the political courage 33 North LaSalle Street sion against Lesotho, and in a depar- necessary for President Samora Machel to con- Suite 2104 ture from past policy the Reagan ad- clude the bilaterial accord with their powerful Chicago, II 60602 ministration, through a State Depart- neighbor . We share your opinion that one does (312) 443-0929 ment spokesperson, acknowledged not choose one's neighbors, but only your and tacitly criticized Pretoria's sup- friends ." Our Developing World port for the MN R. The U .S. charge d'af- "In the midst of anyone of our countries, there 13004 Pasea Presada faires in Maputo, moreover, did join has never been any questions of altering our Saratoga, Ca. 95070 with representatives of England, political practice in these few years of in- (408) 379-4431 France, the Soviet Union and China to regime or the support to the struggle of our condemn South African aggression. brothers of SWAPO and ANC . Complete proof of MATERIAL AID CAMPAIGN Whether such pronouncements will this affirmation is the Bissau Declaration whose Many U .S. organizations, such as the reduce hostilities remains to be seen. foundations is irrefutablely confirmed by our American Friends Service Committee and The outcome of the security agree- political practice in those few years of in- the Southern African Support Committee ment between South Africa and dependence . For this we had to identify the in Washington, D .C. have organized Mozambique, which Washington enemy and his numerous extentions . For this we material aid campaigns for Mozambicans helped to orchestrate, may provide an had to identify those reponsible for the actual who are greatly in need of clothing and- early indication of the Reagan ad- situation. It will not surprise anyone that we are seeds to grow food as a result of the long ministration's willingness as well as speaking of the economic difficulties of our coun- drought and recent floods. its ability to pressure Pretoria. Reports tries. Aren't those responsible for thses situa- both by Western observers and tions the same?" Used clothing (both summer and winter Mozambican officials that South "The new `Modua Vivendo' being established wear) for children and adults is useful, as Africa resupplied the MNR with in the region is symptomatic of the evolution of are smaller items such as socks, substantial caches of war material the situation in Southern Africa ." toothbrushes, and cooking utensils . If you just prior to the negotiations cast Joao Bernardo Vieira, President of or your group is interested in participating serious doubt on Pretoria's long term Guine Bissau in a speech before in one of the drives going on or would like to objectives. the April 27 meeting of heads of start one in your own area, please write us Should the South African backed states of "the Five" (Portuguese for more information . terrorists intensify their activity and speaking African Countries) . 15 Mozambique In SADCC

By Carol Thompson production is increased through coordination . 1 ten clause but accepted their decision. The major problem for SADCC is sabotage by Further, because SADCC is based on common The Southern African Development Coordina- South Africa, through the MNR, which regularly national interests, it cannot do more than what tion Conference (SADCC) was formed four years blows up rail lines expressly to prevent develop- each state allows . The Mozambican government ago (April 1, 1980) to coordinate economic rela- ment of alternative transport routes. At the recent felt it very necessary to include Malawi in SADCC tions among nine states (Angola, Botswana, Lusake SADCC conference, 2-3 February 1984, - - for transport and trade reasons - - but there are Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tan- the members repeated their accusation that clear limits to the degree of coordination between zania, Zambia, Zimbabwe) . The coordination is Western Powers should not be so foolish as to the two. For example, SADCC is putting together to pursue four objectives : 1) reduction of external contribute to SADCC and then continue economic a booklet of the separate investment codes of the dependence, especially on South Africa ; 2) crea- support of South Africa which sabotaes SADCC. nine; there is no discussion yet about a single or tion of operation and equitable regional integra- Other difficulties which present problems for even coordinated code. tion ; 3) mobilization of resources to reduce SADCC's future is the domination by Western SADCC, however, will greatly increase port dependence and build genuine regional coor- contribution to the projects . For example, the traffic and rail service fees to Mozambique . Coor- dination and 4) joint action to secure international U .S . tried to donate $17 milion for a dination of food production (by Zimbabwe), with understanding and practical support for the sorghumcmillet research project but wrote a emphasis on early warning systems and coopera- SADCC strategy . Mozambique Finance Minister clause excluding Angola, Mozambique, and Tan- tion over regional aid, will have now been Rui Baltasar dos Santos Alves stated that SADCC zania from the benefits . The exclusionary clause surveyed (by Angola) and will also be coor- is "the political answer to the colonial principle of was rejected by SADCC, and USAID rewrote it dinated . SADCC cooperation may become one divide and rule ." positively to include the six and encouraged- alternative for alleviating the region's economic Each state accepts responsibility for a sector, Canada to finance the other three . A Mozambican dependence on apartheid South Africa. and Mozambique is in charge of the Southern delegate to the Lusaka conference said that they African Transport and Communication Commis- were not happy that the six agreed to the rewrit- sion (SATCC) . The goal of SATCC is to upgrade In the next issue . .. the transport and port system to facilitate in- The significance of Mozambique's talks with creased trade and to reduce dependence on South Africa to relations in the region - the ANC, South Africa . Five rail systems are considered the SADCC and other Frontline States. key to SATCC ; they link the land-locked states to the important parts in the region : Maputo, Beira Nacala Mozambique Dar es Salaam and Lobito in The Cahora Bassa Angola. Mozambique Senior Planning Officer, Ministry of Ports and Railways, Mr. P. Figueiredo Discussions stated that "1983 showed the beginning of con- (Continued from page 6) crete results with several projects which have reached the construciton stage, such as the sently 9% of South Africa's total not the principal problem the HCB Nacala-Entrelagos Railway. There are new pro- energy needs are supplied by HCB, faces . "The sabotage worsened the jects in the construction-delivery stage in each when the dam is in operation . The con- situation, but without solving the sub-sector of transport and communication and clusion of the second phase of con- situation of the fiancial structure of in each state." struction, will increase this amount. the enterprise, it can't function in an The total cost of all SADCC projects is $2 .351 The high voltage lines between economically viable form," he said. million to January 1984 . Funds committed are Mozambique and South Africa have The new aggreement reached by $700 million and $400 million is under discus- often been targets of MNR activities Mozambique, South Africa and Por- sion. The principal donors to date have been the and are presently not functioning. tugual which was signed May 2, tri- Nordic countries who are helping with the techn- Some observers speculate that the at- ples the present cost of electricity to nical work of the Commission . However, UN tacks by the South African sponsored 1 .5 cents per kilowatt hour (which still agencies have also contributed, with a consor- MNR armed gangs on the power lines makes it South Africa's cheapest tium of Canada, France, and Italy helping to may have been carried out to "demon- source of power). Parrallel talks be- rehabilitate the railway to Malawi. The People's strate" that the MNR is independent tween Portugal and Mozambique re- Republic of China is rehabilitating part of the of South Africa and perhaps in the cognized Mozambique's position that Botswanan railway . SATCC provides the mistaken belief that the damage to the because the dam is located inside its technical coordination, does feasibility studies line prejudices Mozambique's econ- territory, Mozambique should share and sets priorities, but the states involved omy. In fact, although Mozambique directly in the revenues made by sell- negotiate with the donors. fights to prevent all MNR sabotage on ing electricity to South Africa. Finance Minister Rui Baltasar said, "SADCC their territory, the losses were borne Technical questions relating to the is successful because it has established a perma- by Portugual which lost revenues and experimental system used for the nent dialogue among the nine over common in- South Africa, which lost their cheap transmission of direct current to terest. Cooperation is from a common base, not source of electricity. South Africa are also being discussed. from generalities or a grand theoretical Antonia Branco, Mozambique's Min- The security of the transmission scheme ." SADCC rejects a custom union ap- ister of Industry and Energy, has lines is to be taken up by the Security proach which emphasizes a free trade area; stated that while the MNR's sabotage Group within the framework of the members say that trade will develop only after has "aggravated the situation," it is Nkomati accord. 16 MNR Activity Continues President Samara Machel Speaks To The People During Talks (Continued on page 3) Quotes From Speech Before The People's Assembly showed his identification card, other on April 5th. bandits appeared from the bushes. Tivane ,ias hacked to death arid his body placed back in the car which was then shot up. The car was set afire with his wife and child also inside. On Mozambiques History of onialism against the people's in- Recently, there have been many dependence. other reported MNR attacks in Maputo Negotiating: Province . One was the attack on a Like the Lusaka Agreement, the Lan- train near Manhica which resulted in When portuguese fascism fell on the caster House Agreement was a victory for one death and thirty-one injuries, of 25th of April, the colonialism that oppress- peace for the peoples of the region and of which fourteen were serious. ed us did not fall with it automatically . So Africa. Mozambique's armed forces have we saluted the courage of the captains of stepped up their activities and those April, but we refused to sacrifice our of the militia in all areas of the coun- peoples' interests. We had not yet achiev- try. The military offensive launched at On South Africa's Attempt ed the objective for which we were the end of 1982 resulted in the capture fighting. To Destabilize Mozambique of more than 3,500 MNR armed ban- dits through October 1983. However, the possibility of dialogue When the illegal Smith regime could no The FPLM has intensified its drive came immediately into being . As the longer be the main instrument of aggres- to wipe out the MNR . According to dialogue advanced towards the fundamen- sion and destabilization against our coun- FPLM sources, 33 MNR bases were tal objectives of our struggle, it became try, South Africa had to intervene directly. destroyed and 529 bandits killed in possible to conclude the Lusaka Peace For that purpose it gathered together the 323 military actions launched through- Agreement on the 7th of September 1974. remnants, the dregs of the Rhodesian ar- out the country from January to March All wars end in negotiations for the my and integrated them in its own opera- of this year. During the same period establishment of peace . The Lusaka tional forces . The selous scouts, the 201 members of the armed bands were Agreement was made possible with the ac- Muzorewa "auxiliaries", the armed ban- captured and 1,106 persons being held ceptance of the conditions that always dits, the mercenaries were incorporated capitve were liberated by FPLM constituted and were the basis of our strug- into the South African regular army, to be forces. gle. used in its regional strategy of destabiliza- In various speeches made to the tion. Mozambican population since the In keeping with the socialist principles of start of the talks between Mozambi- peace, the Mozambican government sup- South Africa then assumed the central que and South Africa, Mozambican of- ported and actively participated in the and direct role in the undeclared war in the ficials have warned the population struggle leading to the release of the Zim- region in particular against Mozambique. that now is the time for increased babwean leaders and in the search for a vigilance . Officials believe that as the peaceful solution at Victoria Falls in August The objective was to overthrow the MNR becomes more desperate, many 1975. socilaist and progressive systems of the members will discard their uniforms region . In relation to our country the objec- and try to integrate themselves into Despite increasing Rhodesian aggres- tive was also to destroy our popular and remote villages as peasants. sion, we participated in all the peace in- revolutionary state . The objective was to itiatives, seeking a negotiated solution to destroy the alternative civilization which the independence as Zimbabwe . We par- Mozambique represents. "To be revolutionary, to be democratic, to be ticipated in the Geneva meeting in 1976, communist in Africa in 1984, requires the we were in Malta in 1978, we participated The policy of regional destabilization did defense and consolidation of socialist revolutions in all the United Nations and OAU in- not have the desired effects . South Africa in Africa . The touchstone of internationalism in itiatives, we supported the Anglo American did not achieve the political objectives for Africa is a concrete attitude in relation to the first proposals. which it launched the war . In every country liberated zones on the continent ." of the world where armed banditry has "The strategy for the struggle for peace in Our state was active in the process that been used : Africa requires making the forces of war and ex- led to the peace talks at Lancaster House. pansionism abide by the rules of relationships The Agreement signed in London • it has failed to achieve military between civilized nations . The strategy of strug- eliminated forever Smith's illegal regime, victory gle for peace in southern Africa consists of forc- as a factor against peace in our region. • it has failed to become an in- ing the beligerent circles to accept coexistence ternal political opposition with soveriegn states of southern Africa, with Lancaster House was a unique moment • it has failed to gain interna- states free of racism ; to oblige the anti- in the history of the Zimbabwe people . For tional recognition communism to co-exist with socialist states ." us, this Agreement brought to an end one more chapter of confrontation and war, it In short, armed banditry has never been SERGIO VIERA, MEMBER OF THE CENTRAL represents the extinction of a belicose successful . COMMITTEE IN AN INTERVIEW WITH NOTICAS . force that has always sided with col- (Continued on page 20) 17 (Continued from page 17) The children who witnessed atrocities and The Accord defends the revolution, repugnant acts of violence and destruc- defends the cause of socialism, defends On Mozambiques Attitude Towards tion.will grow up with the nightware of their the people's deepest and most legitimate Negotiating With South Africa tragic memories. aspirations . It is an act in solidarity with all initiatives occuring in the world today aim- This Accord opens up a new era where ed at Peace . It is a concrete demonstration We have said that war is made to our working people can concentrate more of our long declared support for the por- achieve objectives that cannot be achiev- attention on the develoment of our country, posals such a those of the Warsaw Pact ed by peaceful means . The enemy had a development severely affected by the states, the proposal of the government of clear objectives that were not achieved successive wars we had to bear. through this war . In this war we had no ob- Sweden for the creation of a demilitarized zone in Eurpoe and the immediate positive jective other than to defend our country This agreement brings about favorable response from the GDR, the proposal by and peace. prospects for growing cooperation with all the Contadora group for a peaceful solu- countries, for . multifaceted cooperation tion to the problems that affect Central Despite South Africa's aggressive with reciprocal benefits with economic America, the proposal of the People's policies the P .R.M. has always kept the in- and financial entities. ciative in the search for peaceful solutions Democratic Republic of Korea regarding for our region . We took constructive part in This agreement finally makes it possible tripartite talks for national reunification, the different proposals for the decoloniza- for our children not to grow up under the the UN proposal for decolonisation in tion of Namibia and were present at the traumatic permanent spectre of war, not to Namibia, the OAU proposals to end the Geneva meeting of January 1981 . In our grow up in the midst of violence and bar- conflicts in Chad and the Western Sahara, the proposal for the creation of a free and direct relations with South Africa we have barism . We want our children to grow up independent Palestinian state. always been available for a negotiated free and happy, emotionally balanced, in solution. love of peace whose flag they will have to The Accord we signed on the banks of defend as the men to to-morrow . We want the Nkomati River is an important step The positions we defended since the our children to grow asking for toys that towards our economic and social pro- beginning of the talks with South Africa in free their imagination and skill, that en- gress. December 1982, prevailed in the Accord of courage beauty and love, that kindle keen- Nkomati . Our government made the need ness for study and scientific knowledge, in- The Accord, by bringing about the condi- to establish an understanding on security a stead of toys that symbolize violence and tions for peace, creates the objective con- prerequisite of our relationship with South death. Africa : No agreement was possible without ditions for the Mozambican people to attributing responsibility for the The agreement is an instrument of dedicate their main efforts, their work, to resolving their main problems. destabilization in Mozambique. peace and tranquility for our people.

By negotiating with the Mozambican The Accord of Nkomati defends the first government, South Africa recognized de state of workers and peasants in the facto the inexistence of any political op- region, that is building socialism based on On Efforts by Opportunists To position in our country. the universal principles of Marxism Undermine Principles Leninism . It defends the first state in the region to bring about profound economic Of Co-Existence Established in On The Significance Of The and social transformatins, that brought Nkomatic Accord. Signing The Accord of Nkomati scientific conception of life and of the world, that brought the freedom of all creeds, that brought a new type of With the signing of the Accord of democracy that proclaimed the rights of As our own history has taught us, children, the only privileged group in our Nkomati, the main project, the destruction voices will be raised which, under various country, that brought new relations among of our state, failed . In signing the Accord of pretexts, will try to undermine what cost so men, regardless of tribe, region or race. Nkomati we guaranteed the objectives of much to build. our fight - Peace. But the Accord of Nkomati is not only Rightist opportunists will appear, who Only with Peace can we achieve our ob- reflected in the national political scene, or sparaging the patriotic significance of the jective: that of the area. Accord, will seek to give a defeatist con- tent to its implementation, endangering the to defend our country The Accord is part of the movement to peoples's conquests and our country's in- contain the arms race and for detente . It is to conquer underdevelopment dependence. to build socialism a step toward removing the danger of local conflicts becoming conflicts on a Domestic and foreign leftist oppor- If it is true that Nkomati crowned our world scale. tunists will appear and will use adventurist socialist policy of peace with success, it is ideas and pseudo revolutionary arguments also true that we came out of this fight with to divide the progressive and revolutionary severe wounds. The success achieved in Nkomati does forces to spread confusion and intrique. Only future generations will show the not have simply a tactical dimension . It is precise dimension of the social trauma part of the strategy of the countries which There will be arms smugglers, among Mozambican families by the hor- are building socialism in that peace is the mercenaries, unscrupulous persons that rors and barbarism of the armed bands . very essence of socialism . live off the hyenous trade in death . There 18

SAMORA MACHEL SPEAKS Chronology of South African Aggressions

(Continued from page 18) (Continued from page 13)

will be those who, having lost a market for April 19 - An inclusion by South African December 7 - Two South African their arms, will spread slander and intrigue agents made with the objective of creating refugees are seriously wounded in against the Accord of Nkomati. an insecure atmosphere during the Fourth Xipanamine Bairro, in Maputo. Party Congress is detected and dismantled December 10 - The destruction of MNR near Namaacha, close to the frontier with bases in Maua and Macaringue, in Inham- Their voices will be joined by the South Africa . The group entered the coun- bane province is announced. militarists, the promoters of the politics of try as civilians and disbanded after one of December 20 - FPLM drives away armed force and confrontation, those who want to bands in the Vila of Maringue, in Sofala pro- draw our country and our region into their their members shot at Defense and Securi- zone of influence, which they consider to ty Forces . The security forces find in sacks vince. include their "vital interests ." that South African agents abandoned 64 sticks of explosives and timers used in put- ting together time bombs. Those who will never forgive our people for having installed yet another liberated May 24 - South African Air Force units "The enemy tries in every way possible to use area of mankind in this part of Africa, will cause six deaths and leave 40 wounded in the Nkomati Accord to their advantage against rise up against the accord. a bombing raid on various residential us. This is one of the challenges . We were not ig- areas, a factory and a daycare center in norant of this when we signed the accord on Just as in the past, those who always Matola (Maputo province). March 16 . But who could have made such a aimed to destroy Frelimo, destroy our in- heavy decision without having considered the May 30 - A South African military dependence and sovereignty, destroy consequences?" Mozambique, an African, non-aligned, and telecommunicaitons airplance is shot "Only someone who hasn't had the ex- socialist country in order to impose on our down in Maputo. perience of 20 years of fighting against enemies people, puppets submissive to their August 2 1 During the early morning who always use treacherous and changeable tac- designs of domination, will act against the hours,a MNR band attacks the installations tics." Nkomati Accord. "This is not us . We make our decisions based of the Mozambican Mining Enterprise in on 20 consecutive years of bloody war during In this complex and delicate process of Murrua, in the province of Zambezi . In the which the armed struggle was combined with consolidating peace, forces will emerge assault four workers (two Mozambican political, idealogical and diplomatic struggles. that will want to revive the cold war workers and two Soviet geologists) were " . . .The Nkomati Accord is the culmination of climate, cementing distrust, theoretiicians murdered. 24 Soviet geologists and two efforts made consciously to formulize the peace initiative of the People's Republic of Mozambi- will emerge who, with their demagogic and women and two children, all Mozambicans falangist arguments, will try to undermine que. It is not the acceptance of an imposition were kidnapped . Housing, a health center the principles of peaceful coexistence bet- coming from outside . It is an initiative with very ween states with different social systems, and a store were looted and buildings and clear objectives, the most important of which is universally enshrined by the international equipment destroyed. the DEFENSE OF THE MOZAMBICAN REVOLU- community. August 29 - Bands armed by South Africa TION ." and war material captured are presented "Who is it that can not rejoice with us when we This principle, and others that defend the revolution? Only our enemies. at Maxixe Vila, in Inhmbane province. guarantee ; ecurity among nations, are Perhaps also opportunists of the right . It is true conquests of mankind and that is why we September 24 - 16 armed bandits, some that there are also leftists, shortsighted are proud. By implementing these prin- of whom were trained in South Africa are revoluniaries, who always rejoice in applauding ciples in an area of tension and local con- presented to the press in Magul, in the pro- our death." flict such as Southern Africa, we are mak- vince of Gaza. "They do not hesitate in inciting us to die so ing an important contribution to world that we can be applauded as heroes. We ap- October 11 - The destruction of the MNR peace. preciate your applause when it refers to useful base at Tome, in Inhambane province is sacrifices as in the case of the liberation strug- Our independence created the first announced . The attack on this base and gles in our country and Zimbabwe . But we must marxist-leninist state in the region and this others was part of a campaign launched say to you that our people do not die to be ap- fact, for the first time in the history of during the celebration of President plauded. They do not die to merit statues . We are Southern Africa, made possible the Machel 's 50th birthday. already to give our lives, yes, when the Revolu- presence of countries from the socialist tion demands it . And then, yes, the statue of eter- October 17 - Three bombs exploded in community, enabled our people to get to nal life to the hero ." know their revolutionary experiences and the offices of ANC in Maputo. The attack, their example in building socialism, their for which South Africa took credit, resulted FOREIGN AFFAIRS MINISTER JOAQUIM solidarity, their fight for peace . in the injury of five and considerable CHISSANO, EXCERPTS FROM A SPEECH material damage . BEFORE THE PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY. (Continued on page 20) 19

SAMORA MACHEL SPEAKS (Continued from page 19) On Mozambique's Direction Following The Signing of Nkomatic Accord

In town and countryside, in agriculture and industry, in education and health, in transport and construction, in mining and fishing, on all fronts, we must draw the maximum benefit from existing infrastruc- tures, available raw materials and local resources . Above all, using our own efforts we can now engage more actively in carry- ing out the tasks defined by the Fourth Con- gress of the Frelimo Party.

We must revive the spirit of the Political and Organizational Offensive . It . is im- perative that we once again take up the relentless and systematic struggle against incompetence and carelessness . In each trench of the battlefield of production, in the social sectors, in the enterprises, in the civil service, on the battle for legality, we must fight against laziness, negligence, slovenliness, apathy, inaction, arrogance and abuse. On The Lessons Learned From South Africa's Attempt to Destabilize Mozambique

Throughout the undeclared war waged against our country we became clearer ~IME -- =I= = ME nl about the nature of the enemy . Today all our people are conscious of the fact that the enemy has no colour, no tribe, no race, Please enter my subscription to Mozambican Notes for one year. no religion, no country. From their own ex- 0 Individuals $12 .00. Institutions $15 .00 perience the Mozambican People have learned that the enemy is always per- I would like to receive a copy of Mozambique: From Colonialism to fidious and criminal. The enemy has no 0 Revolution 1900-1982 by Allen and Barbara Isaacman, offered to new ethics, no scruples, does not hesitate to Mozambican Notes subscribers for $8 .00 ($11 .95 in bookstores). murder his own parents, brothers and relatives. I would like to make a contribution to support the work of the 0 Mozambican Resource Center . As a supporter I will receive special Today our people have a deeper news releases and MRC announcements throughout the year. understanding of the class enemy. Enclosed is my contribution of $

Today our people possess a deeper Total enclosed $ sense of patriotism. Add $7 .00 for air mail subscriptions.

In the fire of the daily fight we have Name strengthened national unity, strengthened Address our country, the country of FRELIMO . To- day, from the Rovuma to the Maputo we City, State, Zip are all FRELIMO. Please clip and return to Today the country demands renewed The Mozambique Resource Center, determination, greater commitment, more P.O.Box 2006, Madison Sq. Station, New York, N . Y. 10159. work.