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Revision of Annulated Orthoceridan Cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician

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Revision of Annulated Orthoceridan Cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician Fossil Record 9(1) (2006), 137–163 / DOI 10.1002/mmng.200600005 Revision of annulated orthoceridan cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician Bjo¨ rn Kro¨ ger*,1& Mare Isakar**,2 1 Bjo¨ rn Kro¨ ger, Museum fu¨ r Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universita¨t, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany 2 Mare Isakar, University of Tartu, Tartu likool, Geoloogiamuuseum, Vanemuise 46, EST-51014 Tartu, Estonia Received 31 January 2005, accepted 30 September 2005 Published online 01. 02. 2006 With 12 figures Keywords: Cephalopoda, Orthocerida, Middle Ordovician, Late Ordovician, Estonia. Abstract The annulated orthoceridans of the Middle and Late Ordovician of Baltoscandia are described and their systematic frame is revised. The revision of these nautiloids, which are part of the Orthocerida and Pseudorthocerida, is based on the investiga- tion of characters of the septal neck, the siphuncular tube, and the apex. An unequivocal terminology of these characters is suggested and applied. The shape of the septal neck and the siphuncular tube are described for the first time in Palaeodawso- noceras n. gen., Striatocycloceras n. gen., Dawsonoceras fenestratum Eichwald, 1860, and Gorbyoceras textumaraneum (Roe- mer, 1861). Ctenoceras sweeti n. sp. is erected. The apex of Dawsonoceras barrandei Horny´, 1956 is figured and described for the first time. The distribution of the character states of the apex and the septal neck support the emendation of the families Orthoceratidae, Dawsonoceratidae, and Proteoceratidae. The analysis shows also that the families Kionoceratidae, and Leuro- ceratidae must be refused because they represent not natural groups. However, it is also shown that the present knowledge is not sufficient to establish an unequivocal classification of the Middle, and Late Ordovician annulate cephalopods. Schlu¨ sselwo¨ rter: Cephalopoda, Orthocerida, Mittleres Ordovizium, Spa¨tes Ordovizium, Estland. Zusammenfassung Die orthoceriden Cephalopoden des Mittleren bis Spa¨ten Ordoviziums im Baltoskandium werden beschrieben und revidiert. Die Revision dieser Cephalopoden, welche zu den Orthocerida und Pseudorthocerida geho¨ ren, stu¨ tzt sich auf die Untersu- chung der Apikalenden, der Septalduten und der Form der Siphonalro¨ hre. Eine eindeutige Terminologie fu¨ r diese Merkmale wird vorgeschlagen und angewandt. Die Form der Septalduten und der Siphonalro¨ hre von Palaeodawsonoceras n. gen., Stria- tocycloceras n. gen., Dawsonoceras fenestratum, Eichwald, 1860 und Gorbyoceras textumaraneum (Roemer, 1861) wird erst- mals beschrieben. Die Art Ctenoceras sweeti n. sp. wird aufgestellt. Der Apex von Dawsonoceras barrandei Horny´, 1956 wird erstmals beschrieben und dargestellt. Die neu gefundenen Merkmale stu¨ tzen eine Emendation der Familien Orthoceratidae, Dawsonoceratidae und Proteoceratidae. Es wird daher dafu¨ r pla¨diert, die Familien Kionoceratidae (Hyatt, 1900) und Leuro- ceratidae (Sweet, 1964) nicht mehr zu verwenden, da diese keine natu¨ rlichen Gruppen repra¨sentieren. Die Untersuchung zeigt aber auch, dass es derzeit noch nicht mo¨ glich ist die annulaten Cephalopoden des Mittleren und Oberen Ordoviziums zwei- felsfrei zu klassifizieren. # 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Introduction cian until the Early Devonian. The classification of these cephalopods is very difficult because of Orthoceridans are the most common cephalo- the simplicity of their conchs. The characters pods from the beginning of the Middle Ordovi- that are visible on the surface of orthoceridan * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] ** E-mail: [email protected] # 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 138 Kro¨ ger, B. & M. Isakar, Annulated orthoceridan cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician conchs repeatedly occur in identical combina- and Teichert (1930) who did not realize the im- tions. portance of the septal necks and therefore gave The internal characters are few; only the shape no descriptions of them. A general revision of of the septal neck and the shape of the connect- these taxa lacks until today. ing ring were subjected to significant variability The collection of a large quantity of material en- during evolution. Surprisingly, the shapes of the hances the probability that internal and apical fea- apical shell portion of longicones are strongly tures will be discovered in orthoceridan fragments. differentiated down to the species level (Ristedt During the last few years, we have investigated 1968; Kro¨ ger & Mapes 2004). However, these material stored in the palaeontological collections apices have often been overlooked with regard of Estonia and Germany and collected additional to orthoceridan classification. material during two field trips in 2002 and 2004. Early classifications only considered surficial As a result, approximately 150 specimens of annu- shell features that where traditionally labelled lated orthoceridans from Baltoscandia are avail- with generic names. At the end of the 19th Cen- able for comparison and classification. tury, three orthoceridan genera were established: To our surprise, the vast majority of species of the smooth Orthoceras Bruguie`re, 1789, the annulated orthoceridans from Baltoscandia have transversely striated Geisonoceras Hyatt, 1884, already been described (Eichwald 1860; Schmidt and the annulated Cycloceras McCoy, 1844. 1858, 1861; Angelin & Lindstro¨ m 1880; Teichert Three additional genera were characterised by 1930) or could be assigned to species that are the combination of annulations, as well as trans- known from North America (Hall 1847; Foerste verse and longitudinal elements of ornamenta- 1932). Therefore, our contribution is restricted tion: Dawsonoceras Hyatt, 1884 includes, by ori- mainly to improve the knowledge of the internal ginal description, forms that are annulated and and apical characters of the species in order to show longitudinal ridges mainly in juvenile present a more realistic classification of these stages. Spyroceras Hyatt, 1884 includes, by origi- orthoceridans. Additionally, this investigation will nal description, longitudinally ridged forms that contribute to the understanding of the general show annulation mainly in later growth stages, evolution of the orthoceridans in a time interval and Kionoceras Hyatt, 1884 includes, by original that is practically a blind spot in our knowledge description, longicones with prominent longitudi- of the cephalopod evolution. nal ridges that lack annulations. In a series of papers, Flower (1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1962) established the consideration of the On nautiloid systematics shape of the septal necks for the orthoceridan classification. Flower showed that the septal neck Our paper focuses on annulated orthocones with shape is a strongly conservative and stable char- (sub-) central siphuncles. Traditionally, these ce- acter in these cephalopods. He also demon- phalopods have been subsumed within the Ortho- strated that the pattern of shell ornamentation in cerida. However, recent investigations by Kro¨ ger orthoceridans is repeatedly subjected to homeo- & Mapes (2005) and Kro¨ ger (2006a) approve the morphism. Unfortunately, with regard to the idea of Barskov (1968) that the order Orthocerida classification of Late Ordovician and Silurian ce- represents a paraphyletic clade. Therefore, we ac- phalopods of the northern hemisphere, the inter- cept the Pseudorthocerida Barskov, 1968 and the nal features of much of the cephalopod material Orthocerida Kuhn, 1940 as real taxonomic enti- are often rather poorly preserved (e.g. the ties. It is believed that the Pseudorthocerida are conchs from the Cincinnatian of Ohio, from the characterised by the presence of cyrtochoanitic Niagara dolomites, or from the Late Ordovician septal necks and the lack of a cicatrix. carbonates of Estonia). Only few specimens Orthocones that exhibit the character state cyr- show details of the siphuncle. Thus, many of the tochoanitic exclusively comprise forms with species that are described have been assigned to apices including a cicatrix, whereas the character one of the traditional genera Orthoceras, Cyclo- state orthochoanitic (and achoanitic) includes ceras, Dawsonoceras, Spyroceras, and Kionoceras, only forms with apices lacking a cicatrix (Appen- leaving no room for phylogenetic interpretations. dix 1). However, all known pseudorthoceridan Moreover, the vast majority of taxonomic work apices belong to post Devonian taxa. Currently concerning early Palaeozoic orthoceridans was no apex of a Ordovician, Silurian, or Devonian carried out prior to the early 1920s by Foerste pseudorthoceridan is known. This lack of data (1921, 1924, 1928a––c, 1932), Troedsson (1926), can be interpreted in two ways. (1) It could be # 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim museum-fossilrecord.wiley-vch.de Fossil Record 9(1) (2006) 139 construed that the Permian and Carboniferous KIG LGU Musee Kafedry Istoricheskoi Geologii Lenin- taxa represent a particular higher taxon that did gradskogo Universiteta, Sankt Petersburg. not exist before the Carboniferous, or (2) it MB.C. Cephalopod Collection in the Museum fu¨ r Nat- could be assumed that, although existent, the urkunde, Berlin, Germany. Pseudorthocerida played a minor role in the pre- TUG University of Tartu, Museum of Geology, Tartu, Estonia. Carboniferous. We support the second hypo- GIT Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of thesis herein, because currently there is no evi- Technology, Tallinn, Estonia. dence that would allow to conclude, that all pre- SMF Naturmuseum Senckenberg,
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