All Sepkoski Genera 6000 lower curve for short−lived (<45 Myr) genera (1)
5000
4000
3000
2000 Number of Genera
1000
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) Radiolarians 140 (2)
120
100
80
60
Number of Genera 40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Radiolarians of Order Spumellaria 70 (3)
60
50
40
30
Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Radiolarians of Order Nassellaria 60 (4)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Foraminifera & Chitonozoa 400 (5)
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera 100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Foraminifera 400 (6)
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera 100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Porifera 250 (7)
200
150
100 Number of Genera
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Class Demospongia 60 (8)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Order Lithistida 45 (9)
40
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Order Stromatoporoidea 50 (10)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Genera 15
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Class Calcarea 35 (11)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Class Hexactinellida 30 (12)
25
20
15
10 Number of Genera
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Class Regulares 160 (13)
140
120
100
80
60 Number of Genera 40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Order Ajacicyathida 140 (14)
120
100
80
60
Number of Genera 40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Cnidaria 160 (15)
140
120
100
80
60 Number of Genera 40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Corals 150 (16)
100
50 Number of Genera
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Corals of Order Tabulata 60 (17)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Corals of Order Rugosa 100 (18)
90
80
70
60
50
40
Number of Genera 30
20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Corals of Order Scleractina 120 (19)
100
80
60
40 Number of Genera
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) 50 (20)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Genera 15
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Annelids of Class Polychaeta 50 (21)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Genera 15
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Problematica 50 (22)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Genera 15
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Hyolitha 45 (23)
40
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Mollusca 2000 (24)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Number of Genera 600
400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Gastropods 1200 (25)
1000
800
600
400 Number of Genera
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Gastropods of Order Archaeogastropoda 180 (26)
160
140
120
100
80
60 Number of Genera
40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Gastropods of Order Neotaenioglossa 450 (27)
400
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera
100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Gastropods of Order Neogastropoda 500 (28)
450
400
350
300
250
200
Number of Genera 150
100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Molluscs of Class Opisthobranchia 120 (29)
100
80
60
40 Number of Genera
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Molluscs of Class Opisthobranchia, Order Cephalaspida 35 (30)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Molluscs of Class Opisthobranchia, Order Heterostrophia 70 (31)
60
50
40
30
Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods 100 (32)
90
80
70
60
50
40
Number of Genera 30
20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Ammonoids 80 (33)
70
60
50
40
30 Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Ellesmerocerida 10 (34)
9
8
7
6
5
4
Number of Genera 3
2
1
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Orthocerida 35 (35)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Endocerida 35 (36)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Discosorida 12 (37)
10
8
6
4 Number of Genera
2
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Oncocerida 20 (38)
18
16
14
12
10
8
Number of Genera 6
4
2
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Nautilida 30 (39)
25
20
15
10 Number of Genera
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Anarcestida 15 (40)
10
5 Number of Genera
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Goniatitida 30 (41)
25
20
15
10 Number of Genera
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Ceratitida 25 (42)
20
15
10 Number of Genera
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Ammonites 70 (43)
60
50
40
30
Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves 800 (44)
700
600
500
400
300 Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Nuculoida 35 (45)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Arcoida 60 (46)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Mytilioda 50 (47)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Genera 15
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Pterioida 100 (48)
90
80
70
60
50
40
Number of Genera 30
20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Trigonioida 35 (49)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Veneroida 450 (50)
400
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera
100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Myoida 45 (51)
40
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Hippuritoida 45 (52)
40
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Pholadomyoida 35 (53)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Arthropoda 400 (54)
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera 100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Horseshoe Crabs 18 (55)
16
14
12
10
8
6 Number of Genera
4
2
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Trilobites 200 (56)
180
160
140
120
100
80
Number of Genera 60
40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Trilobites of Order Agnostida 40 (57)
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Trilobites of Order Redlichiida 10 (58)
9
8
7
6
5
4
Number of Genera 3
2
1
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Trilobites of Order Corynexochida 30 (59)
25
20
15
10 Number of Genera
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Trilobites of Order Asaphida 60 (60)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Trilobites of Order Ptychopariida 60 (61)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Trilobites of Order Proetida 60 (62)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Trilobites of Order Phacopida 70 (63)
60
50
40
30
Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Crustaceans 400 (64)
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera 100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Crustaceans of Class Malacostraca 150 (65)
100
50 Number of Genera
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Crustaceans of Order Decapoda (e.g. Crabs and Lobsters) 140 (66)
120
100
80
60
Number of Genera 40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Ostracods 200 (67)
180
160
140
120
100
80
Number of Genera 60
40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Ostracods of Order Palaeocopida 180 (68)
160
140
120
100
80
60 Number of Genera
40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Ostracods of Order Podocopida 200 (69)
180
160
140
120
100
80
Number of Genera 60
40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Bryozoa 300 (70)
250
200
150
100 Number of Genera
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bryozoans of Class Stenolaemata 140 (71)
120
100
80
60
Number of Genera 40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bryozoans of Class Stenolaemata, Order Cyclostomata 140 (72)
120
100
80
60
Number of Genera 40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bryozoans of Class Stenolaemata, Order Cystoporata 30 (73)
25
20
15
10 Number of Genera
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bryozoans of Class Stenolaemata, Order Trepostomata 60 (74)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bryozoans of Class Stenolaemata, Order Cryptostomata 40 (75)
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bryozoans of Class Stenolaemata, Order Fenestrata 50 (76)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Genera 15
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bryozoans of Class Gymnolaemata 250 (77)
200
150
100 Number of Genera
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bryozoans of Class Gymnolaemata, Order Cheilostomata 250 (78)
200
150
100 Number of Genera
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Brachiopoda 300 (79)
250
200
150
100 Number of Genera
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Brachiopods of Class Lingulata 60 (80)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Brachiopods of Class Lingulata, Order Lingulida 25 (81)
20
15
10 Number of Genera
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Brachiopods of Class Lingulata, Order Acrotretida 35 (82)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Articulated Brachiopods 300 (83)
250
200
150
100 Number of Genera
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Articulated Brachiopods of Order Orthida 80 (84)
70
60
50
40
30 Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Strophomenid, Articulated Brachiopods 140 (85)
120
100
80
60
Number of Genera 40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Articulated Brachiopods of Order Pentamerida 40 (86)
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Rhynchonellid, Articulated Brachiopods 45 (87)
40
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Spiriferid, Articulated Brachiopods 80 (88)
70
60
50
40
30 Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Articulated Brachiopods of Order Atrypida 40 (89)
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Articulated Brachiopods of Order Terebratulida 40 (90)
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Echinodermata 200 (91)
180
160
140
120
100
80
Number of Genera 60
40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Sepkoski’s "Echinodermata" 60 (92)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Sepkoski’s "Rozoa" 200 (93)
180
160
140
120
100
80
Number of Genera 60
40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Echinoderms of Class Blastoidea 12 (94)
10
8
6
4 Number of Genera
2
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Starfish 25 (95)
20
15
10 Number of Genera
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Crinoid Echinoderms 100 (96)
90
80
70
60
50
40
Number of Genera 30
20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Crinoid Echinoderms of Order Monobathrida 35 (97)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Crinoid Echinoderms of Order Disparida 15 (98)
10
5 Number of Genera
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Crinoid Echinoderms of Order Cladida 80 (99)
70
60
50
40
30 Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Sea Urchins 150 (100)
100
50 Number of Genera
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Sea Urchins of Order Spatangoida 60 (101)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Hemichordata 60 (102)
50
40
30
20 Number of Genera
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Graptolites 50 (103)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Genera 15
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Graptolites of Order Graptoloidea 35 (104)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Chordates 600 (105)
500
400
300
200 Number of Genera
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Conodonts 50 (106)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Genera 15
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fish 600 (107)
500
400
300
200 Number of Genera
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fish of Class Pteraspidomorphi 15 (108)
10
5 Number of Genera
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Armored Fish (Class Placodermi) 16 (109)
14
12
10
8
6 Number of Genera 4
2
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Armored Fish of Order Arthrodira 12 (110)
10
8
6
4 Number of Genera
2
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cartilaginous Fish (Class Chondrichthyes) 70 (111)
60
50
40
30
Number of Genera 20
10
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bony Fish (Class Osteoichthyes) 500 (112)
450
400
350
300
250
200
Number of Genera 150
100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bony Fish of Order Palaeonisciformes 3 (113)
2.5
2
1.5
1 Number of Genera
0.5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bony Fish of Order Perciformes 180 (114)
160
140
120
100
80
60 Number of Genera
40
20
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Reptiles 18 (115)
16
14
12
10
8
6 Number of Genera
4
2
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Mammals 45 (116)
40
35
30
25
20
15 Number of Genera
10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Whales 35 (117)
30
25
20
15
Number of Genera 10
5
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 5 Myr 4500 (118)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Number of Genera
1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 10 Myr 4000 (119)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Number of Genera 1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 15 Myr 4000 (120)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Number of Genera 1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 20 Myr 3500 (121)
3000
2500
2000
1500
Number of Genera 1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 25 Myr 3000 (122)
2500
2000
1500
1000 Number of Genera
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 30 Myr 3000 (123)
2500
2000
1500
1000 Number of Genera
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 35 Myr 2500 (124)
2000
1500
1000 Number of Genera
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 40 Myr 2500 (125)
2000
1500
1000 Number of Genera
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 45 Myr 2500 (126)
2000
1500
1000 Number of Genera
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 50 Myr 1800 (127)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600 Number of Genera
400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 55 Myr 1800 (128)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600 Number of Genera
400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 60 Myr 1400 (129)
1200
1000
800
600
Number of Genera 400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 65 Myr 1200 (130)
1000
800
600
400 Number of Genera
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 70 Myr 1200 (131)
1000
800
600
400 Number of Genera
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 75 Myr 1000 (132)
900
800
700
600
500
400
Number of Genera 300
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 80 Myr 900 (133)
800
700
600
500
400
300 Number of Genera
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 85 Myr 900 (134)
800
700
600
500
400
300 Number of Genera
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 90 Myr 800 (135)
700
600
500
400
300 Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 95 Myr 700 (136)
600
500
400
300
Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Duration Greater Than 100 Myr 700 (137)
600
500
400
300
Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Genera Specifying Only Single Appearance 400 (138)
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera 100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) Genera Excluding Single Appearances 4500 (139)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Number of Genera
1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) Genera Specified at Epoch or Better Level 4500 (140)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Number of Genera
1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) Genera Specified at Stage or Better Level 4500 (141)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Number of Genera
1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) Genera Specified at Substage Level 2500 (142)
2000
1500
1000 Number of Genera
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) Fauna Originating in the Paleozoic 1400 (143)
1200
1000
800
600
Number of Genera 400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Mesozoic 2000 (144)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Number of Genera 600
400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Cenozoic 3500 (145)
3000
2500
2000
1500
Number of Genera 1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Cambrian 450 (146)
400
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera
100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Ordovician 1400 (147)
1200
1000
800
600
Number of Genera 400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Silurian 700 (148)
600
500
400
300
Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Devonian 800 (149)
700
600
500
400
300 Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Carboniferous 700 (150)
600
500
400
300
Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Permian 450 (151)
400
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera
100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Triassic 500 (152)
450
400
350
300
250
200
Number of Genera 150
100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Jurassic 800 (153)
700
600
500
400
300 Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Cretaceous 1600 (154)
1400
1200
1000
800
600 Number of Genera 400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Paleogene 2500 (155)
2000
1500
1000 Number of Genera
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Originating in the Neogene 1500 (156)
1000
500 Number of Genera
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Paleozoic 1400 (157)
1200
1000
800
600
Number of Genera 400
200
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Mesozoic 1000 (158)
900
800
700
600
500
400
Number of Genera 300
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Cenozoic 1000 (159)
900
800
700
600
500
400
Number of Genera 300
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Cambrian 450 (160)
400
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera
100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Ordovician 900 (161)
800
700
600
500
400
300 Number of Genera
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Silurian 600 (162)
500
400
300
200 Number of Genera
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Devonian 1000 (163)
900
800
700
600
500
400
Number of Genera 300
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Carboniferous 700 (164)
600
500
400
300
Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Permian 900 (165)
800
700
600
500
400
300 Number of Genera
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Triassic 400 (166)
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera 100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Jurassic 400 (167)
350
300
250
200
150 Number of Genera 100
50
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Cretaceous 1000 (168)
900
800
700
600
500
400
Number of Genera 300
200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Paleogene 700 (169)
600
500
400
300
Number of Genera 200
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Dying in the Neogene 600 (170)
500
400
300
200 Number of Genera
100
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Fauna Surviving Till Recent 4500 (171)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Number of Genera
1000
500
0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level