The Perfect Man in Bektashism and Alevism : Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’S Kitāb-I Maġlaṭa Zeynep Oktay Uslu

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The Perfect Man in Bektashism and Alevism : Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’S Kitāb-I Maġlaṭa Zeynep Oktay Uslu The Perfect Man in Bektashism and Alevism : Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’s Kitāb-ı Maġlaṭa Zeynep Oktay Uslu To cite this version: Zeynep Oktay Uslu. The Perfect Man in Bektashism and Alevism : Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’s Kitāb-ı Maġlaṭa. Religions. Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2017. English. NNT : 2017PSLEP009. tel-02091310 HAL Id: tel-02091310 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02091310 Submitted on 5 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT de l’Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres PSL Research University Préparée à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études L’Homme Parfait dans le Bektachisme et l’Alévisme : Le Kitāb-ı Maġlaṭa de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl École doctorale de l’EPHE – ED 472 Spécialité : Études arabes et islamiques COMPOSITION DU JURY : M. Mohammad Ali AMIR-MOEZZI École Pratique des Hautes Études Directeur Mme Nathalie CLAYER École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Rapporteur M. Eric GEOFFROY l’Université de Strasbourg Membre du jury Soutenue par : M. Ahmet T. KARAMUSTAFA University of Maryland Zeynep OKTAY USLU Rapporteur le 02 Juin 2017 M. Pierre LORY École Pratique des Hautes Études Président du jury Dirigée par : M. Thierry ZARCONE Mohammad Ali AMIR-MOEZZI Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Membre du jury TABLE OF CONTENTS Résumé III Acknowledgements XVI Introduction 1 PART ONE 1. The Layers of Religious Meaning and Social Context in the Works of Ḳayġusuz Abdāl 27 a) The Doctrine of the Four Gates 27 b) Farḳ 33 c) Ḥāl 36 d) ʿAḳl 40 e) Changing Audiences: From Fear to Certainty 44 f) Layers in the Doctrine of ʿAlī 48 g) The Social Context 52 h) Conclusion 57 2. Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’s Religious Doctrine 58 a) Theophany 60 b) Immanence and Transcendence 63 c) Essence and Existence 70 d) The Preeternal Pact and Eternal Paradise 74 e) The Coincidence of Opposites 84 f) The Perfect Man 89 g) Muḥammad-ʿAlī and the Twelve Imams 92 h) Conclusion 95 3. Boundary-making and Genre-making: The Role of Dervish Piety in the Creation of a Vernacular Islamic Tradition in Anatolia 97 a) Self-differentiation from Representatives of Religious Authority 99 b) The Making of a Genre: How Folk Tradition and Sufi Tradition Come Together in the Turkish şaṭḥiyye 110 c) Conclusion 125 d) Appendix I 127 e) Appendix II 128 4. Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’s Legacy: The Religious Doctrines of the Abdāls of Rūm 130 a) Ṣādıḳ Abdāl’s Dīvān 131 b) Yemīnī’s Fażīlet-nāme 142 c) Şemsī’s Deh Murġ 154 d) Vīrānī Abdāl’s Risāle and Dīvān 161 e) Conclusion 172 I PART TWO: The Book of Prattle (Kitāb-ı Maġlaṭa) by Ḳayġusuz Abdāl 175 1. About the Present Edition 176 a) Selected Manuscripts 176 b) Other Manuscripts 178 c) Stemma 182 d) Principles of the Edition 183 2. Critical Edition 184 3. Translation 242 4. Commentary 285 a) A True Dream or a Satanic nightmare? 287 b) Social Criticism via Dreams 292 c) Incessant Battle with Satan 299 d) Dream and Wakefulness 303 e) Dervishhood and Perfection 308 f) Immanence 311 g) Muḥammad and ʿAlī 314 h) Preeternity and Afterlife 318 i) Spiritual Travel 320 j) The Microcosmos and the Microcosmos 322 k) Imagination 324 l) Symbolic Language 327 m) Audience 330 Conclusion 333 Bibliography 339 Sample Facsimiles 360 II Résumé L'histoire de la piété Alévie est incarnée dans le grand corpus d'œuvres connues sous le titre de « la littérature Alevi-Bektachi », avec ses propres multitudes de genres, terminologie, symbolisme et conventions esthétiques. Bien que très peu étudiée et éditée, la formation de ce corpus est en fait essentielle pour notre compréhension du développement de la tradition religieuse vernaculaire en Anatolie. Notre connaissance des conceptions religieuses des premiers musulmans d'Anatolie, encore à ses débuts, est centrée en grande partie sur la production textuelle de l'élite urbaine. Des exceptions importantes à ce fait résident dans les premiers textes de la piété derviche, qui présentent une gamme de dynamiques illustrant comment les groupes religieux se sont formés et définis, en relation avec les rôles sociaux des groupes de derviches. Ahmet T. Karamustafa définit les Abdālān-ı Rūm comme un groupe de derviches de tendances antinomiques affiliées de façon ténue qui faisaient partie d'un nouveau mouvement de renonciation apparu dans la période intermédiaire tardive (vers 600-900 / 1200-1500). Ce mouvement de renoncement s'est développé en réaction à l'institutionnalisation du soufisme à partir du 12e siècle, qui s’est accompagné d’un regard davantage séculier du soufisme, comme en témoigne les réseaux de relations des soufis avec l'élite politique et culturelle au pouvoir. Comme les Bektachis, les Abdāls de Rūm se distinguaient initialement des autres groupes derviches d'Anatolie par un choix du turc vernaculaire comme véhicule d’expression de leur littérature. Ce groupe est devenu plus identifiable par ses tenues et pratiques dans la seconde moitié du 15e et la première moitié du 16e siècle et a progressivement été intégré à l'ordre officiel Bektachi au 17e siècle. Les Abdāls de Rūm sont devenus l'un des constituants du Bektachisme, si ce n’est son constituant principal. Comme les preuves le suggèrent, avant le 16e siècle, les abdāls étaient un groupe plus large et plus important que les Bektachis. D'autre part, en dépit de la représentation de la littérature hérésiographique du 16e siècle et malgré la rivalité entre abdāls et bektāşīs dans certaines hagiographies, la différence entre ces groupes n'était pas toujours claire. En fait, tous les derviches dont les travaux sont examinés dans cette étude étaient affiliés aux deux groupes. Depuis les années 1990, peut-être en parallèle avec ce qu'on appelle le renouveau Alévi, un grand nombre d'aspects de l'histoire Alévi-Bektachi ont été étudiés par des chercheurs. Un aspect de cette histoire qui demeure dans l'ombre est celui de l'évolution historique des doctrines Bektachi et Alévi. En raison du manque de focalisation sur les œuvres des Bektachis et des abdāls primitifs, les descriptions de l'évolution de la doctrine Bektachi ont gardé une hypothèse fondamentale : l'adoption des croyances shi’ites par les Bektachis date du 16ème siècle, et ce III en raison de l'interpénétration avec les Ḳızılbaş. La soi-disant « Shi'itisation » des Bektachis a ainsi conduit à l’introduction des croyances shi’ites « extrémistes » et duodécimaines. Ma recherche démontrera l'erreur présente dans ce calendrier, en établissant que les éléments du Shi’isme «extrémiste» et du Shi’isme duodécimaine existaient en fait chez les abdāls et les Bektachis dès le 14e siècle. Le travail développé ici constitue en une tentative d'étude du mouvement derviche des Abdālān-ı Rūm à travers des sources écrites directement par ces derviches, en se concentrant exclusivement sur les aspects doctrinaux de leur pensée, ce qui n'a jamais pour l’heure été traité en profondeur. Pour cela, mes sources sont les œuvres littéraires des abdāls, qui incluent les mes̱nevīs, les traités, les collections de poésie, les œuvres épiques, les œuvres en prose de fiction. Les études historiographiques sur les mouvements de derviches anatoliens se sont concentrées sur les documents officiels de l'ère ottomane, les hagiographies et les sources telles que les dictionnaires biographiques, qui souvent disent peu sur de tels mouvements de derviche. Malgré un certain niveau de problématisation, toutes ces sources ont été envisagées avant tout comme des « documents », tandis que leurs aspects littéraires et doctrinaux ont été considérés comme secondaires. L'objectif de cette étude est de combler l'écart créé par les différentes priorités de diverses disciplines, en combinant les perspectives historiques, doctrinales et littéraires. Une telle approche méthodologique pose des questions de premier plan telles que le choix du genre, le public visé et la relation organique entre les dispositifs littéraires et les compréhensions doctrinales. En raison du manque d'études approfondies antérieures sur les œuvres des abdāls et bektāşīs, j'ai dû remonter aux origines: le premier abdāl et bektāşī à produire des œuvres littéraires majeures, Ḳayġusuz Abdāl. Ḳayġusuz Abdāl, qui est un saint toujours vénéré de l’Alévisme, a vécu dans la deuxième moitié du 14e siècle et la première moitié du 15e siècle. Il était le représentant plus célèbre et plus prolifique des Abdālān-ı Rūm. Ses œuvres ont joué un rôle clé dans la formation du genre ultérieurement appelé « la littérature Alévi-Bektachi ». En effet, Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, le fameux savant turc l’appelle à juste titre « le fondateur de la littérature Alévi- Bektachi ». La position sacrée accordé à Ḳayġusuz Abdāl dans la tradition Alévi-Bektachi, la quantité d'écriture qu'il a produite, et l'influence qu'il avait sur ses successeurs indiquent que nous avons affaire à une figure historique majeure. Plusieurs points de référence nous aident à contextualiser l'importance de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl pour l'histoire Bektachi. Non seulement il était le premier abdāl à écrire abondamment, il était aussi le premier derviche connu à se qualifier de Bektachi dans son œuvre. Nous pouvons lier Ḳayġusuz Abdāl à Ḥacı Bektāş (m. vers 669 / 1270-71) à travers son maitre Abdāl Mūsā, IV qui fut l’adepte de Ḫātūn Ana (ou Ḳadıncıḳ Ana), la fille spirituelle de Ḥacı Bektāş. Abdāl Mūsā est également connu pour sa participation à la conquête de Brusa qui, selon la légende, l'attache à la Bektachisation des Janissaires.
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