All Sepkoski Genera 6000 lower curve for short−lived (<45 Myr) genera (1) 5000 4000 3000 2000 Number of Genera 1000 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) Radiolarians 140 (2) 120 100 80 60 Number of Genera 40 20 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Radiolarians of Order Spumellaria 70 (3) 60 50 40 30 Number of Genera 20 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Radiolarians of Order Nassellaria 60 (4) 50 40 30 20 Number of Genera 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Foraminifera & Chitonozoa 400 (5) 350 300 250 200 150 Number of Genera 100 50 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Foraminifera 400 (6) 350 300 250 200 150 Number of Genera 100 50 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Porifera 250 (7) 200 150 100 Number of Genera 50 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Class Demospongia 60 (8) 50 40 30 20 Number of Genera 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Order Lithistida 45 (9) 40 35 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Order Stromatoporoidea 50 (10) 45 40 35 30 25 20 Number of Genera 15 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Class Calcarea 35 (11) 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Class Hexactinellida 30 (12) 25 20 15 10 Number of Genera 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Class Regulares 160 (13) 140 120 100 80 60 Number of Genera 40 20 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Porifera of Order Ajacicyathida 140 (14) 120 100 80 60 Number of Genera 40 20 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Cnidaria 160 (15) 140 120 100 80 60 Number of Genera 40 20 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Corals 150 (16) 100 50 Number of Genera 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Corals of Order Tabulata 60 (17) 50 40 30 20 Number of Genera 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Corals of Order Rugosa 100 (18) 90 80 70 60 50 40 Number of Genera 30 20 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Corals of Order Scleractina 120 (19) 100 80 60 40 Number of Genera 20 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) 50 (20) 45 40 35 30 25 20 Number of Genera 15 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Annelids of Class Polychaeta 50 (21) 45 40 35 30 25 20 Number of Genera 15 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Problematica 50 (22) 45 40 35 30 25 20 Number of Genera 15 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Hyolitha 45 (23) 40 35 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Phylum Mollusca 2000 (24) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 Number of Genera 600 400 200 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Gastropods 1200 (25) 1000 800 600 400 Number of Genera 200 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Gastropods of Order Archaeogastropoda 180 (26) 160 140 120 100 80 60 Number of Genera 40 20 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Gastropods of Order Neotaenioglossa 450 (27) 400 350 300 250 200 150 Number of Genera 100 50 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Gastropods of Order Neogastropoda 500 (28) 450 400 350 300 250 200 Number of Genera 150 100 50 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Molluscs of Class Opisthobranchia 120 (29) 100 80 60 40 Number of Genera 20 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Molluscs of Class Opisthobranchia, Order Cephalaspida 35 (30) 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Molluscs of Class Opisthobranchia, Order Heterostrophia 70 (31) 60 50 40 30 Number of Genera 20 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods 100 (32) 90 80 70 60 50 40 Number of Genera 30 20 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Ammonoids 80 (33) 70 60 50 40 30 Number of Genera 20 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Ellesmerocerida 10 (34) 9 8 7 6 5 4 Number of Genera 3 2 1 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Orthocerida 35 (35) 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Endocerida 35 (36) 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Discosorida 12 (37) 10 8 6 4 Number of Genera 2 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Oncocerida 20 (38) 18 16 14 12 10 8 Number of Genera 6 4 2 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Nautilida 30 (39) 25 20 15 10 Number of Genera 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Anarcestida 15 (40) 10 5 Number of Genera 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Goniatitida 30 (41) 25 20 15 10 Number of Genera 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Cephalopods of Order Ceratitida 25 (42) 20 15 10 Number of Genera 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Ammonites 70 (43) 60 50 40 30 Number of Genera 20 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves 800 (44) 700 600 500 400 300 Number of Genera 200 100 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Nuculoida 35 (45) 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Arcoida 60 (46) 50 40 30 20 Number of Genera 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Mytilioda 50 (47) 45 40 35 30 25 20 Number of Genera 15 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Pterioida 100 (48) 90 80 70 60 50 40 Number of Genera 30 20 10 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Trigonioida 35 (49) 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Veneroida 450 (50) 400 350 300 250 200 150 Number of Genera 100 50 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Myoida 45 (51) 40 35 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Hippuritoida 45 (52) 40 35 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Age (Ma) no singletons, ages at stage level Bivalves of Order Pholadomyoida 35 (53) 30 25 20 15 Number of Genera 10 5 0 T K J Tr P C D S O Cm 0 50 100 150 200